History of the city of Paderborn
The history of the city of Paderborn describes the development of the East Westphalian city of Paderborn , which at the beginning was a medieval craftsmen's settlement Balhorn and finally became the district town of the Paderborn district .
Prehistory and early history
Individual settlement finds in the Paderborn region can be identified from the end of the Paleolithic Age and the receding glaciation with the end of the Ice Ages. There are several archaeological sites of Middle Stone Age camps, larger earthworks and Neolithic stone box graves , as well as Bronze Age barrows and permanent living spaces since at least the pre-Roman Iron Age . In Roman times, Paderborn generally belonged to the settlement area of the West Germanic peoples and thus to the area of different tribes over the centuries. At the time of the Roman supply depot near Anreppen a few kilometers to the west, which was established in AD 4 and only existed for a few years as a result of the Roman defeat in the Varus Battle , these were the Brukterer . Due to logistical considerations on marching distances, water supply and connections to passes, it is unlikely that this camp was the easternmost Roman camp along the Lippe. It is more likely that one or more other, as yet undiscovered camps were located near the sources of the Lippe or the Pader in the Paderborn area.
The large medieval craftsmen's settlement Balhorn along the Alme in the west of the city (Balhorner Feld, today between the city center and the Wewer district ), at the intersection of Hellweg and Frankfurter Weg (via regia), probably existed until its demise at least around Christ Birth. At the time of the Great Migration from around 300–600, with a few exceptions, settlement continuity was broken and individual Germanic settlements in the Paderborn area fell into disrepair.
Early middle ages
City view of Paderborn from the southwest. From left: Abdinghofkirche (demolished in 1784), Westerntor, Market St. Pancras, Dom , Gaukirche , Jesuit College , Busdorfkirche . Copper engraving by Matthäus Merian from 1647 based on a template from 1629.
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In the 7th century the Saxon tribes invading from the north established themselves , in the greater Paderborn area the Engern (west of it the Westphalia , east the East Falcons ). In 772 the Frankish Saxon Wars decided at the Imperial Assembly of Worms began . As a result, Charlemagne invaded the Engern region from the south via the via regia . In 776 Charlemagne stayed in Paderborn after (controversial among contemporaries) violent submission of the pagan Saxon tribes. The founding of the Karlsburg and later Palatinate Paderborn at the Paderquellen came about for the Christianization of the Saxons. The Carolingian Palatinate at the Paderquellen as the residence of the new ruler is considered the birthplace of the medieval German Empire. In 777 the first Reichstag and a mission synod took place under Charlemagne in Paderborn. At the same time, this was the first official naming of the settlement at the Paderquellen ( patris brunna ). Further imperial assemblies of Karl in Paderborn took place in 780, 782, 783, 785, 799, among others. After long battles, several uprisings by the Saxons and the decisive battle on the Sintfeld south of Paderborn, the city belonged to the Franconian Empire from 794 . Pope Leo III met in 799 . , who had to flee from Rome before an uprising, with Charlemagne on the Paderborn Palatinate to ask for his help. In return was the promise of Charles's coronation as emperor, which took place in Rome in 800. In addition, the Diocese of Paderborn was founded, from which today's Archdiocese of Paderborn emerged . Construction of the first predecessor church of today's Paderborn Cathedral also began in 799. The first bishop of Paderborn was the Saxon Hathumar, who originally grew up as a hostage under the Franks, in 806 . He had the cathedral enlarged and, for the first time, a brick fortification built around the settlement near the cathedral , the cathedral freedom .
An imperial assembly in Paderborn in 815 under Emperor Ludwig the Pious decided to found the Neu-Corbie monastery, later Corvey, and the new Hildesheim diocese, with the appointment of the Reims canon Gunthar as the first bishop of Hildesheim ; he received a protection and immunity diploma from Ludwig the Pious , the text of which has, however, been lost. In 822 Ludwig the Pious granted the diocese of Paderborn under Bishop Badurad the right to mint . To strengthen the new Christian faith among the converted Saxons, the relics of St. Liborius were transferred from Le Mans to Paderborn in 836. This marked the beginning of the oldest town twinning in Europe.
After the division of the Franconian Empire in the Treaty of Verdun , Paderborn belonged to the East Franconian Empire under Ludwig the German from 843 and was the capital of the eponymous monastery in this later Old Empire .
The Hungarians marauding in the empire were unable to take Paderborn in their third campaign in 924, thanks to the steadfastness of the unofficial militia. According to the law on the military constitution of the cities issued by King Heinrich I , an official vigilante group was established to defend the city, which required the existence of an official city charter due to the citizen's oath. It is speculated that Paderborn's good fortifications and its unofficial vigilante groups served the king as a model for the law. The official vigilante group existed until it was banned in 1806.
