Antonov An-12

Antonov An-12
An Antonov An-12 in Zagreb
Type:	Military transporter
Design country:	Soviet Union
Manufacturer:	OKB Antonov
First flight:	December 16, 1957
Production time:	1957-1972
Number of pieces:	1248

The Antonov An-12 ( NATO code name : Cub ) is a transport aircraft with four propeller turbine engines that was developed in the Soviet Union . The first flight took place on December 16, 1957. Their purpose is primarily military. A special feature of this aircraft is the rear ramp for loading and unloading vehicles and bulky goods.

technical structure

Preparing an An-12 for flight, 1973

The At-12, developed from the An-10 , a passenger aircraft with a pressurized cabin, is a self-supporting all-metal - wing monoplane with four propeller turbines as drive. The streamlined hull has a round cross-section with a diameter of 4.10 meters. Elongated landing gear containers are located at the height of the wing center section. The rear fuselage is raised to make room for the loading ramp and for loading by ground vehicles. The navigator's pulpit is at the bow, behind it in an elevated position the cockpit with a four-person crew. This part of the cabin is pressurized. The cabin hold is 3.5 m wide and 2.6 m high. The cabin floor is made of steel and titanium and can be loaded with 1500 kg / m². The cargo hold flaps at the stern, which can also be opened in flight, are designed in three parts, with the two front ramp doors opening laterally inwards and the tailgate opening upwards. A separate ramp must be carried for loading with vehicles. The freight loading system also includes a rail-guided electric ceiling crane with a load capacity of up to 2300 kg. Armored vehicles such as PT-76 , ASU-57 , ASU-85 or ZSU-23-4 could be transported in the fuselage .

The wings are designed as trapezoidal wings. The leading edge of the wing has a slight arrow, while the trailing edge is straight. The An-12 does not have slats , but the parts of the nose edge fairing are removable for engine maintenance. The landing flaps on the wing's trailing edge are designed as two-part Fowler flaps and are hydraulically operated. The outer wings of the An-12 have a 4 ° negative V-position . In the area of ​​the outer wing, the nose edge is equipped with warm air ducts for de-icing . The ailerons are designed in two parts and have trim tabs. The ailerons are controlled manually. In the wings there are 22 rubber tanks designed to hold a maximum of 18,100 liters of fuel.

The tail unit is designed as a conventional cross tail unit. The relatively small vertical stabilizer sits on a relatively voluminous dorsal fin. The elevator and rudder units are a two-spar torsion box construction. The oars are one-piece and equipped with electrically controlled trim tabs. The leading edges of the tail units are electrically de-iced.

The nose landing gear is two-wheeled and hydraulically steerable. The main landing gear consists of two landing gear legs with four landing gear wheels each on two axle carriers. The main landing gear is equipped with hydraulically operated disc brakes, which have an anti-lock braking system. The tires have a low internal pressure in order to be able to use them on field airfields. Light metal snow runners , which are also electrically heated, are still available for use on snow-covered airfields . The main landing gear is housed in the elongated undercarriage containers on the side. The air conditioning is housed in the front part of the port undercarriage container and the auxiliary power unit is located in the rear part . Retractable landing lights are installed on both landing gear containers .

The An-12 is powered by four propeller turbines of the type Iwtschenko AI-20K with an output of 2942 kW (4000 WPS). Some models are said to use the AI-20M engine version. The engines are mounted in engine pods under the wings, hanging forward. De-icing takes place with bleed air. Left-turning four-blade variable pitch propellers of the type AW-68 or AW-68B with a diameter of 4.50 m provide propulsion . The propeller blades are equipped with electric de-icing mats on the blade roots.

crew

Details, with antennas above the hull

In the variant of the military transport, the crew of the An-12 comprises six men. In the pressure-ventilated cockpit, the pilot / captain is seated in front port and the copilot is to starboard . The radio operator / radar observer sits behind the flight captain, looking in the direction of flight . The flight engineer sits behind the copilot, facing to the side. He can turn his chair forward to assist the crew with take-off and landing maneuvers. The navigator enters the glazed bow space through a connecting door. There he has a turntable and a side map table. The front crew enter via a forward-swinging door with roller lights below the cockpit. The military versions have a cockpit for the rear gunner at the rear.

