District Wirsitz
The Wirsitz district existed from 1816 to 1920 in the Bromberg administrative district in the Prussian province of Posen . The seat of the district administration was the city of Wirsitz . The district was located on the northern edge of the province of Poznan north of the nets and today belongs to the Polish Powiats Pilski in the Greater Poland Voivodeship and Nakielski in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship . From 1939 to 1945 there was again a district Wirsitz in German-occupied Poland as part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia .
geography
The district was in the north of the province of Posen between the cities of Bromberg and Schneidemühl . The Prussian Eastern Railway ran between these cities in an east-west direction as one of the most important traffic routes in eastern Germany. In Nakel , the Ostbahn had an important station within the district, with links to other lines. An important country road also ran from Schneidemühl via Wirsitz and Nakel to Bromberg.
These traffic routes followed the Netze river , a tributary of the Warta . The Bydgoszcz Canal , which was opened in 1774 and expanded for larger ships in 1917, runs from Nakel to Bromberg. It is a shipping link between the Oder and the Vistula , through which the networks also became an important east-west route. These traffic routes, which are so important for the development of the north-eastern territories of the empire, as well as the location on the German-Polish language border, made the corridor between Schneidemühl and Bromberg and thus also the district of Wirsitz a strategically important area despite its predominantly rural economic and settlement structure.
The Wirsitz district bordered the Kolmar district (until 1877 the Chodziesen district ), the Wongrowitz and Schubin districts to the south, and the Bromberg district to the east , all of which belonged to the Poznań administrative district of Bromberg . The northern neighbor was the Flatow district in the province of West Prussia . In 1910 the district had an area of 1062 km².
history
In the Middle Ages, the later district area was on the border between the Polish Duchy of Greater Poland in the south and the Vistula Pomerania, which was temporarily part of Poland, but temporarily independent . According to the Chronicle of Gallus Anonymous , “the Pomeranians handed over the Castrum Nakel to the Poles” in 1113. It remained with Greater Poland during the period of Polish particularism , the restored Kingdom and the Republic of Poland-Lithuania .
With the first partition of Poland in 1772 the area around the city of Wirsitz came to Prussia . At first it belonged essentially to the district of Kamin in the Netzedistrikt , which had belonged to the province of West Prussia since 1775 . Through the Peace of Tilsit between Napoleon's France , Prussia and Russia , the southern part of the district of Kamin came to the newly established Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 .
According to the agreements of the Congress of Vienna , the Kingdom of Prussia received the entire former network district back on May 15, 1815 and established the Wirsitz district on July 1, 1816 . In the course of a further district reform in the district of Bromberg, the district of Wirsitz was reduced in size on January 1, 1818 , part of the district with the city of Exin fell to the new district of Schubin . The towns of Lobsens , Miasteczko , Mrotschen , Nakel , Wirsitz and Wissek , the domain offices of Bialosliwe and Wirsitz, the office of Mrotschen and a large number of noble estates now belonged to the district of Wirsitz . The city of Wirsitz became the seat of the District Office .
As part of the Prussian province of Posen, the Wirsitz district became part of the newly founded German Reich on January 18, 1871 , against which the Polish representatives protested in the new Reichstag on April 1, 1871.
On December 27, 1918, the Wielkopolska uprising of the Polish majority against German rule began in the province of Posen , but the Wirsitz district north of the nets remained under German control. On February 16, 1919, an armistice ended the Polish-German fighting. The agreed demarcation line initially left the district in the German Reich (see map).
Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the district had to be ceded to Poland on June 28, 1919 . On November 25, 1919, Germany and Poland concluded an agreement on the evacuation of the local state authorities and the surrender of the areas to be ceded, which was ratified on January 10, 1920. The handover took place between January 17th and February 4th 1920. The district Wirsitz became the Polish powiat Wyrzysk .
On April 1, 1938, the powiat Wyrzysk moved from the Greater Poland Voivodeship , which corresponded to the former Prussian Province of Posen , to the Pomeranian Voivodeship , which corresponded to the former Prussian Province of West Prussia .
Population development
| year | Residents | source |
|---|---|---|
| 1818 | 24,617 | |
| 1846 | 47.143 | |
| 1871 | 57,132 | |
| 1890 | 58.214 | |
| 1900 | 61,889 | |
| 1910 | 67.219 |
Of the 58,214 inhabitants in 1890, 61% were Germans, 36% Poles and 3% Jews. Some of the German residents left the area after 1920; in 1931, 20.5% of the district population were Germans.