High Middle Ages
In the year 1000 a major fire raged in the city, which also destroyed the Palatinate and the early cathedral. In 1002, Kunigunde (wife of Heinrich II. ) Was crowned king in Paderborn . A new cathedral was built between 1009 and 1015, begun by Meinwerk (bishop until 1036), from which the two small round towers today come. He also founded the Abdinghof Benedictine monastery (1019) and the Busdorf monastery , had the bishop's palace and Bartholomew's chapel built, and renewed the fortifications of Hathumar's Carolingian castle town and town.
After the death of the prince-elector and archbishop of Mainz, the arch-chancellor of the empire, Paderborn was released from secular dependence on Mainz in 1011 and made an imperial diocese.
The first documentary mention of Paderborn as a city comes from 1028.
From 1051 to 1076, Bishop Imad had the cathedral built with today's large west tower (from 1068) and expanded the Busdorf Church between 1060 and 1071. In 1058, almost the entire city fell victim to a second large conflagration in Paderborn. There was another big city fire as early as 1133.
The outer city fortifications evidently existed in 1146 in the expansion of the core ring that is still visible today (description in a papal bull to Bishop Bernhard I ). After another major fire in 1165 in the west of the city, the Marktkirche and Abdinghof were rebuilt.
The oldest surviving document with a city seal dates from 1222. In the same year the citizens revolted against the episcopal rule. In 1225, King Henry VII severely restricted the power of the episcopal count and granted the citizenry privileges. In 1241 the city name "Paderborn" was finally determined.
In 1247, Emperor Friedrich II awarded Bishop Simon I zur Lippe (until 1277) the first title of “Prince Bishop”.
Late Middle Ages
In 1254 Paderborn was mentioned as a Hanseatic city . A year later, the bishop temporarily moved his seat to Neuhaus . A town hall is first mentioned in 1279, when a bread and beer dish was obtained. In 1289 a great conflagration raged across the city. In 1295 Paderborn is mentioned in a document as a member of the Hanseatic League . Here the important trade routes north / south (the Via Regia Bremen - Frankfurt ) and west / east (the Hellweg Aachen - Königsberg ) crossed.
Bishop Bernhard V affirmed the right to free council elections in 1327. In 1340 there was another big fire in the city. During the reign (1341-1361) of Prince Bishop Balduin von Steinfurt , the rampant plague decimated the city's population. In 1370 the Prince-Bishop finally relocated his residence to Neuhaus Castle.
The Electorate and Archdiocese of Cologne , which had tried for decades to forcibly incorporate the Diocese of Paderborn, made peace with Paderborn in 1449, as did the Landgrave of Hesse , which lasted 33 years. After a campaign against Count Otto von Waldeck after his raids in the diocese (plundering of Lichtenau) in 1474, peace was concluded with Waldeck a year later .
Early modern age
The great city fire in 1506 revealed the lack of extinguishing options, which resulted in the construction of an artificial water supply (the "water art" on the floorboard). With the completion of the pumping station and pipes in 1523, Paderborn received its first own pipe network. In 1571 Paderborn had about 5,400 inhabitants.
In the age of confessionalization , the majority of the Paderborn city population became Protestant, mostly against the episcopal sovereign. After a riot in the cathedral freedom (1528), there were factions and sometimes civil war-like revolts among the population, which lasted until 1604. The new faith found its first legal recognition in 1555 under popular pressure. With Heinrich IV. Even the prince-bishop confessed to the new denomination for a short time. In 1578 he rode into Paderborn with his wife. With his death in 1585, the “ Counter Reformation ” began, for which the cathedral chapter brought the Jesuits to Paderborn. In 1604 the Protestant mayor Liborius Wichert (alternatively Wickard or Wichard) was executed in the “Battle for Paderborn” and the city lost its independence to the Catholic prince-bishop. 1612 is the year the Theodorianum was founded . From 1613 to 1618 today's town hall was built in the Weser Renaissance style . In 1614 the Jesuits founded a university that was the oldest university in Westphalia until it was dissolved in 1818. In 1618 there were demonstrably 300 brewing citizens in Paderborn. Christian von Braunschweig stole the Libori shrine in 1622 and melted it down (see Pfaffenfeindtaler ) after its Protestant troops were able to invade the city through betrayal. Five years later (1627) the Libori relics were returned. In 1630 Friedrich von Spee wrote the " Cautio Criminalis " against the witch craze in the Paderborn Jesuit College .
