Demographics of Brazil

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Population pyramid of Brazil (2017)

The demography of Brazil looks at the number and composition of the population in Brazil . In mid-2020, Brazil had a population of 211.8 million people, making it sixth in the ranking of the world's most populous countries . Brazil is also the most populous country in South America and the most populous Portuguese-speaking country. With a population density of 25 inhabitants per square kilometer, the country is relatively sparsely populated, as it has a continental extension and is one of the world's largest territorial states. Since the European colonization of America , the country's population has grown rapidly, fueled by immigration and later mainly by natural growth. Between 1950 and 2020 alone, the population grew from 51 million to over 200 million, thus quadrupling. In the meantime, however, Brazil is in the demographic transition and is recording many trends that can also be observed in other countries around the world. These include increasing general life expectancy , a higher level of education, urbanization and a lower total fertility rate per woman. The latter fell from 6.1 children in 1960 to 1.7 children in 2018 and is thus below the level that is necessary for long-term maintenance. During the same period, the annual population growth fell from 2.9 to 0.8 percent. In the future, therefore, a flattening and then falling population curve is expected. A strong aging of the population is also expected and by 2050 the number of inhabitants over 60 years of age is expected to increase from 24 to 66 million.

The population of Brazil is very diverse and includes many different races and ethnic groups. In the last few centuries the population of Brazil emerged from different waves of immigration, which mixed with African slaves and the indigenous indigenous people. Historically, Brazil has experienced high levels of ethnic mixing, assimilation and syncretism of cultures. The Brazilian population is considered to be one of the most diverse in the world. At the same time, it is relatively homogeneous linguistically and religiously, as the vast majority of the population are Portuguese-speaking or Christian. Even the proportion of immigrants is, despite the once high importance of immigration, only very low and over 99% of the inhabitants are now born in their own country.

The recording of the population and the collection of demographic indicators is carried out in Brazil by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Brazil has been conducting a periodic census since 1872. This census has been carried out every ten years since 1940.

Historical development

Before the colonization of Brazil by the Portuguese colonial rulers, no valid censuses are available for the population of today's Brazil. Estimates range from one to five million residents. The coastal areas of Brazil were settled 10,000 years ago. This pre-colonial population consisted of various Indian tribes. The population density was probably very thin, as the dense jungle did not allow large-scale settlements. The Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral , who landed in northeastern Brazil in 1500, is widely regarded as the European explorer of Brazil. From this point on, Brazil was colonized by Europeans who farmed, extracted raw materials and founded cities, while the indigenous population experienced a decline due to imported diseases, slavery and wars. After most of the Indians died, there was a labor shortage on the plantations run by Europeans, and African slaves were imported en masse. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade , Brazil imported more African slaves than any other country. An estimated four million slaves were brought to Brazil from Africa between 1501 and 1888. Many were abducted from the Kingdom of the Congo and what is now Angola , Mozambique , Guinea-Bissau , Benin and Nigeria . Compared to the United States , slaves in Brazil had higher mortality rates and more intermingling with the local population. By 1872 more than a third of the population were of mixed race. On May 13, 1888, slavery was abolished by Emperor Pedro II .

In the 17th century the population was around 300,000 people and began to grow rapidly as the country continued to develop. In the 18th century, 600,000 Portuguese came (6,000 a year). In 1800 the population had increased to more than 3 million, tenfold. After Brazil's independence in 1822, the political leadership tried to develop the poorly developed, temperate zones, especially in the south of the country, by settling European farming families. At the same time, this was intended to militarily protect the south of Brazil against a possible threat from Argentina . The greatest influx of European immigrants to Brazil finally took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A large number of them went to southern Brazil to work as small farmers. Most of the immigrants, however, went to southeastern Brazil to work on the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to southern Brazil were mainly Germans (from 1824 mainly from the Palatinate , Pomerania , Hamburg , Westphalia , etc.), Italians (from 1875 mainly from Veneto and Lombardy ), Austrians, Poles , Ukrainians , Dutch and Russians . In the south, immigrants established rural communities that still have strong cultural ties with their ancestral home countries. In southeastern Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish , Lithuanian , French , Hungarians, and Ashkenazi Jews . At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, people from the then Ottoman Empire (predominantly today's Syria and Lebanon ) and Japan migrated to Brazil's cities. In the period of approximately 100 years from 1872 to 1975, Brazil received at least 5.5 million immigrants from Europe and other parts of the world. In descending order, these were 34% Italians, 29% Portuguese, 14% Spanish, 5% Japanese, 4% German, 2% Lebanese and Syrians and 12% others. Following the trend of several other countries in America, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a melting pot of ethnic groups and nationalities. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural tolerance to intermarriage, resulting in a large number of mulattos (Europeans and Africans), caboclos (Indians and Europeans) and people of European, African and Indian descent emerged, although this is not a complete absence of racism was accompanied . Depending on the level of immigration, states, regions, cities, small towns and even villages in Brazil can still have their own strong cultural imprint.

