Oskar Regele

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Oskar Regele (born July 7, 1890 in Pettau , Austria-Hungary , † February 1, 1969 in Vienna ) was an Austrian officer, military historian and writer. After 1945 he was head of the Vienna War Archives and in 1955 also General Director of the Austrian State Archives and, from 1952 to 1963, founding president of the Austrian Commission for Military History. Friends of Emil Liebitzky , he played a not insignificant role in the conception of the new federal army . For his services he was u. a. Honorary President of the Commission Internationale d'Histoire Militaire , of which he was a member from 1960 to 1965.

Life

Regele was born in 1890 as the son of the Austro-Hungarian officer (Colonel) Albin Regele and his wife Christine, nee. von Wolfel, born in what was then southern Styria (now Slovenia ).

After graduating from high school , he attended the Austro-Hungarian Technical Military Academy in Mödling and was retired in 1912 as a lieutenant in the Joint Army Pioneer Battalion No. 1 . From 1914 to 1918 as a prisoner of war , the initially twenty-four-year-old did military service as a pioneer officer on the Eastern Front (Serbian, Russian and Romanian) and the Italian front , most recently in the rank of captain (from May 1918). He received seven swords awards and was wounded.

From 1918 he studied political science at the University of Vienna , in 1925 he received his doctoral thesis on the state constitution and the military constitution. Defense policy issues for Dr. rer. pole. PhD. As early as 1920 he was accepted into the armed forces and made a career there. In 1925 he passed the specialist examination for the higher military service (General Staff Service). He then taught at weapons schools and officers' courses and worked at the brigade command in St. Pölten. From January 1928 he became press officer in the adjutant office of the Federal Ministry for Army Affairs in Vienna , headed by the Christian Socialist Carl Vaugoin . A year later, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel . 1932/33 he switched to the troop service, he was u. a. Commander of a military police battalion on foot. From June 1933 to 1937 he was Austrian military attaché for Hungary and Romania in Budapest during the tenure of Leopold Hennet and Odo Neustädter-Stürmer ; In 1933 he was promoted to colonel . This time aroused his later interest in military-diplomatic issues. In 1936 he is said to have denounced the illegal NSDAP member Lothar Rendulic , commander of the Rapid Brigade in Vienna, which the Nazis later interpreted as negative. In August 1937 he came to the intelligence department of the Federal Ministry for National Defense, which at the time was headed by Major General Franz Böhme . There he acted as the deputy head of the department.

After the “Anschluss” of Austria in March 1938, he was not accepted into the German Armed Forces because of his anti-Nazi sentiments or because of his support for the corporate state - although he was planned to be the military academy commander in Wiener Neustadt in April 1938 and was forced to retire in April 1938. In practice, the so-called “ Muff Commission” classified him on the basis of a negative assessment by Major General Emmerich von Nagy - who had been dismissed in 1935 for his National Socialist sentiments and was reactivated in 1938 - as “heavily burdened” (Group 1), which resulted in a ban on wearing a uniform and brought with it the immediate discharge. He suffered a fate similar to that of the officers Emil Liebitzky , Wilhelm Neugebauer and Theodor Iglseder , all of whom were involved in the reconstruction of the army after 1945.

After the forced retirement, his economic situation became increasingly oppressive. In 1940 he tried unsuccessfully to reactivate as an officer. In November 1941, with the support of Jaromir Diakow, he became a volunteer, entrusted with the history of the Austro-Hungarian Air Force , at the Vienna sub-command of the 8th Department of the General Staff of the Air Force of the Wehrmacht (aviation archive), where he worked until 1944 (officially until April 1945). A later attempted commissioning at the Vienna War Archives failed. In autumn 1944 he made first contacts - again in spring 1945 - with former army officers around the former infantry general Eugen Luschinsky . He then joined the non-partisan Austrian resistance group O5 , albeit relatively late .

After the Second World War , Regele, who originally asked for admission to the Austrian National Library , joined the scientific service of the Austrian State Archives , although there was a disorganization there in April / May 1945. From October 1945 to February 1946 he was provisional general secretary of the Austrian Society of the Red Cross . After he was provisional director for a short time in 1945, in May 1946 - Leopold Figl (ÖVP) had just been elected Federal Chancellor - as successor to Josef Mündl he became the definitive director of the Vienna War Archives, part of the Austrian State Archives since 1945. In 1948 he was appointed real councilor . The rebuilding of the archive in spatial, organizational and documentary terms was largely attributable to him, and he also represented the archive at an international congress in The Hague. Appropriate rooms were u. a. to Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , Wilhelm von Tegetthoff , Julius von Payer / Carl Weyprecht and Franz von Hauslab , and a manageable aviation museum was set up. However, the relevance of the showrooms decreased again after his tenure. In September 1947 a first general inventory was presented, a two-volume inventory was then published in 1953. He also initiated a. a. a Conrad archive. At the beginning of 1955, Regele became interim director general of the State Archives, and at the end of the year he retired.

