Rachid Kassim

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Rachid Kassim (* 1987 in Roanne ; France ; † February 10, 2017 near Mosul , Iraq ) was a French jihadist . The former youth worker and rapper was seen as a kind of “posterboy” of third generation jihadism. For several terrorist attacks planned and partially carried out from 2016, such as the terrorist attack in Magnanville and the attack in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, he is seen as a mastermind. With its large network of radicalized youth in France, which he made of Levante on social networks headed, he was one of the most wanted alleged IS - terrorists . Kassim was killed with a combat drone, according to the US Department of Defense .

Life

childhood

Kassim went to school in the “Lycée Jean Puy” in the center of Roanne before becoming radicalized.
Aerial photo of Roanne : Kassim lived in the marked social housing building a little above the center of the picture until he left for the Levant .

Rachid Kassim was the son of a Yemeni father and an Algerian mother. Both were Muslims , but religion was not an important part of their lives. When Kassim was five years old, his parents divorced. His father then lived with a non-Muslim French woman, and his mother moved to Oran , Algeria, with a man with whom she had three more children (twin girls and a boy) . They stayed there until Kassim was nine years old and then returned to Roanne as part of a family reunification . During his school days at the Collège Albert-Thomas and the Lycée Jean Puy , Kassim was considered a good-natured and lonely boy. He showed no particular interest in religion at school, instead he was enthusiastic about education and took part in remedial courses. A renewed separation of his mother in 2000 should have hit him very badly, since then the teenager has been noticed again and again, without any legal violations from this phase being known.

Radicalization

Around 2010 Kassim began to politicize in Roanne with appearances as a rapper, under the pseudonym "L'oranais" he released his rap album Première Arme (German: "First Weapon") in 2011 without commercial success , the cover of which was adorned with a curved sword . Oran region designated in France usually one with apricot occupied croissant , but Kassim was referring to the citizens of Oran, Algeria's second largest city. In the play “I am a terrorist” it was said: “I wanted to become a doctor, from now on I will strive to be a martyr ” and “I am a terrorist because the bodies of my people are imprinted on me. You condemn me, but your soldiers terrorize me ”. Another passage reads: “Yes to beheading , I plead guilty”, another “ Salām Aleycoum Osama bin Laden , I am Big Ben's nightmare ”. Around 2012 Kassim had a daughter with a woman who came from a middle-class family in the region and was a few years younger. The woman, a convert who, according to neighbors , "wore the hijab with the enthusiasm of recently converted girls," broke off her nursing degree to devote herself to the child.

French media assume that Kassim was radicalized via social networks and during a visit to Algeria in 2011 , which he denied himself. Julien B. from Tarare , about 40 km away , who called himself Abdelsalem as an eighteen-year-old since his conversion in 1995, is regarded as his mentor and recruiter . Around ten years later, the son of a teacher and a psychologist had radicalized himself; because of his proselytism - Takfīr he had been expelled from the mosque of Tarare and then turned to a mosque in Roanne.

Kassim last lived in the Roanner district of Bourgogne in the 1969 built by Jean Dubuisson but just completely modernized “Le Méditerranée” social housing complex . With a "BAFA" certificate comparable to the German JuLeiCa as a qualification, he had been employed as a youth worker at the municipal social center Moulin à vent since May 2010 . The basis was a “Contrat Unique d'Insertion” (CUI), which aims to facilitate the recruitment of people with difficulties in the labor market. When he showed the first signs of radicalization, for example refusing to shake hands with women and request a private prayer room, his contract was no longer renewed. He was also expelled from the An-Nour mosque in Roanne; Abdennour Bentoumi, who was in charge of the mosque, said Kassim tried to recruit young people by talking about paradise and jihad .

Until 2015, Kassim used the now defunct Facebook profile Ibn Qassim to spread propaganda from the Islamic State (IS). According to Paris Match and his own information, Kassim traveled to Syria with his wife and daughter via Sicily, Greece and Turkey in 2015, according to other sources as early as the end of 2012, to join IS and its jihadism . At the end of 2015 he ran a Facebook page under the name “Nicole Ambrosia”. Before this page was also closed, he was in contact with 44 “friends”, including high school students from his hometown. According to French investigators, he then came into contact with radicalized French adolescents via the Telegram instant messaging service . He is said to have been in contact with between 200 and 300 contacts in France in order to motivate them to carry out attacks in his home country. His channel "Saber de Lumière" ("Saber of Light") on Telegram had at times over 325 subscribers. At intervals of a few weeks, Kassim published lists and graphics there on “targeted attacks”, combined with calls for attacks on religious scholars, rappers and musicians, journalists, as well as police officers and military personnel.

