Schannenbach

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Schannenbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 41 ′ 22 ″  N , 8 ° 43 ′ 15 ″  E
Height : 481 m above sea level NHN
Area : 95 ha
Residents : 148  (Jun. 30, 2013)
Population density : 156 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : August 1, 1972
Postal code : 64686
Area code : 06254

Schannenbach is the southernmost part of the municipality Lautertal (Odenwald) in the Bergstrasse district in Hesse .

Geographical location

Schannenbach is located in the Vorderen Odenwald, southeast of the core community Reichenbach, on a cleared mountain terrace on the northwest slope of the 576 meter high Krehberg . From Schannenbach the Meerbachtal leads west down through the Märkerwald to Gronau. Apart from a few farms, the place consists of residential developments that extend along Krehbergstrasse with interruptions for one and a half kilometers from north to south through the entire district, forming the Ober-Schannenbach settlement on the eastern boundary. At 540 meters, this is the highest residential area in the Lautertal community.

The closest localities are Knoden in the north-west, Breitenwiesen in the north, Glattbach in the north-east, Seidenbuch in the east, Erlenbach in the south-east, Seidenbach and Mittershausen-Scheuerberg in the south, Ober-Hambach in the south - west and Gronau in the west .

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Schannenbach arose in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . After long disputes, the Electoral Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz were able to agree on the inheritance from the Lorsch Abbey at the beginning of the 14th century and the parts of the Palatinate were administered by the Lindenfels District Bailiwick.

The place was first mentioned under the name Schandenbach in 1398, as Count Palatine Ruprecht III. the butler Eberhard of Erbach with his part of Scharbach invested . At that time, the Palatinate town was already a fief of the Erbach gifts. Since there were several incidents in the border area between the Electoral Palatinate and the County of Erbach due to the confusing territorial affiliation, the Palatinate Elector Friedrich III came to an agreement on June 4, 1561 . with the brothers Georg, Eberhard and Valentin, Counts of Erbach, about an area swap. As a result, the villages Lautern , Gadernheim and Reidelbach , which belong to the Palatinate Thalzent , as well as the share in Reichenbach came to the County of Erbach and the Erbach villages Mittershausen, Mitlechtern, Scheuerberg, Schaunenbach, Knoden, Breitenwiesen and Oberlaudenbach to the Palatinate. There they formed the Neu-Zent of the Lindenfels District Bailiwick . Until 1737 the Vogtei belonged to the Heidelberg Oberamt , after which Lindenfels became an independent Oberamt of the “Palatinate Counties near Rhine” (in the “Electorate of Palatinate Bavaria” from 1777).

The jurisdiction over Schannenbach was initially in Heppenheim, where the high jurisdiction over "theft, screams of murder, throwing stones, robbers and heresy" remained until 1714. On the other hand, documents prove that the "Neu-Zent" already existed in 1613 and that in 1665 legal cases were appealed to the Central Court in Mittershausen and from then to the Palatinate Court Court.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran and the Reformed or Calvinist religion. Schannenbach is mentioned as a branch of Gronau in the Heidelberg Oberamtscetenzbuch from 1610.

In 1613 there were 6 hubs with 6 house butts, as well as 4 serfs men and 2 women. At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate, the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to promote the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia did the so-called Palatinate church division come about in 1705, in which the simultanum was reversed, and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

In 1784 Schannenbach is described as a place with six houses, nine families and 50 souls. The municipal castle consisted of 139 acres of arable land, 30 acres of meadows, two acres of gardens and one acre of forest. On the big tithe , the court chamber of the Electoral Palatinate receives two and the Mainz cathedral chapter receives a third, while the respective bailiff of Lindenfels receives two from the small tithe and the Lutheran pastor in Grünau receives a third.

