Winkel (Lindenfels)

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angle
City of Lindenfels
Coordinates: 49 ° 41 ′ 31 ″  N , 8 ° 45 ′ 42 ″  E
Height : 267 m above sea level NHN
Area : 2.22 km²
Residents : 280  (Dec. 31, 2012)
Population density : 126 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1970
Postal code : 64678
Area code : 06255

Winkel is a district of Lindenfels in the Odenwald in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse . The district is a recognized resort .

geography

Winkel is located about one kilometer above Schlierbach in the valley of the Schlierbach and its eastern side valleys. On 221.8 ha (of which 57.6 ha of forest, 80.5 ha of fields, 63.3 ha of meadows / pastures) live around 300 people in around 100 houses.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Winkel emerged in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . After long disputes, the Electoral Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz were able to agree on the inheritance from the Lorsch Abbey at the beginning of the 14th century and the parts of the Palatinate were administered by the Lindenfels District Bailiwick, to which Winkel also belonged. Until 1737 Lindenfels was subordinate to the Heidelberg Oberamt , after which Lindenfels became an Oberamt .

The earliest surviving documentary mention of the place as Winkel dates back to 1356, when Count Palatine Ruprecht leased the Hof zu Schlierbach to Konrad Hennychin and 13 ½ Huben in Gladbach, Winkel and Schlierbach to 24 Malter Kornval . Within the district of Lindenfels, the place belongs to Thalzent whose main court was held first in Glattbach , later in Ellenbach and finally in Schlierbach . Together with Lindenfels, the court had a place of execution in the "Faustenbacher Hecken auf dem Bühel". Thalzent had to bear half the costs for their maintenance . In its seal, the Central Court had a shield with 3 fields. In the first field there was the Palatinate lion , in the second the Bavarian diamonds and in the third, lowest field, a boy on a hill with a ball floating over his head.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. With the Reformation and its introduction, the Reformed parish came into being in Schlierbach under Friedrich III , to which the Kolmbach , Glattbach , Winkel, Eulsbach , Erlenbach and Seidenbach branches belonged in 1610, according to the Heidelberg Higher Authority Competency Book . After the rectory in Schlierbach was destroyed by fire in the Thirty Years War , Winkel is run as a branch of Lindenfels. Later Schlierbach was appointed a pastor again and from 1650 there were church records there again.

According to the interest book of the Oberamt Heidelberg of 1369, the place consisted of eight hubs and in 1613 had: "6 serfs men and 16 women, 15 houses ."

At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate, the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

Until 1737 the "Amtsvogtei Lindenfels" was subordinate to the Oberamt Heidelberg , after which it became an independent Oberamt . The jurisdiction and the sovereign administration over Winkel lay with the Thal Zent of the Oberamt Lindenfels of the Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein (in the Electorate Palatinate Bavaria from 1777).

For 1784 it is reported about Winkel that 23 families with 104 souls live there in 14 dwellings. The district consisted of 247 acres of fields, 70 acres of meadows, 8 acres of gardens and 19 acres of forest. Of this forest, 10 acres belonged to the Huben and the rest of the parish. The tithe was referring to a third of the spiritual administration of the pen to the Holy Spirit in Heidelberg. The Electoral Palatinate received two thirds of six and a half hubs and for three and a half hubs the Ulner von Dieburg received two thirds of the tenth.

From the 19th century until today

Winkel becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Winkel also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the Oberamt was temporarily continued as the Hessian District Bailiwick. Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. In 1812 the area of ​​the "Lindenfels Office" was split up and Winkel was assigned to the former Mainz Office of Fürth . The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Winkel becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Schlierbach was responsible for the places Winkel, Glattbach , Kolmbach and Seidenbach and Seidenbuch . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reported in 1829 about Winkel:

»Winkel (L. Bez. Lindenfels) reform. Filialdorf; is 14  St. from Lindenfels, has 17 houses and 151 inhabitants, the other than 5 Luth. are reformed. In 1369 there were 8 hubs here. The place came from Churpfalz to Hessen in 1802. «

The Neuthaler Hof and the Caffeeberg Hof also belonged to Winkel .

