Beedenkirchen

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Beedenkirchen
Beedenkirchen coat of arms
Coordinates: 49 ° 44 ′ 3 ″  N , 8 ° 42 ′ 26 ″  E
Height : 321 m above sea level NHN
Area : 4.33 km²
Residents : 692  (Jun 30, 2013)
Population density : 160 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 64686
Area code : 06254

Beedenkirchen is a district of the Lautertal community in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

Geographical location

Beedenkirchen is located north of the main town Reichenbach in the Vorderen Odenwald in a wide hollow of the Wurzelbach , which flows into the Modau near Hoxhohl . Directly south of the village is the watershed to the Lauter with a 330 meter high transition to Reichenbach. The hamlet of Wurzelbach , located on the northern edge of the district, also belongs to Beedenkirchen . The highest point in the far west is the 514 meter high wooded rock mountain with a former hotel and an African restaurant. In the far north-west, at the Staffeler Kreuz , the Kuralpe restaurant also belongs to Beedenkirchen. The Beedenkirchen Evangelical Church , which was built between 1624 and 1669, but was not completed until 1712, is a building that defines the townscape . It is considered the oldest church in the Lautertal.

The closest localities are Reichenbach in the south, Balkhausen in the west, Stettbach and Staffel in the north-west, Schmal-Beerbach and Allertshofen in the north, Brandau in the east and Lautern in the south-east .

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Beedenkirchen was in 1012 in the Lorsch Codex as Betenkiricha first mentioned in documents as Henry II. The forestry spell in the Odenwald the Lorsch Abbey gave. Beedenkirchen is mentioned again in the Lorsch Codex when the Lorsch Abbot Humbert was replaced in 1037 by his successor Brüning from the Fulda Monastery. Here Abbot Humbert is described as an illegitimate abbot who damaged the monastery and, among other things, gave Beedenkirchen to his relatives as a fief . Beedenkirchen was then bought back by his successor. In the year 1071 there is a size indication for Beedenkirchen in the Lorsch codes with 20 1 ⁄ 2  seven hubs and seven courtyards. In this document, Heinrich IV authorizes the reconstruction of the Altenmünster Abbey, the original mother church of the Lorsch Monastery, during his stay in Lorsch Monastery and confirms its possessions. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In the late 12th century, an attempt was made to reorganize the administration of the Lorsch Monastery by recording the old title deeds (Lorsch Codex). Nevertheless, in 1232, Emperor Friedrich II subordinated the imperial abbey of Lorsch to the Archdiocese of Mainz and its bishop Siegfried III. von Eppstein on reform. The Benedictines opposed the ordered reform and had to leave the abbey. They were replaced by Cistercians from the Eberbach monastery and in 1248 by Premonstratensians from the Allerheiligen monastery . From this point on, the monastery was continued as a provost's office. Due to the freedom of the imperial monastery, the monastery bailiffs were administrators and court lords within the monastery property. This office came into the possession of the Count Palatine around 1165. From this constellation, serious disputes developed between the Archdiocese of Mainz and the Electoral Palatinate as the owner of the bailiwick . These disputes could not be settled until the beginning of the 14th century through a contract in which the possessions of the monastery were divided between Kurmainz and Electoral Palatinate and the bailiwick rights of the Count Palatine were confirmed.

The following information can be found in the Hessian place name book of 1937 about the further course of sovereign rights in Beedenkirchen :

  • In 1420 Johann von Löwenstein sold his stake in Beedenkirchen to Count Palatine Ludwig and Hadamar zu Laber and his wife Walburgis (née Schenk zu Erbach ) sold their half to Beedenkirchen and half of their validity and basic interest to the Count Palatine. Schenk Konrad von Erbach then steps in as a buyer.
  • In 1714, Hessen-Darmstadt acquired full sovereignty over Beedenkirchen through the purchase of the Seeheim-Tannenberg office from the county of Erbach.