The ambitious rule u. a. with the archivists Walther Heydendorff , Walter Nemetz and Rudolf Kiszling ( rule's predecessor in the time of National Socialism ), while rules harmonized with Joseph Sokoll , who was probably also chosen as his successor. Nemetz's public criticism of Regele was rejected by the Allies: The assessment was that Nemetz only wanted to become archive director himself, and in the end he left the war archive of his own accord. Kiszling was considered politically charged and was " banned from entering " (1946) by Regele , which should lead to further tensions.

With the end of his management, which was also controversial internally and which was more based on “ militarization ” and traditional Austrian appreciations, “the time was when warlike and military-political events and conditions were presented, written in the service of the state and its army, i.e. a so-called 'official' historiography , provisionally closed ”, as Broucek explained. Broucek later noted that the leadership of the military historiography initiated by Regele was "not devoid of merely patriotic beliefs." Michael Hochedlinger spoke of a "strangely backward-looking and transfigurative museumization" in the war archive, whereby " propaganda " was made for the Austro-Hungarian army.

The now strenuous Habilitation Regeles was rejected at both the Philosophical and Law Faculties , instead the professor Hugo Hantsch (teacher of Ludwig Jedlicka , with whom Regele also fell out) brought the former NSDAP partisan Ferdinand Stöller back to the faculty, who had previously been retired by Regele in the War Archives; Nevertheless, Hantsch prevented the expulsion of Regeles from the Vienna Catholic Academy .

Regule remained on friendly terms with Liebitzky even after 1945. He was subsequently "significantly" involved in the preparations for the reconstruction of the armed forces and came out conceptually. Walter Blasi is considered the “ideologist” behind Liebitzky's plans, a kind of “ spiritus rector ” of the new national defense. For Liebitzky, for example, in 1953 he worked out a program for the military academy. Regele advocated general conscription out of financial considerations . Initially impressed by a future personnel policy that should only include officers who had come into conflict with National Socialism, he later advocated integration up to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Wehrmacht. Regele was also an opponent of paramilitarism and a political army; the integration of Austria into the United Nations was supposed to make the Allied occupation superfluous. Some of his ideas became part of the drafts of the Christian Democratic Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) for the Defense Act. Regele, who held the rank of major general in the reserve of the Austrian Armed Forces , was most recently the association advisory board for military science affairs of the Austrian Officers' Society (from 1960). His impetus to enable officers to study history failed in 1962. Before that, in 1955, he and Liebitzky had already been unsuccessful in setting up a “ Chair for National Defense”.

He dealt in particular with (military) history, geography, military policy and political science, as early as 1928/29 he received first and second prizes at international military science competitions in Rome. In the 1950s he was active for the Polar Archives in Kiel, the Heraldic-Genealogical Society "Adler" and the Geographical Society Vienna , he was also a full member of the Vienna Catholic Academy and a member of the Catholic Teutonic Order .

From 1952 to 1963 he was the founding president of the Austrian Commission for Military History, which at the time consisted only of officers and which he was to anchor internationally; His successor was Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck , who was one of his sponsors . Regele was then a delegate at the International Congress of Historians of the Comité International des Sciences Historiques in Rome (X., 1955), Stockholm (XI., 1960) and Vienna (XII., 1965). He also worked as an Austrian representative at the Commission Internationale d'Histoire Militaire , from 1960 to 1965 as Vice-President and in 1965 as acting President, succeeding the sick Jan Willem Wijn from the Netherlands. He was then elected Honorary President of the Commission - his successor was Henry Contamine from France - because of his services.

From 1928 on, Regele was with Anna Maria, b. Countess Scapinelli di Léguigno (* 1905), married. After a long illness, he died in Vienna in 1969. In an obituary , Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck found that Regele was both an “exemplary officer” and “conscientious official” as well as a “passionate [...] historian”; he was “committed” to Austria and “his old army”.