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Winkel now belonged. Even after the district was formed in 1832, Winkel was still administered by the Schlierbach mayor. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into circles and Winkel became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed the following for Winkel: Reformatory branch village with 91 inhabitants. The district consists of 886 acres , including 499 acres of arable land, 135 acres of meadows and 271 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the subsidiary village Winkel, the mayor's office Schlierbach, 12 houses, 95 inhabitants, the district of Lindenfels, the district court of Fürth, the Protestant Reformed parish Schlierbach with the dean's office in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish are recorded Lindenfels of the Deanery Heppenheim. Hammerklingen (1 houses, 10 inh.), Hof Kaffeberg (4 houses, 19 inh.) And Hof Neuthal (1 houses, 11 inh.) Also belonged to the district.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the incorporation of Winkel into the Bensheim district .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Winkel also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human victims. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

In 1961 the district size was given as 222  hectares , of which 60 hectares were forest.

In the course of the regional reform in Hesse , the place joined the municipalities of Eulsbach , Glattbach , Schlierbach on December 31, 1970 voluntarily to the city of Lindenfels. For Winkel, as for all of the villages incorporated into Lindenfels, a local district with a local advisory board and mayor was set up in accordance with the Hessian municipal code.

In 2014 the place received the title of state-recognized resort .

School history

Before the Thirty Years' War the children went to school in Schlierbach, then to Lindenfels. When a permanent school was established in Schlierbach in 1830, the children from Winkel were also sent there. It stayed that way until 1970. Since then, elementary school students and the upper grades have gone to Fürth, and today elementary school students have returned to Lindenfels, to the facilities there. Secondary schools are no longer only attended in Fürth, but also in Rimbach , Bensheim, etc.

Courts in Hessen

The jurisdiction of the Oberamt Lindenfels was transferred to the new justice office in Fürth in 1813. With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Fürth Local Court and assigned to the district of the Regional Court Darmstadt .

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Winkel was located or the administrative units to which it was subject:

Population development

• 1613: 15 residents ; Serfs: 6 men, 16 women
• 1784: 104 souls; 23 families in 14 homes
• 1806: 110 inhabitants, 15 houses
• 1829: 151 inhabitants, 17 houses
• 1867: 135 inhabitants, 18 houses
Winkel: Population from 1784 to 2012
year     Residents
1784
  
104
1806
  
110
1829
  
151
1834
  
144
1840
  
148
1846
  
138
1852
  
91
1858
  
134
1864
  
121
1871
  
139
1875
  
143
1885
  
135
1895
  
132
1905
  
113
1910
  
121
1925
  
131
1939
  
102
1946
  
149
1950
  
127
1956
  
109
1961
  
102
1967
  
135
1970
  
169
1980
  
?
1990
  
?
2000
  
261
2006
  
290
2011
  
279
2012
  
280
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2000 ; 2006 ; 2012 : City of Lindenfels from web archive. 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 5 Lutheran (= 3.31%) and 146 Reformed (= 96.69%) inhabitants
• 1961: Protestant (= 95.10%), 4 Catholic (= 3.92%) residents

politics

For Seidenbuch there is a local district (areas of the former municipality of Seidenbuch) with a local advisory board and local director according to the Hessian municipal code . The local advisory board consists of five members. After the local elections in 2016, it was composed of three representatives from the LWG / CDU and two from the SPD . The mayor is Achim Falter (CDU).

Culture and sights

Winkel is an open row village . The two mighty courtyards (old Huben ) Neutal and Kaffenberg , located in the western part of the district, on the lower slope of the Buch, also belong to the place . The courtyards and residential buildings mostly go back to the 19th century and consist of two-storey half-timbering.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: October 1829: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg , Volume 1
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).
  • Literature on angles in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Figures, data, facts. In: website. City of Lindenfels, accessed October 2019 .
  2. 80th meeting of the specialist committee for health resorts, recreational areas and healing wells in Hesse on October 14, 2014 . In: Hessian Ministry for Economics, Energy, Transport and State Development (ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 2015 No. 7 , p. 148 , point 141 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
  3. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 228 .
  4. Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 75 ( online at google books ).
  5. ^ A b Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 36 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ^ A b Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 496 f ., 2) Winkel ( online at googe books ).
  7. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  8. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  9. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 264 ( online at google books ).
  10. Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  11. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  12. Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  13. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 351 ( online at google books ).
  14. a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 94 ( online at google books ).
  15. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  16. Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  17. Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  18. a b c d e f Winkel, Bergstrasse district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of December 18, 2012). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on January 15, 2014 .
  19. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 348 .
  20. a b main statute. (PDF; 37 kB) § 5. In: Website. City of Lindenfels, accessed September 2019 .
  21. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  22. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  23. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  24. a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  25. Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  26. Local councils after the local elections in 2016. (PDF; 75 kB) In: Website. City of Lindenfels, June 2017, accessed September 2019 .
  27. angle. In: website. City of Lindenfels, accessed October 2019 .