Russian ruble

Russian ruble
Country:	Russia  Abkhazia South Ossetia
Subdivision:	100 kopecks
ISO 4217 code :	RUB
Abbreviation:	(official since 2013) р. or руб. (both unofficial)
Exchange rate : (August 24, 2020)	1  EUR  = 87.998 RUB 100 RUB = 1.1364 EUR 1  CHF  = 81.774 RUB 100 RUB = 1.229 CHF

Exchange rate of the euro to the ruble since 2005

One ruble coin from 2016

The Russian ruble ( Russian российский рубль rossijskij rubl ) is the currency of the Russian Federation . It is divided into 100 kopecks . The name of the ruble comes from the 14th century and means "to cut off", "to knock down" (Russian рубить / rubit ), like "a piece of cut off".

The currency symbol is ₽ ( Unicode : U + 20BD, ₽) and the currency code ( ISO 4217 ) is RUB. (The unofficial currency symbol is руб. , Rub. ) In contrast, the earlier code RUR marked the ruble before its revaluation in 1998 (1 RUB = 1000 RUR).

history

→ Main article : ruble

50 rubles (Baku 1918)

Ruble 1723

The ruble symbol introduced in 2013

In the 14th century, the Russian ruble was first introduced in the form of gold and silver coins . Up until now, precious metals were used in bars as a means of payment . In order to be able to pay smaller amounts, small pieces were broken off from the bars. This is how the actual name of the currency came about. Because "ruble" means something like "discount".

In the 16th century, the ruble established itself as a means of payment throughout Russia. The tsarism of Russia began a systematic minting of silver rubles and silver kopecks in the 17th century. The portrait of the Russian tsar could be seen on the new coins. Portraits of Russian emperors and empresses were also used on coins in the 18th century . During this time, smaller denominations of the coins were minted on gold. Significant changes in design were made in the early 19th century.

20th century

At the time of the Russian Revolution was in 1917 by large amounts of paper money a hyperinflation caused. In the Soviet Union there was again a new, stabilized currency called the “ruble” in the 1920s, some of which was backed by gold, silver and billon coins . From the Second World War there was again inflation. Reforms took place in 1947 and 1961.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of the former Union republics rejected the ruble as a means of payment and wanted to introduce their own currency. Therefore, the Belarusian and the Transnistrian ruble still exist today in addition to the Russian ruble .

The Russian Central Bank printed new banknotes in 1992 with the motif of the Russian flag and the Russian Central Bank instead of a country name. In the same year, the privatization of state property began. Over 70% of the shops, restaurants, cafes and workshops were sold to private individuals; they were no longer under state control. After the liberalization of trade and the liberalization of prices, hyperinflation began (in 1992 prices increased twenty-fold on average, so the inflation rate was around 2000%). In the following years the inflation rate was between 100% and 500%. The real income of the population sank drastically, some parts of the population became impoverished.

In 1995 the Russian economy was in a state of acute stagflation . The decline in production stopped for the first time since 1991, the gross domestic product (GDP) stagnated, but prices continued to rise massively. During this time there was a strong appreciation phase of the exchange rate, which was primarily driven by high exports and direct investment in the raw materials industry . In the following years, the Russian economy recovered due to the increasing trade in raw materials. Inflation rates fell significantly and GDP grew annually.

On January 1, 1998, 1000 old rubles became 1 new ruble - the Russian state "deleted three zeros". Yeltsin said this decree will put a definitive line under the epoch of high inflation; it also makes payment transactions easier. The central bank set up a citizen helpline.

During this time, economic policy was considered successful. Inflation rates were low, the exchange rate against world currencies was stable and interest rates were falling.