The city experienced a total of 16 sieges during the Thirty Years' War and was severely affected several times by shelling, revenue and looting. Under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Wrangel , it was razed in 1646 by Hessian and Swedish troops. Repairs to the war damage to the city fortifications were completed in 1651. In 1652, sixty-six was played for the first time in the tavern at Eckkamp No. 66 (according to a memorial plaque attached at this point) , which is why it is also known under the name Paderbörnern .
In 1658 the Augustinian choir women founded the Michaelskloster with the St. Michael Paderborn grammar school, the oldest girls' school in North Rhine-Westphalia. Bishop Ferdinand von Fürstenberg ruled from 1661 to 1683 . Construction of the Franciscan Church began in 1661, followed by St. Michael's Church in 1686.
Clemens August von Bayern ruled from 1719 as Prince-Bishop in 1761. In the Seven Years' War he turned against Prussia. The war became a severe test of endurance for his possessions, so that even the existence of the Paderborn Monastery was at stake. Prince-Bishop Wilhelm Anton von der Asseburg left the foundation of the fire insurance company in Paderborn in 1769. In 1770 he opened the first orphanage in Paderborn. From 1772 he had the " Paderborn Intelligence Journal" published. After the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773, he reorganized the Paderborn University , took over the grammar school and university under his direct supervision, and one year later he set up additional chairs for law and the French language . In 1777 he founded the first Paderborn seminary to better care for the future clergy. The 18th century was also shaped by the building activities of the baroque master builder Franz Christoph Nagel .
Modern
In the years 1802/1803 the bishopric fell to Prussia as a result of the secularization , and the prince-bishop lost his secular office as prince. The Napoleonic troops finally took the city without a fight in 1806 and banned the vigilante group. However, it continued to exist as an unofficial guard until 1830, but lost more and more jurisdiction. From 1807 to 1813 Paderborn belonged to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia .
In 1809 the decade-long removal of the ski jumping facility in front of the city gates began.
In 1803/04 Friedrich Sertürner , a pharmacist from Neuhaus, isolated morphine from opium for the first time in a house on the market square .
As a result of the Congress of Vienna (1815), Paderborn finally became part of Prussia and became the seat of a district in 1816 and again a garrison town in 1815 with the entry of the fusilier battalion of the 2nd Westphalian Infantry Regiment No. 15. In addition, the 1st Westphalian Hussar Regiment No. 8 and from 1897 to 1914 the 7th Lorraine Infantry Regiment No. 158 were stationed in Paderborn from 1851 to 1914.
In 1818 the Prussian government dissolved the University of Paderborn .
After a professional police force had been introduced in Paderborn in 1825, the vigilante group was re-established in 1831 as a citizen-shooting association, which still exists today. In 1850 the railway line of the Royal Westphalian Railway Company in the direction of Hamm was opened. In 1853 the route to Kassel followed , so that one could drive from Hamm to Kassel.
In 1854 a gas production plant was established, which from 1855 a. a. a gas-powered street lighting made possible.
The Protestant community received the Abdinghof Church in 1863. A large fire, the so-called "Ükernbrand", destroyed the Ükern area in 1875 and also spread to the cathedral. In 1879 the hamlet of Dören (municipality of Benhausen) was incorporated. Two years later, the Prussian state transferred the city wall to the city free of charge. Because of the poor state of preservation of the wall, this end of the state maintenance obligation led to its forced dismantling; it also hindered urban expansion.
In 1890 the first military training area was built near Sennelager north of the city. From 1898 to 1906, various railway lines opened: from Paderborn in the direction of Büren (Westphalia) ( Almetal-Bahn ) (1898), in the direction of Bielefeld ( Senne-Bahn ) (1902) and in the direction of Lippspringe (1906). 1909 was the founding year of the Paderborn Electricity and Tram Company (PESAG).
As a result of the Lateran Treaty of February 11, 1929, the Diocese of Paderborn was elevated to an archbishopric through the Prussian Concordat in 1930 . Since then, the city has been the seat of the Central German Church Province ( Archdiocese of Paderborn ).
Rathausplatz and Kamp with the Theodorianum High School, 1908
Theodorianum High School, 1918
Rathausplatz and Kamp with the Theodorianum high school, 1938
At the beginning of the Second World War (1939) Paderborn had 42,490 inhabitants, after the war 29,033. In particular, on January 17 and March 27, 1945, heavy Allied air raids on Paderborn destroyed over 85% of the city.
