Tholey (place)
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Tholey
Tholey parish
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| Height : | 357 (-568) m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 8.32 km² |
| Residents : | 2254 (2016) |
| Population density : | 271 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | 1st January 1974 |
| Postal code : | 66636 |
| Area code : | 06853 |
 Location map Tholey (Source: Geoportal Saarland)
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 Tholey with Schaumberg in the background
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Tholey is the eponymous district of the Tholey municipality in northern Saarland . The Romans built a settlement in Tholey, which was at the intersection of two Roman roads , and later a high fortress on the Schaumberg . Today's Tholey Abbey was founded in the 7th century and is considered the oldest monastery in German-speaking countries.
Tholey is a local center for the surrounding villages with its municipal administration, bank branches and several shopping centers.
geography
location
The place Tholey is located in the northeastern Saarland, directly on the southern slope of the Schaumberg, which at 568 m forms the highest point in the local area. The area belongs to the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park .
The neighboring places are (from the north in the UZS): Theley , Oberthal , Alsweiler , Marpingen , Sotzweiler , Bergweiler .
geology
The northern part of the Tholeyer area, the Schaumberg, arose in the middle of the Permian from rising magma that did not reach the surface of the earth ( intrusive rock ). The rock is now exposed due to erosion and is known as tholeyite (tholeiitic basalt). Adjacent to the south of the mountain is the sedimentary rock of the Lebach strata, which belong to the Rotliegends .
climate
Due to its altitude, the annual mean temperature of 8.6 ° C is slightly below the lower-lying places in the area. While Tholey is protected from north winds by the Schaumberg, the prevailing westerly and easterly winds can reach the high place unhindered. In connection with the low air pollution from industry and traffic, this leads to very good air quality . Accordingly, Tholey carries the award climatic health resort .
In Tholey there is a fully automatic weather station of the German Weather Service .
history
Prehistory and early history
Isolated finds prove the settlement of the region since the Copper Age . In the late Hallstatt period (750 to 480 BC), iron production revolutionized society. At that time, the Schaumberg region was on the edge of its own cultural area, the so-called Hunsrück-Eifel culture . The natural occurrence of iron ores led to an extraordinary prosperity that lasted up to the Latène period (480 to 30 BC), which is evidenced by rich grave goods in the barrows in the area. It is assumed that there was already a refuge on the Schaumberg at this time.
Roman times
Characteristic for the rule of the Romans - Gallo-Roman epoch (30 BC to 450 AD) - was initially a long period of peace from the 1st to the 3rd century AD, during which the region flourished . East of today's location of Tholey, in the border area to the towns of Oberthal and Alsweiler, two important supraregional Roman roads crossed . They connected Metz with Mainz on the one hand and Strasbourg with Trier on the other . A small town market town ( Vicus Wareswald ) was created here. An archaeological excavation started in 2001 uncovered the foundations of craftsmen's houses, a pillar tomb and a temple complex.
In the local area of Tholey there was an extensive building complex with bathing facilities in the Roman era, which was probably an estate (lat. "Villa rustica") separated from the main settlement of Wareswald. Parts of the foundation walls were uncovered during various excavations in the area of the abbey church and its surroundings. A small temple district was in the Schweichhausen corridor to the west.
At that time, the eastern area of the Schaumberg, slightly higher than the rest of the plateau, was surrounded by a circular wall. A single find indicates that this mountain area was used as a high-altitude sanctuary .
Remnants of buildings and small finds reflect the considerable wealth of the residents. The large number of surviving inscriptions suggests an educated class of the population and a cultural prosperity. Some of the architectural fragments, ceramics, bronzes and inscriptions are now on display in the Theulegium Museum. After increasing prosperity up to the 3rd century, Germanic invasions in the 3rd and 4th centuries increasingly led to economic decline. More and more farms and settlements were given up, including the Vicus Wareswald.
The existing buildings on the Schaumberg were reinforced and the curtain wall was expanded to encompass the entire plateau. Under the protection of this late Roman high fortress, settlement activity shifted to the current location of Tholey below.
