Student associations in non-German speaking countries

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In addition to the student associations in German-speaking countries, there are also student associations in non-German-speaking countries . A distinction must be made between the student associations of Central and Eastern Europe, which are shaped by German traditions, special cases such as Chile and Japan, where there are student associations of German tradition, and the countries in which student associations with an independent tradition exist. But there are also some student associations that have their roots in German tradition. Most of the start-ups in non-German-speaking countries took place at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and thus much later than the majority of the connections in German-speaking countries. But even long afterwards - in the second half of the 20th century - numerous connections abroad were established. The oldest German connection abroad is the Société d'Étudiants Germania Lausanne (1887) in French-speaking Switzerland .

Student associations with mainly German tradition

Baltic states

Coat of arms of the Student Estonian Association (EÜS)

In the three Baltic states of Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , after the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous color-bearing student associations were founded and re-established, some based on German-Baltic traditions and partly - such as the Association of Student Estonians (Estonian Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts ) are based on their own traditions.

In Estonia there are numerous student associations with different orientations. With the Arminia Dorpatensis there is also a connection of the Christian Wingolfsbund . For some connections, such as the Ugala in Tartu , the connection house is manned around the clock; the so-called "Promus" is responsible for looking after the guests around the clock.

There are also numerous student corporations in Latvia . In the Presidential Convention (Lat. Prezidiju Konvents) approx. 23 associations (including a Russian corporation) and in the Presidential Convention of the Latvian Women's Associations approx. 13 women's associations are united.

There are currently seven corporations in Lithuania , which in 2006 founded the "Council of Lithuanian Corporations". The Tautito corporation at the TU Kaunas is also a member of the “Free Curia” in the EKV .

Belgium

Color map of the KAV Lovania Löwen (1914)

German model now exists in Leuven , the Corps Flaminea Lions (1989), the KAV Lovania Leuven (1896) - a friendly connection of Cartellverbandes - and the fraternity Arminia Louvain (2000). These three corporations know both the life covenant principle and the convention principle .

Formerly there was also the Helvetia Lovaniensis in the Swiss Student Union (1872–1875), based on the German model , and a non-union Catholic German color-bearing student union Tungria (1877–1879). In addition, the student corporation of the Letzeburgers ( Luxembourgers ) was established in 1880 on a regional basis . In 1970 the association moved its headquarters to Louvain-la-Neuve . This corporation knows both the life covenant principle and the convention principle; In the Walloon-dominated environment, however, it is difficult to preserve German traditions.

On December 11, 1926, the Catholic fraternity Eumavia Lovaniensis of German-speaking corporation students from the eastern cantons ( Eupen , Malmedy and Sankt Vith ) was founded. After the University of Leuven had been separated into the Flemish Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Walloon Université catholique de Louvain in 1968 , the connection moved its headquarters to Louvain-la-Neuve . This corporation knows both the life covenant principle and the convention principle. Since the relocation, Aktivitas has essentially abandoned the German traditions and taken over the Walloon ones. Only a part of the old rulers stuck to the German heritage. Since the Second World War there have been several student associations for students from the eastern cantons. They do not know the principle of the alliance of life and do not maintain any German couleur traditions. These are Destuna ( Namur ) and Paludia Liège student association .

With the support of the Cologne and Bonn fraternities, sharp lengths were fought according to the Bonn fencing comment in 2012 .

See below: Student Associations with Other Traditions: Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Corporates who are stationed in Mostar as members of the German SFOR contingent (one each fraternity, corps student, country team member, Wingolfit and Pennal student) have founded the "Feriale Martialischen Konvent" there with the colors blue-red-green. In the four fields of the coat of arms can be seen: the emblem of the Salamandre division, crossed weapons, colors and compasses and the old historical bridge over the Neretva.

