Elmshausen (Lautertal)

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Elmshausen
Coordinates: 49 ° 42 ′ 6 ″  N , 8 ° 40 ′ 20 ″  E
Height : 172 m above sea level NHN
Area : 3.88 km²
Residents : 1398  (June 30, 2013)
Population density : 360 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 64686
Area code : 06251
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Elmshausen is the westernmost and deepest part of the municipality Lautertal (Odenwald) in the Bergstrasse district in Hesse .

Geographical location

Elmshausen is located in the Vorderen Odenwald in the Lauter valley and southwest of the main town of Reichenbach . The location extends, mainly on the north side of the valley floor, across the district and has grown together with Reichenbach at the upper end and Wilmshausen at the lower end. The lowest point of Elmshausen is in the southwest of the village (170 m), the highest in the northern part of Elmshausen (220 m). The district includes three wooded mountain heights: in the west the Ludwigshöhe (312 m), in the north the Teufelsberg (374 m) and in the south the Hohberg (372 m (Maxenshöhe)).

The closest localities are Wilmshausen in the southwest , Hochstädten in the northwest , Reichenbach in the northeast, Knoden in the east and Gronau in the south .

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Elmshausen was first mentioned in a document in 1339 under the name Elmshusen , when Count Palatine Rudolf II. Bei Rhein, Duke of Bavaria , approved the Wittum for Kunigunde von Brugge, wife of the donor Konrad V the Younger von Erbach-Erbach. It amounted to 2,000 pounds hellers and consisted of the fourth part of all income from Schönberg Castle , as well as the annual income in the villages of Schönberg , Elmshausen ( Elmshusen ), Wilmshausen ( Wilmelshusen ), Reichenbach ( Richenbach ), Hohenstein, Mitlechtern ( Mittelechter ), Mittershausen ( Mittershusen ), Gronau ( Grünowe ) and Zell ( cell ). Which means that the places mentioned were owned by the Counts of Erbach as a Palatinate fief at that time .

The Lautertal region was part of the “Mark Heppenheim” that Charlemagne and Heppenheim gave to the imperial monastery of Lorsch on January 20, 773 . When after the decline of the monastery, in 1232 Emperor Friedrich II. The empire abbey Lorsch to the archbishopric Mainz and his bishop Siegfried III. Submitted by Eppstein for reform, the area of ​​the later office of Schönberg , to which Elmshausen also belonged, was owned by the Count Palatine .

The village emerged as a closed street village with a one-sided valley location, where an Erbach mill is documented in 1387.

The county of Erbach , from 1500 onwards belonged to the Franconian Empire and the taverns of Erbach were elevated to the status of imperial count in 1532. The high jurisdiction over the place was exercised by the Zent Heppenheim , whose highest judge was the burgrave on the Starkenburg (over Heppenheim), first mentioned in 1267 . The lower jurisdiction belonged to the Vogtei in Schönberg .

In the course of the Bavarian feud in 1504, Schönberg Castle and the entire Lauter valley were devastated by the troops of the Hessian Landgrave Wilhelm . As executor of the imperial ban imposed on the Electoral Palatinate, he led a campaign against the Electoral Palatinate and its allies, including the Counts of Erbach. After the armistice concluded in 1504, the taverns in Erbach complained against the Hessian Landgrave Wilhelm to surrender the castle. In 1507, Emperor Maximilian referred this complaint to the Imperial Court of Justice. The dispute ended in 1510 with a settlement after the castle was returned to the taverns of Erbach, but subject to permanent opening for Hesse.

In the 16th century the Reformation also found its way into the Odenwald and in 1544 the Counts of Erbach introduced the Lutheran creed for their county , which the subjects had to follow ( Cuius regio, eius religio , Latin for whose area, whose religion ). Elmshausen belonged to the parish of Bensheim and then to the Lutheran parish of Gronau. Two thirds of the big tithe in Elmshausen went to the Erbach rulership and one third to the cathedral chapter of Mainz . The Erbach rule also received two thirds of the small tithe while the parish in Reichenbach received one third.

Also at the beginning of the 16th century, a lead mine is known in Elmshausen, about which the taverns of Erbach 1530 compare with the Electoral Palatinate , when the operation of the mine in the territory of the Electoral Palatinate became known. A document has been handed down from 1701 in which Elector Johann Wilhelm enfeoffed the Counts of Erbach with the mine. In 1829 the mine was declared abandoned.