From the Franconian Empire to the Middle Ages
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After the turmoil of the Great Migration , Tholey belonged to the Franconian Empire in the following centuries . In 634 it is mentioned as "Toleio" in the "Testament of Adalgisel Grimo ". The Franconian nobleman Grimo inherited it a. A. his property in Tholey the Bishop of Verdun. The mention of clerics in Tholey in the will is commonly equated with the first mention of the Tholey monastery. Equipped with the relics of several saints, the Tholeyer monastery church was an important regional pilgrimage site for centuries .
The "Castrum Theulegium" also mentioned in the will can probably be identified with the attachment on the Schaumberg. This complex, which developed into a medieval castle, was the seat of the bailiffs of the Tholey monastery and the center of an extensive property that comprised approx. 1/6 of the area of today's Saarland.
As a result of the division of the last Franconian empire, the area came from 855 to the " Lotharingien " called Middle Kingdom.
In the 12th century, the Counts of Blieskastel had established themselves as bailiffs of the abbey and from 1180 they called the Schaumburg one of their three castles. The 13th century was marked by serious feuds over the legacy of the Blieskastel counts. The dukes of Upper Lorraine became new sovereigns in 1291 and were to remain so until 1738. The three ramparts that surround the castle plateau on the west and north sides probably date from the medieval era.
The Duchy of Upper Lorraine was divided into several administrative districts - called "baillage" in French - with the "baillage de Schambourg" located in the far east of the predominantly German-speaking "baillage d'Allemagne" with its administrative seat on the Schaumburg. This "baillage" included, in addition to the core area around Tholey, a large number of villages in the district of St. Wendel and Lebach, but also exclaves , e.g. B. in the area of Hoppstädten-Weiersbach . Frequent pledging and granting of individual areas as fiefs repeatedly led to ambiguities in the sovereignty or the borderline and to protracted disputes between the local liege lords .
Early modern age
In the border area between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and on important military roads, the abbey, the town of Tholey and the Schaumburg repeatedly got into military conflicts with destruction and looting. B. 1522 by Franz von Sickingen .
The Thirty Years' War , in which the region was drawn directly from 1635, also devastated the area around Tholey heavily; the Schaumburg went up in flames. The population was so decimated that in 1667, apart from the abbey, only 6 households were counted.
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 did not bring any final calm to the region, as Lorraine, as an ally of Spain, was excluded from this peace agreement. Only the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, in the first third of the 18th century, made a lasting recovery of the region and an economic prosperity possible. The engine of this development was the Tholey Abbey, which extensively renovated its buildings and the church and acquired baroque inventory, such as B. the organ prospectus still preserved today .
The badly damaged Schaumburg was abandoned in the 18th century and the administrative headquarters with bailiff, court, notary and prison relocated to Tholey.
In 1738 Franz Stephan of Lorraine renounced Lorraine in the Treaty of Vienna in exchange for Tuscany . The Duchy of Lorraine fell to Stanislaus I. Leszczyński , expelled King of Poland and father-in-law of the French. King Louis XV . After Stanislaus' death in 1766, the duchy and the Schaumburg office passed to France. In the course of a border regulation treaty, the Schaumburg office came to the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken in 1786 and thus returned to the Holy Roman Empire (see map).
The Modern Age
From the French Revolution to 1935
In 1793/1794 French revolutionary troops entered the Saarland. There was looting, the abbey was dissolved and the church archives were destroyed. In the First French Republic , Tholey was the administrative seat of the canton of Tholey and belonged to the Départment de la Moselle from 1793 to 1798, and from 1798 to 1815 to the Département de la Sarre . After Napoleon's abdication and the Second Peace of Paris in 1815, Tholey and other areas on the left bank of the Rhine fell to Prussia . Tholey, which was then called the city, remained a mayor's office including a district court.
In 1915 Tholey was connected to the railway network with the St. Wendel - Tholey railway line. This was a great relief for the miners and ironworkers in the area, who could now commute to work every day.
After the First World War , Tholey belonged to the Saar area from 1920 to 1935 under the mandate of the League of Nations . In the vote on the further status of the Saar area in 1935, the voters of the Tholey office voted with a turnout of 99.4% and 96.3% for unification with Germany (result in the entire Saar area: 90.7%).