The An-12 is able to pick up up to 100 paratroopers and deploy them via the stern ramp within 20 seconds. For 60 paratroopers there are always 60 folding seats attached to the side walls . Additional seats for 90 people can be installed in the floor anchors. The crew and passengers enter either through the stern gates or through an entrance door on the port side.

For safe evacuation, several emergency exit windows with portholes are integrated on the sides of the cabin . Two further emergency exit hatches are set in on the rear upper side of the fuselage in front of the dorsal fin and an emergency exit hatch on the upper side of the fuselage at the level of the cockpit.

Avionics

The An-12 comes standard with radio and navigation equipment from the 1950s / 1960s. Originally, the navigator still had to use dead reckoning to direct the aircraft . On the back of the fuselage there is a long blade antenna serving as an ADF DF antenna. Two further loop antennas on the front back of the fuselage are also DF antennas . Two antennas of the radio altimeter are attached to the underside of the horizontal stabilizer . The ground display and weather radar is located under a radome under the navigator's pulpit. Earlier versions of the An-12 had the Toadstool working in the I-band range . Additional antennas for radio navigation are located on the front underside of the fuselage.

For radio communications in the shortwave range, there are recessed antennas in the rudder unit and, for connections over long distances, two antenna wires from the rudder unit to the cockpit. The SRO-2M- IFF antenna is installed in front of the windshield .

Versions

An-12BK (UR-CAH) at Kisangani-Bangoka Airport , January 2017

• An-12A (NATO code name "Cub") - first series variant as a tactical combat zone transporter, 600 of which were produced for the Soviet air force from 1963.
• An-12AB ("Cub") - designation for variant that was equipped with additional fuel tanks under the cargo hold in 1963.
• An-12B - name for the civilian version, 200 pieces of which were delivered to Aeroflot from 1966 onwards . Compared to the An-12A, it does not have a tail tower and purely civil avionics.
• An-12BP - improved versions of the An-12B with avionics to operate in western airspace and fuel tanks under the cargo hold.
• An-12PL - two experimental machines were equipped with skis for use in the Arctic in 1964.
• An-12D - Version from 1965 with a raised loading area and AI-20K turbines.
• An-12BK ("Cub") - variant for air landings on unprepared runways with reinforced landing gear.
• An-12BK-I ("Cub-A") - Designation for ELINT version with Fasol jamming device (additional leaf antennas on the fuselage)
• An-12BK-IS (“Cub-C”) - ELINT version from 1970 with exchangeable “Fasol” and “Siren” jamming devices
• An-12PP ("Cub-B") - An-12B converted to ELINT, used by the CIS navy planes
• An-12PPS ("Cub-D") - Designation for improved An-12PP with "Siren" jammers (ELINT version for active electronic interference, jammers in panels on the underside of the fuselage and a bubble-shaped panel instead of the rear pulpit)
• An-12BKW - Designation for from 1973 reinforced An-12AB, which can load 20 tons, used as an auxiliary bomber
• An-12P - name for variant that was equipped with additional fuel tanks under the cargo hold in 1963.
• An-12PS - SAR versions SAR with “Jersch” or “Gagara” lifeboats for dropping from 1965.
• An-12Sn - unbuilt remodeling as a transporter for T-54 -Kampfpanzer
• Shaanxi Y-8 - Chinese license model of the An-12BP with some modifications and Wojiang -6 engines (modified AI-20K)
• Shaanxi Y-8A - Chinese license model for transporting S-70 helicopters
• Shaanxi Y-8B - Chinese license model of the An-12B
• Shaanxi Y-8C - Chinese license model for airliners with a continuous pressurized cabin.
• Shaanxi Y-8D - Chinese license model as an export version with western avionics
• Shaanxi Y-8E - Chinese license model for carrying two drones under the wings
• Shaanxi Y-8F - Chinese license model as an animal transporter for up to 350 goats or sheep
• Shaanxi Y-8MP - Chinese license model for long-range sea patrols for Chinese naval aviators (PLAN)
• Shaanxi Y-8X - Chinese sea patrol version

commitment

For a long time the An-12 was one of the most widely used transport aircraft in the Soviet Air Force . By the end of production in 1973 about 1,250 machines of this type had been manufactured, of which about 200 were used for civil purposes, for example by Aeroflot , with many machines being used for military purposes in the paint of Aeroflot. The An-12 has proven itself to be a robust and reliable aircraft in many missions. The Soviet Union used the An-12 as a transporter and for electronic warfare ( ELINT ) in Afghanistan, with several aircraft being lost. Often sea patrol planes and scouts were intercepted over the Baltic Sea.