IS terrorism

Around 2010, Kassim began to radicalize and carry out propaganda for the terrorist organization IS . (Photo: Black Banner , photo from March 2015 from Saint-Romain-au-Mont-d'Or near Roanne, direct connection with Kassim not proven)
Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Rachid Kassim (France)
Paris (48 ° 51 ′ 23.81 ″ N, 2 ° 21 ′ 8 ″ E)
Paris
(48 ° 49 ′ 45.71 ″ N, 2 ° 25 ′ 35.55 ″ E)
(48 ° 51 ′ 35.94 ″ N, 2 ° 24 ′ 23.91 ″ E)
(48 ° 53 ′ 32.96 ″ N, 2 ° 27 ′ 31.05 ″ E)
(48 ° 54 ′ 16.29 ″ N, 2 ° 18 ′ 17.16 ″ E)
(48 ° 32 ′ 31.58 ″ N, 2 ° 39 ′ 19.44 ″ E)
(48 ° 52 ′ 57.96 ″ N, 2 ° 10 ′ 36.95 ″ E)
(48 ° 41 ′ 21.3 ″ N, 2 ° 31 ′ 48.63 ″ E)
(49 ° 1 ′ 49.23 ″ N, 2 ° 19 ′ 34.37 ″ E)
(48 ° 47 ′ 33.78 ″ N, 2 ° 21 ′ 33.4 ″ E)
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Luxembourg
Germany
Switzerland
Italy
Atlantic
Mediterranean Sea
Localization of France in France Paris Petite Couronne
Paris
with Petite Couronne
Notre Dame (48 ° 51 ′ 10.69 ″ N, 2 ° 20 ′ 59.65 ″ E)
Notre Dame
Places mentioned in the text about Kassim's network
Blue pog.svgAttack
Red pog.svgArrest

Kassim first appeared in public six days after the attack in Nice on July 14, 2016 . In a seven-minute IS propaganda video recorded in the province of Ninawa , he congratulated the assassin in IS uniform and insulted François Hollande , only to cut the throats of two alleged spies with a knife in front of the camera and roar with the bloodied skull that had been severed from the victim's torso jumping around in front of the camera. Since then his name has been mentioned again and again. Media described Kassim as the mastermind and indoctrinator, the young French men and women radicalized and attacks such as the terrorist attack in Magna Ville , the stop in Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray , a failed gas cylinders - attack on September 4, 2016 in the vicinity of the cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris and a prevented attack on September 8th at the Paris Gare de Lyon train station .

On his channel, Kassim differentiated between two types of action: “targeted attacks” on certain people and “mass attacks”. For both, he recommended the use of simple means: kitchen knives, trucks or gas bottles, recommendations that were precisely implemented in Magnanville, Nice and at the Louvre. After the assassination attempt in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Kassim also took over the perpetrator's Telegram channel. The President of the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Hans-Georg Maaßen, commented on the IS strategy with the words: "These assassins are virtually remote-controlled from abroad via instant messaging."

As of autumn 2016, a large number of people were arrested in France in relation to anti-terrorism laws that the police assigned to the Kassim network. A significant number of those arrested were adolescents or young adults, including numerous converts: The group of people included at least eight underage girls and five underage boys as well as five young women between the ages of 18 and 23 and three young men between the ages of 18 and 21. Not counted and listed below are the 25-year-old assassin from Magnanville and the two 19-year-old assassins from St-Étienne-du-Rouvray, who all died in their attacks.