History of the Jewish community in Tholey
A first Jewish family in Tholey is reported in 1729. In 1790 there were 41 Jewish residents (about 7% of a total of about 600 inhabitants). In the first half of the 19th century the number of Jews in the area continued to increase: in 1843 of the 952 inhabitants of Tholey, 88 were Jewish (15 families). Twenty years later the Jewish community in Tholey comprised up to 30 families. An old Tholeyer residential area on the southern slope of Mount foam still bears the name Matze corners (according to Matzen , unleavened flat bread of the Jewish kitchen). The Jewish community in Tholey had its own cemetery, a synagogue since 1863 , and a Jewish denominational school since 1876 .
In the second half of the 19th century the number of Jewish community members declined due to emigration and emigration (in 1895 there were 91 Jewish inhabitants). After the annexation of the Saar area to the German Reich in 1935, 41 Jewish residents were still counted in Tholey, but a little later most of them emigrated. Due to the emigration of a large number of parishioners, the synagogue was closed and sold in 1937. The remaining Jewish residents of Tholey were deported as part of the Holocaust and almost all of them were murdered. A total of 31 Jewish people who were born in Tholey and / or who had lived there for a long time perished during the Nazi era.
From World War II to today
During the Second World War , the town hall and some private houses were destroyed by bombs. Large-scale destruction, however, was not to be complained of.
After the Second World War, Tholey was only part of the French occupation zone and from 1947 to 1956 part of the semi-autonomous Saarland , which was dependent on France and which was to become a center of the European Union in this form . In the referendum in 1955 on the retention of the status - with a turnout of 98.5% - 79% of the eligible voters in Tholey voted against the retention of the Saar status and thus for a connection of the Saarland to the Federal Republic of Germany (result in the entire Saar area: 68%). The political connection then took place on January 1, 1957. The economic connection by taking over the D-Mark (popularly "Day X") took place on July 6, 1959.
As part of the Saarland administrative reorganization in 1974 which were previously independent nine municipalities Weiler , hasborn-dautweiler , Lindscheid , Neipel, chafing , Sotzweiler , Theley , Tholey and About Roth-Niederhofen joined forces to present community of Tholey.
politics
Local council and mayor
In the last election in 2019, the CDU won 7 seats in the local council, the SPD 4 seats. The head of the village is Marianne Weicherding (CDU).
coat of arms
The coat of arms of the town of Tholey shows the red, Electorate of Trier cross as a sign of the church affiliation of Tholey zu Trier. The crook in the upper right field is intended to refer to the centuries-old history of the Tholeyer Abbey. The lower field shows in blue a golden, two-towered, black-grooved castle on a golden mountain; a reference to the Schaumberg and the fortresses that stood there for centuries.
German-French friendship
As part of the Franco-German friendship , Tholey entered into a local partnership with Zetting in the Moselle department in 1972 . The partnership has a historical background: The Zetting parish was formerly part of the Tholeyer Abbey.
Since 1984 there has also been an exchange with the municipality of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire in the French department of Loiret. The existing connections between the Benedictine abbeys in Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire and Tholey also formed the starting point for this partnership.
Culture and sights
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Benedictine Abbey of St. Mauritius
→ Main article: Benedictine Abbey of St. Mauritius (Tholey)
The St. Mauritius Abbey is a Benedictine monastery and is considered the oldest monastery on German soil. Today's early Gothic abbey church from the 13th century is one of the oldest Gothic churches in Germany.
The abbey church has been extensively renovated since 2018. Thereby u. a. new windows inserted. Most of the windows are designed by the German-Afghan artist Mahbuba Maqsoodi .
The three choir windows are designed by the famous German artist Gerhard Richter .
→ Main article: Richter window (Tholey)
The large Oberlinger organ from 1960 will also be replaced as part of the renovation by a new building by Hugo Mayer Orgelbau with 36 registers.
The church is scheduled to reopen on September 20, 2020.
Schaumberg and Schaumberg Tower
→ Main article: Schaumberg
The 568 m high Schaumberg is often referred to as "Saarland's local mountain". It allows a wide view of the surrounding area. A variety of walking paths and mountain bike trails lead across the mountain. Particularly popular is the Herzweg , an almost 2.8 km long, barrier-free circular route with many panoramic views and the open-air exhibition “ Summit Art ”.