1998 ruble crisis

In 1998 and 1999 there was the ruble crisis in Russia . In the wake of the Asian financial crisis , the demand for crude oil and non-metals fell temporarily or their prices fell. Some of the investors (e.g. Russian and Asian) sold their investments. The price of government bonds fell; the ruble exchange rate as well. The central bank reacted to this with drastic increases in the key interest rate (on May 27, 1998 to 150% for a few days) in order to stop the price slide. On August 17, 1998, a few hours after the Russian President had given assurances that there would be no devaluation of the ruble, the central bank announced a 53% devaluation of the ruble. In this context, the foreign exchange market was restricted and a three-month moratorium was declared on the servicing of due foreign claims against Russian private borrowers. The state declared itself temporarily insolvent. The publication of various economic concepts to save the ruble, such as the nationalization of commercial banks, contributed to the ruble's decline. In the course of this financial crisis , the inflation rate rose to 85%, many banks went bankrupt and the proportion of the poor rose significantly.

Despite severe economic problems, the national economy experienced a trend reversal at the turn of the millennium from 1999. The main reasons for this were the increased world market prices for crude oil, natural gas and metals in connection with the devaluation of the ruble and the reduction in real wages. This gave Russia a great cost advantage. Due to fiscal policy decisions, the inflation rate could be reduced to 21% in 2000. Economic growth increased annually, and Russia recovered relatively quickly. Due to the dependence of the Russian economy on oil profits, the "Russian Oil Stabilization Fund" was founded in 2004. This should counteract the high volatility of oil prices on the one hand and the dangers of a rising real exchange rate on the other. The fund grew to $ 84.4 billion in three years. If the budget balance falls, it can be partially offset with the savings. However, a minimum reserve must always be held.

Global financial crisis 2007/2008

The global financial crisis of 2008 hit the Russian state with a delay. Due to the global slowdown, raw material prices collapsed , which hit Russia in particular. When the US stock exchanges crashed, international investors had their shares in Russia, which accounts for about half the Russian stock market, cashed out. After the prices of Russian stocks fell by 20%, there were further price drops. Russian oil stocks have since fallen 60%. The nominal exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar fell by 3.2% in August 2008 and by 4.5% in September 2008. It was therefore in a ratio of 26.2: 1 to the dollar in October of that year. The ruble came under strong devaluation pressure.

The exchange rate target of the Russian central bank at the beginning of 2008 was 41 rubles against a weighted currency basket of US dollars and euros . During the year it fluctuated around 30 rubles.

This forced the central bank to make substantial support purchases. However, with success, as the depreciation pressure on the ruble eased. The government was able to hold the ruble and prevent bank collapses from breaking out. However, it failed to stabilize the stock market.

In 2013, a vote for a ruble symbol was announced in Russia. Out of five suggestions, the symbol in which the Cyrillic “R” (looking like a Latin “P”) is provided with a horizontal line prevailed. At the end of 2013, the Russian central bank owned foreign currencies worth more than US $ 500 billion at the time; At the end of 2014, it still had foreign currencies worth around $ 400 billion.

In 2014, the economic sanctions imposed by the USA , Japan , Australia and the EU in the wake of the Ukraine and Crimean crises , as well as the drop in oil prices , made themselves felt on the financial markets. The ruble rate fell sharply in 2014 in relation to all major currencies . On December 16, the exchange rate of 100 rubles for one euro was briefly exceeded for the first time, even though the central bank had previously raised the key rate from 10.5 to 17%.

Putin addressed the ruble exchange rate and decline in his annual State of the Union address on December 4, 2014. He stated that the currency could continue to decline in value if oil prices fell. In 2014 the ruble lost about 60% of its external value; The fear of further devaluation drives many Russians to flee into real assets . The Russian Minister of Economic Affairs Alexei Ulyukayev expressed himself very differently from Putin; he named delayed reforms and inaction as the causes.

According to the Russian government , the inflation rate was over 10% in 2014, the highest it has been since 2009. On November 30, 2015, the bank put its foreign currency holdings at approximately $ 365 billion.