  • On August 8 and 10, a 16-year-old girl was arrested in Melun and 18-year-old Janna C. was arrested in Clermont-Ferrand .
  • On September 8, 2016, 19-year-old Inès M., 23-year-old Sarah H. and 39-year-old Amel S., all three also friends of Amedy Coulibaly , were born in Boussy-Saint-Antoine , as well as on September 6th 29-year-old Ornella G. arrested at a motorway service station in the Vaucluse department for the planned attacks on Notre Dame and Gare de Lyon; On December 13, 2016, 23-year-old Samia C. was arrested in her parents' house in Mantes-la-Jolie for being involved. Sarah H. wanted to marry Larossi Abballa , after whose death she promised Adel Kermiche the marriage.
  • On September 8, 10 and 14, 2016, three fifteen-year-old schoolchildren were arrested by the DGSI in Paris ( Reuilly and Ménilmontant ) and Rueil-Malmaison for planned attacks.
  • On September 10 and 13, 2016, 17-year-old E. and 19-year-old S. from Nice were arrested. With a video of a Syrian orphan whose parents were victims of French bombings, one of the girls who had suicidal thoughts was repeatedly urged by Kassim to commit an assassination attempt. But she managed to withstand his pressure because she felt she was being manipulated.
  • On September 12, 20-year-old Raïme A., from Tahiti , was arrested in Besançon for confessing to having intended an assassination attempt in Paris.
  • On September 16, two other converts were arrested: 39-year-old Julien B. (aka Abdelsalam) from Dole , who in Roanne was considered Kassim's mentor and “No. 1 recruiter” for IS, and 29-year-old Jérémie C. from Roanne, whom Kassim tried to motivate to murder via Telegram.
  • On September 30, a 15-year-old student was arrested in his parents' house in Domont and an 18-year-old in Clichy on suspicion of preparing for an assassination attempt.
  • On October 10, a 21-year-old man and his 17-year-old pregnant girlfriend were arrested in Noisy-le-Sec near Paris on suspicion of terrorism.
  • On November 15, HM, a 17-year-old from Belgium, who was active on Telegram under the pseudonym “Abu Omar”, was arrested at his home in Rennes . He acted as a mediator between Kassim and radicalized young people, including the two girls in Melun and Clermont-Ferrand.
  • A 17-year-old teenager got engaged to Adel Kermiche through Kassim's agency via Telegram , although the two had never seen each other before.
  • On February 28, 2017, a 14-year-old girl living in the south of France was arrested in Brunstatt and two other underage girls from Kassim's network were arrested in Creil and in the Seine-et-Marne department . The trio called themselves Les Lionnes ("The Lionesses") and were suspected of preparing an assassination attempt.
  • On April 1, 2017, two girls aged 15 and 17 were arrested in Nice and Levens for forming a terrorist group.
  • On September 10, 2017, 36-year-old Frédéric L. and 47-year-old Ali M.-R. arrested in Villejuif near Paris; A laboratory for the production of TATP was found in the apartment . Frédéric L. was also in close contact with Kassim in the summer of 2016 and had already carried out two explosion tests at the time, but then ran out of money to finance an attack.

Kassim, who called himself “Public Enemy No. 1” on Telegram, was killed on February 10, 2017 near Mosul using a US military drone . According to La Chaîne Info (LCI), a news channel of the TF1 group, he was identified by means of DNA analysis .

In March 2017, Kassim's then 67-year-old father was sentenced to six months probation for threats made in letters to the regional newspaper Le Progrès and the deputy mayor of Roanne. The deputy mayor, who had waived an accessory prosecution , saw him in the press as a “disturbed father”. On January 16, 2018, Kassim's 30-year-old cousin was arrested in Dijon on suspicion of forming a terrorist group . At the same time, a 25-year-old Kassim's cousin was placed under judicial supervision in Roanne on suspicion of a criminal conspiracy . According to Kassim's own account, another cousin, named Abu Muthanna al-Jazairi, died while working for IS in Chechnya and Afghanistan . In autumn 2016, Kassim announced that his entire family had broken off contact with him a few months after his migration to the Levant.

Ideology and motivation

In November 2016, Kassim gave an interview to extremism researcher Amarnath Amarasingam from the London Institute for Strategic Dialogue in which he provided him with eight or nine audio cassettes . Amarasingam came across Kassim's Telegram channel through third parties in September 2016, and after a month of negotiations, Kassim consented to the interview.