The jurisdiction over Beedenkirchen originally exercised the Zent Heppenheim . Due to the Landshut War of Succession (1504/05), the independent " Zent Zwingenberg " was formed from the Hessian area around Zwingenberg ( Zwingenberg , Auerbach , Hochstätten , Beedenkirchen, Schwanheim , Großhausen , Langwaden and Groß-Rohrheim ) . From the year 1609 it is known that the civil jurisdiction is "Erbachisch" but the Zent Zwingenberg is "Hessian".

In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Beedenkirchen also suffered heavy losses. In 1621 only seven inhabitants were counted. The area between the Rhine and Bergstrasse remained occupied by the Spaniards for 10 years until they withdrew from the approaching Swedish troops in 1631. The horror of this war was far from over. After the catastrophic defeat of the Evangelicals near Nördlingen on September 6, 1634, the Swedish troops withdrew from Bergstrasse in 1635. Ultimately, the Catholic victory at Nördlingen prompted France to intervene in the Thirty Years' War alongside the now weakened Swedes. With the Swedish-French War, the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War began in 1635. The chroniclers of that time report from the region: "Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty". The financial shortage after this war prompted the county of Erbach to sell the Seeheim and Tannberg office, to which Beedenkirchen also belonged, to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt in 1714.

From the 19th century until today

From Napoleon to the world wars

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) was reorganized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville from 1803.

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The Seeheim Tannenberg Office was responsible for Beedenkirchen. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this, the Zent Zwingenberg and the associated court had definitely lost its function. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

Under pressure from Napoleon , the Rhine Confederation was founded in 1806 , this happened when the member territories left the empire at the same time. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was raised by Napoleon to the Grand Duchy of France against high military contingents and membership of the Rhine Confederation , otherwise he was threatened with invasion. In 1812 Beedenkirchen was assigned to the Lichtenberg office . After Napoléon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse and confirmed the boundaries of the Principality of Starkenburg.

In 1816 provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy and the area previously known as the "Principality of Starkenburg", which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed "Province of Starkenburg" . On December 17, 1820, with the introduction of the " Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse ", the Grand Duchy became a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and districts were introduced, with Beedenkirchen becoming part of the Reinheim district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Lichtenberg was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Reinheim . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Beedenkirchen was also responsible for Wurzelbach . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council. In 1824 Beedenkirchen was assigned to the district of Bensheim and the district court of Zwingenberg .

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Beedenkirchen in 1829:

»Beedenkirchen (L. Bez. Bensheim) Lutheran parish village; is located at the foot of the Felsberg and 2 3 ⁄ 4   hours from Bensheim. There are 33 houses and 251 inhabitants, all of whom are Lutheran except for 8 Catholics. - Beedenkirchen came to the Lorsch Monastery at the beginning of the 11th century under Abbot Brunning. Afterwards the place became a part of the castle Tannenberg not far from Seeheim, came with this to the counts of Erbach and from them, in 1714, by purchase to Hessen. The place had its own chapel, which was probably a Filal von Reichenbach, and in 1624 a more spacious church was built. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as a second district alongside the Bensheim district. Beedenkirchen was assigned to the Bensheim district . In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845–48:

“Beedenkirchen near Reinheim. - Village with Protestant parish church, belonging to the parish church of Bensheim with regard to the Catholics. - 33 H. 251 E. - Grand Duchy of Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Bensheim district. - District Court of Zwingenberg. - Hofgericht Darmstad.- The village Beedenkirchen lies at the foot of the rocky hill, 2 3 / 4   St. Bensheim, and was formerly a Zubehörung the castle Tannenberg near Seeheim with which it came to the counts of Erbach and of these, by purchase of Hesse . "

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Beedenkirchen became part of the Bensheim district again .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Beedenkirchen: Lutheran parish village with 271 inhabitants. The district consists of 1981 acres , including 1108 acres of arable land, 331 acres of meadows, 6 acres of meadows with broken peat, 458 acres of forest and 26 acres of wasteland.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the parish village of Beedenkirchen with its own mayor's office, 45 houses, 329 inhabitants, the district of Bensheim, the district court of Zwingenberg, the Protestant parish of Beedenfirchen with the deanery in Zwingenberg and the Catholic parish of Bensheim des Dean's office Bensheim, indicated. The municipalities Staffel (8 houses, 54 inh.) And Wurzelbach (7 houses, 52 in.) Were administered by the mayor's office.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche , in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation, and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which the North German Confederation became the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit.