Journalism

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Regele was responsible for numerous works: The first real independent work (1925) is Fight for Rivers: Contributions from the war 1914–1918 . In the early 1930s he made a “good name” for himself with a number of smaller military science publications. In particular, during this time he published articles in European military journals such as military scientific reports , the Austrian military newspaper and the military weekly .

After 1945 he appeared as the author of the communications of the Austrian State Archives . He has also published in popular newspapers such as Die Furche , Wiener Zeitung and Die Österreichische Nation , but also in association organs such as Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire , Der Donauraum , Blätter für Technikgeschichte and Der Globenfreund . There are also countless reviews in various magazines and articles in newsletters.

He was "by far" the "most productive" writer. Erik Arnberger pointed out Regeles contributions to the history of the state land survey and cartography in Austria up to the year 1918 (1955) as a good overview representation on the topic.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Regele wrote a " trilogy " about the Chiefs of the General Staff Josef Wenzel Radetzky von Radetz , Ludwig von Benedek and Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf . His biographies are not "conclusive", but according to Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck they have to be "considered".

Regeles' biography about Conrad von Hötzendorf, begun in his last year of service and published in 1955 - under which he served himself - is classified in research as tending to be apologetic or hagiographic . According to Fritz Fellner (1965), the study shows how a picture created by Conrad von Hötzendorf in his memoirs influences Austrian military historians. It is remarkable that Regeles “intimate enemy” Walther Heydendorff, meanwhile employed in the house, court and state archives, was allowed to publish a “devastating review” in the communications of the Austrian State Archives in 1956 .

His work zu Radetzky (1957) is regarded as a “ standard work that is still valid today ” ( Peter Csendes / Helmuth Grossing ). According to Heinrich Benedikt, it is a “war-scientific appreciation of Radetzky” with “informative digressions”, although his devotion to Austrian military tradition sometimes goes too far, as Hans Kohn notes. Hans Frick sees the biography "carefully documented", it offers "valuable [] information" that go beyond mere descriptions of life. For Eberhard Birk , the biography is still indispensable because of the "wealth of perspectives and sources [...]". The book provides "comprehensive information", as Bernhard R. Kroener notes. Alan Sked counts it among the German-language key works.

According to Benedikt, his work on Benedek (1960) offers a “complete war history” and renounces “hero worship”. For Walter Schaufelberger he succeeded "through the comprehensive approach [...] a convincing rehabilitation of the general". Regele draws “the picture of Austrian war history carefully and sensitively” ( Paul Sethe ). Harry Kühnel , who counts "among the best connoisseurs of the Franciscan Josephinian age", attested the author a "strict [] objectivity" and recommends the book. The author successfully proves that Benedek is complicit in the political developments. Deviating from this: Geoffrey Wawro contradicted regular thesis that the defeat in the German war was not primarily due to Benedek or the Austrian army , but far more to the politicians and diplomats in Vienna . According to Allmayer-Beck, Regele thus continued Hugo Kerchnawe's monocausal argument .

Contributions to the post of Chief of General Staff and to the Second Army High Command (AOK) followed: According to Benedikt, his handbook for Chiefs of the General Staff from four centuries (1966) " filled a previously existing gap in military literature" and also offered "a contribution to understanding the history of Austria".

He was also the author of lexicon articles and contributions in biographical anthologies a. a. The great Herder , New German Biography (from 1955 to 1961), Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 , State Lexicon of the Görres Society and Catholic Encyclopedia for Japan .

All in all, Austrian military histography after 1945 "owes a lot to Regele" ( Peter Broucek / Kurt Peball ). Gunther E. Rothenberg (1976) called Regele a " doyen " of Austrian military history.

Awards and honors

Fonts (selection)