Chile

The coat of arms of the Araucania fraternity

The Germans who immigrated since 1843 have decisively shaped their new homeland and yet retained their German culture for a long time. In 1896 the Araucania fraternity was founded in Santiago de Chile , the first of a total of five German fraternities in Chile . This was followed by Montania ( Concepción ) in 1924 , Andinia (Santiago) in 1926 , Ripuaria ( Valparaíso and Viña del Mar ) in 1949 and Vulkania ( Valdivia ) in 1962 . Often a special connection to German culture, e.g. command of the German language , is required as a membership requirement. In general, they are less politically and more culturally active. They are organized in the Federation of Chilean Fraternities (BCB). Since 1959 there has been a working and friendship agreement between the then DCCB (Delegate Convention of Chilean Burschenschaften) and the German Burschenschaft , which mainly includes the regular mutual exchange of scholarship holders. There are also three girlships . The girls' association Erika Michaelsen Koch in Santiago, founded in 1969 , Amankay in Valdivia , founded in 1991, and Viktoria in Concepción.

China

On September 11th, 2015 the A.FV. Sino-Germania was founded in Beijing and Shanghai in the People's Republic of China. It emerged from a regular table of color students based in Beijing that was established in 2014. The colors of the holiday connection are red-gold-black. The motto is stupor mundi (the wonder of the world). The association is non-denominational and membership is also open to Chinese students. The members are encouraged to get involved in German-Chinese exchange. Several members in Aachen are involved in the Chinese-German Society and help out in the VCWSA (Association of Chinese Scientists and Students Aachen).

Denmark

In Denmark there is the Schleswig Students Association (VSSt) founded in 1924 with the support of Hans Hansen Kaad, based on the model of the German Association of German Students (VDSt).

France

On September 25, 1992, the Fraternité d'Etudiants Européens Robert Schuman Argentorata was founded in Strasbourg. The colors are blue and yellow on a silver background.

Great Britain

Scotto-Germania

There are two connections in London :

  • On May 23, 2003, the German-speaking Catholic European Country Team Gregoriana London , subsidiary of the K.Ö.L. Josephina Vienna in the KÖL, which takes care of the members of Catholic student associations studying in London. Their colors are red-white-gold. The motto is Viribus unitis .
  • On October 21, 2007, an English-speaking subsidiary of the Gregorian called English Catholic and Academic Fraternity Britannia London was formed. Their colors are red-white-blue. The motto is Sola virtus invicta .

Ian Lilburn founded the Scotto-Germania corps student association in London in 1975 . After his death in October 2013, he broke up. The tradition is continued in Bonn .

Italy

In South Tyrol there are two student associations in addition to several school associations:

The Catholic Tyrolean Student Union Ladinia existed as a holiday union for Ladin students from Val Badia as early as 1910 to 1920 . The Ladinia used the Ladin colors blue-white-green for the first time as a band of boys, from which today's Ladin flag was created.

Circle of the KAV Capitolina Rome

There are three connections in Rome :

There was a student union in Padua :

For Italian student associations of non-German tradition see below .

Japan

There is a student union in Tokyo , the AV Edo-Rhenania to Tokyo . It was founded on the model of the Catholic student associations by members of the AV Rheinstein in Cologne and is friends with the German Cartell Association .

Romania

There are two active Pennal connections in Romania . These are:

  • CRSt.V. Audacia Napocensis in Cluj-Napoca , founded in 2003, related to the MKV and a member of the EKV
  • CRSt.V. Aquila Varadinensis Groß Wardein , founded in 2005, affiliated with the MKV and member of the EKV

Russia

The AV Moscovia has existed in Moscow since 2008 , a holiday group that emerged from a regular table of color students established in 2003. Moscovia sees itself as non-denominational and is open to German-speaking and color-bearing members of all leagues and associations who regularly or permanently stay in the Russian capital. Their colors are black-red-gold and are worn as a cockade or tip.

Poland

Magna Polonia cap in Poznan

The roots of the Polish corporate student body go back to the German universities outside Poland ( Vienna , Berlin , Dorpat , Riga , Dresden ). After the rebirth of an independent Polish state, these associations moved their headquarters to the liberated mother country and committed themselves to watch over an elitist idea of ​​the nation state. Against the background of also nationally oriented student associations of other peoples, conflicts between corporations arose especially at ethnically mixed universities. At the Technical University in the Free City of Danzig , for example, there were repeated personal matches between Polish and German fraternity students against the background of the national tensions in the city. The tradition, which was broken off by the Second World War in 1939 and which could not be revived after the war because of the ban on corporations among the communists, was saved by the old rulers during the times of National Socialism and Soviet Communism. Since 1988 there have been reactivations and new foundations all over Poland.

