Olesno

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Olesno
Coat of arms of Olesno
Olesno (Poland)
Olesno
Olesno
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Opole
Powiat : Olesno
Gmina : Olesno
Area : 15.10  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 53 ′  N , 18 ° 25 ′  E Coordinates: 50 ° 52 ′ 30 ″  N , 18 ° 25 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 240 m npm
Residents : 9439 (December 31, 2016)
Postal code : 46-300
Telephone code : (+48) 34
License plate : OOL
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 11 Kołobrzeg - Bytom
Rail route : Lubliniec – Kluczbork
Next international airport : Katowice



Olesno (German Rosenberg OS ) is a small town with about 10,000 inhabitants in the Polish Opole Voivodeship . It is the seat of the Powiat Oleski and is the capital of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with around 17,800 inhabitants.

geography

The city is located in the northeastern part of Upper Silesia in the Woischnik-Wieluń highlands within the Lisswarther depression at 242 m above sea level. NHN , about 47 kilometers northeast of Opole (Opole) . The Stober (Polish: Stobrawa ), a right tributary of the Oder, flows west of the historic town center .

history

town hall
Ring with town hall
Catholic Corpus Christi Church
Evangelical Kreuzkirche
Schrotholzkirche St. Anna ( pilgrimage church )

Olesno / Rosenberg is one of the oldest towns and settlements in Silesia . Archaeological excavations have revealed traces of Neolithic settlement in today's urban area. The strategic location on the edge of the Amber Road , which led from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean , and the Royal Route from Krakow to Breslau and on to Leipzig and Mainz, favored continuous settlement.

From the beginning the city belonged to the Duchy of Opole , which was subordinate to the Silesian Piasts . It was first mentioned in 1226 on the occasion of the consecration of St. Michael's Church by the Breslau bishop Laurentius . At the request of Opole Duke Casimir I , the bishop also notarized the “old” customs statute. From this it can be concluded that a border or customs settlement existed here before 1200. However, it is possible that this was in the northwestern village of Alt-Rosenberg . Presumably before 1267, Olesno was implemented under German law, as a "Vincentius castellanus de Olesno" is documented for this time. When the Duchy of Opole was divided after the death of Duke Wladislaus I , Rosenberg stayed with him. For the year 1292 the Weichbild Olesno ("District Olesno") is proven. The German place name "Rosenberg" appears for the first time in 1310, when Duke Boleslaus I sold the pedestrian duty in Rosenberg to the citizens of Wroclaw .

In 1327 the Opole duke Bolko II. Rosenberg transferred together with his duchy as a fiefdom to the crown of Bohemia , whereby it came under the sovereignty of Bohemia before the Treaty of Trenčín , whose sovereign was then Johann von Luxemburg . His son Charles IV incorporated Silesia into the crown of Bohemia as king in 1348 and as emperor in 1355, making it part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation . The existence of a city ​​wall is recorded for the year 1395 . Heavy devastation took place in the Hussite Wars . In 1450, Duke Bernhard renewed the German town charter in Rosenberg. Agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, handicrafts and trade were of economic importance. A document from the first half of the 15th century mentions malt houses , butchers , pottery and lime kilns .

The Habsburgs , ruling as kings of Bohemia since 1526 , to whom the Duchy of Opole fell after the death of the last Duke of Opole, Johann II. In 1532 , then pledged it several times. During the Thirty Years War , Silesia was largely devastated and lost a large part of its population.

After the First Silesian War , Rosenberg and most of Silesia fell to Prussia. Since the administrative reform in 1816, Rosenberg belonged to the administrative district of Opole and was the seat of the administrative district of Rosenberg , with which it remained connected until 1945.