After the devastation in the Bavarian feud, the places in the Lautertal were able to recover until the Thirty Years War , which began in 1618. By 1622 at the latest, Elmshausen also had to suffer from the war, when league troops raided and plundered the places in the Lautertal several times. In the mid-1630s, the Swedish-French War was the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War. The chroniclers of that time reported from the region: “Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty”. When peace was signed in 1648, the population in the region had shrunk to a quarter, and many villages were deserted for years. After a short period of peace, the French Reunion Wars followed , which brought new afflictions to the region. In the autumn of 1696, during the War of the Palatinate Succession, Schönberg Palace was attacked. It was not until the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697 that the French withdrew behind the Rhine.

In 1717 the Erbach Count's House was divided and Schönberg Palace became the seat of the younger line Erbach-Schönberg under Count Georg August zu Erbach-Schönberg . This received the offices of Schönberg and King and half of the reign of Breuberg . The Erbach-Schönberg line made the castle their place of residence, which gave it its current castle character.

From the 19th century until today

Elmshausen becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) was reorganized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803. This last work of law of the Old Kingdom implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and thus ushered in the end of the Old Kingdom. Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the deposition of the imperial crown by Emperor Franz II on August 6, 1806 , with which the Old Empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. The County of Erbach was mediated by the Rhine Federation Act and largely incorporated into the newly founded Grand Duchy of Hesse, including the “Office of Schönberg”. The office was initially retained as a civil office.

As early as December 9, 1803, the judicial system in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was reorganized through an executive order. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function. The regulations also applied in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, founded in 1806.

After the final defeat of Napoléon, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse and confirmed that the office of Schönberg belonged to the “Principality of Starkenburg” of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. As a result, provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy in 1816 and the area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg” was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821/22, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Schönberg being assigned to the district of Lindenfels in 1822 . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . For the office of Schönberg, the lower jurisdiction was exercised in the name of the landlords by the district administrator. It was not until 1826 that all functions of the former rulers' office in Schönberg were transferred to the state institutions. This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Elmshausen was also responsible for Wilmshausen . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Elmshausen in 1829:

"Elmshausen (L. Bez. Lindenfels) Lutheran Filialdorf; is on the Lauter (Ziegelbach) 2 St. von Lindenfels and belongs to the Count of Erbach-Schonberg. The place has 50 houses and 363 inhabitants, the except for 3 Cath. and 10 Jews are Lutheran, 2 grinding mills. 1 paper mill and 1 cutting mill. There is an abandoned lead mine here. The place was a Palatine fiefdom, and came under Hess in 1806. Your Highness. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Elmshausen now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district . With the Grand Ducal Government Ordinance No. 37 of December 31, 1839, Elmshausen was added to the Bensheim district with effect from January 15, 1940 . In it, other places in the Zeller and Schönberger valleys were separated from the Heppenheim district and incorporated into the Bensheim district.

In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today. From 1839 the Nibelungenstrasse was expanded from Bensheim into the Lautertal to Lindenfels, thus creating an important contribution to improving the infrastructure of the front Odenwald . A further improvement was achieved with the opening of the Main-Neckar Railway in 1846, which initially connected Bensheim with Langen , Darmstadt and Heppenheim and a little later extended to Frankfurt and Mannheim .

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845:

"Elmshausen. - Village, to the Protestant parish Reichenbach, resp. Catholic parish of Bensheim. - 50 H. 363 E. - Großherzogth. Hesse. - Prov. Starkenburg. - Bensheim district. - District Court of Zwingenberg. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - Elmshausen, on the Lauter, 1½ m from Lindenfels, has 2 grinding mills, 1 paper mill and 1 cutting mill. "

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Elmshausen became part of the Bensheim district again .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Reichenbach: Elmshausen has 462 inhabitants. These include the blade mill (also meadow mill), a paper mill, a brickworks and the forester's house Walkmühle. The district consists of 1549 acres , including 684 acres of arable land, 136 acres of meadows and 672 acres of forest, as well as the former village of Hohenstein with 154 acres of arable land, 97 acres of meadows and 317 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the parish village with its own mayor's office, 57 houses, 441 inhabitants, the Bensheim district, the Zwingenberg district court, the Protestant parish Reichenbach with the deanery in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish Lindenfels the deanery Heppenheim, stated. The district also included the Klingen or Wiesen-Mühle (1 house, 13 inh.), A paper factory (1 house, 14 in.) And the forester's house Walkmühle in Schönberger Tal (1 house, 13 in.). The mayor's office is also responsible for the community of Wilmshausen (11 houses, 133 inhabitants). The responsible tax commissioner's office is Zwingenberg of the Bensheim district takers and Bensheim takers. The domain administration consists of the Lindenfels Rent Office, the Jugenheim Forestry Office with the Zwingenberg Forestry Department.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths.