The Polish academic corporations are very close in their customs to the German and Baltic connections. However, there was no division into nationally conscious fraternities , religiously oriented CV connections, and the neither politically nor religiously oriented corps.

There are also good relations with the Baltic corporations . That is why the 48th All-Baltic People's Committee took place for the first time from May 13th to 15th, 2011 in Poland, in Warsaw. The background to the venue chosen for this year is that there are still three active corporations in Poland that were founded in Dorpat and Riga as corporations based on the German model, namely Konwent Polonia (1828), Arkonia (1879) and Welecja (1883). All three corporations, like the German, Latvian and Estonian corporations, were members of the Chargierten-Conventes and thus obliged to comment. After the First World War, these corporations moved their headquarters from the Baltic States to Poland and were able to preserve a large part of their old traditions there. The Baltic People's Committee has been held annually since 1964, initially only in Germany, and since 1989 also in Estonia and Latvia. The host of the Kommerses - with a total of more than 500 participants from Germany , Latvia , Estonia and Poland - was the Arkonia corporation in Warsaw . The honorary patronage (patronage) was taken over by the Polish President Komorowski (great-grandson of a member of the Polonia Konwents).

Coat of arms of the AV Salia-Silesia Gleiwitz

Polish connections are to be distinguished from those German connections that were only established on (current or already then) Polish territory. Mention should be made:

Members of Sarmatia (1910 - still in St. Petersburg)
Members of Sarmatia in Warsaw (2008)

Active corporations

... founded in → relocated to ...

Catholic connections

  • Magna Polonia, founded in 1920, Poznan
  • Lechia, founded in 1920, Poznan
  • Surma, founded in 1921, Poznan
  • Masovia, founded in 1924, Poznan
  • Roma, founded in 1927, Poznan

See also

Switzerland

Coat of arms of Germania Lausanne
Members of the Société d'Étudiants de Belles-Lettres, Lausanne Section, 1898

In Switzerland there are several nationwide student associations (similar to an umbrella organization), which are represented with so-called sections at the respective university locations and also in French-speaking Switzerland . These include the Swiss Zofingerverein , the Swiss Student Union Helvetia and the Société Stella Helvetica .

Freiburg in Üechtland

Geneva

  • Société Suisse des Etudiants de Zofingue (Zofing Student Association), founded in 1823. It is the Geneva section of Zofingia
  • Société Suisse d'Étudiants Helvetia , founded in 1849. It is the Geneva section (section genève) of the Swiss student union Helvetia
  • Société d'Étudiants Stella Genevensis , mixed association, founded in 1863. It is the Geneva section (section vaudoise) of the Swiss Société Stella Helvetica
  • Société d'Étudiants Adelphia Genevensis , founded in 1878
  • Société philanthropique Victoria Helvetica , founded in 1986
  • Women's association Venusia Genevensis , founded in 1993

Lausanne

  • Société d'Étudiants de Belles-Lettres , section Lausanne, founded in 1806. It is the oldest association in Switzerland
  • Zofingia in the Swiss Zofingerverein (Zofingia), founded in 1820. It is the Vaudois section (section vaudoise) of the Zofingia student association for the whole of Switzerland
  • Société Suisse d'Étudiants Helvetia , founded in 1848. It is the Vaudois section (section vaudoise) of the Swiss student union Helvetia
  • Société d'Étudiants Stella Valdensis , mixed connection, founded in 1857. It is the Vaudois section (section vaudoise) of the Swiss Société Stella Helvetica
  • Société d'Étudiants Germania Lausanne , founded in 1887. It is not an umbrella association and issimilar tothe Corps of the KSCV . It is the oldest German student association abroad
  • Société d'Étudiants Lémania Lausanne in the Swiss Student Union , founded in 1891
  • Société d'Étudiants Valdesia in the Swiss Christian-Evangelical Falkensteinerbund , founded in 1915

Neuchâtel

  • Zofingia (Zofingue Neuchâtel) in the Swiss Zofingerverein (Zofingia), founded in 1823. It is the Neuchâtel section (section neuchâteloise) of the Zofingia student union throughout Switzerland
  • Société d'Étudiants Belles-Lettres, founded in 1832
  • Société d'Étudiants de l'Etude, founded in 1877. Student association of the Cantonal School of Neuchâtel, Denis-de-Rougemont.
  • Société d'Étudiantes Aethylia, re-established in 2010. Student association for women at the various canton schools in Neuchâtel.
  • Droga Neocomensis , founded in 1933. Student association of Swiss chemists at the higher technical college in Neuchâtel.