India used the An-12 in a variety of roles in the war against Pakistan. In this FAB-500 (500-kilogram bombs) packed on pallets and thrown by hand from the rear gate.

Yugoslavia used two civilian An-12s in cargo charter traffic, with one machine, YU-AID, crashing in Africa as part of UN famine relief.

In 2017, "more than a hundred" An-12s were operated by the Russian armed forces.

Civil use

The aircraft type was and is still operated by civil companies in 2019.

Due to an accumulation of accidents involving this type of aircraft, the United Arab Emirates banned An-12 flights in their airspace from March 2010.

Countries of operation

Overview map with the operator countries of the Antonov An-12 (military use: red; civil use: green; both: blue), including former users

•  Egypt : originally received 24 machines, five of which are said to have been in operation in the mid-1990s. In the 1970s, several Soviet "Cub-B" with Soviet crews are said to have operated from Egypt for electronic reconnaissance.
•  Algeria : originally received eight machines.
•  Angola : 10 aircraft, some certainly active until 2012, some not newly delivered
•  Armenia : the state airline AirArmenia was still operating at least two planes
•  Azerbaijan : one machine
•  Ethiopia : 15 machines were delivered, reduced to three machines by 2014
•  Bangladesh : Possibly still had a machine in 2008.
•  People's Republic of China : builds the An-12 under license as Shaanxi Y-8 . The Y-8 is used as a transporter, air tanker and as a sea patrol aircraft.
•  Guinea : received at least two machines
•  CIS : In the transport role, the An-12 is to be largely replaced by the Il-76, but up to 260 copies are still available in special versions in the Air Force. About 25 aircraft are operated by the Navy.
•  India : received a total of 41 machines in several batches. These aircraft were used as transporters, bombers, maritime patrols , SAR aircraft and as airborne fighter control centers. Most of the An-12 has been replaced by the Il-76 in India .
•  Iraq : Iraq acquired ten An-12s. In addition to being used as transporters, some specimens were used as air tankers for Mirage F1 to attack Iranian oil production facilities.
•  Yugoslavia : had a transport squadron with twelve aircraft.
•  Madagascar : the country is said to have acquired at least one machine.
•  Poland : Two aircraft had military numbers 50 and 51, the later SP-LZA and SP-LZB; LZ-SFS became the second until 2007
•  Soviet Union : The most important transport aircraft of the Soviet air forces since the commissioning from 1958. 1205 units were delivered and represented 62% of the total transport capacity of the Soviet army until the collapse of the Soviet Union .
•  Syria : received six An-12s.
•  Czechoslovakia : operated two machines until the division, at least one of which later went to Slovakia.
•  Venezuela : On November 27, 2010, it was announced that the country plans to procure ten to twelve Y-8 transport planes for its air force. The planes are to be delivered in 2011.
•  Belarus : 6

Incidents

From the first flight in 1957 to July 2020, there were 242 total aircraft losses with Antonov An-12. In 132 of them, 1820 people were killed. Selection:

• On July 7, 1965, an Antonov An-12 of the Air Force of the Soviet Union (license plate unknown) crashed shortly after taking off from Cairo-Almaza Airport . The plane was on its way to Sanaa Airport (Yemen). Of the 31 occupants, only one crew member survived. All other 30 occupants were killed, the other 8 crew members and all 22 passengers. Apparently the landing flaps were retracted too early after take-off, so that the plane sank again, hit the road from Cairo to Suez and went up in flames.

• On July 24, 1992, an An-12BK of Volga-Dnepr Airlines ( aircraft registration number CCCP-11342 ) was approaching Skopje Airport when a severe thunderstorm contracted. The pilots tried to avoid the thunderstorm, but lost their orientation because they did not know their exact position due to the non-functional DME of their destination airport. The machine was flown against a mountain near Tetovo at an altitude of 1,600 meters, killing all eight occupants (see also the Volga-Dnepr Airlines flight accident near Tetovo ) .