The first census in Brazil in 1872 showed a population of 9.9 million people. In the following time the country experienced a cultural and economic boom. This ensured that Brazil became the fastest growing country in the world, although the relative importance of immigration was slowly declining. The infant mortality rate was in 1900 at about 42 percent and fell to 1950 to about 23 percent. By 1940 the population had grown to 41 million people. Growth finally began to slow in the second half of the 20th century as the birth rate fell due to higher education and increasing urbanization. In 2003 it was below the limit of 2.1 children per woman for the first time, after having historically always been very high. However, due to the still young average age of the population, the number of inhabitants continued to rise and in 2013 exceeded the 200 million mark. Population aging and stagnation is expected in the course of the 21st century. 228 million inhabitants are expected for 2060. A study by The Lancet predicts that if fertility continues to be low, the population will still be 164 million in 2100.

year population
1800 3,640,000
1850 7,250,000
1872 9,930,478
1890 14,333,915
1900 17,438,434
1920 30.635.605
1940 41,236,315
1950 51,944,397
1960 70.119.071
1970 93.139.037
1980 119.070.865
1991 146.917.459
2000 169.544.443
2010 192.755.799
2020 211,809,000

Demographics

Births and deaths

Brazil continues to have a natural birth surplus. Nevertheless, the total number of births has decreased since the mid-1990s, which is due to a rapidly falling fertility rate per woman. Although this is below the population level of 2.1 children, there is still a natural surplus as the average age in Brazil is still relatively low. If existing trends continue, Brazil's population could begin to shrink by the middle of the century. Child mortality (the proportion of children who do not survive the first five years of their lives) has been reduced from 19% to 1.5% thanks to better health care for the population.

period Number of births Number of births
per 1000 people 		Number of deaths Number of deaths
per 1,000 people 		Fertility per woman Child mortality
per 1000 births
1950-1955 12,780,000 43.9 4,519,000 15.5 6.10 190
1955-1960 14,391,000 42.7 4,745,000 14.1 6.06 173
1960-1965 16,085,000 41.4 4,891,000 12.6 5.97 154
1965-1970 16,599,000 37.2 4,860,000 10.9 5.34 135
1970-1975 16,938,000 33.5 4,836,000 9.6 4.63 118
1975-1980 18,476,000 32.4 4,999,000 8.8 4.24 104
1980-1985 19,745,000 30.9 5,164,000 8.1 3.80 87
1985-1990 18,899,000 26.6 5,170,000 7.3 3.14 67
1990-1995 18,217,000 23.4 5,200,000 6.7 2.72 51
1995-2000 18,089,000 21.5 5,318,000 6.3 2.47 41
2000-2005 16,848,000 18.7 5,511,000 6.1 2.13 34
2005-2010 15,331,000 16.1 5,744,000 6.0 1.86 24
2010-2015 14,877,000 14.9 6,135,000 6.1 1.77 18th
2015-2020 14,672,000 14.1 6,691,000 6.4 1.74 15th

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Groups in Brazil (2010 Census)

  • White (47.51%)
  • Colored (43.42%)
  • Black (7.52%)
  • Asians (1.1%)
  • Indigenous (0.42%)
    • Ethnic diversity in Brazil
    Community by largest ethnic group (2010)
    Blue = whites
    Red = coloreds
    Green = indigenous
    yellow = blacks
    Genetic ancestry by region