→ Main article: Schaumberg tower
The Schaumberg Tower is a 37.5 m high observation tower on the Schaumberg. From its roof platform, the view extends in the north to the Hunsrück , in the west to the Saargau and beyond to the French nuclear power plant Cattenom and in the south to Saarbrücken . When the weather is very clear, it is possible to see the Vosges .
The tower is intended to serve as a Franco-German meeting place. That is why there is a memorial for the soldiers of Germany and France who died in the world wars on the ground floor of the tower . The tower also contains exhibitions on the subject of “Franco-German relations” and “ Climate protection ”.
Other popular excursion destinations on the Schaumberg are the Africa Chapel , the Blasius Chapel and the Schaumberg adventure pool . There is a youth hostel opposite the adventure pool .
Museum Theulegium
The Theulegium is the cultural history museum of the Schaumberger Land. It is located on Rathausplatz in the historic building of the former Royal District Court. It deals with the topics of “Geology”, “Prehistory”, “The Abbey of St. Mauritius”, “The Office of Schaumburg” and “Modern History”.
Vicus Wareswald
→ Main article: Vicus Wareswald
The excavation site of the Marktflecken (vicus) in the Wareswald in the direction of Oberthal is located at the intersection of the nationally important roads between Metz and Mainz on the one hand and Strasbourg and Trier in Roman times. Residential buildings, temples and the remains of a 10–12 m high pillar tomb were excavated here.
Infrastructure, economy and education
Transport links
In the rural region with a hilly landscape profile, traffic is largely geared towards the automobile. The federal highway 269 forms the main street of Tholey. It connects Tholey in an easterly direction with the district town of St. Wendel, 12 km away. In a south-westerly direction it leads to the A1 / E422 federal motorway (exit Tholey) 5 km away and on to the city of Lebach, 13 km away . In Tholey, the L135 to Theley and the road to Dirmingen branch off from the B269 .
The well-developed Wendelinus cycle path along the railway line, which was closed in 1996, connects Tholey with the district town of St. Wendel.
With public transport, Tholey can be reached by buses from the two neighboring cities and the local train stations. At St. Wendel station there is a connection to the Saarbrücken - Bingen ( Nahetalbahn ) line, and in Lebach to the RB72 / S1 in the direction of Saarbrücken.
The closest airport, Saarbrücken, is 45 km away by car.
economy
Until the 19th century, Tholey was an agricultural village. However, agriculture rapidly lost its importance, especially after World War II. At the present time (2020) there is no longer a full-time farmer in Tholey.
Tholey currently offers jobs in a large number of small and medium-sized companies.
However, most of the workers in Tholey are commuters. The largest employers in the vicinity are Globus Handelshof , Fresenius Medical Care (both in St. Wendel) and Nestlé Wagner (Nonnweiler).
A regionally known Tholeyer company is the Eckerts Wacholder distillery, which has been producing spirits such as Eckerts Wacholder , Boonekamp and gin for over 125 years .
Due to the good traffic situation on the busy B269, several shopping centers have settled in Tholey in a small area. Currently (May 2020) there are branches of Aldi Süd , dm-drogerie markt , Edeka , Kik and Lidl . There are also a number of smaller shops and 2 bank branches in the village.
education
Tholey has a day-care center with 63 places. The carrier is the Katholische KiTa gGmbH Saarland.
The Tholeyer primary school was closed in 2018. Since then, the Tholeyer children have attended elementary school in neighboring Theley. The Schaumberg Theley community school is also located there . This offers further lessons up to the 10th grade.
The nearest grammar schools and vocational schools are in the neighboring towns of St. Wendel and Lebach.
