Knoden

Knoden Community Lautertal (Odenwald) Coordinates: 49 ° 41 ′ 40 ″ N , 8 ° 43 ′ 9 ″ E
Height :	472 m above sea level NHN
Area :	2.02 km²
Residents :	91 (Jun 30, 2013)
Population density :	45 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation :	August 1, 1972
Postal code :	64686
Area code :	06254
	Knoden (western part of the village)

Knoden is a district of the municipality Lautertal (Odenwald) in the Bergstrasse district in Hesse .

Geographical location

Knoden is located in the Vorderen Odenwald, southeast of the core community Reichenbach, on the short western foothills of a ridge that forms the watershed between the catchment area of the Schlierbach , which flows into the middle Weschnitz in the east near Fürth, and the creek on the Rehklingen , whose course in the west near Gronau im Meerbach rises, which in turn flows through Bensheim and flows into the lower Weschnitz at Lorsch . The hamlet of Knoden can be found on the side of the Rehklingen stream near its four sources and consists essentially of a few farms. The district extends on the ridge on both sides of the watershed and also includes the hamlet of Breitenwiesen in the northeast, three quarters of a kilometer from Knoden . The highest elevations at 511 meters are the wooded Knodener Kopf northwest of the village on the other side of the brook in an exposed location high above the Lautertal and the 536 meters high, also wooded Knörschhügel east of the village. Large parts of the plateau are used for agriculture.

The closest localities are in the west Elmshausen , in the northwest Reichenbach, in the northeast Raidelbach and Kolmbach , in the east Glattbach in the southeast Seidenbuch , in the south Schannenbach and in the southwest Gronau .

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Knoden originated in the area of the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . After long disputes could Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz early 14th century about the legacy of the Lorsch Abbey few and the Palatine parts were the Amtsvogtei managed Lindenfels.

The place is first mentioned under the name Knoden in 1428. Kurmainz awarded Lorsch fiefdoms in Knoden from 1420 to 1461. Breitenwiesen and Knoden had given the Counts of Erbach to afterlehen . Anna von Bickenbach acquired both places as the wife of Conrad von Erbach bought from Hans von Erlikeim on April 23, 1451 for 400 florins.Since there were several incidents in the border area between the Electoral Palatinate and the County of Erbach due to the confusing territorial affiliation, an agreement was reached on April 4. June 1561 the Palatinate Elector Friedrich III. with the brothers Georg, Eberhard and Valentin, Counts of Erbach, about an area swap. As a result, the villages Lautern , Gadernheim and Reidelbach , which belong to the Palatinate Thalzent , as well as the share in Reichenbach came to the County of Erbach and the Erbach villages Mittershausen, Mitlechtern, Scheuerberg, Schaunenbach, Knoden, Breitenwiesen and Oberlaudenbach to the Palatinate. There they formed the Neu-Zent of the Lindenfels Office . Until 1737 Lindenfels was subordinate to the Oberamt Heidelberg , after which Lindenfels became an independent Oberamt of the "Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein" (in the "Electorate Pfalzbayern" from 1777).

The jurisdiction over Knoden was initially in Heppenheim, where the high jurisdiction over "theft, screams of murder, throwing stones, robbers and heresy" remained until 1714. On the other hand, documents prove that the Neu-Zent already existed in 1613 and that in 1665 legal cases were appealed to the Central Court in Mittershausen and from then to the Palatinate Court Court.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. After 1650 at the latest, Knoden belonged to the reformed parish of Schlierbach as a branch . From the year 1613 the affiliation to the parish Reichenbach is documented.

In 1613 Knoden had " serfs, 4 and 7 women, 7 house seats and 9 hubs ." After the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648) the place, like many others in the Electoral Palatinate, was almost extinct and the Count Palatinate tried to revitalize the country through a resettlement policy characterized by religious tolerance. Knoden became known at the time when Kaspar Dascher, who was expelled from Switzerland for witchcraft, settled here in 1663. In the period that followed, the residents were trusted to perform witchcraft, which found its way into the history books under the term "Knodener Kunst". The wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many efforts and tens of thousands of people from the Palatinate emigrated. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

In 1784 13 families with 72 souls lived in 6 houses. The district consisted of 160 acres of arable land, 33 acres of meadows, two acres of gardens and one acre of forest. The great tithes moved into the cathedral chapter of Mainz two and Herr von Dalberg part. From the small tithe they received a third and the pastor of Reichenbach two thirds.