    Most of the Brazilian population comes from several main source populations (either alone or more often mixed in different combinations to varying degrees); early European settlers (mainly ethnic Portuguese), later migrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia, descendants of slaves from sub-Saharan Africa and indigenous peoples in Brazil (mainly Tupi and Guaraní , but also from other indigenous ethnic groups). Due to the mixed population, ethnic categories are less clearly defined than in other countries and can also be highly subjective. In the censuses, the population can choose from the following five ethnic categories for self-identification: Branco (white), Pardo (brown / colored), Preto (black), Amarelo (yellow / Asians) and Indígena (indigenous). Ethnic borders are often fluid, so that many whites in Brazil are not of purely European descent and blacks are mostly not of purely African descent. According to most studies, almost two thirds of the total population is of European origin, with less than two thirds of purely European ancestry. According to a genetic study from 2013, the population of Brazil is on average around 60% of European descent, around 25% of African descent and around 15% of Indian descent. European lineages are most common in the south of the country with 74% and least common in the north with 51%. African genes are most widespread in the northeast with 28% and weakest in the south with 15%. Indigenous ancestry is most widespread in the sparsely populated north of the country with 32% and least common in the south with 11%. Transitions between ethnic groups are often fluid in Brazil, as the vast majority of the population comes from more than one ethnic group. For example, Brazilians who describe themselves as white were 75% of European descent, while Brazilians who describe themselves as black were 58% of African descent. Most other studies come to similar results. All studies also show that the paternal lineage is more strongly European than the maternal line.

    According to the 2010 census, there were more than 91 million Europeans or white Brazilians, which is 47.7% of the Brazilian population. White Brazilians are considered to be people who are wholly or largely descended from European immigrants, although most Brazilians have some degree of European ancestry. White Brazilians can be found throughout the territory of Brazil, although they are most concentrated in the south and southeast of the country and make up the vast majority of the population there. In the south of Brazil, the climatic and geological conditions were such that Europeans could live here and farm with the methods they were familiar with. Whites have lived in Brazil since the country was settled in Europe in the early 16th century. The first European settlers came mainly from Portugal. Almost a million Europeans had arrived in Brazil by 1800. In 1872, 38.1% of the population were white. The government of Brazil then began to promote European immigration in order to ensure an "improvement" of the population according to the racist criteria of eugenics and also to promote settlement and economic development. A boom therefore occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries when millions of Europeans immigrated to Brazil. The migrants came from almost all European countries, including Portugal, Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, Ukraine, Switzerland and Austria. Today in Brazil alone there are over 30 million people of Italian and between 5 to 12 million people of German descent. Immigrants from the Middle East , who represent an economically significant minority in various Brazilian cities, are also mostly counted among the white population . Most of them came from what is now Lebanon and Syria and were incorrectly referred to as Turks (Turcos) at the time. The number of people of Lebanese descent is estimated at 7 to 10 million. Thanks to these immigrants, the proportion of whites rose to over 63% by 1940. By 2010 it finally fell back to less than 50%, making whites a minority in Brazil for the first time since 1890. Reasons for this could be increasing intermingling, lower birth rates and changing self-identification.

    According to the 2010 census, pardos (brown or colored Brazilians) make up 43.1% of the Brazilian population. That's 82.3 million people. Mixed race Brazilians live all over the territory of Brazil. However, their share is particularly high in northern Brazil. Although DNA testing shows that most Brazilians have some degree of mixed ancestry, less than 45% of the country's population classified themselves as part of this group based on skin color or appearance. The Pardos can be a mixture of Europeans, Levantine Arabs, Jews, Africans, Indians, Roma or Asians. Brazil does not have a specific category of people of mixed origins such as mestizos or mulattos , but a category of pardo (brown), to which very different origins can belong. Pardos can therefore be mostly of European, African or Indian or any other origin.

    Preto (black or Afro-Brazilian ) are people who are wholly or largely descended from former African slaves or immigrants from Africa. According to the 2010 census, there are 14.5 million Afro-Brazilian people who make up 7.61% of the Brazilian population, although a significantly larger number of Brazilians are of some degree of African ancestry. Most Afro-Brazilians are descended from West African ethnic groups as well as from Bantu peoples from East and Central Africa. Before the abolition, the growth of the black population was mainly due to the acquisition of new slaves from Africa. In Brazil, the black population experienced negative natural growth during centuries of slavery. This was due to the slaves' low life expectancy, which was around seven years. The liberation of the black population took place in 1888 and therefore very late. The practice of Afro-Brazilian religions or spiritism are typical for parts of the black population. Black Brazilians are still considered socio-economically disadvantaged today. Northeast Brazil, including the state of Bahia and its capital Salvador, is considered a center of Afro-Brazilians and their culture .