Paderborn under National Socialism
During the Weimar Republic , Paderborn was a stronghold of the Catholic Center Party , which almost always achieved an absolute majority . In 1929 the first local NSDAP association was established in Paderborn, which was initially very small, but soon fought street battles with the KPD . After the seizure of power of Adolf Hitler on 30 January 1933 Hitler and the former were also soon Reich President Paul von Hindenburg appointed honorary citizens. In the Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 (44,429 votes cast), the NSDAP, with 10,544 votes, remained far behind the Center Party, which received 27,963 votes.
During the Reichspogromnacht from November 9th to 10th, 1938, in which Jewish shops and synagogues were vandalized and set on fire , there were also riots in Paderborn that were directed against the Jewish community in Paderborn. At noon on November 10, 1938, the Paderborn synagogue finally burned down. Originally it was supposed to burn at night too, but the proximity of the St. Vincenz Hospital, which at that time was a purely half-timbered building , made it impossible to set fire to a specific fire in order not to endanger the building. Therefore, on the evening of November 9, 1938, a special meeting of the city called at short notice to demolish the synagogue. Since the fire brigade, with reference to the need for rest of the hospital's patients, refused to carry out the associated operation at night, the fire was only started in the morning by bringing several gasoline barrels into the massive stone building. Due to the difference in time and the fact that the decision to demolish the building had to be officially notified, almost all sacred objects could be rescued from the building beforehand. The synagogue itself burned only after the barrels had been tipped over with the help of long poles and the flames were so high that the wooden roof also caught fire.
Since the site of the former synagogue has been built on in the meantime, today's memorial is about 50 meters west of the place where the synagogue once stood. Today the building of the Kolping Education Center in Paderborn stands on the property.
Many deportations took place in Paderborn: over a hundred Paderborn Jews of Jewish faith were killed in concentration camps. In 1942 the last 6 children from the orphanage on Leostraße were deported. Some of the city's Jewish citizens were able to flee abroad; Active and politically supported remembrance work has only existed since the 1980s.
When the Second World War began on September 1, 1939, life in Paderborn was initially relatively unaffected (but many men later had to go to war). There were a few bombing raids on the station facilities, barracks and the air force airfield in the south of the city, in which there were relatively few injuries and deaths and which caused comparatively little damage to the cityscape. However, when the German air defense increasingly lost its power in the wake of the looming defeat and the strategy of bombing German cities by the Allies ( Area Bombing Directive ) increased in intensity, the danger for Paderborn also increased. The medieval-looking inner city, which largely consisted of easily combustible half-timbered houses , was also a target for fire bomb attacks. In 1944 the Hitler Youth and BDM girls were increasingly deployed as flak helpers . The citizens of Paderborn closely followed the coded air situation reports from the military station “ Primadonna ”, which sent them to the air raid shelter in the event of danger for “Konrad Siegfried 2”, the grid square for Paderborn . Air alarms and the howling of sirens had long since become everyday occurrences that in some cases drastically restricted the lives of the population and productivity in the war economy - by autumn 1944 at the latest, the city was in an almost permanent state of alarm.
The first major air raid on Paderborn followed on January 17, 1945 . Until then, people had believed or at least hoped that the then still very rural town would not be a target for the Allies and would therefore not be bombed. The bombing claimed 256 lives and triggered massive rural exodus. After several more air raids, Paderborn was again heavily bombed on March 22nd, killing over 40 people. On March 27, 1945, a Tuesday, the last and largest air raid on Paderborn finally followed. At least 344 of the few thousand people who remained in Paderborn lost their lives; in the end, over 85 percent of the inner city was destroyed. On April 1st, as part of the closure of the Ruhr basin, Paderborn was conquered by the 3rd American Panzer Division, which the day before fought some battles with SS units south of the city (in which US General Maurice Rose was killed , among others ). however, when the city, which had just been destroyed, was taken, there was hardly any resistance worth mentioning.
Paderborn after the Second World War
In 1946 the Pedagogical University was founded (as the Pedagogical Academy). In 1972, this merged the universities of applied sciences in Paderborn, Höxter , Meschede and Soest to form a comprehensive university, at the same time as the University of Paderborn was founded .
The higher technical college for social work in the Meinwerk Institute, founded in 1956, became the Catholic University of Applied Sciences in North Rhine-Westphalia (KFH, today KatHO NRW ) in 1971 and is now Germany's largest state-recognized university of applied sciences with around. 5000 students in Aachen, Münster a. Cologne (including 1000 in Paderborn).
In 1964 the excavations of the Carolingian and Ottonian imperial palaces began. In 1965 Paderborn was connected to the natural gas network. The friendship between cities and Le Mans, which had existed since 836 (since the relics of St. Liborius were transferred from Le Mans to Paderborn), was officially sealed in 1967.