• On February 24, 1994, a Pulkovo Airlines An-12BP (RA-11118) crashed while approaching Nalchik Airport , killing all 13 occupants. The accident was attributed to an undetected icing of the horizontal stabilizer , which led to a loss of control after the landing flaps were extended into the end position (see also Pulkovo Airlines flight 9045 ) .

• On February 2, 1999, an Antonov An-12 cargo plane returned to Santa Cruz Imperial from the United Arab Emirates (EY-ASS) , registered in Tajikistan and operated for the Angolan Savanair , immediately after taking off from Luanda Airport ( Angola ) technical problems, probably due to engine problems or fire. On the approach to Luanda, the plane crashed 6 kilometers east of the airport in the densely populated residential area of Cazenga . The cargo consisted of 14 tons of food. All four (according to other information eleven) crew members and 13 people died on the ground.

• On October 4, 2005, an An-12B from Wimbi Dira Airways (9Q-CWC) , which was carrying around 100 soldiers from the armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on a charter flight , crash-landed on an earthy runway near Aru , where the two main landing gear buckled and pushed into the fuselage. All occupants survived the incident, but during the chaotic evacuation that followed, two passengers ran into the still running propeller of engine no. 2 and were killed. Five people were injured (see also flight accident of an Antonov An-12 operated by Wimbi Dira Airways ) .

• On February 24, 2007 an An-12BP of the Azza Transport with the aircraft registration ST-ADE made a crash landing at el-Juneina airfield in the Sudanese province of Darfur . According to UN observers, a howitzer and ammunition were unloaded from the wreck .

• On September 7, 2007, an Antonov An-12BP of the Georgian Transaviaservice (4L-SAS) rolled over the runway at Goma Airport , which was no longer available in full due to a volcanic eruption in 2000. The machine slid into a field of cooled lava, broke apart and caught fire, killing all eight people on board. Before and after the accident, there had been other accidents of a similar nature at the airport (see also the flight accident of an Antonov An-12 in Goma 2007 ) .

• On May 26, 2008, a Moskovia Airlines An-12BP (RA-12957) crashed near Chelyabinsk after a fire broke out on board. All nine people on board died.

• On June 27, 2008, an An-12BK of the Sudanese airline Juba Air Cargo crashed north of Malakal , Sudan. The cause of the accident was the failure of three engines in rapid succession, caused by ice formation on the engine intakes during a strong thunderstorm. Seven people were killed in the accident and one board member survived with minor injuries.

• On November 13, 2008, seven people were killed in the crash of a FedEx- chartered An-12 in western Iraq . The crew of the British Gulf International (S9-SAO) aircraft lost control of the aircraft seconds after taking off from Al Asad Airbase due to technical problems.

• On February 20, 2009, an An-12B of the Aerolift from São Tomé and Príncipe (S9-SVN) crashed about 600 meters behind the runway at Luxor Airport . The machine caught fire and was destroyed. On a transfer flight from Kisangani and Entebbe, a stopover was made in Luxor due to a lack of kerosene due to a fuel leak. All five crew members were killed, one from Russia and two each from Ukraine and Belarus. The aircraft with the fuel leak was operated illegally with a license that had expired four years earlier (see also Aerolift flight 1015 ) .

• On August 26, 2009, an An-12 crashed in the Republic of the Congo while approaching Brazzaville Airport over an inhabited area.

• On April 22, 2010 , three crew members were killed and three others were injured during the emergency landing of a burning cargo plane in the Philippines , triggered by a short circuit.

• On March 21, 2011, an An-12 of the Trans Air Congo crashed in the Republic of the Congo while approaching Pointe-Noire airport over an inhabited area.

• On August 9, 2011, eleven people died when a plane crashed 200 kilometers away from Omsuktschan ( Magadan Oblast , Russia's Far East ).

• On October 7, 2012, an An-12BP of the Azza Transport (ST-ARV) loaded with supplies for the army in the crisis region of Darfur crashed about 40 kilometers southwest of the Sudanese capital Khartoum after engine problems had occurred. 15 members of the army were killed in the accident and 7 others were injured.

• On August 9, 2013, during take-off preparation at Leipzig / Halle Airport, the auxiliary power unit of an An-12BP (UR-CAG) of the Ukraine Air Alliance caught fire. While the seven crew members were able to escape unharmed, almost 49,000 previously loaded chicken chicks died in the flames.