    According to the 2010 census, 2.3 million people are of Asian descent, or 1.2% of the Brazilian population. The vast majority of Asian Brazilians have their origins in Japan . The first Japanese immigrants came to Brazil in 1908. More than 250,000 Japanese immigrated to Brazil by the 1950s. Currently, the Japanese-Brazilian population is estimated at 1.5 million people. It is the largest ethnic Japanese population outside of Japan, closely followed by the Japanese community in the United States. Other East Asian groups are also significant in Brazil. There are smaller minorities of Korean and Chinese descent. Over 70% of Asian Brazilians are concentrated in the state of São Paulo.

    According to the 2010 census, approximately 0.6 million people are indigenous, which is approximately 0.4% of the Brazilian population. Before the European colonization, several million indigenous people lived in different tribes, who lived from hunting, fishing, collecting and agriculture. Many tribes died out as a result of European settlement or were assimilated into the Brazilian population. As a result, their population fell by over 90% and only recovered within the last few decades. The indigenous population is now concentrated mainly in northern Brazil, where the Amazon region still uncontacted peoples and uncontacted tribes live.

    Even though Brazilian society is officially color-blind and, according to sociologist Gilberto Freyre, an ethnic democracy ( Democracia racial) that has overcome racism and discrimination , there are strong socio-economic differences based on ethnicity and skin color. According to studies, colored and black Brazilians have a significantly lower average income, a higher proportion of illiterate people and a lower life expectancy than whites. They are also underrepresented in the media, culture, business and politics and are more likely to be perpetrators and victims of crimes.

    States by ethnic composition in% (2010 census)
    State Branco (white) Preto (blacks) Pardo (colored) Amarelo (Asians) Indigenous people No information
    Acre (state)Acre (state) acre 23.3 5.7 66.9 2 2.1 0
    AlagoasAlagoas Alagoas 31 6.6 60.8 1.1 0.4 0
    AmapáAmapá Amapá 23.8 8.4 65.7 1.1 1.1 0
    Amazonas (Brazilian state)Amazonas (Brazil) Amazon 21.2 4.1 69 0.9 4.8 0
    BahiaBahia Bahia 22nd 17th 59.5 1.2 0.4 0
    CearáCeará Ceará 31.6 4.6 62.3 1.2 0.2 0
    Distrito Federal do BrasilDistrito Federal do Brasil Federal District 41.8 7.6 48.6 1.7 0.3 0
    Espírito SantoEspírito Santo Espírito Santo 42.1 8.3 48.7 0.6 0.3 0
    GoiásGoiás Goiás 41.4 6.5 50.3 1.7 0.1 0
    MaranhãoMaranhão Maranhão 21.9 9.6 66.9 1.1 0.5 0
    Mato GrossoMato Grosso Mato Grosso 37.2 7.4 52.8 1.2 1.4 0
    Mato Grosso do SulMato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul 46.8 4.9 44.1 1.2 2.9 0
    Minas GeraisMinas Gerais Minas Gerais 45.1 9.2 44.6 1 0.2 0
    ParáPará Pará 21.6 7th 69.9 0.9 0.5 0
    ParaíbaParaíba Paraíba 39.7 5.6 52.9 1.2 0.5 0
    ParanáParaná Paraná 70.1 3.1 25.4 1.2 0.2 0
    PernambucoPernambuco Pernambuco 36.5 6.4 55.5 1 0.6 0
    PiauíPiauí Piauí 24.2 9.3 64.3 2.1 0.1 0
    Rio de Janeiro (State)Rio de Janeiro (State) Rio de Janeiro 47.4 12.1 39.6 0.8 0.1 0
    Rio Grande do NorteRio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Norte 40.8 5.2 52.8 1.1 0.1 0
    Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 83.2 5.5 10.6 0.3 0.3 0
    RondôniaRondônia Rondônia 35 6.8 55.8 1.4 0.9 0.1
    RoraimaRoraima Roraima 20.9 6th 60.9 1 11.2 0
    Santa CatarinaSanta Catarina Santa Catarina 83.9 2.9 12.6 0.4 0.3 0
    São Paulo (State)São Paulo (State) São Paulo 63.7 5.4 29.4 1.4 0.1 0
    SergipeSergipe Sergipe 27.7 8.9 61.8 1.3 0.3 0
    TocantinsTocantins Tocantins 24.5 9.1 63.6 2 0.9 0
    Regions by ethnic composition in% (2010 census)
    region Branco (white) Preto (blacks) Pardo (colored) Amarelo (Asians) Indigenous people No information
    Brazil 47.5 7.5 43.4 1.1 0.4 0
    Centro-Oeste region 41.5 6.6 49.4 1.5 0.9 0
    Norte region 23.2 6.5 67.2 1.1 1.9 0
    Nordeste region 29.2 9.4 59.8 1.2 0.4 0
    Sudeste region 54.9 7.8 36 1.1 0.1 0
    Região Sul 78.3 4th 16.7 0.7 0.3 0