  • State Constitution and Defense Constitution: Questions of Defense Policy . Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1925. (= also dissertation, University of Vienna, 1925)
  • (Arrangement with Rudolf Theiss): The cycling troop: After war experiences . Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1925.
  • Battle for Rivers: Contributions from the 1914–1918 war . Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1925. (Spanish translation 1931)
  • with Josef Hellrigl: Maintenance of tradition in the armed forces. Through the centuries of Austrian soldiers . Published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of the Army, Vienna 1931.
  • Battle for the Danube 1916: Considerations of the river crossings at Flamanda and Sistow . Voggenreiter, Potsdam 1940.
  • The Austrian Court War Council 1556–1848 (= communications from the Austrian State Archives . Supplementary volume 1). Publishing house of the Austrian State Printing House, Vienna 1949.
  • Field Marshal Conrad: Mission and Fulfillment, 1906–1918 . Herold publishing house, Vienna u. a. 1955.
  • Contributions to the history of the state land survey and cartography in Austria up to 1918 . Notring publishing house of the Austrian scientific associations, Vienna 1955.
  • Field Marshal Radetzky: Life, Achievement, Legacy . Herold publishing house, Vienna u. a. 1957.
  • Feldzeugmeister Benedek: The way to Königgrätz . Herold publishing house, Vienna u. a. 1960.
  • Paperback of the military history of Austria . Fromme, Vienna a. a. 1963.
  • Chiefs of the General Staff from four centuries: The office of the Chief of the General Staff in the Danube Monarchy. Its sponsors and organs from 1529–1918 . Herold publishing house, Vienna u. a. 1966.
  • Judgment on the Habsburg Wehrmacht. Last victories and demise under the army command of Emperor Charles I, Colonel General Arz von Straussenburg . Herold publishing house, Vienna u. a. 1968.

