Eckersmühlen

Eckersmühlen City of Roth
	Coordinates: 49 ° 13 ′ 1 ″ N , 11 ° 8 ′ 43 ″ E
Height :	352–372 m above sea level NHN
Residents :	2765 (Jan. 2, 2018)
Incorporation :	May 1, 1978
Postal code :	91154
Area code :	09171
Location of Eckersmühlen in Bavaria
	Trinity Church

Eisenhammer to Eckersmühlen

Bronze paint factory; former Teutonic brass hammer

Eckersmühlen is a district of the district town of Roth in the district of Roth in Middle Franconia .

geography

East of Eckersmühlen, the Roth , a right tributary of the Rednitz , joins the Kleine Roth from Allersberg at Haimpfarrich . The Main-Danube Canal with the Eckersmühlen lock is located between the village and the Rothsee, two kilometers to the east . At canal kilometer 95, this is one of the three highest locks in Europe with a lifting height of 24.67 meters, together with the neighboring and almost identical ones in Leerstetten and Hilpoltstein . The attitude Eckersmühlen, however, with 4.05 kilometers also the shortest of the channel. Roth is 5 km to the northwest; the port and industrial area Lände Roth just 2 km north.

history

middle Ages

The place was first mentioned by name in 1306 as "Okersmühl". A local knight Oegger, Otger or Oker, to whom the place owes its name, can perhaps be ascribed to the construction of an own mill on a difficult weir system around 1100 and possibly also the construction of a knight's church dedicated to St. George. From the documentary tradition, conclusions can even be drawn about Bamberg fiefs from the 11th century.

The location of the moated castle of that knight Oegger is preserved as a field name in the castle stables ; there is still a mill. The original settlement, from around the time of the Bamberg administration, was grouped around a hill tower castle on a northern hill on the Roth , where a first small mill and later another mill (with a mill stream) had been built.

A third tower castle had the lords of rock probably in the "emperorless time" built (1250-1273) on the control of the village in Leithen. Duties and sales of this castle to the Teutonic Order are known.

The Willibald Church in Eichstätt is likely to have been built around 1300. Around this time the farms and small estates of the village were in the hands of the Nuremberg patricians, the Holzschuher , Ebner , Küdorfer and Stromayer .

Between 1376 and 1448 the majority of these possessions came to the Elisabethenspital of the Teutonic Order in Nuremberg , while others passed into the ownership of the Marienkirche in Roth through donation or purchase. At this time Eckersmühlen also appeared in Bavarian documents as a noble seat with a lock owned by the Provosts, who passed on to the Haarlacher family.

The good gradient of the Roth led to the introduction of the mechanical iron- wire pull at the mill in the village around 1420 (almost simultaneously with Nuremberg and Roth) and 100 years later to the installation of a brass hammer. It is reported from the year 1562 that Michael Peßmüller received the brass and Zain hammer from Eckersmühlen by inheritance from Margrave Georg Friedrich the Elder of Brandenburg-Ansbach . The Zainhammer was a hammer mill in which iron, brass or copper were forged into Zainen (= bars). These forges made metal processing possible and provided the Eckersmühlers with work and bread.

Early modern age

In 1615 a school was established. The first schoolmaster, Christof Dreher, started his service on March 12, 1616. His duties were outlined in the oath he had to take: “A schoolmaster should swear fidelity to the officials at Roth and take a bodily oath that he would promote and benefit the Brandenburg-Ansbach rule of the village, church and alms Help prevent the same damage, observe the school and Mösner service with all diligence, teach the children entrusted to him about the fear of God, honor, art, discipline and glorious will with reading, writing and arithmetic, especially in the catechism of the Augsburg Confession, instruct the dwelling in the structural being receive, also the regalia and what is trusted to him in the church, diligently take care and keep it, also give confession and account annually about it, also he should set and provide the clock diligently, both God and worldly authorities must answer. Help God Almighty ”.

In the years 1631/32 Tilly's riders devastated the place and the castle in the village. Two decades later, some farms were in ruins.

In the years 1709/10, the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach had the dilapidated church torn down and replaced by a new baroque building (cost 3609 guilders and 24 kreuzers). The builder was Lorenzo Salle from the Grisons . At first it was only thought of replacing the damaged tower, but then the nave was also completely demolished, otherwise, as the pastor wrote, "over and over again over a number of years" would have to be mended.

