Yugoslavian nostalgia
Yugo nostalgia , Yugonostalgia or Yugoslavia nostalgia ( Serbo-Croatian , Slovenian and Macedonian : jugonostalgija , Cyrillic југоносталгија ) denotes different social phenomena that take up the positive aspects of socialist Yugoslavia in a reminiscent of, sometimes idealize, as well as sentimentally . This relates to ideological, economic-social or cultural aspects. Sometimes the term refers to a specific Tito nostalgia and veneration ("Titostalgia"), which can also be commercially shaped. Yugoslav nostalgia is seen both in people who have experienced socialist Yugoslavia themselves and in those who only know it indirectly. A comparable phenomenon is the Ostalgie , in which the former GDR is the object of positive and sometimes transfigured memory.
There are different assumptions about the background and causes. A frequently cited reason for the emergence of jugonostalgic feelings is the fact that many people could not cope with the sudden loss of the Yugoslav identity they had built up and cultivated over decades , feel uprooted and homeless and cannot identify with the new political realities. As a result of the yugo nostalgia wave, the term jugosphere was created for the former national territory.
The social assessment of “Yugo nostalgia” is controversial both within the successor states of Yugoslavia and outside of it.
Word origin
The first use of the term Jugonostalgija is attributed to the Croatian writer Dubravka Ugrešić , who used it in her essay Konfiskacija pamćenja (English version: confiscation of memory) . A person who lives the Jugo nostalgia is called jugonostalgičar / jugonostalgičarka (Jugonostalgikerin / Jugonostalgikerin).
Diffusion and perception
distribution
According to a survey by the Croatian branch of the Ipsos Institute in 2011, only 5% of Kosovar citizens and 18% of Croatian citizens regret the collapse of Yugoslavia. This percentage is considerably higher in the other successor states: 45.3% in Macedonia, 63.1% in Montenegro, 68.2% in Bosnia-Herzegovina and 70.9% in Serbia. 2% of the inhabitants of Kosovo and 2.8% of the respondents in Croatia, but 28.1% of the inhabitants of Montenegro and 31.8% of the inhabitants of Serbia called themselves “Yugoslavs”.
According to a 2017 Gallup study, 81% of Serbs, 77% of Bosniaks and 65% of Macedonians felt that the breakup of Yugoslavia had harmed their country. Only 4% of Serbs, 6% of Bosniaks and 15% of Montenegrins believed that the disintegration of Yugoslavia would benefit their country. Of the Croatians, 55% saw the breakup of Yugoslavia as an advantage for the country and 23% as a negative, in Slovenia 41% saw this as an advantage and 45% saw it as a negative. In Kosovo, 75% see the advantage and 10% regret the collapse of the state.
Positive perception
In a positive sense, Yugo nostalgia means a feeling of nostalgia , of nostalgia for the old, which idealizes the positive aspects of socialist Yugoslavia and places them in the foreground.
Yugoslav nostalgia can be described as melancholy after:
- economic security, the ideology of Titoism ,
- "Fraternity and Unity" ( bratstvo i jedinstvo ), when all the peoples of Yugoslavia lived together peacefully,
- " Internationalism ", the non-alignment ,
- History, traditions and the way of life in Yugoslavia
Negative perception
During and after the wars in Yugoslavia, the derogatory label of “Yugo nostalgic” was used by supporters, members of government and the media in some of the successor states to distract from criticism and discredit critics as traitors or enemies of the state.
Decline of Yugoslavism
In the 1970s, Yugoslavia developed relative prosperity compared to the other real socialist states. In this decade, as a result of the movement known as the Croatian Spring in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, the constitution was amended in 1974. With this constitution, the federal structure of Yugoslavia was expanded and the constituent republics were granted extensive autonomy rights and the right of every constituent republic to withdraw from the Yugoslav Federation .
Since the fall of Yugoslavia, the idea of Yugoslavism has also lost its popularity. The name Yugoslavia was continued by the Serbian-Montenegrin Federation until 2003 . The number of people who considered themselves Yugoslavs was decreasing.
The historian Vjeran Pavlakovic attributes the intensity of the Yugo nostalgia, which varies according to the states, to different successes in nation building: Croatia has secured its geostrategic goals and its state independence and sees itself as the winner of the wars, the same applies to Kosovo. In the other ex-Yugoslav states, however, the nation-building process has not yet been completed, the relationship to the former Yugoslavia is therefore more an expression of current problems than a sign of a “Yugoslavist” ideology.