In 1975 the Diocesan Museum was created. Two years later the big 1200th anniversary took place, and the reconstruction of the Ottonian imperial palace, which today houses the museum in the imperial palace , began.In 1981 the Paderhalle was built.
During the Cold War , the city was also a garrison of the 33rd British Armored Brigade.
In 1994 the 4th North Rhine-Westphalia State Horticultural Show took place in Neuhaus Castle. In 1996 Pope John Paul II visited the city. In 1999 both the celebration of the diocese jubilee and the 1200th anniversary of the meeting between Charlemagne and Pope Leo III took place. instead of.
When Germany's largest university party with almost 20,000 people took place on the campus of Paderborn University in 2001, the MTV television station broadcast the event.
In 2002, the city sold its municipal utility (formerly PESAG : Paderborn power stations and tram AG) to E.ON . The North Rhine-Westphalia Day took place in Paderborn in 2007 and thus outside of Düsseldorf for the first time .
literature
- Alois Fuchs : Paderborn ( Westphalian Art ), Munich Berlin 1965 (2nd edition 1976).
- Sveva Gai, Jürgen Udolph : Paderborn. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 22, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-017351-4 , pp. 433-443. (introductory article on the archeology and history of Paderborn)
- Otto Gaul, Anton Henze , Fried Mühlberg, Fritz Stich: Reclam's Art Guide Germany, Bd. 3, North Rhine-Westphalia (art monuments and museums) . Stuttgart 1982.
- Alfred Heggen: State and economy in the principality of Paderborn in the 18th century. Paderborn 1978.
- Karl Hüser , Jörg Jarnut , Frank Göttmann : Paderborn. History of the city in its region . 3 volumes, Paderborn 1999, ISBN 3-506-75690-7 .
- Uwe Lobbedey: The Paderborn Cathedral ( Westphalian Art ) Munich / Berlin 1990.
- Paul Michels: Building history of the Paderborn town hall . Paderborn 1962.
- Margit Naarmann, Die Paderborn Jews 1802–1945. Emancipation, Integration and Destruction , Paderborn 1988.
- Friedrich Philippi : On the constitutional history of the Westphalian bishopric cities with documentary supplements . 1894.
- Westphalian town book ; Volume III, 2nd part of the German city book. Handbook of urban history - on behalf of the working group of historical commissions and with the support of the German Association of Cities, the German Association of Cities and the German Association of Municipalities, ed. by Erich Keyser , Stuttgart 1954.
- Westphalian city atlas ; Volume II, 2 part volume. On behalf of the Historical Commission for Westphalia and with the support of the Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe, ed. by Heinz Stoob and Wilfried Ehbrecht. City map Paderborn, author: Manfred Balzer, ISBN 3-89115-354-6 ; Dortmund-Altenbeken 1981.
Web links
- Official website of the city of Paderborn
- Pictures of the city of Paderborn in the picture archive of the LWL media center for Westphalia
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jörg Jarnut: Longobards in Paderborn? WZ 138 1986, p. 228. Digitized.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Genealogy Middle Ages Diocese of Hildesheim http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/mittelalter-genealogie/mittelalter/bistuemer/hildesheim/hildesheim_bistum.html on October 29, 2006. Ludwig's diploma is only included in the diocese's list of documents from the beginning of the 11th Century mentioned: Karl Janicke: Document book of the Hochstift Hildesheim and its bishops. Vol. 1. bis 1221, Leipzig 1896, p. 52f. No. 60.
- ↑ The Busdorf Church in Paderborn, Source: Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege, 1986 ( Memento of the original of July 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , ISSN 0012-0375 .
- ^ Max Braubach: Elector Clemens August. Life and meaning. In: Elector Clemens August. Sovereign and patron of the 18th century. Cologne 1961, pp. 20-21.
- ↑ Henner Schmude and Michael Pavlicic: Prussian military in Paderborn, and Corvey country. Paderborn 1990. = Local history publication series 21/1990
- ↑ Maximilian von Oertzen: History of the 1st Westphalian Hussar Regiment No. 8 and the Reserve Hussar Regiment No. 5 as well as the other war formations. Paderborn 1939.
- ↑ Alexander Kaiser: Paderborn Infantry Regiment (7th Lothringisches) No. 158. Oldenburg 1924. = Memorial sheets Prussia. Volume 107
- ↑ Statistics of the German Empire. Volume 434: The elections to the Reichstag on July 31, November 6, 1932 and March 5, 1933. Berlin 1935.