literature

  • Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : In Remembrance: Oskar Regele . In: Austrian History Yearbook 6 (1970), pp. 520-522.
  • Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck: Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 22 (1969), pp. 532-540. (Abridged by Peter Broucek : Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck: Regele, Oskar . In: Peter Broucek, Kurt Peball : History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 566–568; Pp. 368–574 (incl. List of publications)).
  • Rules, Oskar . In: Rudolf Bohmann , Stephen S. Taylor (Eds.): Who's who in Austria . 6th edition, Bohmann, Vienna 1967, p. 554.
  • Peter Broucek: Introduction . In the S. (Ed.): A general in the twilight. The memories of Edmund Glaise von Horstenau . Volume 1: Kuk General Staff Officer and Historian (= publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria . Vol. 67). Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 1980, ISBN 3-205-08740-2 , p. 52, fn. 175 (short biography).
  • In memoriam: Oskar Regele . In: Der Globusfreund No. 18/20 (1970), p. 12.
  • Albert Duchesne : Éloge du général et archiviste général e / r Dr. O. Regele, président d 'honneur de la Commission internationale d' Histoire militaire, décédé à Vienne le 1st février 1969 . In: Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire 30 (1970), pp. 43-45.
  • Rules, Oskar . In: Fritz Fellner , Doris A. Corradini: Austrian History in the 20th Century. A biographical-bibliographical lexicon (= publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria. Vol. 99). Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 2006, ISBN 978-3-205-77476-1 , p. 339.
  • Rules, Oskar. In: Werner Schuder (Ed.): Kürschner's German Scholars Calendar . Volume 2: N – Z and registers. 10th edition, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1966, p. 1942.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c contributor to this issue . In: Der Donauraum 3 (1958), p. 68.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Peter Broucek : Introduction . In the S. (Ed.): A general in the twilight. The memories of Edmund Glaise von Horstenau. Volume 1: Kuk General Staff Officer and Historian. Böhlau, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-205-08740-2 , p. 52, fn. 175.
  3. ^ A b c Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 22 (1969), pp. 532–540, here: p. 533.
  4. ^ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : In Remembrance: Oskar Regele . In: Austrian History Yearbook 6 (1970), pp. 520-522, here: p. 520.
  5. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 245, fn. 45.
  6. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Köln / Wien 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 108; Peter Barthou: The "Supreme Paragraph". Dealing with colonels and generals of the Wehrmacht in the Austrian Armed Forces (= writings on the history of the Austrian Armed Forces . Vol. 14). Gra & Wis, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902455-15-4 , p. 48.
  7. ↑ a b c d Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 245.
  8. ^ Peter Barthou: The takeover of officers, NCOs and men of the armed forces in the German armed forces in March 1938 . In. Army History Museum , Military History Institute Vienna (Ed.): Einmarsch '38. Military-historical aspects of March 1938. Volume accompanying the special exhibition of the Army History Museum, June 11th - November 9th, 2008 . A publication by the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Military History Institute Vienna, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902551-08-5 , p. 77.
  9. ^ Peter Barthou: The takeover of officers, NCOs and men of the armed forces in the German armed forces in March 1938 . In. Army History Museum , Military History Institute Vienna (Ed.): Einmarsch '38. Military-historical aspects of March 1938. Volume accompanying the special exhibition of the Army History Museum, June 11th - November 9th, 2008 . A publication by the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Military History Institute Vienna, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902551-08-5 , p. 72.
  10. ↑ a b c d Peter Barthou: The "Supreme Paragraph". Dealing with colonels and generals of the Wehrmacht in the Austrian Armed Forces (= writings on the history of the Austrian Armed Forces . Vol. 14). Gra & Wis, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902455-15-4 , p. 48.
  11. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 108.
  12. ↑ a b Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 264.
  13. ↑ a b c d Manfried Rauchsteiner : The military historiography in Austria after 1945 . In: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck u. a .: Military history in Germany and Austria from the 18th century to the present (= lectures on military history . Vol. 6). Mittler, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-8132-0214-3 , pp. 134-161, here: pp. 136 f.
  14. ↑ a b c d Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 265.
  15. ^ A b c d e f Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 22 (1969), pp. 532–540, here: p. 534.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f In Memoriam: Oskar Regele . In: Der Globusfreund No. 18/20 (1970), p. 12.
  17. ↑ a b c Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 275.
  18. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 123.
  19. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: pp. 276f., Fn. 134.
  20. ^ A b Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : currents and goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 122.
  21. ^ A b Peter Broucek : About the literary estate of Field Marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf in the war archive. In: Festschrift Kurt Peball on his 65th birthday = communications from the Austrian State Archives 43 (1993), p. 156–167, here: p. 162.
  22. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 276.
  23. ↑ Walter Blasi : General of the Artillery Ing. Emil Liebitzky - Austria's "Heusinger"? (= Military history and defense sciences . Volume 6). Bernard & Graefe, Munich 2002, ISBN 978-3-7637-6239-2 , p. 123.
  24. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 272, fn. 123.
  25. ↑ a b Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 278.
  26. ^ A b Manfried Rauchsteiner : The military historiography in Austria after 1945 . In: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck u. a .: Military history in Germany and Austria from the 18th century to the present (= lectures on military history . Vol. 6). Mittler, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-8132-0214-3 , pp. 134-161, here: p. 147.
  27. ↑ Peter Broucek : Introduction . In the S. (Ed.): A general in the twilight. The memories of Edmund Glaise von Horstenau. Volume 1: Kuk General Staff Officer and Historian. Böhlau, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-205-08740-2 , p. 52.
  28. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 124.