When the Teutonic Order brass hammer below the mill in the village was set up for coppersmithing by Nuremberg traders , the Oberamt Roth took action after a warning and had the business thoroughly destroyed in 1742. This led to a lengthy process at the Reich Chamber of Commerce in Wetzlar between the Mergentheim administration of the Teutonic Order and the Principality of Ansbach-Brandenburg, which was not over after 65 years when these princely estates were dissolved.

At the end of the 18th century there were 40 properties in Eckersmühlen. The high court exercised the Brandenburg-Ansbach Oberamt Roth . The Brandenburg-Ansbach caste office in Roth was in charge of the village and community . Were landlords

the Principality of Ansbach (16 properties; Kastenamt Roth: 1 Ganzhof with restaurant, 2 Gütlein, 2 empty houses ), Kastenamt Roth taxable and the Roth church payable with interest and hand wages (1 Ganzhof, 1 Schmiedgütlein, 1 Köblergut , 1 Gütlein, ¹ ⁄ ₂ Kupferhammer ), The Roth caste office is taxable and the Eckersmühlen church is subject to interest, valid and hand wages ( ¹ ⁄ ₂ copper hammer, 1 Köblergut, 4 Gütlein, 1 empty house),
the Teutonic Order Coming Nuremberg (19 properties: 3 whole courtyards, 1 whole courtyard with grinding mill, 4 half courtyards, 4 Köbler estates, 6 estates, 1 estate with brass hammer),

the Palatinate-Bavarian caste office Hilpoltstein (1 Halbhof, 1 Köblergut, 2 Gütlein),

the Nuremberg owner von Ebner (1 whole yard).

In addition to the property, there were stately buildings (Wildmeisterhaus), church buildings (parish church, rectory) and communal buildings (shepherd's house, school).

With the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1791, Eckersmühlen also briefly became part of the Kingdom of Prussia ; the last Margrave Karl Alexander retired to England . In 1799 there were 11 properties in the village that were subordinate to the Oberamt Roth, and 25 properties that were "Nürnbergisch".

After the end of the Old Kingdom

After the end of the Holy Roman Empire , the place came to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 . As part of the municipal edict , the Eckersmühlen tax district was formed in 1808 , to which Brückleinsmühle , Eisenhammer , Haimpfarrich , Hofstetten , Kupferhammer , Leonhardsmühle , Obersteinbach an der Haide and Wallersbach belonged. In 1811 the rural community Eckersmühlen was formed, which, except for Obersteinbach, was congruent with the tax district. Obersteinbach was assigned to the tax district and the rural community of Belmbrach . The administration and jurisdiction of the municipality of Eckersmühlen was subordinate to the Pleinfeld Regional Court ( renamed the Roth Regional Court in 1858 ) and the financial administration to the Spalt Rent Office ( renamed the Spalt Tax Office in 1920 ). From 1862 Eckersmühlen was administered by the Schwabach District Office (renamed the Schwabach District in 1938 ). The jurisdiction remained until 1879 the District Court Roth, 1880 at the District Court Roth . In 1932 the Spalt tax office was dissolved. Since then Eckersmühlen has been subordinate to the Schwabach tax office in the financial administration . The municipality had an area of 13,528 km².

In 1936, as part of the armament of the German armed forces , the Roth air base was set up near Eckersmühlen . Until the start of the war (September 1, 1939), Roth was the seat of the staff of Luftflotte 3 (Commander General Field Marshal Hugo Sperrle from February 1, 1939 to September 1944) with the subordinate units of the 5th (Gersthofen / Augsburg) and 6th Aviation Division (Frankfurt am Main) and Luftgau commandos VII (Munich), XII (Wiesbaden) and XIII (Nuremberg). After the end of the western campaign, Luftflotte 3 moved into its headquarters in Paris and, with its units, provided the main German forces in the Battle of Britain . The area of operations and operations of Air Fleet 3 remained Western Europe throughout the war.

