Johannes Schiltberger

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Johannes Schiltberger (* September (?) 1380 in Freising (or Munich ); † after 1427 ; sometimes Johann , Hannes or Hans Schiltberger) was a participant in the Nicopolis crusade from the Aichach area . He spent six years in Ottoman captivity, served in the army under Timur until 1405 after the Battle of Ankara and under his successors until around 1417. He spent the years from 1417 to 1422 in the area of ​​the Golden Horde and also reached areas east of the Urals and the Caucasus . In 1426 he managed to escape and in 1427 he returned to Bavaria . He wrote down his experiences after his return from more than thirty years of imprisonment.

He is sometimes referred to as the "German Marco Polo ". His report was printed several times after his death, the date of which has not been recorded, and was widespread in the late 15th and 16th centuries. It contains numerous cultural observations that have become of great importance for the regions visited and the Central European perception of non-European areas.

Life

Schiltberger possibly came from a Bavarian noble family that can be traced back to the 11th century, that of the Marschalken von Schiltberg . The family castle was razed around 1450 after being destroyed in 1422 . The branch of Johannes' family had already settled in Munich at the time of his birth. As a presumably second or third born, he could not count on a plentiful inheritance, so he hired himself out as a squire of Mr. Leonhard Reichartinger .

At the age of 15, Schiltberger went to war against the Ottomans as a squire in Reichartinger's entourage from Munich . In the battle of Nikopolis , which the Christian army lost under the Hungarian King Sigismund on September 28, 1396, Schiltberger was captured by the Ottomans. Reichartinger was killed. In the following year Schiltberger took part in the campaigns of Sultan Bayezids I , first as a foot soldier and later as a cavalryman .

In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Schiltberger and Sultan Bayezid were captured by the Mongolians . He remained in Timur Lenk's entourage until 1405 , after Timur's death he was handed over to his son Shah-Ruch , and later to his brother Miran Shah . After Abu Bakr, son of Miran Shah and grandson of Timur served, gave him this probably in 1417 the Kipchak -Prinzen Čegre who briefly Khan of the Golden Horde was.

After his death, Schiltberger belonged to the retinue of Prince Muhammad, but in 1426 he fled to Constantinople . From there he returned to his Bavarian homeland in 1427, where he met a neighbor, the later Duke Albrecht III. , served as servant or chamberlain and commander of the bodyguard, as John Aventinus reports. When the Duke ascended the throne in Munich in 1438, Schiltberger stayed on his estate, where he probably died at an unknown time.

According to the information in his travel report, Schiltberger has seen all the countries around the Black Sea , Egypt , Baghdad and Persia , the area from Herat to Delhi , Samarqand , Siberia and Constantinople. He wrote down his experiences in an autobiographical report. It appeared in print around 1473.

Schiltberger's report

Schiltberger's account is not written as a continuous story of his life or his imprisonment. Instead, he repeatedly inserts extensive descriptions that occasionally take on a downright ethnological character. He chose the names of the countries and cities he visited after “the language of the lant”, that is, according to local customs. Nevertheless, he did not hesitate to copy from other authors, such as Jehan de Mandeville . He in no way hides this, but reports, for example, that he did not visit the St. Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula , but had to fall back on other witnesses.

At the beginning of his 67 chapters, Johannes Schiltberger tells, in three chapters, of the departure of the Crusaders, who were under the leadership of the Hungarian King and later Emperor Sigmund. The crusader army drove down the Danube to Bulgaria . When it came to the battle with the Turks, Schiltberger saved his master's life. The following is a description of the defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis , in which Reichartinger was killed and Schiltberger was taken prisoner. The advance of the French warriors under Johann Ohnefurcht , the son of the Duke of Burgundy, had led to defeat. The victorious Sultan Bayezid, who allegedly led 200,000 men, had all prisoners brought before them on ropes and ordered their execution after discovering that the Christians had previously executed several hundred Turkish prisoners. The Turks who refused to kill their prisoners were replaced by others.