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Beedenkirchen had 27 fallen and missing to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the district size for Beedenkirchen with Wurzelbach was given as 495.3  ha . On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship . The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse . This also brought Beedenkirchen to the Bergstrasse district.

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims is estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 to 1950 show, Beedenkirchen also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 495  hectares , of which 105 hectares were forest.

In the course of the regional reform in Hesse , the neighboring municipality of Staffel joined the municipality of Beedenkirchen on January 1, 1970 . On December 31, 1971, Beedenkirchen went up as one of the founding communities through a merger in the Lautertal community.

For Beedenkirchen, a local district with a local advisory board and mayor was formed according to the Hessian municipal code, which initially included Beedenkirchen, Wurzelbach and Staffel, and since January 1, 1977 also the hamlet of Schmal-Beerbach, which was separated from the municipality of Seeheim and the district of Ober-Beerbach by state law has been.

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Beedenkirchen was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Courts since 1803

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The Seeheim Tannenberg Office was responsible for Beedenkirchen. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate .

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the regional court of Lichtenberg was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1824, when he moved to the Bensheim district, he was assigned to the Zwingenberg district court .

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the local court of Zwingenberg and assigned to the district of the regional court Darmstadt .

In 1934 the Zwingenberg District Court was dissolved and the tasks were transferred to the Bensheim District Court .

Population development

• 1621: 7 inhabitants
• 1629: 30 house seats (with Wurzelbach)
• 1791: 162 (Wurzelbach 50) inhabitants
• 1806: 162 inhabitants, 27 houses
• 1829: 251 inhabitants, 33 houses
• 1867: 381 inhabitants, 62 houses (with Wurzelbach)
Beedenkirchen: Population from 1791 to 2011
year     Residents
1791
  
 162
1806
  
 162
1829
  
 251
1834
  
 314
1840
  
 304
1846
  
 356
1852
  
 326
1858
  
 325
1864
  
 384
1871
  
 366
1875
  
 358
1885
  
 367
1895
  
 389
1905
  
 453
1910
  
 450
1925
  
 443
1939
  
 391
1946
  
 556
1950
  
 600
1956
  
 538
1961
  
 504
1967
  
 555
1970
  
 551
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2000
  
 ?
2011
  
 615
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 243 Lutheran (= 96.81%) and 8 Catholic (= 3.19%) residents
• 1961: 436 Protestant (= 86.51%), 48 Catholic (= 9.72%) residents

Church history

Originally, Beedenkirchen belonged to the Bensheim district of the Archidiakonata St. Viktor in Mainz and was a branch of the Bensheim parish. In 1452 Beedenkirchen received its own parish. The chapel, which had existed since the 14th century, was replaced by a new building in 1624, which, however, was only completed in 1669 due to the Thirty Years War. In 1581 a separate rectory was built and in 1787 the foundation stone for today's rectory was laid. The church patronage was held by the Counts of Erbach, and with the sale of the Seeheim office to Hesse, it changed to the Hessian landgraves. The Counts of Erbach adopted the Lutheran denomination in the 16th century, which means that their subjects automatically became Protestant. The first Protestant pastor worked in Beedenkirchen from around 1545 to 1560.

politics

For Beedenkirchen with Schmal-Beerbach, Staffel and Wurzelbach there is a local district ((areas of the former communities Beedenkirchen, Schmal-Beerbach , Staffel and Wurzelbach )) with a local advisory board and local chief according to the Hessian municipal code . The local advisory board consists of seven members. Since the local elections in 2016, it has had two members of the SPD and five members of the “Bürger für Beedenkirchen” (BfB). The head of the village is Hartmut Krämer (BfB).

traffic

Beedenkirchen is opened up for regional traffic by the L 3098 state road, which on the one hand creates a connection to the main town Reichenbach in the Lauter valley and there to the federal road 47 known as Nibelungenstrasse . In the other direction it continues via Ober-Beerbach to Darmstadt . In Wurzelbach it crosses the national road L 3101 , which connects Balkhausen with Hoxhohl.