Monetary policy

Russian Central Bank

→ Main article : Bank Rossii

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation was established in 1990 on the basis of the Russian State Bank of the USSR. When the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed in November 1991, the Soviet government declared the central bank to be the only organ of the state's monetary and foreign exchange regulations. Its main task is to maintain the stability of the financial system and thus to create solid conditions for sustainable economic growth.

The currency basket

Since 2005, the Russian central bank has switched to pegging the ruble rate to a basket of currencies made up of US dollars and euros. This system is designed to protect the Russian economy from excessively abrupt exchange rate fluctuations. Within this currency basket, the euro has a weighting of 45% and the dollar 55%. The ruble appreciates when the euro and dollar gain in value against other currencies such as pounds, Swiss francs and Japanese yen. The ruble also benefits when the US dollar appreciates against the euro, as the US dollar has a higher weighting. Oil and gas prices have a particular influence on the course, as Russia's economy is shaped by raw materials trading.

Russian ruble in the international currency hierarchy

The Russian ruble takes the position of a soft currency in the international currency hierarchy. This means that the currency cannot be exchanged indefinitely at home and abroad and, due to economic policy, it enjoys little confidence in the country concerned. They also have a higher interest rate on property ownership compared to hard currencies. One reason for this is the risk premium that is added to the regular interest rate. For this reason, the US dollar is also the most popular currency in Russia, but the share of the euro in foreign exchange trading in exchange offices is also increasing.

Exchange rate of the Russian ruble for one US dollar since 1998

year		Lowest value ↓			Maximum value ↑			average
		date	course		date	course		course
1998		January 1st	05.9600		December 29th	20.9900		09.7945
1999		January 1st	20.6500		December 29th	27.0000		24.6489
2000		6th January	26.9000		February 23	28.8700		28.1287
2001		January 4th	28.1600		December 18th	30.3000		29.1753
2002		January 1st	30.1372		December 7th	31.8600		31.3608
2003		20th of December	29.2450		January 9th	31.8846		30.6719
2004		30th of December	27.7487		January 1st	29.4545		28.8080
2005		March 18th	27.4611		6th of December	28,9978		27.1910
2006		6th of December	26.1840		January 12th	28.4834		27.1355
2007		November 24th	24.2649		13th January	26.5770		25.5808
2008		16th of July	23.1255		December 31	29.3804		24.8529
2009		November 13th	28.6701		19th of February	36.4267		31.7403
2010		April 16	28.9310		8th June	31.7798		30.3679
2011		May 6th	27.2625		5th October	32.6799		29.3823
2012		28th March	28.9468		June 5th	34.0395		31.0661
2013		February 5th	29.9251		5th September	33.4656		31,9063
2014		January 1st	32.6587		December 18th	67.7851		38.6025
2015		May 20th	49.1777		December 31	72.8827		61.3194
2016		30th of December	60.2730		22nd of January	83.5913		66.8335
2017		26th of April	55.8453		4th of August	60.7503		58,3010
2018		February 28	55.6717		12th September	69.9744
2019		March 22	63.7420		15. January	67.1920
2020		January 14th	60.9474		March 24th	80.8815
Source: USD exchange rates in RUB, Bank of Russia