Revenge on the prisoners of the battle of Nikopolis, Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Bruges, Ms. 2646, handwriting of Ludwig von Bruges , f. 255v, 170 × 200 mm, after 1470

Schiltberger, struggling with death through three wounds, was saved by the sultan's son, who brought him to the younger prisoners, because none of the prisoners under twenty were to be executed. He himself writes that he was "barely sixteen years old" at the time. The sultan reportedly had ten thousand beheaded, the rest were taken prisoner. Schiltberger came to Adrianople , of which he - as so often exaggerated - reports that it had 50,000 houses (ed. Neumann, p. 93). From there it went to Gallipoli ("kalipoli") 15 days later . There, 300 prisoners were led on ropes into a tower (56), where the young prisoners stayed for a total of two months. When King Sigmund, who feared treachery and therefore shied away from the route through Wallachia (which Schiltberger hides), drove past there, they were shown to him. Johann Ohnefurcht was also among them, but he was ransomed.

Schiltberger was assigned to the prisoners of the Sultan, whom he referred to as "King" (54–56). From there he moved to the capital Bursa ("wursa", allegedly 200,000 houses, 94), where he fell ill due to his three wounds. As a result, it was never given away to a Hungarian follower, nor to the “King of Babilonia” - he calls it “wahdat” (Baghdad) -, to Tartaria or to Greater Armenia , as happened to others.

Instead, he initially served as the sultan's foot walker, whose campaigns Schiltberger describes in Chapters 4 to 14. He replaced largely the perspective and only rarely reported in the I-form . He later received a horse and served another six years in the cavalry (here Schiltberger's memory is apparently imprecise, as he doubles the period from six to twelve years). Then he describes the conquest of Konya .

At a time that cannot be precisely determined, 60 Christians from Bursa came together, as Schiltberger explains in Chapter 6, swore one another and chose two captains to attempt an escape. But they put 500 mounted men in a Klus (61-63), where a Turkish captain swore to them that he would save their lives if they surrender without a fight. They agreed. When the prisoners were brought before the sultan, who wanted to have them executed, the captain's kneeling convince him that they had not harmed anyone. Instead of being executed, they were subjected to harsh captivity in which 12 men died. The eldest son of the Sultan, Emir Suleyman, managed to get the prisoners released again. He made them swear allegiance, provided them with horses again and even increased their wages (ed. Neumann, 61–63).

Now Schiltberger moved to Kayseri with Süleyman, Bayezid's eldest son , but instead of Süleyman his brother Mehmed became master of the city (1399-?). Schiltberger was soon one of 20,000 auxiliary troops for the Mamluken Sultan ruling Egypt , who used them against insurgents. He then returned from Egypt to Bayezid's forces. This now occupied Damascus , which was subject to Timur , then Sebast .

Timur had conquered this city after 21 days of siege with allegedly a million men ("tens of hundreds of thousands"), promising not to shed anyone's blood, as Schiltberger reports. Instead, he had the defenders buried alive and captured the rest of them.

Empire of Timur 1405

Bayezid conquered Armenia back, whereupon Timur moved with "six hundred tusent mannen" against Bayezid, who faced him on July 20, 1402 with "two hundred tusent mannen" near Ankara . The Ottoman army was defeated, Bayezid tried to flee with a thousand horsemen, but was taken prisoner.

Schiltberger was also captured - here he is writing again in first-person form for the first time - and reports in chapters 15 to 21 of the campaigns and internal disputes in the kingdom of Timur. This and “XII Hundred Tusent Man” marched against Aleppo (400,000 houses) and stormed the city. From there it went with a million against "Babylon" ( Baghdad ), but Timur withdrew because of the excessive heat. Soon they went to India , where Timur had horses and camels tied on boards to lower them from high mountains into the valley. Timur faced an Indian king with 400 war elephants , on whose backs were towers with at least 10 men each (77). Timur had the elephants driven away by loading wood for 20,000 camels and setting it on fire. The Indian king had to pay tribute and provide 30,000 auxiliary troops who marched against Isfahan .

After the conquest, the Isfahans betrayed Timur and cut down his 6,000-man crew. Timur returned and demanded the extradition of 12,000 archers. He had their thumbs chopped off and sent them back. In addition, he had 7,000 children of his riders, who initially refused to ride down and burn the city down.