It seemed important to Kassim to tell his trip, especially in Syria, in his own words, in order to underline that he was one of the heroes in the history of jihadism. Jihadism interpreted according to Uwe Backes and Eckhard Jesse the jihad as a religious duty of every Muslim to violent struggle for the defense of Islam against infidels. Media reports that his radicalization was linked to Julien B. from Tarare or a visit to Algeria in 2011 were rejected by Kassim as incorrect. According to his own assessment, he found religion at the age of six and immediately loved jihadism. From his parents' divorce until he was nine years old, he had lived in Oran, Algeria. While he always felt at home there in spite of dangerous places, this was never the case in France. Kassim saw France as a country of decadence, citing homosexual school principals and pork as food as examples .

In Amarasmin's impression, Kassim hated France. Kassim accused the country of targeting hospitals and civilians in daily bombings in Syria. He claimed that ISIS did not start the violence: ISIS would only respond to attacks by others; as soon as France, Europe and the US stopped their attacks, ISIS would also stop fighting. When asked whether it is psychologically difficult to cut off someone's head as in Kassim's decapitation video from July 2016, Kassim replied: "Beheading an animal would be difficult, it is a pleasure with enemies of Allah."

reception

For Gilles Kepel , Kassim was a kind of “posterboy” of the third generation of jihadism (generation one was active for Kepel in Afghanistan, the second generation around Osama bin Laden ). His specialty was establishing contacts and recruiting young people in France, including girls, over long distances. French author and journalist of Algerian descent Mohamed Sifaoui wrote: “His role is to incite, encourage and try to create a fearful atmosphere on social media by manipulating fragile and disoriented people in the hope that they will then turn out to be feel called to be terrorists. Obviously it reaches adolescents and young girls in particular. ” Paris Match saw Kassim as having a “ thirst for gratitude ” soaked in melancholy ; To describe his path means " listing the frustrations of a fellow with unbridled narcissism who, in love with himself, always imagines an extraordinary fate". Amarasingam felt that Kassim was looking for some form of attention. He felt that he was arrogant and self-satisfied, and that Kassim did not feel understood and valued.

The Albert Londres Prize winner Roméo Langlois and Etienne Huver explored together with Marina Ladous by infiltration technique the virtual networks of jihadist recruitment by Rachid Kassim, from which, together with the television program "Envoyé spécial" of February 2, 2017 France 2 and France 24 The one-hour documentary film "Les sœurs, les femmes cachées du jihad" (German: "The sisters, the hidden women of jihad") was broadcast. The film showed how Kassim, believing that he was communicating with converts, sneakily tried to manipulate the journalists into either taking action or doing their hijra . “A very unsettling experience,” as Le Monde wrote.

After Kassim gave an interview to Amarasingam in November 2016 and his channel “Saber de Lumière” had been deactivated by the messenger operator, Le Parisien speculated that Kassim had drawn the anger of the IS leadership because he was too “exposed " may be. According to the secret service , the style of his messages had changed, and the information now looked as if it had gone through an approval process.

In the last audio message of the then most wanted French IS terrorist Kassim, which seems to have been recorded in December 2016 for the purpose of publication after his death, he condemned the IS leaders he described as "hypocrites" in a 20-minute message for sending their fighters to their deaths. He also called for the widows of fallen fighters to be treated better. From the interview with Amarasingam a few months earlier, Florian Rötzer had concluded from the words of Kassim that IS was “ ideologically [...] preparing for defeat”, and Kassim would also try “to show heroism and unconditional determination”, as one would expect from them know all groups and troops "which would be confronted with a dwindling morale".