Tito and Yugoslavia cult
Every year on May 7th, Tito's birthday celebrations take place in Kumrovec, his birthplace , with several thousand visitors from many parts of the former Yugoslavia and other neighboring countries. Numerous, especially older people, appear here with objects from communist iconography . Tito's mausoleum House of Flowers (Kuća cveća) in Belgrade is one of the city's most frequented tourist destinations. Associations of former partisans , former members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and anti-fascism groups take part in these celebrations . Many former “ pioneers ” still remember the parades and festivities that were supposed to keep the Tito cult going. Tito's “blue train” still occasionally travels from Sarajevo to Belgrade today, as a reminder of earlier times.
In order to limit the rampant use of Tito's name for souvenirs and other consumer goods, Tito's descendants had it trademarked in Croatia for a period of ten years in 2006.
Term jugosphere
After the disintegration of the multi-ethnic state, a new, harmless and politically correct term for the former Yugoslavia was sought for a long time . Terms like region (the region), zapadni Balkan ( Western Balkans ), jugoistočna Evropa ( Southeast Europe ) and others are in circulation . However, these were too spongy or imprecise, as they were e.g. B. Hungary , Bulgaria and Albania included, or countries like Slovenia excluded.
In his 2009 article Entering the Yugosphere for the British Economist , Tim Judah used the term jugosphere (in the original: Yugosphere / serbokroat .: Yugosfera) to describe the geographic area of the former Yugoslavia. As a result, the term established itself relatively quickly and is used frequently by the international press. For many people from the former Yugoslavia, the term aptly reflects the longing for their old homeland.
In 2017, the German rapper BRACO used the term to name his album, which thematically dealt with the Balkan Wars of the 1990s and its severe social and economic consequences.
Reception in culture, sport and consumption
The Leksikon YU mitologije is popularly known as the Bible of the Yugonostalgics. In 2005 the BBC judged the publication of this book to be more effective for regional reconciliation and renewal of dialogue than any regional politician could have achieved together. The history of the lexicon goes back to 1989. It is noteworthy that Dubravka Ugrešić, who is credited with introducing the term jugonostalgija , was a co-founder of the initiative to publish such a lexicon. However, due to the war, it was not released until May 25, 2004. The date was chosen symbolically, for the former Dan Mladosti .
The documentary series Robna kuća - Za nekoga sve, za svakog ponešto (The department store - Everything for someone, something for everyone) deals with the popular cultural phenomenon of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The title suggests that the content of the series can also be of interest to people who are not purely Yugo-nostalgic, since the events described belong to everyone's cultural history. In terms of content, the series is comparable to 60xGermany , with the difference that Robna kuća only deals with culture and sport. Another example of Jugo-nostalgic documentary series is Do you miss YU - SFRJ za početnike (Missing YU - SFRJ for beginners). The content of the program is based on the private memories of 150 simple and prominent citizens from the jugosphere. Various topics are presented in the form of entertaining clips as well as illuminated and commented on from different perspectives. The series was broadcast by various stations in the former Yugoslavia.
In 2012, a Sarajevo-based television station called Jugoslovenska Radio Televizija (JRT) launched. The name is deliberately the same as the former JRT once carried. According to the management, the aim of the station is to bring something back from old Yugoslavia and to connect the regional centers of Sarajevo , Ljubljana , Pristina , Belgrade , Zagreb , Podgorica , Skopje and Novi Sad . The editorial team consists of volunteers from all former republics. The broadcast will initially take place via the Internet .
In the field of filmmaking, z. B. Emir Kusturica in films such as Underground Yugo nostalgia as a stylistic device similar to how z. B. Good Bye Lenin! the Ostalgie served. Srđan Dragojević's film Parada also uses jugo-nostalgic elements. War veterans from across the jugosphere band together to protect the Belgrade Pride . Timur Makarević presented his short film Jugonostalgija at the Sarajevo Film Festival in 2012 . The film tries to explain why young people who have not personally experienced old Yugoslavia develop feelings of jugonostalgia. The documentary Cinema Komunisto also deals with the phenomenon of Yugoslav nostalgia. The director advocates the thesis that Yugoslav nostalgia gives more information about how bad we are today than that it glorifies the past.