After 12 years of absence, Timur returned to Samarkand , his capital. According to Schiltberger, he died there for several reasons. On the one hand because he fell ill in his last war, the war in China, then because the youngest of his three wives had betrayed him and had her beheaded, and finally because he had been betrayed by the tribute collectors. Schiltberger was with Timur from July 20, 1402 to February 17, 1405, i.e. until his death.

Timur left two sons, " Shah Roch " and Miran Shah , the first received Samarkand, the second Persia - his capital became Herat . Schiltberger came to Shāh Ruch, in his country Khorasan . Shah Ruch occupied Armenia and handed it over to his brother and 20,000 men, among them Schiltberger. "Here the Schiltberger stayed by des tümerlins sun miraschach." (84).

A year later Miran suffered a defeat in the battle of Nagorno-Karabakh and was executed. Schiltberger came to live with Miran Shah's son Abu Bekr for four years (approx. 1406–1410?).

At his court there was a prince from the realm of the Golden Horde ("uss of the great Tartaria") (86), who wanted to inherit. He asked Abu Bekr to leave and took 600 horses with him. Schiltberger was there. They moved through "Be Country" by Georgia , by another country where silk grew, then Shirvan , the towels Kaffa delivered, have been refined there. “The syden are also brought to Venice and Luckcha , because the good samat are served.” From there they moved through Schubram, then Derbent (on the border between “Persia” and “Tartaria”), then to Astrakhan , in the middle of the Volga (Edil) lay - then to the Volga Bulgarians . Their Christian priests led “kürchen with Latin and singing and reading ir prayer in tarterscher sprach” - Schiltberger suspects, so that the people were more faithful because the sermon was in their mother tongue.

Now Schiltberger came to "Ebegu" ( Edigü , approx. 1395-1418 one of the most powerful men in the area of ​​the Golden Horde), who offered to help the prince to the throne. Ebegu and Prince “Zeggrai” first moved to Siberia - Schiltberger's mention of this name is the first ever - for two months: “There is a pirg in that country that is two and thirty days long. The people themselves warn that there is a desert at the end of the pirg ... And in the same desert no one must have any knowledge of worms and animals. ... The steeds are the size of the donkeys .... There are also dogs in the benanten country who pull in carts and in sleighs. ”Schiltberger says they are clothed and big as donkeys. “And in that country she eats the dog.” Possibly it was Christian Ugrians , possibly Chanten or Mansi that Schiltberger met. "I've seen all of this and have been darby by the aforementioned king sun zeggrai", Schiltberger emphasized his eyewitness (90).

“Then the edigi and min lord of the zeggra came and sold the kunig. And Edigi makes mine men too expensive when he promised in Hett. The what will come in nine months. ”(1412-13?). So Cegre became Khan of the Golden Horde for nine months after Edigi brought him to the throne. But Schiltberger's new master was driven out by a " machmet " and fled to Descht-i-Kipchak (= "steppe of the hollow tree"), between Terek and the west bank of the Caspian Sea , which Schiltberger calls the "White Sea". In further arguments, Schiltberger's master was killed.

Schiltberger reports how during his presence at the court of Cegres a woman named "saturmelikh" came to the court accompanied by 4,000 armed women (91f.). She demanded satisfaction for the killing of her husband by a Tatar . The perpetrator was a prisoner and had to kneel in front of her. Before Schiltberger's eyes she drew a sword and beheaded him. Then she left the courtyard.

Schiltberger saw on his journey not only sled dogs but also camels and giraffes in India ( "heissent Surnasa that is gelich a millet, when is it a highs animal and has a long neck, which is four claffter long or lenger. And has vornen hoch füß und hinden kurtz ”). From Tartarei he reports that millet is eaten there , no bread and no wine, but horse and camel milk . But meat "salty first and then it s sy nit hurt, if it sausages from the worm of the horse and sausages under the saddle of the horse, when the juice is served. They do that when they don't have to prepare the spis. It is also customary when you are up early in the morning, so you bring it soberly in the raw milk in a guldin bowl. ”(105) So the Tartars preserved their meat by placing it under the saddle and squeezing it out. The rulers were also given horse milk in golden bowls, which they drank soberly.

From Kaffa he reports that the city had two curtain walls and consisted of 17,000 houses.