Exchange rate of the Russian ruble for one euro since 1999

year		Lowest value ↓			Maximum value ↑			average
		date	course		date	course		course
1999		January 1st	24.0900		October 19th	28.1700		26.2435
2000		October 27	23.0700		13th January	29.8500		25.9922
2001		7th of July	24.3900		20th of December	27.3200		26.1296
2002		February 2nd	26.2981		December 31	33.1098		29.6900
2003		August 27	32.9538		December 31	36.8240		34.6817
2004		April 15th	34.1175		30th of December	37.8409		35.8173
2005		November 18	33.6810		January 1st	37.8409		35.1636
2006		1st March	33.3291		December 8th	34.8847		34.1144
2007		14th of February	34.2649		November 24th	36.1498		35.0297
2008		28th of October	34.0844		30th of December	41.6294		36.4466
2009		January 12th	41.1311		February 5th	46.8392		44.1987
2010		May 20th	37.4206		January 1st	43.4605		40.2157
2011		4th of March	39.2752		September 28th	43.6357		40.9038
2012		17. March	38.4117		June 5th	42.2464		39.9083
2013		11th January	39.6385		19. December	45.3688		42.4001
2014		January 1st	45.0559		December 18th	84.5890		50.9928
2015		17th April	52.9087		August 25	81.1533		67.9915
2016		30th of December	63.0214		22nd of January	91.1814		73.9924
2017		April 19th	59.6124		4th of August	71.9527		66.0305
2018		11th January	67.8841		12th September	81.3942
2019		July 28th	70.3269		11th January	77.2105
2020		January 12th	67.8162		August 1st	87.2889
Source: EUR exchange rates in RUB, Bank of Russia

At the beginning of 2009 you had to pay 41.2830 rubles for one euro . In January / February the price of the euro (the ruble rate fell) by over ten percent; At the end of the year the ruble was quoted at 43.4997 rubles per euro. The exchange rate development at the beginning of 2009 was related to several factors. For example, there was an economic crisis in many industrialized countries (→ lows on some stock exchanges in March 2009). The price of oil fell sharply in 2009: from a high of around US $ 148 per barrel of oil (159 liters) to a low of around US $ 37. Russia exports a lot of oil (and gas , the price of which is determined by the price of oil).

Russian ruble in Abkhazia and South Ossetia

The governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (only a few states recognize these areas as independent countries) have introduced the ruble as the official currency on their national territory. In both countries, the ruble is the common and official currency. In Abkhazia, the National Bank of Abkhazia also issues its own currency, the apsar , but its distribution is currently mainly limited to a few high-quality commemorative coins .

Output forms

Banknotes

Banknotes from 1961 to 1995

Banknote 100,000 rubles (1995)

Banknote 10,000 rubles (1992)

Edition 1961	Edition 1991	Edition 1992 (GUS)	Issue 1993–1994	Edition 1995
1 ruble	1 ruble	50 rubles (Lenin / Kremlin)	100 rubles (Kremlin)	1000 rubles (Vladivostok / coastal view)
3 rubles (Moscow Kremlin)	3 rubles (Moscow Kremlin)	200 rubles (Lenin / Kremlin)	200 rubles (Kremlin)	5000 rubles (Sofia Cathedral / Nowogrod)
5 rubles (Spassky Tower)	5 rubles (Spassky Tower)	500 rubles (Lenin / Kremlin)	500 rubles (Kremlin)	10,000 rubles (Krasnoyarsk / dam)
10 rubles (Lenin)	10 rubles (Lenin)	1000 rubles (Lenin / Kremlin)	1000 rubles (Kremlin)	50,000 rubles (statue / St. Petersburg)
25 rubles (Lenin)	50 rubles (Spassky Tower)	5000 rubles (Kremlin / Kremlin)	5000 rubles (Kremlin)	100,000 rubles (Moscow / theater)
50 rubles (Lenin / Great Kremlin Palace)	100 rubles (Lenin / Great Kremlin Palace)	10,000 rubles (Kremlin / Kremlin)	5000 rubles (Kremlin)	500,000 rubles (Peter the Great / Arkhangelsk)
100 rubles (Lenin / water tower)	100 rubles (Lenin / water tower)	10,000 rubles (privatization voucher)	10,000 rubles (Kremlin)
	200 rubles (Lenin / State Kremlin Palace)		10,000 rubles (1994)
	500 rubles (Lenin / Presidium of the Supreme Soviet)		50,000 rubles (Kremlin)
	1000 rubles (Lenin / Basil's Cathedral)		50,000 rubles (Kremlin)

Source: Studyrussian.com

Banknotes since 1997

This article or section needs to be revised: By issuing 200 and 2000 ruble notes, the general statements are no longer correct
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Current banknotes were issued with enhanced security features in the 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2010 series. The year 1997, in which the first series was issued, is printed on the lower right of the back of all of the currently valid banknotes. The “year of modification”, from which the banknote's design originates, can be read in microscript on the left edge of the image.