Personalities
Born in Tholey
- Peter Mönch (1811–1884), piano maker
- Albrecht Meydenbauer (1834–1921), secret building officer and civil engineer, co-founder of photogrammetry
- Elise Haas (1878–1960), poet
- Theodor Schu (1892–1965), Roman Catholic bishop in China
- Paul Schütz (1910–1990), Saarland politician
Associated with Tholey
- Pierre de Salabert (1734–1807), 1770–1793 Abbot of Tholey, Minister of State in the Duchy of Pfalz-Zweibrücken and in the Electorate of Bavaria , builder of the Munich Prince-Carl-Palais
- Petrus Borne (1910–1976), first abbot of the rebuilt St. Mauritius Abbey
- Makarios Hebler (1950–2017), Abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Tholey
- Martina Merks-Krahforst (1960–2017), poet, publisher
- Nadine Schön (* 1983), politician (CDU) and deputy chairwoman of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group , lives in Tholey
literature
- Municipality of Tholey (ed.): Geological guide through the Schaumberg region, Tholey 1992.
- Wolfgang Haubrichs , Gert Hummel (eds.): Tholey 634–1984, scientific lectures given on the occasion of the 1350th anniversary of the town and abbey of Tholey , special edition from: Studies and communications on the history of the Benedictine order and its branches, Volume 96, St. Ottilien 1985.
- Johann Engel, Berthold Stoll: Tholey - as it was and is . In: St. Wendler Volksbank (ed.): Heimatbuch . 1973.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Benedictine Abbey of St. Mauritius in Tholey . In: Rheinische Kunststätten . tape 321 . Neusser Druckerei und Verlag GmbH, 1987.
- ↑ Juan Manuel Wagner: The foam mountain. In: Anchor of Identity - Geology and Surface Shapes. Institute for Regional Studies in Saarland, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Museum Theulegium - theme "geology". Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Temperature data Tholey. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Weather forecast for weather station Tholey. In: wetter.de. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Museum Theulegium - subject area "Prehistory and Early History". Museum Theulegium, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Project Roman Vicus Wareswald. Terrex gGmbH, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Franz-Josef Reichert: The building history of the Benedictine abbey church Tholey . Saarbrücken 1961.
- ↑ a b Dr. J. Zeune: Report of the Institute for Castle Research . Local files of the State Monuments Office Saarbrücken April 2011.
- ↑ Found report v. 09/13/2009 . Local files of the State Monuments Office September 2009.
- ^ Kresimir Matijevic: New inscriptions from Tholey / Gallia Belgica and the surrounding area . In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . No. 175 , 2010, p. 258-264 .
- ^ W. Levinson: The testament of the deacon Adalgisel-Grimo from the year 634. In: Special print from Trier magazine VII, 1932, issue 1-2. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1932, accessed May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Internet presence of the Benedictine Abbey Tholey: Das Grimo-Testament. Tholey Benedictine Abbey, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Hans-Walter Herrmann: The Duchy of Lothringen . In: Historical regional studies of the Saarland . tape II , p. 183 .
- ^ French Wikipedia: Baillage de Schaumburg. In: Wikipédia - l'encyclopédie libre. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., accessed May 21, 2020 (French).
- ^ Register of the Chambre des Comptes for 1667 . B 9348. Archives Départementales Meurthe-et-Moselle Nancy.
- ↑ Evidenced by inscriptions on the corresponding buildings or by dendrochronologically determined felling dates of the timber used (detailed results in the abbey archive)
- ↑ a b c Johann Engel, Berthold Stoll: Tholey - as it was and is . In: St. Wendler Volksbank (ed.): Heimatbuch . 1973, p. 189 .
- ^ Tholey - Jewish History & Synagogue. Allemania Judaica, accessed May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Day X for the Saar is approaching. In: Zeit Online. Die Zeit, April 10, 1959, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Result of the Tholeyer local council election 2019. Parish Tholey, August 29, 2019, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Philipp Semmler: An afternoon of friendship. In: Saarbrücker Zeitung. June 4, 2009, accessed May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Saarbrücker Zeitung, June 9, 2020, front page
- ^ Gerhild Krebs: German-French meeting place Schaumberg. In: Memotransfort. Saarland University, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Internet site of the Museum Theulegium. Retrieved May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Wendalinus cycle path as part of the Wendelinus round tour. Saarland Tourism Office, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Eckerts Wacholder website. Eckerts Wacholder Brennerei GmbH, accessed on May 21, 2020 .