From “starchus” ( Circassia ) he reports that “bas lüt lived there, when they advertised ire aigne kinder den haiden and stelae others say ire child and Verkoffens, and are also raw on the streets and have a special habit. You are also used to when the weather is bad, so put them in a chest and put them on a high bomb. Dorunder then kills the people in the area and brings ir food and ir drink with them to under the bomb. They dance and have a great joy in dörwider. They sting ox and lember and give by big will. They do it dry day after day and when jars zit come and die wil still die on the bomb. So they come back and do what they have done until the dead. They do that there, when they menent, he sy heillig, dorumb that defeated them in the weather. ”At those passages where it is a question of describing unknown customs, Schiltberger is occasionally quite precise, especially when compared with the laconic language used earlier Traveller. Presumably he meant the elaborate funeral rituals for someone who was struck by lightning.

He thought Cairo was particularly big, because he assumed there were 144,000 houses there, but, as he correctly stated, only slaves, called Mamelukes, could become sultans. In fact, the Mamluk military slaves , who also served in other Islamic states, had ruled Egypt since 1250.

He describes Constantinople in great detail as a city with a wall that shows "fifteen hundred ture". He writes: “Constantinople is called the crawling istimboli. But the Türcken hot stampol. ”He was particularly impressed by Hagia Sophia (137) and the memory of the siege of Constantinople, which began in 1394 and lasted seven years.

He reports of the Armenians that they are “tütschen gar nice” (very fond of the Germans) and that they called the Germans “nymitsch”. Schiltberger distinguished between the three kingdoms "Tifflis", "syos" (Sis) and "erfigau" ( Lesser Armenia ).

After the end of Cegres, Schiltberger came to “Manstzuch”, a former advisor (“rauts herr”) to the dead (157). His new master in turn fled to Circassia, where Schiltberger stayed for half a year. From there he moved to “magrill” ( Mingrelia ) in western Georgia .

There Schiltberger made an appointment with four other Christians to dare to flee, as he reports in Chapter 30. After several days they saw a "kocken", a Genoese merchant who took them away. But three days later they were ambushed by Turkish pirates , from whom they escaped after an adventurous escape to Constantinople.

The Byzantine emperor let her stay after several months in Constantinople Opel in the Danube Delta , in a palace called Kilia bring from where Schiltberger about Akkerman in Wallachia westward reached. In Lemberg (“Limburgh”) he was ill for three months. Finally, after 32 years of absence, he finally reached his native Freising via Eger and Regensburg as well as Landshut , "because I am after porn".

Then follows in the description the Armenian and Turkish Our Father .

The report is therefore structured in such a way that the captivity is described in the first 30 chapters, followed by a retrospective description of the places he visited in chapters 32 to 38. Egypt follows up to chapter 40, the Holy Land fills chapters 41–44 , then India (45), Alexandria (46f.), finally extensive explanations on Islam (48–59), finally languages ​​(60), wedding customs (61) and again a description of the country, this time for Armenia (62–66). In the last chapter Schiltberger reports on his journey home.

Manuscripts and editions

Edition by Valentin Langmantel, 1885

Three complete and three fragmentary manuscripts of Schiltberger's travel book still exist ; one manuscript, possibly an autograph , has been lost.

Heidelberg

The Neumann edition is based on the so-called Heidelberg manuscript. This manuscript is in the Heidelberg University Library .

It is written in the Lower Alemannic dialect, with a few Swabian sprinkles. The manuscript comprises 96 sheets of 160–165 × 105 mm, with 25 lines per page written down. The copy was made in a Bastarda by one hand. The brown calf leather binding over wood bears a gilded plate with a portrait of Elector Ottheinrich of the Palatinate in a cartouche . During the restoration in 1962, an old, paper-based title plate was found that was removed (Cod. Pal. Germ. I).

The library title (from 1556/1559) of the work was "Schiltberger von frembden landen".

The year 1443 was mistakenly held to be the year the Heidelberg manuscript Cpg 216 was written. However, it was only created around 1480.