Further infrastructure improvements were reported for 1900, so near Worms both the Ernst Ludwig Bridge for road traffic and the railway bridge over the Rhine were opened to traffic. The numbers of emigrants show that the times were also marked by a lot of poverty. From 1881 to 1900, 529,875 German emigrants were counted. On January 1, 1900, the civil code came into force throughout the German Empire .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out, which put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 after the German defeat, Elmshausen also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship . In November 1938 the so-called Reichskristallnacht brought hardship and misery to the Jewish fellow citizens. The Jewish residents of Elmshausen belonged to the Reichenbach Jewish community, which in 1939 only had four members. The remaining 36 had emigrated or moved away as a result of increasing reprisals. Three Jewish residents from Elmshausen perished as a result of the National Socialist tyranny.

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. On April 13, 1944, an American Boeing B-17 bomber crashed in Elmshausen am Hohberg. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 to 1950 show, Elmshausen also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 514  ha , of which 159 ha were forest.

Around 1907/1910 the neighboring village of Wilmshausen was incorporated into Elmshausen.

In the run-up to the regional reform in Hesse , Wilmshausen and Elmshausen parted ways because of their different interests. On December 31, 1971, Wilmshausen was incorporated into Bensheim, while Elmshausen became one of the founding communities of the Lautertal community, in which it was absorbed that day. In 2014 Elmshausen celebrated its 675th anniversary.

Courts in Hessen

The competent jurisdiction was the municipal office of Schönberg until 1822, while it was part of Hesse . From 1822 to 1826 Elmshausen belonged to the district court of Schönberg in which the lower jurisdiction was exercised by the district administrator on behalf of the landlord. From 1826 these functions were assigned to the Fürth district court . Elmshausen was spun off there in the course of the assignment to the Bensheim district in 1839 and came to the regional court of Zwingenberg . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts functioned as higher courts. As a result, it was renamed the District Court of Zwingenberg and assigned to the district of the Regional Court of Darmstadt .

On May 1, 1902, the Bensheim District Court was rebuilt and the places Bensheim, Elmshausen, Gadernheim, Gronau, Lautern, Raidelbach, Reichenbach, Schönberg, Wilmshausen and Zell formed the new judicial district.

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Elmshausen was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

• 1717: 17 cent men
• 1829: 363 inhabitants, 50 houses
• 1867: 481 inhabitants, 60 houses
Elmshausen: Population from 1829 to 2011
year     Residents
1829
  
 363
1834
  
 524
1840
  
 561
1846
  
 639
1852
  
 606
1858
  
 575
1864
  
 633
1871
  
 597
1875
  
 602
1885
  
 639
1895
  
 745
1905
  
 825
1910
  
 797
1925
  
 816
1939
  
 885
1946
  
 1,262
1950
  
 1,272
1956
  
 1,286
1961
  
 1,287
1967
  
 1,326
1970
  
 953
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2000
  
 ?
2011
  
 1,326
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 350 Lutheran (= 96.42%), 10 Jewish (= 2.75%) and 3 Catholic (= 0.83%) residents
• 1961: 1011 Protestant (= 78.55%), 258 Catholic (= 20.05%) residents

Sights and culture

Elmshausen town hall

In the center of the village is the historic half-timbered town hall of Elmshausen, built in 1777, which was still in operation until Elmshausen was incorporated into Lautertal in 1971. Up until the 1990s there was a post office on the ground floor of the building. Today the old town hall houses a travel agency as well as premises of the local beautification and kerwee association. On the roof of the building there is a small tower that houses a bell, which rings in summer at 12 and 6 p.m. and in winter at 11 a.m. and 5 p.m.