After the Second World War

After the end of the Second World War between 1945 and 1950, Eckersmühlen, like other communities in today's Roth district, experienced an increase in the number of inhabitants from refugees, mainly from Silesia , Hungary and the Sudetenland . The Roman Catholic branch church St. Elisabeth , consecrated in 1969, was built for them ,

In 1956 the air base was taken over by the Bundeswehr . Since then, Roth has been a garrison town again . Today the 9th / Field Jäger Regiment 3 and the 7th / and 8th / Air Force Training Battalion are stationed in the Otto-Lilienthal-Kaserne .

In the course of the municipal reform , Eckersmühlen lost its independence as a municipality. So on May 1, 1978, after long resistance, the place became part of the city of Roth.

Architectural monuments

Eckersmühlener Hauptstr. 43/45: former parish and school house
Eckersmühlener Hauptstr. 53: Gasthaus Posthorn
Eckersmühlener Hauptstr. 68: Trinity Church
Grimmstrasse: stone cross
Jahnstrasse 8: farm

Population development

Eckersmühlen community

year	1818	1840	1852	1855	1861	1867	1871	1875	1880	1885	1890	1895	1900	1905	1910	1919	1925	1933	1939	1946	1950	1952	1961	1970
Residents	498	470	505	520	496	502	494	486	532	544	589	640	641	634	642	625	738	829	879	1271	1277	1353	1509	1848
Houses	107	80					92			101			113				128				195		296
source

Location Eckersmühlen

year	001818	001840	001861	001871	001885	001900	001925	001950	001961	001970	001987	002013	002018
Residents	319	295	356 ^*	332	332	452	564	1082	1334	1669	1933 ^†	2829 ^*	2765 ^*
Houses	68	50			81	94	164	50	261		519 ^†
source

^* including Brückleinsmühle, Eisenhammer, Kupferhammer, Leonhardsmühle and Wallersbach

^† including Brückleinsmühle, Eisenhammer, Kupferhammer and Leonhardsmühle

politics

The political structure in Eckersmühlen is largely still in place. In the formerly independent community there are local associations of the SPD , the CSU and the Junge Union .

City councilors from Eckersmühlen are Sonja Möller (formerly SPD / non-attached), Hans-Peter Auer (CSU) and Peter Ulrich (SPD).

From 1959 to 1978 Eckersmühlen had its own municipal coat of arms. The description of the coat of arms reads: "In silver, above a heavy mill wheel, below a free-floating paw cross."

The wheel symbolizes the community name and refers to the earlier mills and iron hammers. The cross reminds of the former manorial rule of the Teutonic Order. The colors silver and black indicate the former rule of the Margraves of Brandenburg.

Economy and Infrastructure

From the 19th century, metal leaf hammers tried their hand at the preparation of material for the manufacture of bronze in Eckersmühlen, Haimpfarrich and Hofstetten, with varying successes. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that a gold and silver bronze factory and an important Leonean industry were successfully expanded . These companies have had business relationships with almost every country in the world for decades.

Benefiting from the settled industry and the good rail and road connections to the nearby industry in Roth, Schwabach and Nuremberg, the construction of private homes and in 1956 a warehouse and the road network began early in Eckersmühlen.

Volunteer firefighter

On December 24, 1882, together with Hofstetten and Haimpfarrich, 65 founding members set up the Eckersmühlen volunteer fire brigade . In 1883, the fire brigade bought a tub syringe with 45 pressure hoses . At that time, the first board member was the owner of the iron hammer Michael Schäff, the foreman Joh. Eisenhöfer became the commander. The fire brigade provided four bicycles for alerting, so that the teams in Hofstetten and Haimpfarrich could reach the scene more quickly.

traffic

The Eckersmühlen lock

The state road in 2220 leads to Hofstetten past Roth (5 km northwest) and after Hilpoltstein (km southeast 4,2). The district road RH 7 leads to Wallesau (3.7 km southwest). Communal roads run to Hofstetten (1.2 km northwest), Wallersbach (1.5 km south) and Eichelburg (2.7 km northeast).

Since June 1, 1888 Eckersmühlen has had a stop on the Roth – Greding railway line . The branch line connects the town with the Treuchtlingen – Nuremberg line , the trains are named after the terminal station in Gredl . The station building was completed and inaugurated as early as autumn 1887.

The Main-Danube Canal with the Eckersmühlen lock is located between Eckersmühlen and Rothsee .