• On August 30, 2014, an An-12 of the Ukraine Air Alliance crashed near Tamanrasset , South Algeria, shortly after take- off. None of the seven inmates survived.

• On November 4, 2015 , shortly after take-off, an An-12 of Asia Airways (EY-406) crashed about 800 meters behind the runway at Juba Airport , South Sudan . The machine, registered in Tajikistan , was flown on behalf of Allied Services Limited by a crew consisting of five Armenians and one Russian. The manufacturer Antonov announced in a press release that the machine was not airworthy because important maintenance work had not been carried out. The death toll is given as "at least 36".

• On May 18, 2016, an An-12B of the Silk Way Airlines (4K-AZ25) sped over the airfield boundary at 220 km / h during take-off at Camp Dwyer airfield in Afghanistan , because one of the engines was deliberately idling and the machine did not take off. A fire started on impact and seven of the nine crew members were killed.

• On March 15, 2018, an An-12 lost part of its value transport load in Yakutsk , with around three and a half tons of gold and other recyclable materials from the damaged rear ramp landing on the runway and in the area of ​​the further departure path. This incident aroused great media interest worldwide.

• On October 4, 2019, an emergency landing of the An-12 UR-CAH of the Ukraine Air Alliance on a cargo flight with parts for the automotive industry (flight number UKL4050) at around 6:48 a.m. local time shortly before the Ukrainian airport Lviv killed five people . There were seven crew members and one passenger on board. The scene of the accident is about 1.5 km southeast of runway 31 ( 49 ° 47 ′ 19.6 ″  N , 23 ° 59 ′ 24.3 ″  E ).

Technical specifications

Two-sided tear Antonov An-12

Cockpit of an Antonov An-12

Play media file

An-12 launch in Malta, 2011

An-12 of Kosmos Airlines

Parameter	Data (basic version)	Data (An-12BP)
crew	5
Passengers	130 (An-12B)	Max. 132 (see versions)
span	38.00 m
length	36.95 m	33.10 m
height	9.78 m	10.53 m
Wing area	120.50 m²	121.70 m²
Wing extension	10.6	11.87
Empty mass	28,000 kg
Payload	normal 16,000 kg maximum 20,000 kg	approx. 22,000 kg
Takeoff mass	normal 54,000 kg maximum 61,000 kg	approx. 61,000 kg
Wing loading	normal 448.1 kg / m²	k. A.
Power load	normal 3.42 kg / PS	k. A.
Top speed	777 km / h
Cruising speed	maximum 600 km / h economical 550 km / h	670 km / h
Service ceiling	k. A.	10,200 m
required take-off / landing path	k. A.	approx. 350 m
Take-off and landing runway	850 m / 860 m	k. A.
Range	maximum 5,500 km with additional tanks, normal 3,600 km 1,200 km with maximum payload	3,600 km
Engines	4 × Ivchenko -AI-20M- propeller turbines
power	2,942 kW (4,000 hp) each	3,126 kW (4,250 PS) each

Armament

• 2 × 23 mm AM-23 automatic cannon in twin mounts with 225 rounds of ammunition in the rear stand, which is operated manually by the rear gunner via an optical sight. The installation was only carried out in military versions and included a separate pressurized cabin and has the same structure as in the Tu-16 , but does not have a "Bee Hind" fire control radar.
• 28 × FAB-500 free-fall bombs (500 kg iron bombs) packed on pallets as auxiliary bombers for the Indian Air Force

Self-defense systems

• 1 × radar warning sensor , the sensor of the "Gamma-A" radar warning system is located in the rear above the rear gunner's cockpit
• 1 × IFF antenna SRO-2M "Odd Rods"
• 1 × EKSP-39 signal rocket launcher for four different colored signal rockets

literature

• Susanne Dohrn (Ed.): Aircraft. The new encyclopedia of aviation . TNT / de Havilland Venom / Antonow An-12. No. 131 . TOPIC, Munich-Karlsfeld 1995, p. 3642-3668 .
• Helmut Herfurth: Antonow An-12 . In: Illustrated series for type collectors . No. 4 . German military publisher, Berlin 1964.
• Rainer Göpfert: An-12 Antonov's stroke of genius. In: FliegerRevue , No. 5/2020, pp. 42–47