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Michel Peyrard: Rachid Kassim: enquête sur le donneur d'ordre de Daech. In: Paris Match . September 23, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  2. ↑ Claire Digiacomi: Rachid Kassim, l'un des plus influents jihadistes français de Daech, témoigne pour la première fois. In: The Huffington Post . November 19, 2016, accessed November 22, 2016 (French).
  3. ↑ a b c d e Karen Lajon: Les confessions de Rachid Kassim, le commanditaire présumé de plusieurs attentats eng France. In: Le Journal du Dimanche . November 21, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  4. ↑ a b c d Rachid Kassim. De la Loire au Levante. In: Liberation . September 16, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  5. ↑ a b Thomas Gibbons-Neff: Rachid Kassim, ISIS recruiter and failed rapper, targeted in US airstrike. In: The Washington Post . February 10, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017 (American English).
  6. ↑ a b c France trembles before this man. In: 20 minutes . September 30, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 .
  7. ↑ a b Le djihadiste qui a revendiqué l'attentat de Nice vient de la Loire. In: Le Dauphiné libéré . July 23, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  8. ^ Julien B., itinéraire d'un Tararien radicalisé. In: Le Pays . September 22, 2016, accessed December 30, 2017 (French).
  9. ^ "Le Méditerranée" Roanne. In: Zoomfactor architecture firm (Paris). Retrieved December 30, 2017 (French).
  10. ↑ décrit comme influençable, instable, you metamorphosis jour au lendemain. In: Le Progrès. July 23, 2016, accessed December 30, 2017 (French).
  11. ↑ a b Sélim Batikhy, Jérôme Delaby: Rachid Kassim: une ombre sur le encombrante Roannais. In: Le Journal de Saône-et-Loir. February 12, 2017, accessed March 4, 2018 (French).
  12. ↑ Terrorism: qui est Rachid Kassim, l'ancien “grand frère” du quartier du Mayollet, à Roanne? In: France Bleu . September 13, 2016, accessed December 30, 2017 (French).
  13. ^ Contrat Unique d'Insertion. In: French Public Administration . Retrieved March 4, 2018 (French).
  14. ↑ Qui est Rachid Kassim, "l'inspirateur" présumé de l'attentat avorté à la voiture piégée à Paris? In: France Info . September 11, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  15. ^ A b Lorenzo G. Vidino , Francesco Marone, Eva Entenmann: Fear Thy Neighbor: Radicalization and Jihadist Attacks in the West Ledizioni . Ledizioni, 2017, ISBN 978-88-6705-619-4 , p. 74. ( limited preview )
  16. ↑ a b Andreas Rüesch: From child care worker to terrorist mastermind. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . September 12, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Kassim - the new ISIS puller? In: n-tv . September 12, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  18. ↑ a b c Gilles Kepel : The break. France's divided society . Verlag Antje Kunstmann, 2017, ISBN 978-3-95614-189-8 , pp. 31 and 38 ( limited preview )
  19. ↑ a b Florian Rötzer : "We believe that even a small attack in a non-Islamic country is better than a large attack in Syria". In: telepolis . November 21, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Rudolf Balmer: On the Internet to catch terrorists. In: taz . October 11, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  21. ^ Assassination de Nice: des décapiteurs de Daech félicitent Bouhlel. In: Le Parisien . July 20, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  22. ↑ Discovered a car with gas bottles in front of Notre-Dame. In: The time . September 7, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 .
  23. ↑ Attack on Paris train station prevented. In: The time . September 8, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  24. ↑ This IS recruiter has a magical attraction for young people. In: The world . September 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  25. ^ Victor Garcia, Claire Hache, Jérémie Pham-Lê: Le terroriste Adel Kermiche est mort, mais son Telegram s'est draw à parler. In: L'Express . August 3, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  26. ↑ Florian Flade: How ISIS remotely controls its attackers in the West. In: The world . September 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  27. ↑ Eugénie Bastié: La du galaxy djihadiste français Rachid Kassim, propagandiste de Daech. In: Le Figaro . September 21, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French). La galaxie jihadiste. In: Le Parisien . Retrieved December 22, 2017 (French).
  28. ^ Clermont-Ferrand: une femme «radicalisée» arrêtée. In: Le Figaro . August 12, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  29. ↑ The judiciary takes suspected jihadists into custody. In: Spiegel Online . September 13, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 . Stéphane Sellami: Voiture aux bonbonnes: Ornella Gilligmann, mère de famille devenue terroriste. In: Le Parisien . September 12, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  30. ↑ Stéphane Sellami: Affaire des bonbonnes de gaz à Paris: le commando au complet. In: Le Parisien . February 1, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  31. ↑ Stefan Simons: Cell of the fighters. In: Spiegel Online . September 10, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 .