Slovakia

There are two student associations in Bratislava (Pressburg). One of them (Skas Istropolitan) is very close to the ÖCV and is a member of the EKV.

Syria

In Damascus there is a student union founded by students of the ÖCV in 1994, the K.Ö.St.V. Golania zu Arne, who has been a member of the EKV since 2007.

Czech Republic

There is a Catholic association in the Czech Republic , the Catholic Student Association (K.St.V.) Pragensis Prague in the EKV Curia .

Ukraine

In Ukraine there is the community of Ukrainian-Catholic students Obnova zu Lemberg , Ternopil and Chernivtsi . This association at three university locations is a member of the European Cartel Association (EKV). It is open to students with a Ukrainian Catholic religious affiliation, but is neither colored nor familiar with the Comment (rules for student coexistence). A section at the seminary in Chernivtsi only accepts male students.

The Austrian-German academic corporation tradition is followed by the uncovering academic connection Bukowina to Chernivtsi founded in 1997 (colors: dark blue-red-green).

Hungary

In Hungary there is the VDSt Fünfkirchen , VDH Budapest , Corps Nassovia Budapest , student associations and the Catholic association KEDEX .

United States

Brandenburgia

There were a few corporations of German origin in the USA, for example the Corps Brandenburgia-Berlin zu Cleveland / Ohio , which was founded in Berlin in 1937 and relocated to Cleveland in the winter semester 1937/38, as well as the corporations Teuto-Rugia (founded in Cleveland as a fraternity in Berlin, later Corps) and Goto-Rugia. Goto-Rugia formed the American Couleur Association (ACV) with the Normannia Cleveland fraternity, a colored AH circle of local fraternities. Brandenburgia and later Teuto-Rugia were members of the SC to Cleveland / Ohio.

(For US student associations of non-German tradition, see below.)

Cyprus

Pax Capriae Founded: September 13, 1994 Colors: blue - white - blue, FF:?, Hat: light blue motto: "With heart, hat and humor!" Association: free of any association Fencing question: no Members: Members of the armed forces in Cyprus Founded after Model of the Golania (but unrelated to it) from members of the MKV and ÖCV who served as members of the armed forces on behalf of the UN on the border between Turkish Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus. Already dissolved in 2003.

Student associations with other traditions

Belgium

In Belgium , one has to distinguish between student associations in the Flemish and Walloon parts.

Belgian Kommers books : Green Student Codex , Codex Studiosorum Bruxellensis , Blue Student Codex and Bitu Magnifique (from left to right)

In the Flemish part (since 1874) there are numerous high-profile Catholic student associations (student clubs), mostly organized in local associations of the Katholiek Vlaams Hoogstudenten Verbond . These student clubs have developed their own student traditions based on the customs of the Catholic associations of the Cartell Association of Catholic German Student Associations (CV) in Germany and Austria. There are colors worn (band and beer ton) and regular, joint events held. In addition to the club colors, the wine-red hat of the KVHV and the ribbon of the respective KVHV local association are worn on official occasions . The corporate student pub corresponds to the Cantus and the Zangfeest is similar to the Kommers. In the student code , in addition to the songs sung at the Cantus (including numerous German student songs ), the club code , which is similar to the comment of the German-speaking associations, is written down. The Schachtenmeester ( Fuchs Major ) instructs the shafts ( foxes ). The boys are called Ouderejaars or Oud students. Once you have finished your studies, you become a filister with Zwanenzang . You become Oud-lid or support your former club as an Ereleden through financial donations. Old gentlemen's associations, like the German-speaking corporations, are only available in rudimentary form. The batches designated as Bestuur wear a sash in the club colors as official symbols or , as officials of the KVHV, in the colors of the respective local association. Since 1888 there has been a joint magazine Ons Leven .

There is also the Nationalist Student Union (NSV!) With several local associations and liberal student associations in Brussels . The members of the NSV wear dove-gray hats and the colors black-white-red.