Karlsruhe-Donaueschingen

A second manuscript comes from the Fürstenberg library in Donaueschingen and is now in the Badische Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe under the signature Cod.Donaueschingen 481. Karl August Barack suspected in 1865 that this manuscript was created at the same time, at least not later, than the Heidelberg manuscript which Neumann used as the basis for his edition. It is a paper manuscript comprising 134 quart leaves, which he titled “Johannes Schiltberger's from Munich Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa from 1394–1427”. The wooden lid band is therefore covered with sheepskin and bears humps and buckles made of brass.

Munich

Another manuscript, originally from Nuremberg, is in Munich, City Library Monacensia Literaturarchiv, L 1603. It consists of 251 sheets of 272 × 190 mm, which have been bound together from five originally independent travelogues. Ff. 190r-249r contain Schiltberger's writing, plus ff. 1r-59r Marco Polo: Reisen , ff. 62r-86r Johannes Hartlieb: Brandan , ff. 88r-166r Jean de Mandeville: travel description (German by Michel Velser) and on ff. 168r-186r Konrad Steckel: Translation of the China travelogue of the Odorico de Pordenone .

Fragments

A fragmentary manuscript from the second half of the 15th century can be found in St. Gallen's Abbey Library, 628. The entire manuscript comprises 940 pages, but in addition to Schiltberger's work (on pp. 918–940) it contains the St. Gallen World Chronicle (Pp. 3-796), St. Galler Cato (250f.), Johannes von Hildesheim : Historia trium regum (in German) and Jean de Mandeville: travel description (German by Otto von Diemeringen, pp. 854-917).

In the Berlin State Library there is another fragment (State Library, Fragm. 73) that dates from the 15th century. It comprises 18 sheets of 250 × 180 mm. In Strasbourg there is also a fragment in the National and University Library, ms. 2119. The 299 folia of the paper codex measuring 290 × 197 mm, which are described in two columns, contain a fragment of Schiltberger's writing on ff. 280ra – 291rb. It also dates from the second half of the 15th century.

The lost Nuremberg manuscript

A manuscript, possibly an autograph by Schiltberger, was lost at the beginning of the 19th century. After Neumann's depiction, this manuscript was sent from Munich to Nuremberg in order to prepare a print edition, where it remained. 1488 or shortly before she had a bailiff acquired named Matthew Bratzl that the work to which he writings main airports like Brendan , Marco Polo and Ulrich Friuli be allowed to add, bind and given a map. However, this map was no longer available in 1788. Abraham Jacob Penzel borrowed the manuscript and translated it in order to publish it. The edition was entitled Schiltberger's from Munich, captured by the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1395, led into paganism and returned home in 1427, journey to the Orient and wonderful events written by himself. From an old manuscript, and edited by AJ Penzel . It was published in Munich in 1814. Penzel was extremely arbitrary with the text and was not afraid to announce that he had added entertaining stories. Penzel died in Jena on March 17, 1819 , but the manuscript did not appear in his estate. It's lost.

Printed editions

The first printed edition appeared in Augsburg around 1460, when Schiltberger had already died. Four more editions appeared up to around 1500, for example by Anton Sorg around 1478, and another six followed in the 16th century. One of them, published in Nuremberg around 1550, is in the Badische Landesbibliothek under the title A wonderful and kürtzweylige Histori, like Schildtberger, one outside of the City of Munich in Bavaria, captured by the Turks, brought to the Heydenschaffs and come back .

Editions as well as facsimile and popular editions

Editions that were more likely to meet scientific requirements were published by Neumann in Munich in 1859 based on the Heidelberg manuscript, Philipp Bruun in Odessa in 1866 based on the same text, Buchan Telfer in London in 1879 and Langmantel in Tübingen in 1885. The Neumann edition is based on the Heidelberg manuscript Cpg 216, the von Langmantel is based on the former Nuremberg, now Munich manuscript (Stadtbibliothek, L 1608).

In Insel Verlag in 1917 appeared as the Island Book 219/1 an abridged edition (chapbook) the edition of Langmantel without critical apparatus, in addition to legendary sections, was above all dispensed with geographical and historical passages, "so far not covering the able to attract naive readers ”(p. 77). Pressler published a facsimile print in 1969. A Turkish edition came out in 1997.