The famous partisan films such as Bitka na Neretvi (The Battle of the Neretva), Sutjeska ( The Fifth Offensive - Kesselschlacht an der Sutjeska ), Boško Buha, Valter brani Sarajevo (Walter defends Sarajevo), Otpisani (The Written Off), Igmanski marš ( The march over the Igman ) and Balkan Ekspres (Balkan Express) are an elementary part of Jugonostalgic iconography. Cultural scholars state that the partisan film has the same meaning for the Yugoslavs that the western has for the Americans . All in all, old Yugoslav films and series such as Bolji život (A better life), Tesna koža (A Tight Spot), Žikina dinastija (Žika's clan), Ko to tamo peva? (Who's Singin 'Over There?), Hajde da se volimo (Let's Love Each Other) and many others have had a revival in recent years and achieved high ratings on television.
The theater scene, like the film, shows a remarkable Yugoslav nostalgia. Many former Yugoslav theater plays have been included in the program again in recent years due to increasing demand. Branislav Nušić 's piece Gospođa ministarka (The Minister's Wife) was re-performed in Zagreb with great success. In protest against linguistic purism , the play was shown in Serbian with Croatian subtitles . This should illustrate how unnecessary it is. The jugonostalgic feelings, on the other hand, are not only expressed in the form of re-performances, but also in new plays that deal with the vanished homeland. Thanks to foreign reports in the press and television, the play Rođeni u Jugoslaviji (Born in Yugoslavia) now enjoys an international reputation . The director is the Bosnian Dino Mustafić, while the play was premiered in Belgrade. At the beginning of the play the old national anthem Hej Sloveni is played. At this moment, numerous spectators always rise. The play provided a lot to talk about, which is why some press conferences were held.
The interpreter Lepa Brena , who is perceived by numerous contemporaries and sociologists as a symbol of Yugoslavism, describes herself as a Yugoslav nostalgic. Her titles Živela Jugoslavija (Long live Yugoslavia) and Jugoslovenka (The Yugoslavs) are popularly sung at retro events and are important to those who are nostalgic for Yugoslavia .
The composer Milutin Popović, better known by his stage name Zahar , wrote songs for some pop and folk interpreters, which are still very popular today among jugon nostalgics. In addition to Lepa Brenas Živela Jugoslavija, he also composed the legendary song Od Vardara pa do Triglava (From Vardar to Triglav) , which was sung by various performers. The most popular version comes from the Ladarice, the female cast of the Lado folklore ensemble . Another popular title composed by Zahar was the sports hymn Hej Jugosloveni (Plavi, napred plavi) (Hey Yugoslawen (Forward Blue)) . It was interpreted by Doris Dragović and later by Snežana Babić, better known as Sneki. The Druže Tito, mi ti se kunemo (Comrade Tito, we vow you) sung by Zdravko Čolić is probably the most famous song dedicated to Tito. In addition, there are numerous titostalgic songs that are still popular today.
The group Bijelo dugme with their frontman Goran Bregović was one of the most popular rock bands in Yugoslavia. Pljuni i zapevaj (moja Jugoslavijo) (spit and sing (my Yugoslavia)) and Lipe cvatu (the linden trees are in bloom) with their homeland-related texts are very popular with Yugonostalgics.
Likewise, the titles Zemljo moja (Mein Land) by the group Ambasadori and Zemlja (Das Land) by Ekatarina Velika are among the most popular. The latter was used as the opening tune to In the Land of Blood and Honey years later . Last but not least, the group Jugosloveni should be mentioned, which landed a big hit with the self-deprecating song Jugosloveni (Die Yugoslawen).
There are also many jugonostalgic songs to be found in today's pop and folk music. The Serbian-Macedonian pop singer Tijana Dapčević was able to celebrate great success in the entire jugosphere with the title Sve je isto, samo njega nema (Everything is the same, only he (Tito) is no longer here) , which is enriched with many jugo-nostalgic elements . The Slovenian group Rock Partyzani has released an album called Born in YU . On it is, among other things, the song Yugo, in which the old Yugoslavia is celebrated. The accompanying video clip shows many excerpts from Yugoslav commercials , films, television programs, sporting events and ESC appearances . In Goran Bregović's Wedding and Funeral Orchestra , each of the musicians wears a traditional costume from one of the former Yugoslav republics. In her song Rodni kraj (My Home Region) , Indira Radić wonders what has become of her old friends, scattered in the jugosphere, and hopes for news from them. In his song Jugoslavijo, the Montenegrin singer Boban Rajović mourns the break-up of the multi-ethnic state. There are also many other examples.