The 1997 series was introduced on January 1, 1998 (face values: 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles). All banknotes from 10 to 500 rubles have the same format, the 5-ruble note is slightly smaller in size, the 1000 ruble and 5000 ruble notes are slightly larger than the other notes.

In the 2001 edition, the 5 ruble note was waived. The bill, which is often used in everyday life, therefore had to be replaced too often.

With the exception of the new security features , the 2004 series corresponds to the 2001 edition.

In the 2010 edition, only the 500, 1000 and 5000 ruble banknotes were renewed.

No new 10-ruble notes have been put into circulation since 2012. The 5 and 10 ruble bills that are no longer issued are still valid for payment transactions.

Face value	front	back	motive	Format and color	Issue series
5 rubles			Veliky Novgorod , Novgorod Kremlin , National Monument Thousand Years of Russia	137 mm × 61 mm green	1997 (replaced by coin)
10 rubles			Krasnoyarsk , Yenisei Bridge , dam of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir	150mm × 65mm yellow	1997, 2001, 2004 (has been replaced by coin since 2009)
50 rubles			Saint Petersburg , Rostra Columns on the Newaufer (front: detail, back: general view), Peter and Paul Fortress , former stock exchange	150 mm × 65 mm dark blue	1997, 2001, 2004
100 rubles			Moscow , Bolshoi Theater (front: Quadriga ; back: general view)	150 mm × 65 mm brown	1997, 2001, 2004
200 rubles			Sevastopol , Monument to the Sunken Ships (Eagle Column), Chersonese	150 mm × 65 mm green	2017
500 rubles			Arkhangelsk , passenger port on the Northern Dvina , Peter the Great , Solovetsky Monastery	150 mm × 65 mm purple	1997, 2001, 2004, 2010
1000 rubles			Yaroslavl , Yaroslav the Wise , Savior-Transfiguration Monastery and Memorial Chapel, Church of St. John the Baptist with bell tower	157 mm × 69 mm turquoise	1997, 2004, 2010
2000 rubles			Russky Bridge , Vostochny Cosmodrome	150mm × 65mm blue	2017
5000 rubles			Khabarovsk Amur Bridge , Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky	157 mm × 69 mm red	1997, 2010

Special editions of banknotes

• 

  Commemorative note from 2013, front side

• 

  Commemorative note from 2013, reverse

So far in 2013, as well as in 2015 and 2018, 100 ruble commemorative notes have been issued. The 2013 motif was put into circulation on the occasion of the Winter Olympics in Sochi . The front shows u. a. a snowboarder against a winter background and the central Olympic Park in Sochi . On the back, in addition to depictions of various winter sports disciplines, the Sochi Olympic Stadium is shown.

• 

  Commemorative note from 2015, front side

• 

  Commemorative note from 2015, reverse

The motifs of the 2015 banknote, which was circulated in a circulation of 20 million, are, like the special 10 ruble coin from 2014, dedicated to the youngest Russian Federation subjects , the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol . The front shows depictions of the "Crimean conqueror" Catherine the Great , the painting "The Russian Squadron in Roads in front of Sevastopol" by Ivan Aivazovsky , the eagle column , the back with the " Swallow's Nest ", the Khan Palace of Bakhchysaray , the RT radio telescope -70 in Evpatoria and the Cathedral of St. Vladimir , which the Russian admiral Mikhail Lazarev had built in Sevastopol, buildings in the Crimea .