Local aftermath

Coat of arms of the community of Schiltberg

In 1878 the descendants of Schiltberger received the authorization to use the title "Marschalk von Schiltberg" again. In 1952 a feature by Hubertus Prolongarus-Crevenna appeared on Bayerischer Rundfunk under the title Hans Schiltberger goes to the heathen . In the next year the local poet Georg Eberl (1893–1975) developed the idea of performing the life of "Hans von Schiltberg" on an open-air stage in Schiltberg. From 1977 to 1980 a theater association built a new open-air stage that functions as a "literary theater".

Today's municipality of Schiltberg removed the three diamonds from the seal of the Marschalken in 1970 and added them to its city arms.

Editions and Literature

  • AJ Penzel (Ed.): Schiltberger's from Munich captured by the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1395, led into paganism, and returned home in 1427, journey to the Orient and a wonderful incident , Munich 1814 ( digitized ).
  • Karl Friedrich Neumann (Ed.): Journeys of Johannes Schiltberger from Munich in Europe, Asia and Africa from 1394 to 1427 , Munich 1859 ( digital ; reprint 1976; based on the Heidelberg manuscript).
  • Valentin Langmantel: Hans Schiltberger's travel book based on the Nuremberg manuscript , Tübingen 1885 ( digital , Wikisource )
  • Ulrich Schlemmer (Ed.): Johannes Schiltberger. As a slave in the Ottoman Empire and with the Tatars 1394-1427 , Stuttgart 1983. ISBN 3-522-60440-7
  • Michael Weithmann: A beer among "Turks and Tatars". Hans Schiltberger's involuntary journey to the Orient , in: Literatur in Bayern 21 (2005) 2–15.
  • Jürgen Wurst: Johann Schiltberger , in: Jürgen Wurst and Alexander Langheiter (eds.): Monachia. Munich: Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, 2005, p. 147. ISBN 3-88645-156-9
  • V. Long coat:  Schiltberger, Hans . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 31, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1890, pp. 262-264.
  • Hans-Jochen Schiewer : Johannes Schiltberger , in: author lexicon 8 (1992), Sp. 675-679
  • Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Life among pagans. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar Experiences , in: Daphnis 21 (1992) 159–178
  • HD Homann: Schiltberger, Johannes , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Vol. VII, Sp. 1465f.
  • Matthias Miller, Karin Zimmermann: The Codices Palatini germanici in the Heidelberg University Library (Cod. Pal. Germ. 182-303) , Wiesbaden 2005, p. 108f.
  • Markus Tremmel (ed.): Johann Schiltberger's odyssey through the Orient. The sensational report of a journey that began in 1394 and only ended after more than 30 years , Taufkirchen: via verbis bavarica 2000, ISBN 978-3-935115-05-6
  • Rose Grässel (Ed.): Hans Schiltberger's Journey into the Heidenschaft , Claassen & Goverts 1947.
  • Elisabeth Geck (Ed.): Hans Schiltberger's travel book , facsimile print based on the edition by Anton Sorg, Augsburg around 1476, Wiesbaden: Pressler 1969
  • Philipp Bruun, John Buchan Telfer: The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, a Native of Bavaria, in Europa, Asia, and Africa, 1396-1427: Translated from the Heidelberg Ms. , 1859, reprint Kessinger Publishing 1993 (?)
  • Joseph Bergbauer: The itinerary of the Munich traveler to the Orient, Hans Schiltberger, from the time of his departure from home (1394) to his capture by Tamerlan in the battle of Angora (1402) , in: Dr. A. Petermann's communications from Justus Perthes' geographical institution, Ed. Paul Langhans 60 (1914), Vol. 2, pp. 263-265.
  • Tremmel, Markus:  Schiltberger, Hans (Johann). In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 773 f. ( Digitized version ).