In the former Yugoslavia, great importance was attached to the Eurovision Song Contest . All Yugoslav representatives were able to record great hits with their titles in their homeland. At the 1990 competition in Zagreb, a tourist film called Yugoslav Changes was shown as an interval act . Since the country broke up only a year later, the event from 1990 holds a special place for the jugonostalgic supporters, as it was the last time that they presented themselves as a common state to Europe.
For years, the name of the cultural enterprise Jugoslovensko dramsko pozorište (Yugoslav Drama Theater) has been criticized. Because of the philosophy of the house, the unity of the southern Slavs , a name change has always been avoided.
In the field of sport, the establishment of the Adriatic Basketball Association should be noted, which is similar to the former Yugoslav basketball championship and is therefore closely followed by those nostalgic for Yugoslavia.
Especially emotional and sentimental feelings evoke memories of the Olympic Winter Games in Sarajevo in those who are nostalgic for Yugoslavia . The farewell greeting “Doviđenja drago Sarajevo!” (“Goodbye, dear Sarajevo!”), Uttered in Serbo-Croatian by Juan Antonio Samaranch at the closing ceremony, is legendary today.
Yugoslavian nostalgia also extends to various consumer goods from the former state as a whole. Dubravka Ugrešić describes these goods in her book Ministarstvo boli (The Ministry of Pain) as part of the “Yugo-nostalgic first aid kit ”, which reminds its owners of the good old days. Many products made a successful comeback in the various successor states after the war. Examples of this are manufacturers and products such as Gorenje ( household appliances ), Podravka ( Vegeta , Eva), Bambi (Plazma biscuit), Pionir (Negro bombone, Medeno srce, Galeb ...), Takovo (Eurocrem), Centroproizvod (Cipiripi), Cedevita ( food supplements ) Soko Stark (Smoki, Bananica, Najlepše želje ...), Knjaz Milos (drinks), Radenska (drinks), Droga Kolinska ( Cockta , Argeta ...), Paloma (hygiene products), Jaffa Crvenka ( Jaffa Cakes , Munch Mallow ...) and Kraš (Kiki, Domaćica, Bronhi ...). Serbian sweets and snacks in particular, which were already known in Yugoslav times, are enjoying growing popularity again in Croatia and Slovenia. The Jaffa Cakes from Jaffa Crvenka and the peanut flips Smoki from the manufacturer Soko Štark are among the best-selling items in their product segment in Croatia and Slovenia.
Another Yugoslavian original is the Borosana shoe model from Borovo . It is an orthopedic shoe that is specially adapted for activities that are mainly performed while standing. Worn mostly by nurses , waitresses , housekeepers and sometimes by shop assistants , they were the symbol of the hard-working, hard-working Yugoslavian. Radio Sarajevo even called it the symbol of a time. The model from back then is still sold today, although the Borosana are now also available in fashionable designs for everyday use. In 2009, the fact that the fashion label Lacoste brought strikingly similar shoes onto the market caused a sensation . The Startas are another shoe model from Borovo, which is also a Yugoslav cult product. These are sneakers , similar to the Converse All Star . On the wave of Yugoslav nostalgia, the Startas experienced a big redesign comeback, for which the designer Mauro Massarotto was commissioned. This was accompanied by the jugo-nostalgic advertising campaign Long Live Startas. In the commercial the manual production of the shoes is shown, at the same time pictures of an event similar to Dan Mladosti are shown. At the end of the commercial, for which the cult song Apsolutno tvoj by the Yugoslav disco group Mirzino Jato was used, torchbearers in starta shoes march into a sports stadium . In this case, too, there was a remarkable coincidence when the manufacturer Nike launched the Post Match model , which was very similar to the Startas.
The Yugoslav population did not have to do without international branded goods either. For example, from 1967 the Slovin company had the license to produce Coca Cola and other beverage brands of the Coca-Cola Company for the Yugoslav market. In 1970 a license agreement followed with Schweppes International Limited from London . In the weekly magazine Politikin zabavnik , which enjoys cult status in the jugosphere, readers were able to follow famous international comics such as Modesty Blaise , Flash Gordon and Batman . The Italian comic Alan Ford became the most popular comic in Yugoslavia and is still distributed in the successor states today. American and Western European films and television series have always been accessible to the Yugoslav audience. The JRT was a member of Eurovision and thus, as the only socialist state, was entitled to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. International film and music stars visited Yugoslavia. The residents of the Eastern Bloc first had to wait for the Iron Curtain to fall in order to enjoy these privileges. This circumstance gives Yugoslav nostalgic people the feeling that they have not renounced anything even under socialism, and motivates them to idealize their former homeland.