The motif of the 2018 banknote is dedicated to the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On the front is a boy with a soccer ball and the goalkeeper Lev Yashin jumping for a ball. The reverse shows the stylized Russian flag with silhouettes of athletic fans and a map of the Russian Federation, as well as the names of Russian cities that host playoff games. (Yekaterinburg, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Saint Petersburg, Saransk, Sochi, Volgograd)

Security features of the banknotes

Banknote production in Perm, 2011

There are watermarks on the two white surfaces of the banknote . A monochrome picture on the front changes color into colorful stripes if you hold the bill at an angle. If you hold the bill at a 90 ° angle under reflecting light, you can see the letters "PP" on the curved stripe. Their gray levels change depending on the angle. Another security feature is the metallic plastic thread embedded in the paper. If you hold the banknote up to the light, the silver stripe appears as a black continuous line. Under a magnifying glass, you can see extremely small writing on the reverse side of the note, which consists of the repetitive value. Red, light green and two-tone threads are integrated throughout the banknote. The two-colored threads appear purple, but under high magnification you can see red and blue parts. People with impaired vision can feel the characters “Билет Банка России” (Bilet Banka Rossii) and the number. These are highlighted on the bill.

From the 100 ruble note, there is an additional field on the front that changes color if you hold it at an angle. Furthermore, from a note value of 100 rubles, the value of the note is punched in the paper with holes. If you hold the bill against the light, the holes become visible. On the top left of the 500 ruble note, you can see an emblem of the Central Bank of Russia. If you hold the glow up to the light, it changes color from red-orange to yellow-green. On the front of the 1000 and 5000 notes you can also see the city arms of Yaroslavl and Khabarovsk. When exposed to light, their color changes from purple to olive green.

In addition, all ruble notes are machine-readable and have appropriate security features.

All banknotes are printed on special paper. This mostly consists of linters , the non-spinnable fibers of cotton. In this way, the banknote survives an accidental wash and gives a very special paper feeling.

Coins

Course coins

Coin value	image	material	Weight	diameter	thickness	edge	output
1 kopeck		Copper-nickel plated steel	1.5 g	15.5 mm	1.25 mm	smooth	1997 (withdrawn from circulation since 2008)
5 kopecks		Copper-nickel plated steel	2.6 g	18.5 mm	1.45 mm	smooth	1997 (withdrawn from circulation since 2008)
10 kopecks		Brass; from 2006: steel with a copper-zinc coating	1.95 g 1.85 g (from 2006)	17.5 mm	1.25 mm	fluted (98 flutes); from 2006: smooth	1997
50 kopecks		Brass; from 2006: steel with a copper-zinc coating	2.90 g 2.75 g (from 2006)	19.5 mm	1.50 mm	fluted (105 flutes); from 2006: smooth	1997
1 ruble		Cupronickel; from 2009 steel-nickel, galvanized	3.25 g 3.0 g (from 2009)	20.5 mm	1.50 mm	fluted (110 flutes)	1997
2 rubles		Cupronickel; from 2009 steel-nickel, galvanized	5.10 g 5.0 g (from 2009)	23.0 mm	1.80 mm	interrupted corrugated (12 × 7 corrugation)	1997
5 rubles		Bi-metal (copper-nickel-copper clad); from 2009 steel-nickel, galvanized	6.45 g 6.0 g (from 2009)	25.0 mm	1.80 mm	interrupted corrugated (12 × 5 corrugation)	1997
10 rubles		Steel with brass coating	5.63 g	22.0 mm	2.20 mm	interrupted corrugated (6 × 7 corrugation and 6 × 5 corrugation)	2009

One, five, ten and fifty copecks

In the middle of the coin is the image of the holy warrior George on his horse. It shows how he is killing a snake with a spear. The Cyrillic letters “M” ( Moscow ) or “С-П” ( Saint Petersburg ) can be seen under the foremost hoof . On the upper part of the kopeck, “БАНК РОССИИ” (Bank of Russia) is written from left to right. The year of issue can also be seen under the snake.