politics
District administrators
- 1816–1843 by Bukowiecki
- 1843–1849 Alfred Alexander von Randow (1810–1849)
- 1849–1850 Karl Philipp Kühne (1820–1901) ( interim )
- 1850–1861 Moritz von Lavergne-Peguilhen (1801–1870)
- 1861–1862 Rudolph Adalbert Schoultz ( substitute )
- 1862–1863 Ferdinand von Viebahn ( acting )
- 1863–1882 Emil Freymark (1825–1894)
- 1882–1883 Carl von Puttkamer ( acting )
- 1883–1895 Rudolf Theodor Moehrs
- 1895–1911 Gneomar von Wartensleben
- 1911–1915 Magnus von Braun (1878–1972)
- 1915–1917 Karl von Buchka (1885–1960)
- 1917–1919 Kurt von Stempel (1882–1945)
elections
In the German Empire, the Wirsitz district together with the Schubin district belonged to the Reichstag constituency Bromberg 2 within the boundaries of 1871 . Due to the ethnic composition of the electorate, the constituency was contested between German and Polish candidates in all Reichstag elections. The respective winners only prevailed with narrow majorities:
- 1871 Leo von Skorzewski , Polish parliamentary group
- 1874 Theodor von Bethmann-Hollweg , independent
- 1877 Leo von Skorzewski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1878 Theodor von Bethmann-Hollweg, Free Conservative Party
- 1881 Leo von Skorzewski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1884 Leo von Skorzewski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1887 August Falckenberg , National Liberal Party
- 1890 Carl Martin Friedrich Poll , National Liberal Party
- 1893 Julius Ritter , Free Conservative Party
- 1898 Leon von Czarlinski , Polish parliamentary group
- 1903 Leon von Czarlinski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1907 Leon von Czarlinski, Polish parliamentary group
- 1912 Josef Kurzawski, Polish parliamentary group
cities and communes
Before the First World War, the Wirsitz district comprised the following cities and rural communities:
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Numerous manor districts also belonged to the district. The rural parishes and manor districts were grouped into police districts. After 1871 several place names were Germanized:
- Bialosliwe → Weißenhöhe (1875)
- Czarnum → Hohensee (1905)
- Jaszkowo → Jaschkowo (1903/08)
- Lodzia → Laubheim (1912)
- Mierucin → Mierutschin (1908/10)
- Ostrowiec → Ostrowitz (1905)
Personalities
- Wernher von Braun (German and American rocket technician, born in Wirsitz in 1912)
- Rudolf Bauer (artist, born in Lindenwald in 1889)
District Wirsitz in occupied Poland
history
A few days after the start of the Second World War , the district area near the border and strategically important due to the alignment of the Eastern Railway was occupied by German troops. On 26 October 1939, the area was annexed by the German Reich and came as district Wirsitz the administrative district of Bromberg in Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . The 186 localities in the district were initially grouped into 16 administrative districts . On April 1, 1942, the district of Nakel-Stadt was named a city according to the German municipal code of 1935, as were the districts of Friedheim-Stadt , Immenheim-Stadt , Lobsens-Stadt , Weisseck-Stadt and Wirsitz-Stadt on April 1, 1943 . Towards the end of the occupation, the district consisted of six cities and ten administrative districts. The district had an area of 1162 km².
With the invasion of the Red Army in January 1945, the German occupation ended and the district became part of Poland again.
population
In 1941 there were 66,778 mostly Polish residents in the district. The German occupation authorities expelled several thousand Poles from the area and resettled Germans, especially Baltic Germans , who were resettled from Estonia and Latvia as part of the “ Heim ins Reich ” campaign. In 1945 the German population fled or was in turn expelled. The Jewish population was deported to the General Government by the National Socialists and murdered there.
District administrators
- 1939–1940 Albrecht Marbach
- 1940–1942 Hans Alter
- 1942 - Weber
literature
- Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 158, point 2.
- Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the Prussian state and their population. Edited and compiled from the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Part IV: The Province of Posen , Berlin 1874, pp. 158–167 ( e-copy ).
- ACA Friedrich: Historical-geographical representation of old and new Poland . Berlin 1839, pp. 580-581.
- Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The state forces of the Prussian monarchy under Friedrich Wilhelm III . Volume 2, part 1, Berlin 1828, pp. 121-122.
- M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
Web links
- Landkreis Wirsitz administrative history and list of district administrators on the website territorial.de (Rolf Jehke), as of July 16, 2013.
- Map of the province of Posen in Meyers Konversationslexikon, 6th edition, 1902–1908
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c municipal register 1910 with population figures
- ^ Gall Anonim: Kronika polska (Gallus Anonymus: Polish Chronicle ), seria "Kroniki polskie" (Polish Chronicle Series), Zakł Publishing House. Nard. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, ISBN 9783939991649 , p. 159.
- ^ Map of the administrative boundaries in West and East Prussia (Max Töppen, 1772)
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (ed.): Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . tape 2 . Marienwerder 1789, p. 97 ff . ( Digitized version ).
- ↑ Map showing the boundary drawn by the Peace of Tilsit
- ↑ Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian Government in Bromberg 1816, No. 21, page 244, digitized version
- ↑ a b Walther Hubatsch (Ed.): Outline of German administrative history 1815–1945. Johann Gottfried Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn; Volume 2, Part 1: Province of Poznan. edited by Dieter Stüttgen, 1975, ISBN 3-87969-109-6
- ↑ Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian Government in Bromberg 1817, No. 51, page 839, digitized version
- ^ Christian Gottfried Daniel Stein: Handbook of Geography and Statistics of the Prussian State . Vossische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1819, p. 323 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Royal Statistical Bureau (ed.): Mittheilungen des Statistisches Bureau's in Berlin, Volume 2 . Population of the districts. S. 311 ( digitized version ).
- ^ The municipalities and manors of the Poznan Province and their population in 1871
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Wirsitz district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Entry at territorial.de
- ↑ Entry at preussenprotocol.bbaw.de
- ↑ Database of members of the Reichstag ( memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Administrative districts: Bromberg | Poses
Districts: Poznan | Bromberg | Schneidemühl
Districts: Adelnau | Pear tree | Bomb | Bromberg | Czarnikau | Filehne | Fraustadt | Gostyn | Gniezno | Grätz | Hohensalza (formerly Inowrazlaw ) | Jarotschin | Kempen i. Poses | Kolmar i. Posen (formerly Chodziesen ) | Koshmin | Cost | Krotoschin | Lissa | Meseritz | Mogilno | Neuto Mischel | Obornik | Ostrowo | Pleschen | Poznan East | Poznan West | Rawitsch | Samter | Schildberg | Schmiegel | Schrimm | Schroda | Schubin | Schwerin an der Warthe | Strelno | We seat | Witkowo | Wongrowitz (formerly Wongrowiec ) | Wreschen (formerly Peysern ) | Tin