    Population distribution

    Population distribution of Brazil
    Population density of Brazil

    The population distribution in Brazil is very uneven. The majority of Brazilians live within 300 kilometers of the coast, while the interior around the Amazon basin is almost deserted. Therefore, the densely populated areas are on the coast and the sparsely populated areas are inland. This historical pattern is little changed by recent inland movements, where land has been developed and new cities such as Manaus have been founded. Brazil is divided into 26 states and the Distrito Federal do Brasil . The three most populous states in 2019 are São Paulo (46 million), Minas Gerais (21 million) and Rio de Janeiro (16 million). Overall, more than half of the population of Brazil live in the Região Sudeste (Southeast) and Região Sul (South). The vast majority of economic output is also generated here. In contrast, the Região Norte (north) is considered sparsely populated and underdeveloped .

    Brazil is one of the most urbanized countries in the world and in 2018 86.8% of the population lived in cities (up from 46.1% in 1960). The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte - all in the southeastern region - with 21.7, 12.8 and 6.0 million inhabitants, respectively. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are far bigger than any other Brazilian city. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be seen at the national (and even international) level; other Brazilian metropolises are less important, even if Rio de Janeiro (partly due to its earlier status as the state capital) is still home to the headquarters of various large companies in addition to the cultural center of Brazil. Most of the cities in Brazil have seen rapid growth over the past few decades and are densely populated. So-called favelas , poor areas with inadequate infrastructure, have formed around the core of most cities .

    List of the largest metropolitan areas in Brazil
    rank Metropolitan area State Population (2019)
    1 São Paulo metropolitan area São Paulo (State)São Paulo (State) São Paulo 21,734,682
    2 Metropolitan area of ​​Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (State)Rio de Janeiro (State) Rio de Janeiro 12,763,459
    3 Belo Horizonte metropolitan area Minas GeraisMinas Gerais Minas Gerais 5,961,895
    4th Brasília metropolitan area Distrito Federal do BrasilDistrito Federal do Brasil Distrito Federal Goiás Minas Gerais
    GoiásGoiás 
    Minas GeraisMinas Gerais      		4,627,771
    5 Porto Alegre metropolitan area Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul 4,340,733
    6th Fortaleza metropolitan area CearáCeará Ceará 4.106.245
    7th Recife metropolitan area PernambucoPernambuco Pernambuco 4,079,575
    8th Salvador de Bahia metropolitan area BahiaBahia Bahia 3,929,209
    9 Curitiba metropolitan area ParanáParaná Paraná 3,654,960
    10 Campinas metropolitan area São Paulo (State)São Paulo (State) São Paulo 3,264,915

    language

    According to Article 13 of the Constitution , the official language of Brazil is Portuguese , which is spoken by almost the entire population and is practically the only language used in newspapers, radio and television, as well as for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, which makes the language an important part of Brazil's national identity and gives it a national culture different from that of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.

    Brazilian Portuguese has taken on its own development, largely resembling the central and southern dialects of 16th-century European Portuguese (despite a very significant number of Portuguese colonial settlers and recent immigrants coming from the northern regions and, to a lesser extent, from Portuguese Macaronesia came), with a few influences coming from Native American and African languages. This is why the dialect differs somewhat from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in terms of phonology (the dialects of the other countries have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese, partly because of the later end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions) . These differences are similar to those between American and British English.