Personalities

People who come from Eckersmühlen or live / lived and / or worked there:

Rüdiger Oegger (around 1200 - before 1254), knight and builder of the Oegersmuhl, which gave the place its name (around 1230)
Konrad (Chunrat) de Okersmouhl (around 1280 – after 1306), last knight resident in Eckersmühlen
Friedrich Holzschuher, Teutonic Order Hospital Master in Nuremberg, builder of the copper hammer and founder of the Teutonic Order in Eckersmühlen from 1376
Dorothea von Dannenberg (around 1570–1613), resident nobleman
Diemer von Lindach, noble family, verifiable 1600–1742
Georg Sebastian Pacius (term of office 1701–1722), pastor and builder of the Trinity Church
Lorenzo Salle, margravial architect of the Trinity Church
Franz Albrecht Pflaum (term of office 1765–1798), pastor and writer
Lorenz Friedrich Vogtherr, pastor. He attended the University of Altdorf in 1776 and the University of Erlangen in 1778 and died in 1826 as pastor of Haundorf.
Johann Michael Schäff, Hammerschmied, co-founder of the local fire brigade and initiator of the "Gredl" railway line
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (1899–1972), high SS officer, lived in Eckersmühlen from 1955
Fritz Schäff (1900–1998), last hammer smith and local researcher
Ludwig Brendel (1867–1919, term of office 1912–1919), pastor and bearer of the King Ludwig Cross in 1918
Johann Friedrich Konrad Beckhaus (1875–1953, term of office 1920–1937), pastor and resistance fighter against the Third Reich
Albert Helmreich (1908–1977; term of office 1938–1954), pastor and resistance fighter against the Third Reich and member of the NKFD (from 1944)
Hans Pflug-Franken (1899–1977), Franconian writer and poet
Friedrich Würth (1914–1998), last mayor (1956–1978) and successor to his father-in-law Georg Schrammel and his father Konrad Schrammel
Günter Wild (Haimpfarrich), historian
Bernhard Bergmann (1948–2020), soccer player Second Bundesliga 1974, 1983 with SpVgg Fürth

literature

"Rother Akzent" issue 5 / June 2000
Chronicle of the Eckersmühlen volunteer fire brigade
Directory of persons of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich for the winter half year 1914/15
Johann Kaspar Bundschuh : Eckersmühlen . In: Geographical Statistical-Topographical Lexicon of Franconia . tape 1 : A-egg . Verlag der Stettinische Buchhandlung, Ulm 1799, DNB 790364298 , OCLC 833753073 , Sp. 685 ( digitized version ).
Friedrich Eigler : Schwabach (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria, part of Franconia . I, 28). Michael Laßleben, Kallmünz 1990, ISBN 3-7696-9941-6 , p. 388, 470-471 .
Karl Gröber, Felix Mader : City and district of Schwabach (= The art monuments of Bavaria . Middle Franconia 7). R. Oldenburg, Munich 1939, DNB 366496239 , p. 175-177 .
Gottfried Stieber: Eckersmühlen . In: Historical and topographical news from the Principality of Brandenburg-Onolzbach . Johann Jacob Enderes, Schwabach 1761, p. 339-340 ( digitized version ).

Willi Ulsamer (Ed.): 100 Years of the Schwabach District (1862–1962). A home book . Schwabach 1964, DNB 984880232 , p. 267-274 .

Robert Unterburger: Life pictures from eight centuries - 100 personalities from the district of Roth , Ed .: District of Roth, ISBN 3-9801169-9-9

Claus Wittek / Klaus Dösel: Eckersmühlen - From the Bamberg fief to the district of the city of Roth. A journey from the 11th century to the present day. Volume 1 1007-1806 , self-published 2008, without ISBN

Claus Wittek: local pastor of a special kind and people like you and me-12 life pictures from four centuries of the evangelical parish of Eckersmühlen , self-published 2009, without ISBN

Claus Wittek (Ed.): Parish priest vs. Local group leadership - The letters war between Pastor Beckhaus, Eckersmühlen and the NSDAP local group leadership in Roth in January / February 1934 , self-published in 2009, without ISBN

Claus Wittek: In the footsteps of the German Knight Order in the district of Roth , pp. 79–93, self-published 2010, without ISBN

Claus Wittek: The night watchman from Eckersmühlen - Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - The attempt at a German biography , self-published 2010, without ISBN

Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz "Leaflets of the National Committee Free Germany" p. 323, 1989, ISBN 3-88226-480-2

Web links

Commons : Eckersmühlen - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Eckersmühlen on the website stadt-Roth.de
Eckersmühlen in the location database of the Bavarian State Library Online . Bavarian State Library
Eckersmühlen in the Topographia Franconiae of the University of Würzburg , accessed on September 23, 2019.
Eckersmühlen in the historical directory of the association for computer genealogy

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b www.stadt-roth.de
↑ ^a ^b Eckersmühlen in the Bavaria Atlas
↑ F. Eigler, p. 174.
↑ W. Ulsamer (Ed.), P. 267.
↑ F. Eigler, p. 388.
↑ JK Bundschuh, Vol. 1, Col. 685.
↑ F. Eigler, p. 487.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official city directory for Bavaria, territorial status on October 1, 1964 with statistical information from the 1961 census . Issue 260 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1964, DNB 453660959 , Section II, Sp. 823 ( digitized version ).
^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 732 .
↑ ^a ^b Only inhabited houses are given. In 1818 these were designated as fireplaces , in 1840 as houses and from 1871 to 1987 as residential buildings.
↑ ^a ^b Alphabetical index of all the localities contained in the Rezatkreise according to its constitution by the newest organization: with indication of a. the tax districts, b. Judicial Districts, c. Rent offices in which they are located, then several other statistical notes . Ansbach 1818, p. 21 ( digitized version ). For the municipality of Eckersmühlen plus the residents and buildings of Brückleinsmühle (p. 13), Eisenhammer (p. 21), Haimpfarrich (p. 35), Hofstetten (p. 42), Kupferhammer (p. 51), Leonhardsmühle (p. 54 ) and Wallersbach (p. 99).
^ ^A ^b Eduard Vetter (Ed.): Statistical handbook and address book of Middle Franconia in the Kingdom of Bavaria . Self-published, Ansbach 1846, p. 215 ( digitized version ). According to the historical municipality register , the municipality had 469 inhabitants.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bavarian State Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Historical municipality register: The population of the municipalities of Bavaria from 1840 to 1952 (= contributions to Statistics Bavaria . Issue 192). Munich 1954, DNB 451478568 , p. 184 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00066439-3 ( digitized ).
↑ ^a ^b Joseph Heyberger, Chr. Schmitt, v. Wachter: Topographical-statistical manual of the Kingdom of Bavaria with an alphabetical local dictionary . In: K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Bavaria. Regional and folklore of the Kingdom of Bavaria . tape 5 . Literary and artistic establishment of the JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, Munich 1867, Sp. 1089 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10374496-4 ( digital copy ).

↑ ^a ^b Kgl. Statistical Bureau (ed.): Complete list of localities of the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to districts, administrative districts, court districts and municipalities, including parish, school and post office affiliation ... with an alphabetical general register containing the population according to the results of the census of December 1, 1875 . Adolf Ackermann, Munich 1877, 2nd section (population figures from 1871, cattle figures from 1873), Sp. 1255–1256 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00052489-4 ( digitized version ).

↑ ^a ^b K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Localities directory of the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to government districts, administrative districts, ... then with an alphabetical register of locations, including the property and the responsible administrative district for each location. LIV. Issue of the contributions to the statistics of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich 1888, Section III, Sp. 1190-1191 ( digitized version ).

↑ ^a ^b K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Directory of localities of the Kingdom of Bavaria, with alphabetical register of places . LXV. Issue of the contributions to the statistics of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich 1904, Section II, Sp. 1263 ( digitized version ).

↑ ^a ^b Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Localities directory for the Free State of Bavaria according to the census of June 16, 1925 and the territorial status of January 1, 1928 . Issue 109 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1928, Section II, Sp. 1301 ( digitized version ).

↑ ^a ^b Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official place directory for Bavaria - edited on the basis of the census of September 13, 1950 . Issue 169 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1952, DNB 453660975 , Section II, Sp. 1124 ( digitized version ).

↑ ^a ^b Bavarian State Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Official local directory for Bavaria . Issue 335 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1973, DNB 740801384 , p. 179 ( digitized version ).

↑ Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing (Ed.): Official local directory for Bavaria, territorial status: May 25, 1987 . Issue 450 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich November 1991, DNB 94240937X , p. 349 ( digitized version ).

^ Pastor Albert Helmreich in the Wiki of DRAFD e. V

[Einwohnerzahl-1] www.stadt-roth.de

[BayernAtlas-2] Eckersmühlen in the Bavaria Atlas

[3] F. Eigler, p. 174.

[4] W. Ulsamer (Ed.), P. 267.

[5] F. Eigler, p. 388.

[6] JK Bundschuh, Vol. 1, Col. 685.

[7] F. Eigler, p. 487.

[OV_1961-8] Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official city directory for Bavaria, territorial status on October 1, 1964 with statistical information from the 1961 census . Issue 260 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1964, DNB 453660959 , Section II, Sp. 823 ( digitized version ).

[9] Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 732 .

[Häuser-10] Only inhabited houses are given. In 1818 these were designated as fireplaces , in 1840 as houses and from 1871 to 1987 as residential buildings.

[OV_1818-11] Alphabetical index of all the localities contained in the Rezatkreise according to its constitution by the newest organization: with indication of a. the tax districts, b. Judicial Districts, c. Rent offices in which they are located, then several other statistical notes . Ansbach 1818, p. 21 ( digitized version ). For the municipality of Eckersmühlen plus the residents and buildings of Brückleinsmühle (p. 13), Eisenhammer (p. 21), Haimpfarrich (p. 35), Hofstetten (p. 42), Kupferhammer (p. 51), Leonhardsmühle (p. 54 ) and Wallersbach (p. 99).

[OV_1846-12] A ^b Eduard Vetter (Ed.): Statistical handbook and address book of Middle Franconia in the Kingdom of Bavaria . Self-published, Ansbach 1846, p. 215 ( digitized version ). According to the historical municipality register , the municipality had 469 inhabitants.

[HGV-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bavarian State Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Historical municipality register: The population of the municipalities of Bavaria from 1840 to 1952 (= contributions to Statistics Bavaria . Issue 192). Munich 1954, DNB 451478568 , p. 184 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00066439-3 ( digitized ).

[OV_1861-14] Joseph Heyberger, Chr. Schmitt, v. Wachter: Topographical-statistical manual of the Kingdom of Bavaria with an alphabetical local dictionary . In: K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Bavaria. Regional and folklore of the Kingdom of Bavaria . tape 5 . Literary and artistic establishment of the JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, Munich 1867, Sp. 1089 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10374496-4 ( digital copy ).

[OV_1875-15] Kgl. Statistical Bureau (ed.): Complete list of localities of the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to districts, administrative districts, court districts and municipalities, including parish, school and post office affiliation ... with an alphabetical general register containing the population according to the results of the census of December 1, 1875 . Adolf Ackermann, Munich 1877, 2nd section (population figures from 1871, cattle figures from 1873), Sp. 1255–1256 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00052489-4 ( digitized version ).

[OV_1885-16] K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Localities directory of the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to government districts, administrative districts, ... then with an alphabetical register of locations, including the property and the responsible administrative district for each location. LIV. Issue of the contributions to the statistics of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich 1888, Section III, Sp. 1190-1191 ( digitized version ).

[OV_1900-17] K. Bayer. Statistical Bureau (Ed.): Directory of localities of the Kingdom of Bavaria, with alphabetical register of places . LXV. Issue of the contributions to the statistics of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich 1904, Section II, Sp. 1263 ( digitized version ).

[OV_1925-18] Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Localities directory for the Free State of Bavaria according to the census of June 16, 1925 and the territorial status of January 1, 1928 . Issue 109 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1928, Section II, Sp. 1301 ( digitized version ).

[OV_1950-19] Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official place directory for Bavaria - edited on the basis of the census of September 13, 1950 . Issue 169 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1952, DNB 453660975 , Section II, Sp. 1124 ( digitized version ).

[OV_1970-20] Bavarian State Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Official local directory for Bavaria . Issue 335 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1973, DNB 740801384 , p. 179 ( digitized version ).

[21] Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing (Ed.): Official local directory for Bavaria, territorial status: May 25, 1987 . Issue 450 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich November 1991, DNB 94240937X , p. 349 ( digitized version ).

[22] Pastor Albert Helmreich in the Wiki of DRAFD e. V