The value of the kopeck is shown on the back, including the words "КОПЕЙКА" (Kopek). On the underside of the disc, the stylized plant ornaments are depicted in the form of two branches.

The coins of 1 and 5 kopecks have been withdrawn from circulation since 2008 and are no longer produced. The production price of a 1 kopeck coin was around 30 kopecks in 2008. Since then, prices have been rounded to the nearest 10 or 50 kopecks. In the meantime (2017) some supermarket checkouts have rounded to whole rubles.

One, two and five rubles

The 1, 2 and 5 ruble coins show a double-headed eagle with the inscription "БАНК РОССИИ" (Bank of Russia) written in a bow above it. The imprint of the mint can be seen under the eagle's left claw. On the lower part of the coins, the denominations of the coins are shown horizontally in words: "РУБЛЬ" (rubles), "ДВА РУБЛЯ" (two rubles) and "ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ" (five rubles). These are underlined by a horizontal line that is interrupted by a point. The year of issue is shown on the underside of the coins. In the year of issue from 2002 the inscription "БАНК РОССИИ" is under the eagle and the value of the coin is above the eagle. Both are now written in a bow around the eagle.

On the other side of the ruble coins you can see the denomination in words and the number 1, 2 or 5. Further down, the stylized plant ornaments are shown again in the form of a branch.

Ten rubles

Before the 10 ruble currency coin was introduced in 2010, there were already large editions of special 10 ruble coins . The new 10 ruble coins have some security features that are supposed to make counterfeiting difficult.

In the middle of the coin the emblem of the Central Bank of Russia (double-headed eagle with wings pointing down) can be seen. Below you can see the semicircular inscription "БАНК РОССИИ" (Bank of Russia). The imprint of the mint is depicted under the eagle's left claw. On the edge of the coin is ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ (ten rubles). On the lower edge of the coin you can see a line that is interrupted by a point.

The other side shows the denomination of the coin, the number ten, and the word РУБЛЕЙ (ruble). On the right is the stylized plant ornament in the form of a branch. On the inside of the number zero you can also see the hidden images of the number “10” and the inscription “РУБ” (RUB), depending on the angle from which you look at the coin.

literature

• Kathrin Berensmann: Russian currency, financial and debt crisis. Article 248 1/1999, Institute of the German Economy Cologne (contributions to economic and social policy), ISBN 3-602-24070-3 .
• Eric von Breska: The credit policy of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank towards Russia. Self-published, Munich 2001. (University thesis)

Web links

Commons : Russian money  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Banknotes and coins
• Database of the Russian Central Bank with exchange rates of the ruble since the beginning of the 1990s for all major currencies, daily rates for many convertible currencies (English, Russian)
• Russian coin catalog with illustrations
• Historical and current banknotes from Russia