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via Schannenbach:

“Schannenbach. To the east it borders the Kameralwald Seidenbuch; towards the south to the Heppenheim city forest; towards the west at the previous knoden; to the north again to the Knoder district. No more than 6 houses, 9 families, 50 souls were found there in 1784. The district contains 139 M. Aecker, 30 M. Wiesen, 2 M. Gardens, and 1 M. Hubenwald. On the big tithe, the Electoral Palatinate Court Chamber moves into two, and the Mainz Cathedral Chapter one third; but the temporary bailiff at Lindenfels two, and Luth. Pastor to Grünau a third. This hamlet and the two previous hamlets (Breitwiesen and Knoden), together with the Kurmainzische city of Bensheim, as well as the Graeflich-Erbachischen villages Grünau and Zell, are entitled to the wood and the pasture in the so-called Märker-Wald located there; Kurpfalz has the hunt alone. "

CFML Marchand writes about this common right:

On September 22nd, 1615, Count Palatine Friedrich issued a court order for the Bensheimer Markwaldungen to remove the errors that existed between Bensheim, Gronau, Zell, Schannenbach, Knoden and Breitenwiesen. For the Märkergericht, Bensheim put together the mayor and 4 men, Gronau and Zell 1 man each, Schannenbach Knoden and Breitenwiesen 1 man. The communal forests consisted of the Zellerholz (Vorderwald), Eselberg Kesselberg, Dengelberg, Schülberg and Knodelberg. Bensheim and Gronau had the first two alone. In the middle of the 17th century, after the matter had already been disputed in the court court of Heidelberg, there were still various dissidia, because of the upper markers' authority, the law on stone setting, etc. "

19th century until today

Schannenbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and the Diocese of Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Schannenbach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the Oberamt was temporarily continued as the Hessian District Bailiwick. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the " Zent Heppenheim " and the associated central courts had finally lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. In 1812 the official area of ​​the "Lindenfels Office" was split up and Schannenbach was first assigned to the "Bensheim Office" and on April 18 of the same year with the other places of the former Neu-Zent to the formerly Mainz " Heppenheim Office ". In 1814 serfdom was lifted in the Grand Duchy.

After Napoléon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse and confirmed the boundaries of the Principality of Starkenburg. In addition, Article 47 assigned other areas to the Grand Duchy of Hesse, including Worms , Alzey , Bingen and Mainz , an area known as Rheinhessen . In 1815 the Grand Duchy joined the German Confederation . By the treaty of Frankfurt on June 30, 1816 Grand Duke Ludwig came as a result of German war which even before the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss occupied on 6 September 1802 Duchy of Westphalia from the King of Prussia.

In 1816 provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy and the area previously known as the "Principality of Starkenburg", which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed "Province of Starkenburg" . On December 17, 1820, with the introduction of the " Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse ", the Grand Duchy became a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district districts were introduced, with Schannenbach joining the district of Lindenfels . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. In addition to Mittershausen , the mayor's office in Mittershausen was also responsible for Breitenwiesen , Igelsbach , Knoden , Mitlechtern , Schannenbach and Scheuerberg . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Schannenbach in 1829:

»Schannebach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) Lutheran and Reformed Filialdorf; is 1 1 ⁄ 2   St. from Lindenfels and has 15 houses and 102 inhabitants, who from 56 Luth. and 46th reform exist. By exchange the place came from Erbach to Churpfalz in 1561 and in 1802 it came to Hesse «

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Schannenbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district.

On March 16, 1842 there was a separation: Schannenbach with Knoden and Breitenweise formed its own mayor's office from July 22, the other communities remained with Mittershausen. In the same year the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

»Schannenbach near Lindenfels. - Village, to the reformed parish Schlierbach, resp. Catholic parish of Lindenfels. - 154 H. 102 evangel. E. - Grand Duke. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Schannenbach, also called Schannebach, was transferred from Churpfalz to Hesse in 1802. «

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Schannenbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Schannebach : Lutheran and Reformed Filialdorf with 143 inhabitants. The district consists of 380 acres , 172 acres of arable land, 89 acres of meadows and 111 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the branch village Schannenbach has its own mayor's office, 24 houses, 152 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Fürth district court, the Protestant Reformed parish Schlierbach and the Lutheran parish Gronau of the Lindenfels dean's office and the Parish Lindenfels of the deanery Heppenheim indicated. The hamlet of Breitenwiesen (five houses, 47 inhabitants) and the village of Knoden (ten houses, 84 inhabitants) were also administered by the mayor's office .

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the incorporation of Schannenbach into the Bensheim district .

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to "Amtsgericht Fürth" and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court .