Expert opinions , which say that the economic situation would have been better if Yugoslavia had survived than it is today in the successor states, confirm many Yugonostalgics in their views.
People often mention how much the solidarity of the republics, which is held up in the former Yugoslavia, is missed. The earthquakes in Skopje (1963), Banja Luka (1969) and the Montenegrin coast (1979) showed how helpful people were at the time. Countless volunteers from all parts of the republic came to clean up rubble , help set up accommodation and do other voluntary work . In this regard, a multimedia exhibition entitled Solidarnost (Solidarity) was organized in Banja Luka . The 2010 earthquake in Kraljevo was a prime example of the fact that solidarity among citizens is far less pronounced today. This extends to other areas of everyday life as well, which confirms many in their view that life in Yugoslavia was better.
Numerous events related to Yugoslavian nostalgia take place, such as exhibitions , some of which are very emotionally received by the visitors, so that tears often flow. Examples are the exhibitions Refleksije vremena ( Reflections on Time), Jugoslavija od početka do kraja (Yugoslavia from beginning to end) and Tako se živjelo (How we lived). A well-known exhibition abroad was Raumschiff Yugoslavia - The suspension of time , which was organized by ex-Yugoslavs in Berlin. The Muzej Isorije Jugoslavije (Museum of Yugoslav History) provided an interactive model. After a successful event, numerous visitors came forward who wanted to share their own memories and experiences from Yugoslav times. This prompted the museum management to take part in the Posetioci kustosi (visitors as custodians ) . People should provide mementos, photos and the like and use them to tell others about their personal memories. The exhibits were exhibited as part of the Moja Jugoslavija: podelite svoje sećanje na život u Jugoslaviji (My Yugoslavia: Share your memory of life in Yugoslavia) happening , where the owners had the opportunity to share their experiences and to exchange ideas with others.
In 2003, Mirko Gabrić founded what he claims to be 4. Yugoslavia, also called mini-Yugoslavia, in Subotica . It is about the registered association Yugoland, which has recreated a mini Yugoslavia on 3.5 hectares and is a meeting place for Yugon nostalgics and tourists.
An increased Yugoslav nostalgia can also be seen in social networks . This ranges from websites and network profiles dedicated to the memory of the former Yugoslavia to organizations that want to stand up for the interests of people who feel they are Yugoslavs.
Yugo nostalgia is no longer a phenomenon that only attracts attention in the jugosphere. Scientists abroad are now also dealing with this phenomenon. On July 7, 2010, a symposium was held in Jena on the subject of the study day: Yugoslavia, a place of longing? Yugonostalgija held as a phenomenon of post-socialist culture of remembrance .
literature
- Josefina Bajer: YU nostalgia in Slovenia: The phenomenon of nostalgia as a product of transformation . Diplomica Verlag 2011, ISBN 978-3-8428-5925-8 .
- Claire Bancroft: Yugonostalgia: The Pain of the Present . Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 2009. Paper 787. digitalcollections.sit.edu
- Monika Palmberger: Nostalgia matters: Nostalgia for Yugoslavija as potential vision for a better future. Važnost nostalgije: Nostalgija za Jugoslavijom kao moguća vizija bolje budućnosti. In: Sociologija , Vol. L (2008), N ° 4, komunikacija.org.rs (PDF)
- Iva Pauker: Reconciliation and Popular Culture: A Promising Development in Former Yugoslavia? (PDF)
- Andrea Trovesi: L'enciclopedia della Jugonostalgija . In: Eva Banchelli: Taste the East: Linguaggi e forme dell'Ostalgie , Sestante Edizioni, Bergamo 2006, pp. 257-274.