    Minority languages ​​are spoken across the nation. Over eighty Native American languages ​​are spoken in remote areas. The main families of the indigenous languages ​​are Tupí , Arawak , Carib and Gę. A significant number of other languages ​​are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. In the southern and southeastern regions there are significant communities of German (mostly Brazilian Hunsrück , a High German dialect) and Italian (mostly Venetian) origins, whose mother tongues were brought to Brazil by their ancestors and who, still spoken there, are influenced by the Portuguese language were. It is estimated that around 1.5 million people in Brazil speak German . The Japanese forms another minority language.

    The most common foreign languages ​​in Brazil are Spanish and English .

    religion

    Religion / belief in Brazil (2010)

  • Roman Catholic (64.6%)
  • Protestant (22.3%)
  • Spiritist (2.0%)
  • other religions (3.3%)
  • non-religious / agnostic (8.0%)

    • The Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion of the country. Brazil has the largest Catholic population in the world and the second largest Christian population. According to the 2010 census, 64.6% of the population followed Roman Catholicism, 22.2% Protestantism , 2.0% Spiritism or Afro-Brazilian religions , 3.2% are followers of other religions, undeclared or undetermined, while 8.0% have no religion. Smaller minorities are Jews , Muslims and Buddhists . In 1891, when Brazil's first republican constitution was passed, Brazil no longer had an official religion and has remained secular ever since, despite the fact that the Catholic Church and later Protestant groups have political influence. The Brazilian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and strictly forbids the suppression of any religion.

    Christianity emerged from the encounter of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples. This convergence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse number of syncretistic practices within the overarching roof of the Brazilian Catholic Church, through traditional Portuguese festivals and in some cases Allan Kardec's Spiritism (a religion that incorporates elements of Spiritism and Christianity contains) is marked. Religious pluralism increased in the 20th century, and the Protestant community has grown to over 22% of the population and could become the largest denomination in the country in the future. This is largely due to the conversion of Catholics to Protestantism. The most widespread Protestant denominations are the followers of the Pentecostal movement . After Protestantism, non-religious people are also a significant group, accounting for more than 8% of the population in the 2010 census.

    Religious Composition of Brazil (1970-2010)
    religion 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010
    Catholicism 91.8% 89.0% 83.3% 73.9% 64.6%
    Protestantism 5.2% 6.6% 9.0% 15.6% 22.2%
    No religion 0.8% 1.6% 4.7% 7.4% 8.0%
    spiritism 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% 2.0%
    other religions 1.3% 1.4% 1.8% 3.2%

    health

    The Brazilian public health system, the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), was founded in 1990 and is the largest system of its kind in the world. It is intended to provide general health care for the population. On the other hand, the private health system plays a complementary role. However, health care problems arise from a lack of money, poor organization, corruption and lack of staff. There is also a large difference in the quality of medical care between rural and urban regions and between the richer south and the poorer north of the country. Health expenditure as a share of the gross domestic product amounted to 9.5% in 2017 and was thus above the value of most emerging countries.

    Despite the problems in the health system, most of the country's health indicators have been steadily improving. The hunger could be almost completely suppressed. Child mortality fell from 16.9% in 1960 to 1.4% in 2018, while maternal mortality also fell. The life expectancy of the total population was 29 in 1900, 54.1 in 1960 and 75.6 in 2018. There are strong regional differences in indicators such as mortality. The states with the highest life expectancy in 2017 were Santa Catarina (79.5), Espírito Santo (78.5) and São Paulo (78.4) and those with the lowest were Rondônia (71.5), Piauí (71.2) and Maranhão (70.9).

    The number of deaths from non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer also has a significant impact on the health of the Brazilian population. External but avoidable factors such as car accidents, other accidents or murder also cause a relatively high proportion of deaths. Another health risk is the high proportion of overweight people. In 2016, 22.1% of the population were obese and 56.6% were overweight . In 2018, the prevalence of HIV in the age group 15 to 49 in Brazil was 0.5%. A first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was reported on February 25, 2020. In mid-2020, Brazil was one of the hardest hit countries in the pandemic.