Web links

Commons : Antonov An-12  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Antonov official website (s) . Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
2. ↑ An-12 transport aircraft. TASS, November 4, 2015
3. ↑ IL-276 - (man) waiting in the army , Izvestia , October 20, 2017
4. ↑ RIA Novosti : Ukrainian military aircraft AN-12 are no longer allowed in the Arab Emirates. Retrieved February 19, 2010
5. ^ History of the D2-MBV aircraft. aerotransport.org, accessed March 12, 2017
6. ↑ bicc Information Service Security, Armaments and Development in Recipient Countries of German Armaments Exports: Country Portrait Ethiopia ( Memento from March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). December 2014.
7. ↑ History of the 50 crashed in 1977 ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), expanded from an article in Newsweek: 1977, the forgotten flight 6883.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically defective marked. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ LZ-LZA crash.
9. ↑ History of the aircraft with the serial number 6344308. planelogger.com
10. ↑ Ulf Gerber: The great book of Soviet aviation 1920–1990. Development, production and use of the aircraft. Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2019, ISBN 978-3-95966-403-5 , p. 463/464.
11. ^ RIA Novosti: Venezuela orders twelve transport aircraft
12. ^ Accident statistics Antonov An-12 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 1, 2020.
13. ↑ accident report AN-12 SovAF xxx , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 23, 2020th
14. ^ Accident report AN-12 RA-11118 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 31, 2020.
15. ^ Accident report AN-12 EY-ASS , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 1, 2020.
16. ^ Accident report AN-12 ST-ADE , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 18, 2017.
17. ^ Accident report AN-12 RA-12957 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 18, 2017.
18. ↑ Crash: Juba Air Cargo AN12 near Malakal on June 27th 2008, triple engine failure enroute. The Aviation Herald of May 20, 2013 (English).
19. ^ According to: Aero International, Issue 1/2009, p. 42
20. ^ Accident report AN-12B S9-SVN , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 28, 2018.
21. ^ Accident report AN-12B S9-SVN , The Aviation Herald (English), accessed on December 28, 2018.
22. ↑ Congo: Plane crashes on the suburb of Brazzaville  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , orf.at  
23. ↑ Burning cargo plane made an emergency landing. (Panorama, NZZ Online)
24. ↑ Plane crashes in residential area - at least 19 dead. focus.de
25. ^ RIA Novosti: An-12 wreck discovered: eleven dead.
26. ^ Accident report AN-12 ST-ARV , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 18, 2017.
27. ^ Accident: Ukraine Air Alliance AN12 at Leipzig on Aug 9th 2013, aircraft burned down during engine start. The Aviation Herald, accessed August 11, 2013.
28. ↑ Crash: Ukraine Air Alliance AN12 near Tamanrasset on Aug 30th 2014, impacted Terrain. The Aviation Herald, accessed August 3, 2015.
29. ^ [1] The Guardian , accessed November 4, 2015
30. ^ South Sudan plane crash: 'Dozens killed' near Juba airport. BBC, November 4, 2015, accessed November 4, 2015 . 
31. ^ ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 12BK EY-406 Juba Airport (JUB). Aviation Safety Network, November 4, 2015, accessed November 4, 2015 . 
32. ↑ Scores dead in South Sudan plane crash. Al Jazeera, November 4, 2015
33. ↑ Accident report AN-12B 4K-AZ25 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 23, 2019.
34. ↑ The Aviation Herald - Crash: Silk Way AN-12 4K-AZ25 at Camp Dwyer on May 18th 2016, engine failure. (English), accessed on January 23, 2019.
35. ↑ Russian Plane Loose Gold Bars Worth $ 378 M After Door Breaks. 15th March 2018
36. ↑ Description of the accident in the Aviation Safety Network. (English), accessed on November 11, 2017
37. ↑ Airplane crashes in emergency landing: five dead. In: tag24.de. Retrieved October 5, 2019 . 
38. ↑ Several dead in the An-12 crash in Ukraine. In: aero.de. October 5, 2019, accessed October 5, 2019 . 
39. ↑ Bart Noëth: Ukraine Air Alliance Antonov AN-12 crashes before landing at Lviv, Ukraine; 5 fatalities reported. In: aviation24.be. October 4, 2019, accessed October 5, 2019 . 
40. ^ Heinz AF Schmidt: Soviet aircraft . Transpress, Berlin 1971, p. 39 .