- Mitja Velikonja: Titostalgia - A Study of Nostalgia for Josip Broz mediawatch.mirovni-institut.si
- Zala Volčič: Yugo-nostalgia: Cultural Memory and Media in the former Yugoslavia. Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 24, no. 1, March 2007, pp. 21-38, de.scribd.com
Web links
- Jean-Arnault Dérens: Yugo nostalgia - the memory of the lost unity of Yugoslavia is not only held up in Serbia . In: Le Monde diplomatique , August 12, 2011
- jugo-nostalgia, back to the youth with Marshal Tito faz.net
- Waking dream of the multiethnic state: A journey into the jugosphere . In: FAZ
- Urs Hafner: Dubravka Ugrešić, The devil out of the box . WOZ Online, November 3, 2005
- Yugoslav nostalgia in Slovenia
Individual evidence
- ↑ EU skepticism and Yugoslavian nostalgia . ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. NZZ
- ^ Yugo nostalgia in Sarajevo . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Cafebabel
- ↑ Yugoslavia and Tito remain en vogue
- ↑ Conversations at the funeral feast
- ^ Radio Slobodna Evropa: Jugonostalgija i strah od Jugoslavije
- ↑ Hrvatski jugonostalgičari u stroj! Perom i toljagom: Životna djela Josipa Broza Tita
- ↑ Jugonostalgija i Drug Tito ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jugobolje i jugobolnici - Jugoslaveni danas i ovdje
- ↑ a b Sven Milekic: Rise of Yugo-Nostalgia 'Reflects Contemporary Problems' . Balkan Insight , March 24, 2017
- ↑ serbianmonitor.com ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Elizabeth Keating, Zacc Ritter: Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup . Gallup News, May 18, 2017
- ^ Dubravka Ugrešić: The Culture of Lies: Antipolitical Essays . Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998, p. 231
- ^ Iva Pauker: Reconciliation and Popular Culture: A Promising Development In Former Yugoslavia? Pathways to Reconciliation and Global Human Rights Conference, Sarajevo, 16. – 19. August 2005
- ↑ Over 8000 visitors in Kumrovec
- ^ Tito's celebration in Belgrade
- ↑ "Yugoslavian nostalgia" - Tito's Blue Train . Deutsche Welle , Serbia, June 2007
- ↑ Tito's heirs protect the name of the partisan marshal . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, November 15, 2006
- ^ Former Yugoslavia patches itself together - Links restored in the former Yugoslavia
- ↑ The "Yugo-sphere" ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ NZZ: The Birth of the "Jugosphere"
- ↑ Yugoslavia is dead - long live the jugosphere! ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ FAZ: Waking Dream of the Multi-Ethnic State - A Journey into the Jugosphere
- ^ Yugoslavia - Memories of a Lost Country
- ↑ ARTE report: Yugoslavia: Almost like before the war ... News from the "Jugosphere" ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The album Jugosphere on Spotify.
- ↑ cf. Jugobolje i jugobolnici - Jugoslaveni danas i ovdje
- ↑ LEKSIKON JUGONOSTALGIJE - Jugoslavija za početnike u 1000 sentimentalnih slika ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Pet Decenija zajedničke povijesti jugoslavenskih naroda u SFRY
- ↑ Igor Stoimenov - author "Robne kuće" ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Documentary serijal o pop culture - Filmski leksikon YU mitova ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ "Robna kuća" na RTS-u
- ↑ HEROJI NAŠE I VAŠE MLADOSTI
- ↑ 'ROBNA KUĆA' - Serija o ljepšoj strani Jugoslavije u MAXtv videoteci
- ↑ Do you miss YU - SFRJ za početnike ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ SFRJ za početnike - 150 običnih i neobičnih, poznatih i nepoznatih ljudi otkriva kako je bilo kad su bili Jugosloveni
- ↑ Jugoslovenska radio-televizija počela da emituje program ( memento of the original from September 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Srđan Dragojević »Parada« - With Jugonostalgija against homophobia or the Magnificent Seven at the Belgrade Pride.
- ↑ Jugonostalgija ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 'Cinemo Komunisto' - Film o jednoj nestaloj državi: Jugonostalgija više govori o tome kako nam je loše danas, nego kako nam je dobro bilo nekad ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Yugoslav Film - German Uncle . In: Der Spiegel . No. 18 , 1968 ( online ).
- ↑ YU GO bandits!
- ↑ Partisans - Tito intervened . In: Der Spiegel . No. 10 , 1954 ( online ).
- ↑ Jugonostalgija kao rastući potrošački brend ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Dilema pred gledateljima: Večer s turskim sultanom ili s obitelji Popadić?