Striethteich and Deichertsmühle

The Deichertsmühle on the Striethteich

The local recreation area "Striethteich" with the model of the Deichertsmühle, created forty years ago by the Elmshausen Beautification Association, houses various water birds and other animals such as fish and turtles. On Father's Day , the annual Striethteichfest takes place there, which is organized by the Elmshauser Beautification Association and the Kerwejugend Elmshausen.

Seltzer water house

The "Selterswasserhäuschen" built in 1914 is a former kiosk , which was built as a result of the labor movement . It is located on the Höhenweg, which runs from Bensheim to the Felsberg . The offer was limited to sweets, pastries and drinks. During and after the Second World War, the small kiosk gradually lacked customers and no further use of the house was found. For this reason, the small Selterswasser house fell into disrepair until the renovation in 2000, during which the defective wooden structure of the roof was replaced. To this day it still serves as a shelter for hikers.

"Maugelsches Notch"

Every year on the second weekend in August, the Elmshäuser parish fair, also known as the “Maugelsches Curb”, takes place. The parade always takes place on Sundays.

societies

The following associations exist in Elmshausen:

  • Elmshausen Volunteer Fire Brigade
  • TSV Elmshausen 1894
  • Naturschutzbund OG Elmshausen
  • Elmshausen Beautification Association 1971
  • Kerweverein Elmshausen
  • Support association of the day care center Elmshausen eV

traffic

Federal road 47, known as Nibelungenstrasse, runs through the Lauter valley and thus through Elmshausen . It leads from Worms and Bensheim in the west to Lindenfels and Michelstadt in the east.

Elmshausen has a connection to the public transport system , so there is the possibility of taking the bus to Lindenfels or Bensheim.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Elmshausen district. In: website. Lautertal community, accessed February 2020 .
  2. ↑ Regests of the city of Heppenheim and Starkenburg Castle until the end of Kurmainzer rule (755 to 1461) . No. 159 ( digital view [PDF; 2.0 MB ] Compiled and commented on by Torsten Wondrejz on behalf of the Heppenheim City Archives).
  3. ^ A b Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 641-642 .
  4. ↑ a b c Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 157-158 .
  5. ↑ a b Gustav Simon: The history of the dynasts and counts of Erbach and their country . Verlag Brönner, Frankfurt a. M. 1858, p. 142 f . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ^ Manfred Schaarschmidt: The history of Schönberg. (No longer available online.) January 2003, archived from the original on March 27, 2009 ; accessed on October 15, 2015 .
  7. ↑ Announcement, the administration of the district administration's business and the judiciary of the first instance in the former office of Schönberg on July 7, 1826 ( Hess. Reg.Bl. p. 178 )
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ^ A b c Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, p. 59 ( online at Google Books ).
  10. ↑ District change with regard to the Bensheim and Heppenheim districts, ... from December 26, 1839 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1839 no. 37 , p. 480 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 72.2 MB ]).
  11. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. (PDF 8.61 MB) A terrible path through the valley. (No longer available online.) P. 38 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; accessed on December 28, 2014 .
  12. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 1 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810696 , p. 347 ( online at google books ).
  13. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  14. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  15. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  16. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 297 ( online at google books ).
  17. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 24 ( online at google books ).
  18. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. (No longer available online.) In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  19. ↑ Biblis timetable. In: website. Biblis municipality, accessed February 2020 .
  20. ^ History of the Jewish community in Reichenbach. In: Alemannia Judaica. Accessed February 2020 .
  21. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. (No longer available online.) 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  22. ↑ a b c d e f Elmshausen, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 8, 2018 .
  23. ^ Municipal directory 1900: Bensheim district. In: www.gemeindeververzeichnis.de. Accessed February 2020 .
  24. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 349 .
  25. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  26. ^ Announcement regarding the establishment of a local court in Bensheim on March 26, 1902 . In: Grand Ducal Ministry of Justice (Ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1902 no. 19 , p. 154 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 29.1 MB ]).
  27. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  28. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  29. ↑ Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  30. ↑ Historical Buildings. Elmshausen town hall. In: website. Lautertal community, accessed February 2020 .
  31. ↑ Information on the Striethteich  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ), accessed in November 2015@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / striethteich.de
  32. ^ Resting place for the migrating workers. In: morgenweb.de. July 30, 2014 .;
  33. ^ Associations in the Lautertal. In: website. Lautertal community, accessed February 2020 .

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