    Development of life expectancy

    1900 to 1950. Source: Our World In Data

    year 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1945
    Life expectancy in Brazil 29.0 31.0 32.0 34.0 37.0 42.3

    1950 to 2015. Source: UN World Population Prospects

    Development of life expectancy

    Period Life expectancy in
    years     		Period Life expectancy in
    years
    1950-1955 50.8 1985-1990 65.4
    1955-1960 53.0 1990-1995 67.3
    1960-1965 55.4 1995-2000 69.3
    1965-1970 57.8 2000-2005 71.0
    1970-1975 59.9 2005-2010 72.8
    1975-1980 61.8 2010-2015 74.3
    1980-1985 63.5 2015-2020 75.6

    education

    The federal constitution and the law on guidelines and principles of popular education stipulate that the federal government, the states and the municipalities must administer and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public education systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages both the funds and the mechanisms and sources of funding. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal and local taxes for education. Overall, Brazil’s expenditure on education in 2015 amounted to 6.1 percent of the gross domestic product. In Brazil, school attendance is compulsory for children between seven and fourteen years of age, but this is not completely monitored. Since an educational reform in 1971 there has been no differentiation between different school types, but generally a nine-year elementary school and at least three-year secondary school . This can be completed in a general or vocational way.

    According to a World Bank report , these national education policies have been aligned with world best practice, and implementation has been sustained and effective in improving the performance and outcomes of education in Brazil. Although Brazil has made significant strides in improving the skills of the workforce, Brazil is below average for learning levels, secondary graduation rates and efficiency when compared to OECD and other middle income countries. In addition, the non-participation and dropout rates have also increased. Likewise, these factors are particularly high in low-income areas, where the quality of education remains largely below expected levels. Despite the relatively high expenditures that Brazilian schools benefit from, the country performed below average several times in a row in the international PISA student comparison.

    Private schools are on the rise in Brazil and in 2019 20% of students went to private schools. These are particularly preferred by the middle class, as public schools are considered inefficient. With Kroton Educacional , the world's largest private education company comes from Brazil. Brazilian universities are also considered leaders in Latin America and according to the Times Higher Education ranking , 7 of the 10 best universities in Latin America are from Brazil. First place in Brazil went to the Universidade de São Paulo .

    Literacy rate

    Literacy Share (2018)
    total 93.2%
    Men 93.0%
    Women 93.4%

    Social

    Favela Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro

    Brazil is a middle-income emerging market, ranked 79th out of 189 countries in the 2019 Human Development Index . Significant progress has been made in improving social parameters over the last few decades. In this way, hunger was almost completely defeated and illiteracy was greatly suppressed. Increasing state income allowed the establishment of a social system and the expansion of health and education. With social programs like Bolsa Família , which provides a basic income for poor families, the most extreme forms of poverty have been pushed back. Yet poverty remains a major problem in Brazil. Poverty in Brazil is most strongly characterized by the favelas, slums in the country's metropolitan areas and remote regions inland, which suffer from economic underdevelopment and below-average standard of living. In Rio de Janeiro, around one fifth of the six million inhabitants live in several hundred favelas on steep, neglected land that is largely beyond the control and services of city authorities. In total, up to 50 million Brazilians live in inadequate or unsafe accommodation (2010). However, almost 100% of the population now have access to electricity (2018) and around 70% have internet access (2020). The proportion of people who lived on less than US $ 5.50 per day in purchasing power parity was 19.9% ​​of the population in 2018. In 1980 it was still over 60%, but began to rise again in 2014. Poverty is particularly widespread among the colored, indigenous and black populations, while Asians and whites are far less poor.

    Social inequality is very pronounced in Brazil and Brazilian society is one of the most unequal in the world. In 2018, the richest 10% of the population received over 43% of the national income. The inequality in the distribution of wealth is even higher. As in many Latin American countries, the strong social stratification is still based on the old colonial class structures. There is also high inequality between different regions of the country and between urban centers and the rural periphery. The south and south-east of the country have a significantly higher socio-economic development than the north and north-east of the country.

    Brazil has serious problems with crime. Criminal offenses such as murder , assault , robbery and kidnapping are above average. Often these are related to gang and gang crime. Often gangs control entire neighborhoods of cities. Police brutality and corruption are also widespread. In Rio de Janeiro alone, police killed 1,444 people in 2018. Between 1980 and 2004, more than 800,000 people were murdered in Brazil. There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018.

    Individual evidence

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