The residents of Rosenberg suffered from numerous natural disasters, epidemics and wars. In the period from the 15th to the 18th century, the city burned down several times. However, it was rebuilt over and over again, and the population gradually increased. The plague of 1790 survived only about 90 inhabitants. Since the Reformation in Rosenberg had remained insignificant, it was not given its own Protestant community until 1847. By the second half of the 19th century, the city developed into an economic and cultural center in northern Upper Silesia. At the beginning of the 20th century, Rosenberg had a Protestant church, four Catholic churches, a synagogue , a Catholic school teacher seminar, a preparatory institute , a cement factory , a brick factory , two sawmills , a dairy and was the seat of a local court .

In the referendum in Upper Silesia in 1921, 3286 Rosenbergers voted to remain with the German Reich, 473 opted for Poland.

Until 1945 Rosenberg was the administrative seat of the district of Rosenberg OS in the administrative district of Opole in the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Empire .

Towards the end of the Second World War , the region was conquered by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 . After the end of the war, Rosenberg and large parts of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia were placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . Then the immigration of Polish migrants began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line and belonged to the Polish minority there. Rosenberg was renamed Olesno . Most of the city's German residents were subsequently evicted by the local Polish administrative authorities .

From 1945 to 1975 the town and country of Olesno belonged to the Opole Voivodeship , then to the Częstochowa Voivodeship . After the administrative reform of 1999, Olesno was reintegrated into the Opole Voivodeship.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year population Remarks
1816 1480
1825 2074 including 244 Evangelicals and 306 Jews
1840 2703 including 324 Evangelicals, 2093 Catholics, 285 Jews, one Greek Orthodox
1871 3342 with the garrison (a battalion Landwehr No. 63), including 350 Evangelicals and 350 Jews (2000 Poles )
1890 3740 540 Evangelicals, 2984 Catholics, 216 Jews (2100 Poles )
1905 5222 658 Protestants, 142 Jews
1925 5877
1933 6944
1939 7280

politics

Town twinning

coat of arms

The city's coat of arms is split. In the front field it shows half a golden eagle on a blue background. In the back field it shows half a red rose on a silver background.

local community

The urban-and-rural municipality of Olesno has about 17,800 inhabitants and an area of ​​240.8 km², of which 42% is covered with forest.

Attractions

  • St. Anne's Catholic Church on a late 19th century illustration

  • Catholic Michaelikirche

  • Catholic Rochus Church

traffic

The state road Droga krajowa 11 runs through the village . Other regional highways are Droga wojewódzka 487 , Droga wojewódzka 494 and Droga wojewódzka 901 .

The Olesno Śląskie station is on the Lubliniec – Kluczbork railway , with further stops in Sowczyce and Stare Olesno, and there used to be a connection to the Rosenberg circular railway .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Personalities who have worked on site

  • Christian Hölmann (1677–1744), physician and poet, plague doctor in Rosenberg
  • Daniel Latussek (1787–1857), auxiliary bishop and capitular vicar, temporarily chaplain in Rosenberg
  • Jakob Levy (1819–1892), rabbi and linguist, 1845–1850 rabbi in Rosenberg
  • Franz Welczek (1825–1901), royal chancellery and city councilor in Kreuzburg, spent part of his childhood in Rosenberg
  • Oskar Hossfeld (1848–1915), architect, designed the plans for the construction of the Corpus Christi parish church
  • Bruno Seibt (1856–1933), politician, 1884–1888 magistrate in Rosenberg
  • Bruno Goebel (1860–1944), organ builder, temporarily trained in Rosenberg
  • Rudolf Pastucha (* 1936), Lutheran theologian and former bishop, temporarily pastor in Olesno

Honorary citizen

  • Prof. Franciszek Kokot
  • Bernhard Jagoda (1940–2015), politician (CDU) and President of the Federal Employment Agency in Nuremberg
  • Gerhard kiss
  • Wolfgang Weidel
  • Ilkka Liukas-Fin.

literature

Web links

Commons : Olesno  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Rosenberg in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 17, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 148 .
  2. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oberschlesien-ka.de
  3. ^ A b Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation . Volume 2, GFO Müller, Berlin 1874, p. 173 .
  4. ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, pp. 1007-1008 .
  5. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, p. 910 .
  6. ↑ a b c d M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)