In the French-speaking part (Wallonia and French-speaking universities in Brussels) there are so-called cercles , which usually bring together students from one subject or faculty. By tradition, they are only closely related to the German student associations. For example, there is a fox status ('bleu') and a boy status ('poil' - male - and 'plume' - female -). There is also something like a personal boy who is called a godfather there. The life covenant principle does not exist with the Cercles. Almost all cercles have some kind of student cap . A distinction is made between two forms: the "calotte" without an umbrella, which is mainly worn by students at Catholic universities, and the "penne" by students at the free and state universities. Compared to the usual student hats in German-speaking countries, these have an over-long visor. In some connections, at least the board of directors also wears ribbons .

France

In Alsace there are some student associations that are similar to those in Germany. The Alsatian association Wilhelmitana ( Schwarzburgbund ), of which the best-known (honorary) member was Albert Schweitzer , has been suspended, but attempts to reactivate it have so far been unsuccessful. In 2012 several members of the Robert Schuman Argentorata became members of the Wilhelmitana Philistine Association. It is currently being considered to revive the Philistine Association and, if necessary, to set up an activity on site. In the spring of 1992 the association "Alsatia Strasbourg" was founded by Austrian citizens. The connection was included in the European Cartel Association (EKV) and had the colors "orange-violet-orange on a black background" - the colors of the old bishopric and mining town in Alsace. Subsequently (June 1996) the connection name was named after Robert Schuman because of the similarities to a connection that existed after the First World War . Today the connection is called "European Student Union (E.St.V.) / Fraternité Européenne d'Etudiants (FEE) Robert Schuman-Argentorata zu / à Strasbourg" and has now the colors "blue-sun-yellow on a silver background". The official abbreviation is RSA. The active members today are essentially French. There is also a specifically French type of student association. This type of connection is called Corpo and exists in Paris ( Corpo Pharma Paris ).

United Kingdom

Well-known student secret societies in Great Britain are the Cambridge Apostles at Cambridge University and the Bullingdon Club at Oxford.

Italy

In Italy there are the Golardian orders .

Netherlands

In the Netherlands , a very large proportion of students are organized in student associations ( Studentenvereniging , often also Dispuut ). The connection system is more comparable to the Anglo-Saxon than to the German. The corps, for example LSV Minerva Leiden, enjoy a high reputation . The Corpora (Corps) are connected by the Algemene Senate Vergadering .

There are a multitude of different types, from the tightly organized association to the loose social association. Sometimes as a community of values ​​close to a church or party, mostly not. The transition to student choirs, professional or sports clubs is fluid. There are also numerous women's and mixed connections. Disputes are seldom organized in umbrella organizations. They rarely see themselves as a bond of life. Accordingly, the Reunionists (old gentlemen, high ladies) only bear the costs to a small extent. The initiation ritual ( ontgroening ) can be very strict, depending on the connection. It rarely consists of a challenge, mostly a humiliation.

Sweden and Finland

Traffic sign in Luleå

So-called nationers can be found at the traditional Swedish universities of Uppsala and Lund, but also in Linköping and Norrköping .

Compare with the

Student nations are named after the Swedish landscapes and have coats of arms based on them. Its founding history is similar to that described under History of Student Associations and goes back to the 17th century. The nations still play an important role at the universities mentioned - above all, they pay the tuition fee through them. But the nations also perform social and societal tasks. Many nations have houses for events and leisure activities, which often also include cafes, bars and libraries, as well as numerous student residences. In the "Seniorskollegiet" the members remain connected as supporting members even after their studies in their nation.

Couleur is only worn on festive occasions, like something with the numerous Gasque - a kind of banquet comparable to the Kommers . Usually, however, only the Bureau shall Couleur in the form of stripes band and the Office insignia . The white Swedish student cap also belongs to the color, but does not give any indication of belonging to a particular nation. Their differences in appearance result from the field of study. The tricolor ribbons are worn by right-handers over the right shoulder and by left-handers accordingly over the left shoulder, as it is supposed to symbolize the sword hanging.

There is a historical exchange between the Swedish and German student associations. So in the hymn books of Swedish connections you can find the traditional song of German connections O old lad glory . There are also annual exchanges with German connections. For more than 50 years, for example, there has been an exchange between one of the largest connections in Uppsala, Södermanland's Nerikes Nation and the Arminia Marburg fraternity.

In Finland the student nations are also called Osakunta . Some of them are in contact with the Estonian corporations.