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via Knoden:

“Knoden. Is also only a hamlet an hour and a half west of Lindenfels; has to neighbor against east Gladbach, against south Schannenbach; towards the west the common Märkerwald; to the north the Erbachische Hohenstein and the announced Breitenwiesen, with which it had the same fate. The brook (Meerbach), which arises from four well sources in the so-called Hofwiesen, runs next to the village, to Grünau, cell and so on in the Weschniz. The road from Lindenfels to Bensheim runs through the hamlet. In 1784 there were 13 families, 72 souls in 6 houses. The district contains 160 M. Ackerfeld, 33 M. Wiesen, 2M. Gardens and 1 m. Forest. With the big and small tithe it is the same as with Breitenwiesen. "

CFML Marchand writes about the common right of use of the Bensheimer Markwald:

»On September 22nd, 1615, Count Palatine Friedrich issued a Märkergerichtordnung for the Bensheimer Markwaldungen to remove the errors between Bensheim, Gronau, Zell, Schannenbach, Knoden and Breitenwiesen. For the Märkergericht, Bensheim put together the mayor and 4 men, Gronau and Zell 1 man each, Schannenbach Knoden and Breitenwiesen 1 man. The communal forests consisted of the Zellerholz (Vorderwald), Eselberg Kesselberg, Dengelberg, Schülberg and Knodelberg. Bensheim and Gronau had the first two alone. In the middle of the 17th century, after the matter had already been disputed in the court court of Heidelberg, there were still various dissidia, because of the upper markers' authority, the law on stone setting, etc. "

19th century until today

Knoden becomes Hessian

Postcard (around 1900) farm on the Knodener Höh '

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and the Diocese of Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . Also the Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Knoden at Hessen-Darmstadt. There the Oberamt was temporarily continued as the Hessian District Bailiwick. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this, the " Zent Heppenheim " and the associated central courts had finally lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. In 1812 the official area of the "Lindenfels Office" was divided and Knoden was first assigned to the "Bensheim Office" and on April 18 of the same year with the other places of the former Neu-Zent to the formerly Mainz " Heppenheim Office ". In 1814 serfdom was lifted in the Grand Duchy.

After Napoléon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse and confirmed the boundaries of the Principality of Starkenburg. In addition, Article 47 assigned other areas to the Grand Duchy of Hesse, including Worms , Alzey , Bingen and Mainz , an area known as Rheinhessen . In 1815 the Grand Duchy joined the German Confederation . By the treaty of Frankfurt on June 30, 1816 Grand Duke Ludwig came as a result of German war which even before the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss occupied on 6 September 1802 Duchy of Westphalia from the King of Prussia.

In 1816 provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy and the area previously known as the "Principality of Starkenburg", which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed "Province of Starkenburg" . On December 17, 1820, with the introduction of the " Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse ", the Grand Duchy became a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and administrative districts were introduced, with Knoden becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. In addition to Mittershausen , the mayor's office in Mittershausen was also responsible for Breitenwiesen , Igelsbach , Knoden, Mitlechtern , Schannenbach and Scheuerberg . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports about Knoden in 1829:

»Knoden (L. Bez. Lindenfels) Lutheran and Reform. Filialdorf, is 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂  St. from Lindenfels and has 9 houses and 77 inhabitants, including 56 Luth. and 21 Reformers. The Knodner Hohe is 2247 Hess. Feet (0.25m) above the sea level. Earlier, the Counts of Erbach had given this place as an afterlehen. The gift of Conrad von Erbach's wife Anna von Bickenbach bought Knoden back in 1451 from Hans von Erlikheim and in 1561 it was exchanged to Churpfalz, as in 1802 to Hessen. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the entry into force in October 15, 1832 but this was revised to the effect that instead of the circle Lindenfels next to the circle Bensheim the county Heppenheim was formed as the second circuit to which now belonged Knoden.

On March 16, 1842 there was a separation. Schannenbach with Knoden and Breitenweise formed its own mayor's office from July 22nd, the other communities remained with Mittershausen. In the same year the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

»Knoden b. Lindenfels. - Village, belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Reichesbach, Reformed parish of Schlierbach, Catholic parish of Lindenfels. - 9 H. 77 evangel. E. - Grand Duke. Hesse. - Prov. Starkenburg. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Knoden passed from Churpfalz to Hesse in 1802. «

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Knoden became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Knoden: Catholic and Reformation branch village with 78 inhabitants, which forms a district with Breitenwiesen . This district consists of 776 acres , 344 acres of arable land, 130 acres of meadows and 284 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the Knoden, the Schannenbach mayor, 10 houses, 84 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Fürth district court, the Protestant Reformed parish Schlierbach and the Lutheran parish Reichenbach of the deanery are listed for the branch village Lindenfels and the Catholic parish of Lindenfels belonging to the Heppenheim deanery. The hamlet of Breitenwiesen (5 houses, 47 inhabitants) is still in the district of Knoden .

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the incorporation of Knoden into the Bensheim district .

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to "Amtsgericht Fürth" and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court .