At the end of the 19th century, the industrial age slowly heralded the Odenwald. The state road from Worms via Bensheim, through the Lautertal to Lindenfels and on to Michelstadt, for example, made an important contribution to improving the infrastructure of the front Odenwald . It was given the name "Nibelungenstrasse", which refers to the Nibelungen saga. In 1869 the opening of the Nibelungen Railway from Worms via Lorsch to Bensheim was celebrated, where it was connected to the Rhein-Neckar Railway , which was completed in 1846 . Further infrastructure improvements were reported for 1900, so near Worms both the Ernst Ludwig Bridge for road traffic and the railway bridge over the Rhine were opened to traffic. The numbers of emigrants show that the times were also marked by a lot of poverty. From 1881 to 1900, 529,875 German emigrants were counted. On January 1, 1900, the Civil Code came into force throughout the German Empire .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out, which put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Schannenbach also had to mourn those killed, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human victims. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed, in which between 1921 and 1930 around 566,000 emigrants tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the size of the district was given as 95.1  ha .

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse . In November 1938 the so-called Reichskristallnacht brought hardship and misery to the Jewish fellow citizens.

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Schannenbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 95  hectares , 33 hectares of which were forest.

As part of the regional reform in Hesse , Schannenbach was incorporated into the Lautertal community by law on August 1, 1972.

The place has retained its village character to this day and offers tourists overnight accommodation and an inn.

Courts in Hessen

The jurisdiction of the Oberamt Lindenfels was transferred to the new justice office in Fürth in 1813. With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Fürth Local Court and assigned to the district of the Regional Court Darmstadt .

Historical descriptions

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Schannenbach in 1829:

»Schannebach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) Lutheran and Reformed Filialdorf; is 1½ St. from Lindenfels and has 15 houses and 102 inhabitants, who from 56 Luth. and 46th reform exist. By exchange the place came from Erbach to Churpfalz in 1561 and in 1802 it came to Hesse «

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

»Schannenbach near Lindenfels. - Village, to the reformed parish Schlierbach, resp. Catholic parish Lindenfcls. - 154 H. 102 evangel. E. - Grand Duke. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Schannenbach, also called Schannebach, was transferred from Churpfalz to Hesse in 1802. «

Population development

• 1613: 6 people in the house , serfs : 4 men, 8 women.
• 1961: 50 souls, six houses with nine families
• 1961: 101 Protestant (= 83.47%), 20 Catholic (= 16.53%)
Schannenbach: Population from 1784 to 1967
year     Residents
1784
  
 50
1834
  
 136
1840
  
 146
1846
  
 148
1852
  
 142
1858
  
 150
1864
  
 145
1871
  
 160
1875
  
 161
1885
  
 123
1895
  
 113
1905
  
 150
1910
  
 163
1925
  
 120
1939
  
 117
1946
  
 152
1950
  
 134
1956
  
 116
1961
  
 121
1967
  
 146
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

traffic

For about local traffic Schannenbach is through the county road opened K 56, a short branch of the K 55 north to Knoden and width meadows past at Gadernheim in as Nibelungenstraße known national highway 47 opens, and east across Seidenbuch to Glattbach to Schlierbach leads to valley. The main street of the village is called Krehbergstraße . It leads from the village entrance in the north to the last houses of Ober-Schannenbach in the south. From there, forest roads lead up to the Krehberg summit and the Heppenheim district of Ober-Hambach . In the center of the village Gronauer Straße branches off and leads down as a forest path to the neighboring village of the same name.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1, Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: October 1829: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, Volume 1
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).
  • Literature on Schannenbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Schannenbach district . In: Website of the Lautertal community. Accessed August 2020.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, p. 632
  3. ↑ a b c d Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 40 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  4. ↑ a b c J Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 509 , 6) Schannenbach ( online at googe books ).
  5. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ↑ Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. P. 248 ( online at Google Books )
  7. ^ Collection of dispositions from 1812
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ↑ a b Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 210 ( online at Google Books )
  10. ^ Village history Mittershausen - Scheuerberg , accessed in October 2016.
  11. ^ A b Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 2, p. 102 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  12. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  13. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  15. ↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 349 ( online at google books )
  16. ↑ Alphabetical list of places to live in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , 1869, p. 78 ( online at google books )
  17. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  19. ↑ a b Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of 14 May 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  20. ↑ Timeline on the website of the municipality of Biblis , accessed on December 1, 2014
  21. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, pp. 632–633
  22. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  23. ↑ a b c d e Schannenbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 24, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  24. ↑ Law on the reorganization of the Bergstrasse district (GVBl. II 330–15 § 1) of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1972 No. 17 , p. 222 ff . ( Online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).