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Description of the five proposals, Russian National Bank ( Memento from December 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Russian, accessed on December 29, 2013
2. ↑ Article on lenta.ru , in Russian, accessed on December 29, 2013
3. ^ "Economic data " ( Memento from April 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). German teaching and cultural center KIROV.
4. ↑ New rubles as needed. Spiegel online, issue 14/1992.
5. ↑ ^{a b} "Commodity-based sovereign wealth funds - theory and empiricism" (PDF; 1.4 MB). Research report No. 0108, Institute for Macroeconomics, University of Potsdam, M. Clemens, W. Fuhrmann
6. ↑ Playing with the ruble . Spiegel online, issue 33/1997.
7. ^ The Russia crisis 1998. Welt online.
8. ^ Kathrin Berensmann: Russian currency, financial and debt crisis. 1999.
9. ↑ Eric von Breska "The Credit Policy of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank towards Russia" 2001.
10. ↑ Economic highlight: Russia in severe recession (Download, PDF, 42 kB) , in: Wirtschaftsdienst, 89th volume (2009), no. 4, pp. 272–273.
11. ↑ "Russia and the International Financial Crisis" (PDF; 1.2 MB). Analyzes of Russia 171/2008, publisher: University of Bremen and German Society for Eastern European Studies , ISSN  1613-3390 .
12. ↑ http://www.locationswitzerland.ch/internet/osec/de/home/export/countries/ru/export/economic_report.-RelatedBoxSlot-15131-ItemList-93983-File.File.pdf/Aktuelle_Informationen_zur_Finanzkrise_August_2009.pdf (Link not .pdf available) Rödle & Partner, published August 17, 2009 pdf
13. ↑ Global Financial Crisis 2008 and the Economy of Russia. Russia's Perspectives, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, author: Leonid Grigorjew, edition: 12/2008 pdf
14. ↑ http://german.ruvr.ru/news/2013_12_11/Grafisches-Symbol-fur-Rubel-in-Russland-bestatigt-2054/ accessed on May 27, 2014.
15. ↑ FAZ.net December 26, 2014: Russia's central bank is now granting dollar loans
16. ↑ Russia's rate hike fizzled out. The ruble falls into the abyss , FAZ.net December 12, 2014
17. ↑ Even Putin cannot stop the ruble from falling , Welt.de
18. ↑ To gloss over the crisis - Russian President Putin is trying to get something positive out of the dramatic fall in the ruble - and promises good times. The evidence suggests growing nervousness , FAZ.net December 3, 2014
19. ^ Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly , December 4, 2014
20. ↑ Putin: NATO is building a new Berlin Wall . Article from December 18, 2014 in the manager-magazin.de portal , accessed on December 19, 2014
21. ↑ Quickly get rid of the ruble , FAZ.net December 16, 2014
22. ^ Ruble crash: Russia crash reaches Germany , spiegel.de
23. ↑ Interview: Russian Minister of Economic Affairs blames Russia for the crisis , spiegel.de December 18, 2014
24. ↑ FAZ.net December 25, 2014: Russia declares the financial crisis over
25. ↑ International Reserves of the Russian Federation , December 26, 2015
26. ↑ ^{a b} "The Central Bank of the Russian Federation" ( Memento from May 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). Central Bank Russia website.
27. ↑ On Moscow's dissatisfaction with the ruble rate. ( Memento from January 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) News / press releases / specialist publications, Online Artikel.de.
28. ↑ http://www-edit.ku-eichstaett.de/Fakultaeten/WWF/Lehrstuehle/IM/Teaching/winter_term_09/wimos/HF_sections/content/WiMo2008-09_Kapitel-5.pdf (link not available) Michael Kutschker, Chair for General Business Administration and International Management.
29. ↑ USD exchange rates in RUB , Bank of Russia
30. ↑ EUR exchange rates in RUB , Bank of Russia
31. ↑ http://de.exchange-rates.org/Rate/EUR/RUB/31.12.2008
32. ↑ http://de.exchange-rates.org
33. ↑ Russian rubles . studyrussian.com. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
34. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Банкноты . On cbr.ru
35. ↑ ^{a b The} ten-ruble note is replaced by a coin. Russia News on October 1, 2009
36. ↑ Памятная банкнота Банка России образца 2014 года номиналом 100 рублей . On cbr.ru
37. ^ The Entering of Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation ( Memento of January 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). On cbr.ru
38. ↑ Банк России выпускает банкноту, посвященную Крыму и Севастополю . On cbr.ru
39. ↑ Памятная банкнота Банка России образца 2015 года номиналом 100 рублей ( Memento of 22 September 2017 Internet Archive ). On cbr.ru
40. ↑ http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/EUR/RUS/RUS-GENERAL/RUSW2018-0100.htm
41. ↑ Machine-readable security features of the 5000-ruble Bank of Russia note of 1997 ( Memento of December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). On cbr.ru (PDF, approx. 4.09 MB)
42. ^ Commemorative and Investment Coins database . On cbr.ru