At the end of the 19th century, the industrial age slowly heralded the Odenwald. The state road from Worms via Bensheim, through the Lautertal to Lindenfels and on to Michelstadt, for example, made an important contribution to improving the infrastructure of the front Odenwald . It was given the name "Nibelungenstrasse", which refers to the Nibelungen saga. In 1869 the opening of the Nibelungen Railway from Worms via Lorsch to Bensheim was celebrated, where it was connected to the Rhein-Neckar Railway , which was completed in 1846 . Further infrastructure improvements were reported for 1900, so near Worms both the Ernst Ludwig Bridge for road traffic and the railway bridge over the Rhine were opened to traffic. The numbers of emigrants show that the times were also marked by a lot of poverty. From 1881 to 1900, 529,875 German emigrants were counted. On January 1, 1900, the Civil Code came into force throughout the German Empire .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out, which put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Knoden also had victims to complain, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed, in which between 1921 and 1930 around 566,000 emigrants tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927, the size of the district including the hamlet of Breitenwiesen was given as 193.7 ha .

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse . In November 1938 the so-called Reichskristallnacht brought hardship and misery to the Jewish fellow citizens.

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Knoden also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 201 ha , 72 ha of which were forest.

As part of the regional reform in Hesse , Knoden and Breitenwiesen were incorporated into the Lautertal community by law on August 1, 1972.

Population development

• 1613:	07 house seats ; Serfs : 4 men, 7 women.
• 1784:	72 souls, 13 families in 6 houses
• 1961:	96 Protestant (= 96.97%), 3 Catholic (= 3.03%) residents

Knoden: Population from 1784 to 1970
year		Residents
1784	72
1834	123
1840	119
1846	114
1852	123
1858	120
1864	126
1871	112
1875	110
1885	102
1895	95
1905	100
1910	95
1925	100
1939	103
1946	143
1950	143
1956	95
1961	99
1967	104
1970	101
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968. Other sources:

traffic

For about local traffic Knoden is through the county road opened K 55 at Gadernheim from as Nibelungenstraße known state road 47 branches, passing north of width meadows, touches the outskirts of Knoden the east and Schannenbach and Seidenbuch to Glattbach leads to the valley.

literature

Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )

Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, volume October 1 , 1829.

Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).

Web links

Commons : Knoden - collection of images, videos and audio files

District Knoden with Breitenwiesen. In: Website of the Lautertal community.
Knoden, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).

Individual evidence

↑ Knoden district with Breidwiesen. In: Website of the Lautertal community. accessed in August 2020.
↑ Statistics sheet of the community Lautertal. Residents HW
^ ^A ^b Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 45 ( online at google books ).
^ ^A ^b ^c Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 40 ff . ( Online at google books ).
↑ ^a ^b Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, pp. 400–401
^ Heinrich Künzel: History of Hesse, in particular the history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the Rhine: a historical reading book , Friedberg 1858. P. 454f. ( online at google books )
↑ ^a ^b ^c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 508 f ., 5) Knoden ( online at googe books ).
^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
↑ Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. P. 248 ( online at Google Books )
^ Collection of dispositions from 1812
^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
↑ Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 127 ( online at Google Books )
^ Village history Mittershausen - Scheuerberg , accessed in October 2016.
^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 2, p. 102 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 344 ( online at google books )
↑ Alphabetical list of places to live in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , 1869, p. 16 ( online at google books )
^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
↑ Timeline on the website of the municipality of Biblis , accessed on December 1, 2014
↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Knoden, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
↑ Law on the reorganization of the Bergstrasse district (GVBl. II 330–15 § 1) of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1972 No. 17 , p. 222 ff . ( Online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).

[DF-1] Knoden district with Breidwiesen. In: Website of the Lautertal community. accessed in August 2020.

[2] Statistics sheet of the community Lautertal. Residents HW

[M45-3] A ^b Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 45 ( online at google books ).

[M40-4] A ^b ^c Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 40 ff . ( Online at google books ).

[WM-5] Wilhelm Müller: Hessisches Ortnamesbuch - Starkenburg , Darmstadt 1937, pp. 400–401

[6] Heinrich Künzel: History of Hesse, in particular the history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the Rhine: a historical reading book , Friedberg 1858. P. 454f. ( online at google books )

[Widder-7] Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 508 f ., 5) Knoden ( online at googe books ).

[8] Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).

[9] Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or Church history of the Upper Rhinegau , Darmstadt 1812. P. 248 ( online at Google Books )

[10] Collection of dispositions from 1812

[11] M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).

[12] Georg W. Wagner: Volume 1, p. 127 ( online at Google Books )

[13] Village history Mittershausen - Scheuerberg , accessed in October 2016.

[14] Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states , Naumburg 1845, Volume 2, p. 102 ( online at Hathi Trust, digital library )

[15] Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).

[16] Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).

[17] Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).

[18] Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854, p. 344 ( online at google books )

[19] Alphabetical list of places to live in the Grand Duchy of Hesse , 1869, p. 16 ( online at google books )

[20] Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .

[21] Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7

[Hess._Reg.Bl-22] Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).

[Biblis-23] Timeline on the website of the municipality of Biblis , accessed on December 1, 2014

[24] Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .

[lagis-25] Knoden, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).

[26] Law on the reorganization of the Bergstrasse district (GVBl. II 330–15 § 1) of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1972 No. 17 , p. 222 ff . ( Online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).