- ↑ Kazališni Zaborav - Festivalska jugonostalgija kao opravdanje za repertoare
- ↑ Satirično kazalište Kerempuh - Gospođa ministarka
- ↑ Veliki uspjeh titlovane Ministarke u Zagrebu
- ↑ "Rođeni u YU" JDP: Tragovi u krvi
- ↑ Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju - Rođenima u YU sećanje zabranjeno
- ↑ Vreme izazova - Sećate li se Jugoslavije
- ^ Povratak Lepe Brene: Poslednja Jugoslovenka
- ↑ Jugonostalgija se i dalje dobro prodaje
- ↑ (Jugo) nostalgija kroz naočale popularne kulture (PDF; 171 kB)
- ↑ Rock Partyzani - Born in YU ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mi na Evroviziji
- ^ Pesma Evrovizije 1990. Zagreb
- ↑ Tamara Vučković: Polemika oko imena JDP-a nepotrebna ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ SARAJEVSKA OLIMPIJADA - 27 GODINA KASNIJE: Doviđenja u sjećanju
- ↑ Olimpijska elegija - Vrtlog ljepote nad tamom ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Otvorene XIV Olimpijske igre u Sarajevo
- ↑ cf. Yugoslavia and Tito remain in vogue (paragraph: Therapy for the uprooted "ours" )
- ↑ TRŽIŠTE OD 22 MILIJUNA STANOVNIKA - Jugonostalgija je kapital koji je tek nekoliko brandova iskoristilo
- ↑ Omiljeni proizvodi bivše Jugoslavije
- ↑ ZAJEDNO ZBOG PROFITA - Jugosferu oživljavaju Atlantic, Gorenje i NIS
- ↑ Srpski slatkiši omiljeni u regionu
- ↑ Udobne borosane - simbol jednog vremena ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ U BOROVU NE RAZMIŠLJAJU O TUŽBI - Lacoste prekopirao popularne Borosane
- ↑ Borosane - Lacoste vs Borovo
- ↑ Startas - Return of the Startas sneakers
- ↑ STARTAS SNEAKER - The cult sneaker is back
- ↑ Startas patike - Legenda se vraća u prodavnice širom Jugoslavije ali i celog sveta
- ↑ Startas: a sneaker success story ( memento of the original from April 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nike vs startas
- ↑ Coca Cola i Schweppes u Jugoslaviji ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Rođendan "Politikinog Zabavnika"
- ↑ "Kaniš li pobijediti, ne smiješ izgubiti": 40 godina "Alana Forda" na Balkanu
- ↑ Raspad SFRJ progutao 600 milijardi eura ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (The collapse of Yugoslavia swallowed up 600 billion euros), indikator.ba, November 29, 2001 (Bosnian)
- ↑ Prosečna plata bila bi 736 evra
- ↑ Mladi na Balkanu Zapadnom: Bilo bi nam bolje as per Jugoslavija opstala
- ↑ Strah od zemljotresa nije nestao
- ↑ Iza sebe je ostavio pustoš - Prije 43 godine Banja Luku je pogodio razoran zemljotres
- ↑ Podsjetnik na zemljotrese
- ↑ Nova solidarnost - svako gleda svoja posla
- ↑ Jugoslavija od početka do kraja
- ↑ Tako se živjelo - Jugonostalgična izložba neke i rasplakala
- ↑ Jugonostalgija rastući fenomen: Izložba "Refleksije vremena 1945.-1955.
- ↑ Spaceship Yugoslavia - The Abolition of Time (NGBK Berlin) ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Spaceship Yugoslavia - The suspension of time (Kunstforum)
- ↑ Spacehip Yugoslavia ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Zagi, Vučko, "Jasa" i borosane - oživljavaju Jugoslaviju
- ↑ Jugonostalgičari u subotu u Muzeju 25. maj
- ↑ Beloved comrade
- ↑ Osnivač "Jugolenda" Blaško Gabrić najavljuje - "Mini Jugoslavija" dobija prve stanare
- ↑ Jugonostalgija na društvenim mrežama
- ↑ Osniva se Jugoslovensko udruženje ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 122 kB)
- ↑ Study day 'Longing for Yugoslavia? Yugonostalgia as a phenomenon of post-socialist culture of remembrance ''
- ↑ DFG-Graduiertenkolleg 1412 "Cultural Orientations and Social Structures in Southeastern Europe"