Web links

Commons : Beedenkirchen  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Beedenkirchen district. In: website. Lautertal community, accessed February 2020 .
  2. ^ Felsberg, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  3. ↑ Minst, Karl Josef [trans.]: Lorscher Codex (Volume 2), Certificate 93, May 12, 1012 - Reg. 3600, 3601. In: Heidelberger historical stocks - digital. Heidelberg University Library, pp. 149 ff , accessed in January 2020 .
  4. ^ Minst, Karl Josef [transl.]: Lorscher Codex (Volume 2), Note 120, 120a. In: Heidelberg historical holdings - digital. Heidelberg University Library, pp. 149 ff , accessed in January 2020 .
  5. ↑ Minst, Karl Josef [transl.]: Lorscher Codex (Volume 2), Document 132, 1071 - Reg. 3620. In: Heidelberger historical stocks - digital. Heidelberg University Library, p. 177 ff , accessed in January 2020 .
  6. ^ A b Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 42 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Beedenkirchen, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of June 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  8. ↑ Chronology Bieblis. Biblis municipality, accessed January 2020 .
  9. ^ About the sale of the Seeheim office: Walks around Seeheim-Jugenheim. Seeheim-Jugenheim municipality, p. 5 ff , accessed in January 2020 .
  10. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus: Germany for a hundred years: abth. Germany fifty years ago . Voigt & Günther, 1862, p. 358 ff . ( Online at Google Books ).
  11. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ↑ a b Allocation of the communities of Beedenkirchen and Wuzelbach to the district council districts of Bensheim and the district court of Zwingenberg. dated October 11, 1824 . In: Grand Ducal Ministry of the Interior (Ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1824 no. 527 , p. 633–634 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 66.3 MB ]).
  13. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 11 ( online at google books ).
  14. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 1 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810696 , p. 107 ( online at google books ).
  15. ^ Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1848, pp. 237–241
  16. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  17. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  18. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 292F ( online at google books ).
  19. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 12 ( online at google books ).
  20. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed in February 2020 .
  21. ^ Beedenkirchen, 1st World War. In: Monument project. Accessed December 2019 .
  22. ↑ a b c Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 42 .
  23. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on December 20, 2014 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  24. ↑ Announcement of the incorporation of communities by the Hessian Minister of the Interior on December 8, 1969 (StAnz. P. 2070) p. 2 of the PDF file 3.7 MB
  25. ↑ Karl-Heinz Meier barley, Karl Reinhard Hinkel: Hesse. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation . Ed .: Hessian Minister of the Interior. Bernecker, Melsungen 1977, DNB  770396321 , OCLC 180532844 , p. 211 .
  26. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 349 .
  27. ↑ Law on the reorganization of the districts of Darmstadt and Dieburg and the city of Darmstadt (GVBl. II No. 330–334) of July 26, 1974 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1974 No. 22 , p. 318 ff ., §17 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
  28. ↑ a b main statute. (PDF; 22 kB) §; 5. In: Website. Lautertal community, accessed in January 2020 .
  29. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  30. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  31. ↑ a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  32. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  33. ^ Ordinance on the reorganization of district courts of April 11, 1934 . In: Hessian government paper. 1934 No. 10 , p. 63 ( Online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 13.6 MB ]).
  34. ↑ Hessen-Darmstadt state and address calendar 1791 . In the publishing house of the Invaliden-Anstalt, Darmstadt 1791, p.  127 ( online at HathiTrust's digital library ).
  35. ↑ Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  36. ↑ 1000 years of Beedenkirchen. Village history: the church. Club ring for the 1000th anniversary, accessed in February 2020 .
  37. ↑ Lautertal local council. In: website. Lautertal community, accessed February 2020 .