Web links

Wikisource: Johannes Schiltberger  - Sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ↑ Edwart Mager: Schiltberg. The old Bavarian Marschalken von Schiltberg and their descendants , in: Blätter des Bayerischen Landesverein für Familienkunde eV XIII (1976) 63-89.
  2. ↑ a b c Hans Holzhaider : The man who survived In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of October 11, 2016, p. R15.
  3. ↑ Matheus Brätzl, who compiled the manuscript that is now in Munich, characterizes Schiltberger as "nobleman" and "servant ... of the most brilliant prince and gentleman hern Albrechte". Aventine made him the treasurer Albrechts in his Bavarian Chronicle (Schewer: Leben unter Heiden, p. 161, note 9).
  4. ↑ Hans Rupprich : From the late Middle Ages to the Baroque (Helmut de Boor and Richard Newald: History of German Literature , Vol. IV / 1), CH Beck, p. 160.
  5. ^ Matthias Miller and Karin Zimmermann: The Codices Palatini germanici in the Heidelberg University Library (Cod. Pal. Germ. 182-303) (Catalogs of the Heidelberg University Library VII), Wiesbaden 2005, p. 108f.
  6. ↑ 208 × 153 mm one follows the manuscript census .
  7. ↑ As already Neumann, p. 14 and Schlemmer, p. 36. The article follows the scientific description by Karin Zimmermann, 2003 (PDF; 41 kB)
  8. ↑ Karlsruhe, Landesbibliothek, Cod. Donaueschingen 481 (after: Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Leben unter Heiden. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar Experiences , in: Daphnis Vol. 21 (1992), pp. 159–178, here p. 173).
  9. ↑ On this Karl August Barack: The manuscripts of the Fürstlich-Fürstenbergische Hofbibliothek zu Donaueschingen , Tübingen 1865 (reprint Hildesheim / New York 1974), p. 326f. or No. 481.
  10. ↑ Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Life among Heiden. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar experiences, in: Daphnis Vol. 21 (1992), pp. 159–178, here: p. 161.
  11. ↑ Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Life among Heiden. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar experiences , in: Daphnis Vol. 21 (1992), pp. 159–178, here p. 174 (No. 4).
  12. ^ Gustav Scherrer: Directory of the manuscripts of the abbey library of St. Gallen , Halle 1875 (reprint Hildesheim / New York 1975), p. 204f.
  13. ↑ After: Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Life under Heiden. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar experiences , in: Daphnis 21 (1992) 159-178, here p. 173, no.1.
  14. ↑ After: Hans-Jochen Schiewer: Life under Heiden. Hans Schiltberger's Turkish and Tartar experiences , in: Daphnis Vol. 21 (1992), pp. 159–178, here pp. 174f., No. 4 and Ernest Wickersheimer : Catalog Général des Manuscrits des Bibliothèques Publiques de France, Départements 47, Strasbourg , Paris 1923, p. 444: “Fol. 280. Voyage de Johannes Schiltberger, "From first, Königk sends Sigmund in the jare as one has ten hundred and in the L.XXXXIIII jare ..."
  15. ↑ p. 28ff.
  16. ↑ digitized version
  17. ↑ The bondage and travels of Johann Schiltberger. Translated from the Heidelberg MS. by J. Buchan Telfer. With notes by professor P. Bruun of the imperal university at Odessa , London 1879 ( digital ). See S. Riezler: Geschichte Baierns , vol. 3, Gotha 1889, p. 918.
  18. ↑ Schiltberger's travel book (Prisoners of War in Western Asia from 1394-1425). Copy of IB 219/1 from the Library of the University of California, Los Angeles, scanned with the woodcuts of the first print (around 1475)
  19. ↑ Hans Schiltberger's travel book (facsimile print of the original edition). Augsburg around 1476 . Pressler publishing house, Wiesbaden 1969
  20. ↑ Turgut Akpınar (ed.): Türkler ve Tatarlar arasında, 1394-1427 = As a slave in the Ottoman Empire and with the Tatars, 1394-1427 , İletişim 1997
  21. ^ According to Land und Menschen, Radio, Part I: Broadcasting documents 1948 to 1976, edited by Isabella Kratzer, Friedrich Roehrer-Ertl and Andreas Scherrer, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Historisches Archiv August 2007, p. 127, the program was broadcast on June 2, 1952.
  22. ↑ Bavaria's municipalities. Coat of arms, history, geography, community Schiltberg, House of Bavarian History  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hdbg.de  
personal data
SURNAME Schiltberger, Johannes
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schildberger, Johannes
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Squire, follower, world traveler
DATE OF BIRTH 1380
PLACE OF BIRTH Freising
DATE OF DEATH after 1427