  29. ^ Manfried Rauchsteiner : The military historiography in Austria after 1945 . In: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck u. a .: Military history in Germany and Austria from the 18th century to the present (= lectures on military history . Vol. 6). Mittler, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-8132-0214-3 , pp. 134-161, here: pp. 150ff.
  30. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 268.
  31. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: pp. 277f.
  32. ↑ Quoted from Peter Barthou: Der "Oberstenparagraph". Dealing with colonels and generals of the Wehrmacht in the Austrian Armed Forces (= writings on the history of the Austrian Armed Forces . Vol. 14). Gra & Wis, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902455-15-4 , p. 48.
  33. ↑ a b c d e Walter Blasi : General of the Artillery Ing. Emil Liebitzky - Austria's "Heusinger"? (= Military history and defense sciences . Volume 6). Bernard & Graefe, Munich 2002, ISBN 978-3-7637-6239-2 , pp. 120f.
  34. ^ A b Manfried Rauchsteiner : The military historiography in Austria after 1945 . In: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck u. a .: Military history in Germany and Austria from the 18th century to the present (= lectures on military history . Vol. 6). Mittler, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-8132-0214-3 , pp. 134-161, here: p. 140.
  35. ↑ Chronicle of the Austrian Officers' Society 1960–2010 , oeog.at, accessed on August 21, 2016.
  36. ^ Manfried Rauchsteiner : The military historiography in Austria after 1945 . In: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck u. a .: Military history in Germany and Austria from the 18th century to the present (= lectures on military history . Vol. 6). Mittler, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-8132-0214-3 , pp. 134-161, here: p. 154.
  37. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Köln / Wien 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 168.
  38. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Köln / Wien 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 150.
  39. ^ Peter Broucek , Kurt Peball : Trends and Goals since 1945 . In: Dies .: History of Austrian Military Historiography . Böhlau, Köln / Wien 2000, ISBN 3-412-05700-2 , pp. 107–180, here: p. 155.
  40. ↑ Erwin A. Schmidl : 75 Years of the International Commission for Military History = International Journal for Military History 91 (2013), p. 143, fn. 1.
  41. ↑ Erwin A. Schmidl : 75 Years of the International Commission for Military History = International Journal for Military History 91 (2013), p. 143.
  42. ^ A b c d e f g Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 22 (1969), pp. 532–540, here: p. 535.
  43. ^ Erik Arnberger : Handbook of thematic cartography . Deuticke, Vienna 1966, p. 79.
  44. ^ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 22 (1969), pp. 532–540, here: pp. 534f.
  45. ↑ Holger Afflerbach : The Triple Alliance: European Great Power and Alliance Policy before the First World War (= publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria . Volume 92). Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-205-99399-3 , p. 599, footnote 14;
    Peter Broucek : About the literary estate of Field Marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf in the war archive. In: Festschrift Kurt Peball on his 65th birthday = communications from the Austrian State Archives 43 (1993), p. 156–167, here: p. 162 ;
    Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 279, fn. 141.
    Verena Moritz , Hannes Leidinger : A review . In: Wolfram Dornik : The emperor's falcon. Work and post-work of Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (= publications of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Research on the Consequences of War, Graz - Vienna - Raabs . Volume 25). Studien-Verlag, Innsbruck u. a. 2013, ISBN 978-3-7065-5004-8 , pp. 201–221, here: p. 218.
  46. ^ Fritz Fellner : Some Reflections on Conrad von Hötzendorf and His Memoirs based on Old and New Sources . In: Austrian History Yearbook 1 (1965), pp. 74–89, here: p. 75.
  47. ↑ Michael Hochedlinger : Double-headed eagle or swastika ?. The "Army Archives Vienna" 1938–1945 . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 54 (2010), pp. 221–284, here: p. 279, fn. 141.
  48. ↑ Peter Csendes , Helmuth Grossing : Literature reports . Collective presentation. Literature on the history of Vienna (1954–1974) . In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 83 (1975) 3/4, pp. 414–472, here: p. 461.
  49. ^ Heinrich Benedikt : Field Marshal Radetzky. Life, achievement, legacy of Oskar Regele . In: Historische Zeitschrift 197 (1963) 2, pp. 415-418, here: p. 418.
  50. ↑ Hans Kohn : Field Marshal Radetzky. Life, achievement, legacy by Oskar Regele. In: The American Historical Review 64 (1958) 1, pp. 105-106, here: p. 105.
  51. ^ Hans Frick : Field Marshal Radetzky . In: Swiss monthly books . Journal for Politics, Economy, Culture 39 (1959/60) 5, p. 471 f.
  52. ↑ Eberhard Birk : “Austria is in your camp. The rest of us are individual rubble ”. Military-historical notes on Radetzky (Part 1) . In: Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift 6/2008, pp. 691–700, here: p. 699, note 7.
  53. ^ Bernhard R. Kroener : Literature report on warfare 1648–1888 . In: Military History Research Office (ed.): Handbook on German Military History 1648–1939 . Volume 5, Section IX: Principles of Military Warfare . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Munich 1979, pp. 587–623, here: p. 615.
  54. ^ Alan Sked : Radetzky: Imperial Victor and Military Genius . IB Tauris, London a. a. 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-677-6 , p. 255.
  55. ^ Heinrich Benedikt : Feldzeugmeister Benedek. The way to Königgrätz by Oskar Regele . In: Historische Zeitschrift 193 (1961) 1, pp. 152–154, here: p. 152.
  56. ↑ Walter Schaufelberger : Thoughts on reading war history . In: Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift 127 (1961) 1, pp. 17–22, here: p. 18.
  57. ↑ Paul Sethe : Only the Armament ?. A biography about the vanquished von Königgrätz . In: Die Zeit , January 14, 1966.
  58. ↑ Harry Kühnel : Oskar Regele: Feldzeugmeister Benedek . In: Neue Volksbildung 12 (1961) 2, p. 77.
  59. ↑ Geoffrey Wawro : The Austro-Prussian War. Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997, ISBN 0-521-62951-9 , p. 4.
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  62. ^ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : Oskar Regele (1890–1969) [obituary] . In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 22 (1969), pp. 532–540, here: p. 536.
  63. ^ Gunther E. Rothenberg : The Army of Francis Joseph . Purdue University Press, West Lafayette 1976, p. Xi.
  64. ↑ Personnel . In: Austrian History Yearbook 1 (1965), p. 291.
personal data
SURNAME Rules, Oskar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian officer and military historian
DATE OF BIRTH July 7, 1890
PLACE OF BIRTH Pettau , Austria-Hungary
DATE OF DEATH 1st February 1969
Place of death Vienna