  32. ↑ AFP, AP, Reuters: Terrorisme: trois mineurs arrêtés en une semaine en région parisienne. In: Le Figaro . September 14, 2016, accessed September 17, 2016 (French).
  33. ↑ Thibaut Raisse: Terrorisme: Rachid Kassim, propagandiste de Daech et bourreau. In: Le Parisien . November 1, 2016, accessed November 2, 2016 (French).
  34. ^ MAJ: Besançon: le jeune converti était soupçonné de vouloir passer à l'acte. In: Le Parisien . September 16, 2016, accessed December 2, 2017 (French).
  35. ↑ KT, JD: Les individus interpellés à Roanne et à Dole mis en examen et écroués. In: Le Progrès. September 22, 2016, accessed April 8, 2018 (French). L'homme interpellé à Dole était le recruteur de Daech à Roanne. In: Le Progrès. September 19, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  36. ↑ Menaces d'attentats: un collégien de Domont mis en examen et écroué. In: Le Parisien . September 30, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French). Soupçons de terrorisme: arrestation d'un jeune de 18 ans à Clichy. In: Paris Match . October 1, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  37. ↑ Young couple is said to have planned attacks. In: Spiegel Online . October 15, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 .
  38. ↑ Terrorism: un adolescent, proche de Rachid Kassim, interpellé en Bretagne. In: Le Parisien . November 18, 2016, accessed November 18, 2016 (French).
  39. ^ Jean-Michel Décugis: La "promise" maudite des djihadistes. In: Le Parisien . July 26, 2016, accessed July 31, 2016 (French).
  40. ↑ Caroline Moreau: Une jeune fille de 14 ans soupçonnée de préparer un attentat arrêtée à Mulhouse. In: France Info . February 28, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  41. ↑ Nice: deux adolescentes mises en examen dans le cadre d'une enquête antiterroriste. In: Le Parisien . April 1, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  42. ↑ J.Cl .: Villejuif: les deux suspects voulaient confectionner une bombe en vue d'un attentat. In: Le Parisien . September 10, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  43. ↑ French jihadist Kassim apparently killed in an air strike. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  44. ^ Georges Brenier: la mort du jihadiste français Rachid Kassim confirmée par l'ADN. In: La Chaîne Info. February 15, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  45. ^ Roanne: le père du jihadiste Rachid Kassim condamné pour menaces. In: Le Parisien . March 15, 2017, accessed March 4, 2018 (French).
  46. ^ Deux cousins ​​de Rachid Kassim mis en examen pour terrorisme. In: L'Express . January 20, 2018, accessed March 4, 2018 (French).
  47. ↑ a b c d Karen Lajon: "Rachid Kassim ne m'a pas paru être un donneur d'ordre important au sein de l'Etat islamique". In: Le Journal du Dimanche . November 21, 2016, accessed March 3, 2018 (French).
  48. ↑ Uwe Backes , Eckhard Jesse : Yearbook Extremism & Democracy , Volume 15. Nomos Verlag 2004. ISBN 978-3-8329-0348-0 , p. 197.
  49. ↑ William Watkinson: Isis jihadi commander says it's a 'pleasure to behead enemies' but admits he misses his cat. In: International Business Times . November 19, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2018 (American English).
  50. ↑ a b Christopher Dickey: Meet Emmanuel Macron's Man on Terrorism, Professor Gilles Kepel. In: The Daily Beast . October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017 (American English).
  51. ↑ Barbara Kostolnik: The third generation of jihadists. In: Bayerischer Rundfunk . September 14, 2016, accessed December 30, 2017 .
  52. ↑ Ina Pirkmayr: The seducer. In: FAZ.NET . September 17, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017 .
  53. ↑ Dans la peau d'une oum convertie. In: Slate . February 2, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  54. ^ "Les Sœurs: les femmes cachées du jihad". In: Le Monde . February 2, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  55. ↑ Stéphane Sellami: Terrorisme: le recruteur Rachid Kassim at-il été puni par Daech? In: Le Parisien . November 29, 2016, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  56. ↑ Le testament audio de Rachid Kassim diffusé sur Telegram. In: BFM TV . February 16, 2017, accessed December 22, 2017 (French).
  57. ↑ Most dangerous ISIS killer killed. In: OE24 . February 17, 2017, accessed on December 22, 2017 (Austrian German). Bethan McKernan: France's most wanted Isis fighter killed in Iraq leaves final message accusing his leaders of hypocrisy. In: The Independent . February 16, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017 (UK English).
personal data
SURNAME Kassim, Rachid
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French jihadist
BIRTH DATE 1987
PLACE OF BIRTH Roanne
DATE OF DEATH February 10, 2017
PLACE OF DEATH near Mosul