Slovenia

There are Catholic connections in Slovenia , including the Amos Academic Catholic Association with sections in Maribor and Ljubljana . She follows the comment only rudimentary, but is a member of the EKV.

Spain, Portugal and Latin America

In Spain , Portugal and several Latin American countries there are musical student associations with the Tunas .

The self-governing repúblicas in Portugal date back to the early 13th century after the establishment of the University of Coimbra . Since then, these shared apartments have enjoyed the protection of legal regulations. To this day, they are an alternative form of student connections and were able to maintain social freedom even in the authoritarian Estado Novo regime.

United States and Canada

Fraternities Tau Kappa Epsilon and Kappa Alpha Order

The fraternity ( English for brotherhood, plural fraternities ) is the Anglo-American form of the student union, while female students can organize themselves in a sorority (English for sisterhood, plural sororities ). Mixed connections are very rare. A single connection usually maintains representations, so-called chapters, at several, sometimes even very many, university locations. The names of the connections are usually composed of two Greek letters , and each chapter has a name composed of mostly three Greek letters. This form of connection is therefore also known as the Greek system . In contrast to European connections, membership fees are paid by the student members. Many connections maintain residential buildings for their members, which, unlike in Germany, are usually located directly on campus.

Memberships in fraternities or sororities are more common in the USA than in Germany. As a rule, they are not considered to be "conservative", but instead have a reputation for hosting many and sometimes excessive parties. "Greek life" as a common expression for the activities of these connections also includes the frequent organization of (depending on the perspective: excessive) parties. It is likely that the American fraternities and sororities with the student orders in the 18th century have common roots with the European fraternities , but they have developed differently. A national orientation is the norm, but - like other American nationalism - this is almost always strongly liberal and pro-democratic in color. Most American associations do not see themselves as elitist, although some are de facto .

In addition to Greek life, there are elite student secret societies such as the Seven Society at the University of Virginia , the Flat Hat Club at the College of William & Mary , the Philomathean Society at the University of Pennsylvania , particularly at the " Ivy League " universities on the American East Coast . the Final Clubs at Harvard such as Porcellian or Delphic , the Society of Saint Anthony with its founding chapter at Columbia University , Quill and Dagger at Cornell University or the legendary Bonesmen of Skull & Bones in Yale .

literature

  • Sabrina Lausen: guardian of her nations . Student connections in Germany and Poland in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Cologne 2020 (= Treatises on student and higher education, vol. 21).
  • Kurt English: Polish Color Students . In: Deutsche Corpszeitung, 42nd year, October 1925, pp. 175–177

Web links

Commons : Fraternities  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Website of Arminia Dorpatensis
  2. ↑ corporation Tautito. Retrieved September 28, 2015 .
  3. ^ Curia of the free associations in the EKV. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 29, 2015 ; accessed on September 28, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ekv.info
  4. ↑ Burschenschaftliche Blätter dated August 6, 2012
  5. ↑ Acta Studentica, Volume 129, March 199, p. 7
  6. ↑ http://sino-germania.com/?page_id=19
  7. ↑ http://www.vcwsa.rwth-aachen.de/
  8. ↑ VSSt in the North Schleswig Wiki of the German Central Library and Central Library Aabenraa
  9. ↑ German "With united forces". Viribus unitis was also the motto of Franz Joseph I.
  10. ↑ Eng. "Only virtue is invincible"
  11. ↑ Lois Craffonara , The Ladinia Student Union (1910–1920), their coat of arms and their magazine , in: Ladinia XXIV-XXV, 2000/2001
  12. ↑ Acta Studentica Volume 198/199 November 2016 p. 24
  13. ^ Anton Fuchsbrugger, The Catholic-German Student Union Laurinia to Padua 1925-1934 , Bozen 1986.
  14. ↑ Website of the Academic Association Moscovia ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed November 1, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dl.dropboxusercontent.com
  15. ↑ "Studiosus Austriaus 2008", p 271
  16. ^ "Acta Studentica", volume 143 July 2003, p. 14
  17. ↑ KVHV local association
  18. ↑ [1]
  19. ↑ See also: sv: Studentmössa
  20. ↑ en: St. Anthony Hall
  21. ↑ WordPress article ( Memento from August 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )