Oil production in Germany
The oil production in Germany has history of technology as economic historical significance. In Wietze , 20 km west of Celle , industrial oil production began as early as 1858. At that time Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus had what was probably the world's first oil well. At times, up to 80 percent of the national demand was produced by the Wietzer oil field. Today's funding is mainly focused on the federal states of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein and covers around 2.5–3% of German demand. In Germany, an oil production maximum of 8.2 million tons was already reached in 1968. Around 2.2 million tons are currently being extracted each year.
Delivery rates
In the Federal Republic of Germany, 2.22 million tons of crude oil including a condensate share of 0.6 percent were produced in 2017. This corresponds to a total reduction of 5.8 percent compared to 2016. In 2017, crude oil production contributed 2.0 percent to covering the consumption of crude oil of 109.4 million t in Germany.
The estimated safe and probable crude oil reserves in Germany amounted to 28.3 million tonnes of crude oil on January 1, 2018 and are thus 3.5 million tonnes or 11.1 percent below those of the previous year. The economically and technically ineligible as well as the undetected but geologically possible oil resources were 20 million tons in 2005.
Development of funding in the old federal states until reunification
In the old federal states, the following annual funding was provided in tonnes:
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Development of funding after reunification
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- 2009 Increase in the number of fields due to the rearrangement of the fields and a new field.
Oil production 1997In 1997, 2,820,398 tons of
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Oil production 2011In 2011, 2,677,136 tons of
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Oil production 2014In 2014, 2,429,789 tons of
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Oil production 2016In 2016, 2,355,028 tons of
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Oil production 2017In 2017, 2,218,406 tons of
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Oil production 2018In 2018, 2,066,642 tons of
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Support areas
The oil fields of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony together produced 2.0 million tons of oil in 2017. That is 91 percent of total German production. With the Mittelplate oil field, Schleswig-Holstein has a share of 55.6 percent of total production, followed by Lower Saxony with 35.5 percent. The share of Rhineland-Palatinate with the Römerberg oil field follows with 5.7 percent.
In 2017, the shares by production region were 55.9% north of the Elbe (Mittelplate), 5.0% between Elbe and Weser, 8.3% between Weser and Ems and 22.5% west of the Ems. Other areas were in the Upper Rhine Valley (5.7%), in the Alpine Foreland (2.0%), in the Oder / Neisse-Elbe area (0.4%) and in the North Sea with 0.1%.
Offshore oil production
The first German offshore oil production took place from 1984 to 2000 in the Kiel Bay in the Schwedeneck-See field . A total of 3.5 million tons of oil were produced here. After funding was discontinued in the summer of 2000, the two funding platforms were dismantled and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. In 2000, the production of natural gas was started in field A6 / B4 in the so-called duck bill of the German North Sea. This also produces crude oil in the form of condensate.
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
North Sea oil fields | Found year | Funding 2011 in t |
Funding 2017 in t |
Total production in tons up to 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A6 / B4 | 1974 | 12,725 | 2,513 | 802.462 |
In the natural gas field A6 / B4, condensable gas components occur during the extraction, which are further processed like crude oil. These are recorded under the oil production.
North of the Elbe
Mittelplate , Germany's largest oil field, is located in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park off Friedrichskoog . Since 1987 the drilling and production island and the Dieksand land station in Friedrichskoog have been producing crude oil from various sandstone layers in the Jura at a depth of 2000 to 3000 m. With 1.2 million t of oil from 28 production wells, the field produced over 55 percent of German oil yields in 2017. More than 30 million tons of oil had been produced by 2015; 20 to 25 million t are still recoverable.
Mittelplate is a stationary oil exploration and production platform. The crude oil extracted there is first sent via a pipeline to the Dieksand land station and then to Brunsbüttel for further processing .
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
Oil fields north of the Elbe | Found year | Funding 2011 in t |
Funding 2016 in t |
Total production up to 2016 in tons |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mittelplate / Dieksand | 1980 | 1,457,004 | 1,299,772 | 33,516,947 |
Reitbrook - Alt | 1937 | 9,481 | 2,240 | 2,595,073 |
Reitbrook - West / Allermöhe | 1960 | 4,276 | 5,242 | 3,414,085 |
Condensate from natural gas production | - | - | - | |
From abandoned deposits | 20,044,746 | |||
Total area | 1,470,761 | 1,307,254 | 59,570,851 |
Or / Neisse-Elbe
The funding region Oder / Neisse-Elbe extends between the eponymous rivers in the new federal states.
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
Oil fields Oder / Neisse - Elbe | Found year | Funding 2011 in t |
Funding 2016 in t |
Total production in tons up to 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kietz | 1987 | 16,014 | 9,910 | 295,692 |
Lutow | 1965 | 3,019 | 2.173 | 1,348,679 |
Mesekenhagen (Kirchdorf-) | 1988 | 1,052 | 1,504 | 116,969 |
Condensate from natural gas production | - | - | - | |
From abandoned deposits | 1,554,781 | |||
Total area | 20,085 | 13,587 | 3,316,120 |
Fields and history of the funding region
Since the 1960s, test drillings have taken place in various locations in the north of the GDR ; for example on the island of Hiddensee . The first occurrence that was discovered on the territory of the GDR (1960) was in Reinkenhagen near Grimmen . Funding was only stopped in 1996. With around 1.25 million tons of oil produced from 1966 to 1990, the most important oil deposit was in Lütow on the island of Usedom , the exploitation of which is currently (as of 2019) still ongoing.
The GDR was considered to be the most intensively prospected country in the world because, due to the lack of foreign exchange, they wanted to break free from their dependence on Russian oil (but could hardly). On behalf of Walter Ulbricht , an attempt was made to emulate the Federal Republic, which at that time still funded over 30% of domestic needs itself. Another deposit with particularly high-quality crude oil was located in the east of the Zingst peninsula , where only small amounts were extracted. This was largely unknown to the civilian population as it was a restricted military area. The oil extracted here was transported by tanker truck and later by rail to the Soviet Union , where it was needed for space travel. Presumably, therefore, it was also called "white oil".
The oil price shock took place in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973. The oil crisis came, because of the different transfer prices (the five-year average of the world market price) in the RGW , in East Germany until 1977 and tightened again in the early 1980s on. Even after the external oil price increases, the price at the petrol stations of the state-owned mineral oil company VEB MINOL was not increased; it was set by the party leadership of the SED . It was a uniform 1.40 M per liter for VK-79 , 1.50 marks for “VK-88”, 1.65 marks for “VK-94” and 1.40 marks for “DK” (diesel fuel). In the 1980s the production of "VK-79" was stopped and "VK-88" was renamed to "Normal" and "VK-94" to "Extra". The prices remained unchanged.
Since 2002 crude oil and natural gas have been extracted in Brandenburg's so far only oil production field near Manschnow (municipality of Küstriner Vorland , district of Märkisch-Oderland ). The natural gas is processed on site in the block-type thermal power station , while the oil is transported by truck to Schwedt / Oder to the PCK refinery . The initially higher production volumes fell to 9,910 t oil and 4.7 million m³ gas in 2016 and 5,419 t oil and 2.6 million m³ gas in 2017 .
In 2017 , a production permit for oil and gas near Guhlen ( Schwielochsee municipality , Dahme-Spreewald district , Brandenburg state ) was granted. Two exploratory drillings had been carried out by the beginning of 2018 . The prerequisites for future oil and gas production, however, are a corresponding spatial planning process that has yet to be carried out and a subsequent successful plan approval process .
Elbe-Weser
In the Elbe-Weser production region, oil deposits have been exploited for a long time, but the production of the oil fields here was gradually stopped due to inefficiency. Today only a few oil fields in the region are extracted (e.g. Rühme field near Braunschweig ).
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production *)
Elbe - Weser oil fields | Found year | Funding 2011 in t |
Funding 2016 in t |
Total production in tons up to 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eddesse (-Nord) / Abbensen | 1876 | 2,043 | 1,612 | 897.922 |
Eldingen | 1949 | 7,314 | 6,810 | 3,335,278 |
Hankensbüttel | 1954 | 26,363 | 18,779 | 15,082,713 |
Höver | 1956 | 1,473 | 1,255 | 355,621 |
Knesebeck | 1958 | 13,107 | 9,372 | 3,484,418 |
Lüben | 1955 | 7.199 | 6.160 | 1,953,618 |
Lüben - West / Bodenteich | 1958 | 11.001 | 8,833 | 569,963 |
Nienhagen | 1861 | 3,108 | 5,547 | 6,966,634 |
Ölheim - South | 1968 | 9,560 | 6,647 | 1,563,899 |
Boast | 1954 | 25,531 | 17,855 | 2,284,345 |
Sinstorf | 1960 | 5,720 | 6,183 | 3,024,105 |
Thönse (Jura) * | 1952 | 2,516 | 2,990 | 130.118 |
Pre-hop | 1952 | 18,454 | 15,314 | 3,016,675 |
Condensate from natural gas production | 3,003 | 2,957 | 184,379 | |
From abandoned deposits | 34,225,868 | |||
Total area | 137.984 | 110.316 | 77,525,114 |
The Thönse natural gas field (Jura) produces over 1,000 tons of condensate per year and is therefore listed separately.
Wietzer oil field
In Wietze , 20 km west of Celle , industrial oil production began as early as 1858 in Lower Saxony. At that time Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus had what was probably the world's first oil well. At times, up to 80 percent of the national demand was produced by the Wietzer oil field. In 1963 the conveyor systems were shut down. The oldest oil museum in the world has been located in the village since 1970 .
Between Weser and Ems
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
Oil fields between Weser and Ems | Found year | Funding 2011 in t |
Funding 2016 in t |
Total production in tons up to 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barenburg | 1953 | 29,543 | 29,910 | 7,087,417 |
Bockstedt | 1954 | 16,373 | 14,582 | 3,648,967 |
Börger - Werlte | 1977 | - | 47 | 128,675 |
Bramberge | 1957 | 114,554 | 77,455 | 19.979.205 |
Düsten / Aldorf (Jura) | 1952 | 5,300 | 4,809 | 2,695,352 |
Düsten / Wietingsmoor (Valentis) | 1954 | 13,829 | 9,743 | 3,976,096 |
Big Lessen | 1969 | 10,970 | 11,345 | 3,472,664 |
Hagen | 1957 | 340 | 694 | 140.722 |
Harm | 1956 | - | 84 | 343,874 |
Hemelte - West | 1951 | 4.164 | 4.113 | 2,306,242 |
Liener - Cooking | 1953 | 577 | 1,050 | 121,393 |
Loeningen | 1960 | 5,342 | 5,782 | 745.350 |
Matrum | 1982 | 1,403 | 1,833 | 191.052 |
Siedenburg | 1957 | 5,342 | 4,908 | 1,104,518 |
Sögel | 1983 | 83 | - | 28,825 |
Sulingen (Valendis) | 1973 | 5,576 | 51 | 1,026,435 |
Voigtei | 1953 | 13,942 | 11,647 | 4,201,571 |
Wehrbleck / Wehrbleck-Ost | 1957 | 8,699 | 10,506 | 2,739,255 |
Puppy / Bollermoor | 1957 | 5,189 | 3,844 | 1,994,542 |
Condensate from natural gas production | 1,477 | 421 | 76,730 | |
From abandoned deposits | 3,705,643 | |||
Total area | 242,455 | 192.825 | 59,746,720 |
Disused fields
Decommissioned oil fields between Weser and Ems | Found year | Given up | Total funding in t |
---|---|---|---|
Aldorf - SW | 1960 | 1964 | 22,668 |
Ashes | 1960 | ? | ? |
Dickel - East | 1959 | 1966 | 3,974 |
Dickel - Wealden | 1953 | 1966 | 42,817 |
Diepholz | 1958 | 1968 | 39,821 |
Etzel | 1942 | 1959 | 53,997 |
Ferment | 1954 | 1969 | 8,807 |
Oythe | 1956 | 1970 | 8,242 |
Quakenbrück | 1950 | 1967 | 50,188 |
Vechta | 1957 | ||
Molbergen | 1953 | 1978 | |
Ostenwalde | 1953 | 1995 | 456.342 |
City Country | 1956 | 1995 | 306.222 |
Brass | 1975 | Wet gas | |
Elsfleth | 1956 | 1990 | |
Harm | 1956 | 2007 | 343.153 |
Sögel | 1983 | 2011 | 28 825 |
Varel
To the south of Varel , in Jaderaußendeich belonging to the municipality of Jade in the Wesermarsch ( Lower Saxony ), the production of crude oil began in 1957. At a depth of 1,700 m, they found what they were looking for in a deposit in the Dogger sandstone (Dogger = Middle Jura ). The oil route , on which an old oil pump still stands today, is a reminder of the production in the Varel oil field that was stopped in 1993 . A total of 856,000 tons of crude oil were produced from 16 production and 4 auxiliary wells. In 1996 the Varel oil field was released from mining supervision by the Meppen Mining Authority after the backfilling and recultivation was completed .
Western Emsland
The most important oil fields after Mittelplate are to the west of the Ems , near the Dutch border. The Rühle development area is in the Bourtanger Moor , near Twist , west of Meppen . There are also development areas in Emlichheim and Georgsdorf in the neighboring county of Bentheim . There are also oil pumps in Schöninghsdorf in Emsland . The reserves there were discovered in 1942 and have been mined since then. However, the oil produced there is so viscous that it first has to be pumped from the depths to the surface. Due to the machine structure reminiscent of a horse and the nodding movement, the pumps are also popularly referred to as horse head pumps and have become a landmark of the landscape. In addition to peat extraction, oil production and processing is the predominant industry in the Emsland moors .
Active fields
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
Oil fields west of the Ems | Found year |
Promotion in tons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2016 | total until 2016 | ||
Adorf | 1948 | 15,646 | 7.233 | 1,780,860 |
Emlichheim | 1944 | 163,349 | 153.317 | 10,752,756 |
Georgsdorf | 1944 | 110,500 | 80,691 | 19.157.832 |
Meppen | 1960 | 24,123 | 21,546 | 3,280,518 |
Rings | 1998 | 15,536 | 42,482 | 377.207 |
Rühle | 1949 | 230.466 | 179,760 | 34,875,544 |
Scheerhorn | 1949 | 29,982 | 18,747 | 8,944,318 |
Condensate from natural gas production | 1,072 | 814 | 350,250 | |
From abandoned deposits | 3,196,059 | |||
Total area | 590,674 | 504,589 | 82,715,344 |
Disused fields
Oil fields west of the Ems | Found year | Given up | Total funding in t |
---|---|---|---|
Emlichheim - West | 1957 | 1966 | 43,405 |
Emlichheim - south | 1959 | 1968 | 11,020 |
Lever sea | 1955 | 1994 | 659.074 |
Lingen | 1942 | 1997 | 2,400,000 |
Upper Rhine Valley
Active fields
Oil fields in the Upper Rhine Valley | Found year |
Promotion in tons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2017 | total until 2017 | ||
Eich - King's Garden | 1983 | 7,376 | 5,651 | 1,390,123 |
Landau | 1955 | 21,050 | 13,915 | 4,548,488 |
Römerberg | 2003 | 140.980 | 107.069 | 1,264,835 |
Rülzheim | 1984 | 613 | - | 42,035 |
Condensate from natural gas production | ||||
From abandoned deposits | 1,641,345 | |||
Total area | 170.019 | 187.494 | 8..886.826 |
Römerberg oil field
The Römerberg oil field in the Upper Rhine Valley was found while sinking a geothermal well. In 2003 the operating company unexpectedly stumbled upon oil in the rocks of the Triassic. There are currently (2017) six wells in operation there. In the ninth year of operation, the annual production was given as 107 069 t of oil. This makes Römerberg the oil field with the fourth highest production in Germany.
Hessian Ried
In the Hessian Ried , an area between Stockstadt , Gernsheim and Crumstadt , petroleum was found in test drillings in the 1930s. The oil production did not start until 1952. A total of 47 wells were sunk for development and the oil was pumped upwards from depths of 1,530 and 1,720 m. In the port of Gernsheim, a separate ship loading point was set up for the removal of the oil. The oil delivered by ship and rail was further processed in the Deurag-Nerag refinery in Misburg near Hanover . Over 500 people worked in the oil field in 1954. In 1964 and 1965, 64,000 tons each were mined. Up until the end of oil production in 1994, almost 1 million tons of oil had been produced from the Hessian Ried. The last borehole, “Stockstadt 38”, is still an industrial monument in the Kühkopf-Knoblochsaue nature reserve .
On July 28, 2015, the company Rhein-Petroleum , based in Heidelberg, announced that in the previous multi-year exploration research with three test wells carried out in the new field near Goddelau, a renewed production of very good high-quality crude oil in terms of production rate and production time at a price of 100 Dollars per barrel will be worth it. For this purpose, a modern conveyor and filling system was built from October 2015. The crude oil comes under pressure up to 400 meters to the surface and is pumped to the surface to cover the remaining distance by means of a pump system. There, natural gas, hot water as well as crude oil and paraffin are separated from each other and brought to a refinery in Karlsruhe by truck. As Rhein-Petroleum announced, the main customer of the oil, which has already been contractually secured, will be BASF in Ludwigshafen. The exploration costs for the three wells totaled EUR 9 million. After the successful test drilling, a production license valid for 24 years from 2018 was granted for the “Schwarzbach I” drilling field. The oil is extracted from a depth of 1500 m to 1700 m.
Landau oil field
In Landau in the Palatinate ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) there are 68 oil production sites in the Landau oil field . The oil is stored under the Nussdorf plaice at a depth of 500 to 1,800 meters. Wintershall has been using horse head pumps since 1955. The water content in the oil is approx. 90%. The annual output in 2011 was 21,050 tons. The oil is further processed in the MiRO refinery in Karlsruhe . 30 people are employed at the Landau branch of Wintershall Holding GmbH .
Alpine foothills
Oil production (including condensates from natural gas production)
Oil fields in the foothills of the Alps | Found year |
Promotion in tons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2016 | total until 2016 | ||
Aitingen | 1976 | 23,690 | 28,769 | 1,562,331 |
Hebertshausen | 1982 | 1,874 | 1,727 | 150.891 |
Schwabmünchen | 1968 | 6,758 | 6,498 | 52,995 |
Condensate from natural gas production | 84 | 265 | 24,167 | |
from abandoned deposits | 8,428,064 | |||
Total area | 32,406 | 37,258 | 10,218,447 |
In 2011 crude oil was still being produced from three different oil fields in the foothills of the Alps . The Aitingen field near Großaitingen , discovered in 1976, is operated by Wintershall as the largest oil field in Bavaria. In Hebertshausen near Dachau there is a small oil field of the same name, which is exploited by RWE Dea . A small development area has also been in operation near Schwabmünchen since 1968.
The eruptive oil well Darching, community of Valley near Holzkirchen (developed in 1969; production by Wintershall ), known from the constantly burning natural gas torch next to the A8 motorway , had to be abandoned in 2003, as before, several other fields in the region.
Upper Swabia
From 1958 to 1995, eighteen pumps produced an average of 200 tons of crude oil per day in the foothills of the Alps in Baden-Württemberg near Rot an der Rot in the Rot- and Ellbachtal.
history
The area around Pechelbronn in Alsace , now in France, was probably the first place in Europe where oil was extracted. The earth pitch spring , which is still active today , has been documented since 1498 and gave the place the name: " Pech well ". The petroleum from the Pechelbronn layers was initially used medicinally for skin diseases.
The natural St. Quirins oil well on the west bank of Lake Tegernsee , which has now dried up, has been proven since the 15th century . The oil was sold by the monks of the Tegernsee monastery for medicinal purposes. As Florian Mildenberger was able to show, Ariost's "Petroltraktat" from 1493 had an effect on the so-called Tegernsee petroleum slip from the "holy Quirin-oele" (named after Quirinus von Tegernsee ) into the 19th century. In 1904 the first test well was carried out by the Dutch company Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappij, which encountered crude oil at a depth of 500 m. An “oil boom” followed in 1907 with the establishment of the “Ersten Bayerische Petroleum Gesellschaft mbH” by Adriaan Stoop and the implementation of a total of 11 wells in Bad Wiessee . As early as 1912, however, the production rate sank so much that oil production was stopped. The iodine and sulphurous thermal water found at a depth of about 670 meters helped Bad Wiessee to rise as a health resort.
After the Second World War, the search for hydrocarbon deposits began again in the Bavarian Alpine foothills , which started a phase of economic extraction from 1954. To date, around 60 oil and gas deposits have been discovered in southern Bavaria. Most of the deposits are on both sides of a line that extends eastward from Munich to the Austrian border. To the north and west of Munich, it has so far only been possible to discover isolated, but above-average deposits for Bavaria (for example near Bedernau in the Unterallgäu district ). From 1954 to 2000 a total of 6.9 million tons of crude oil and 18.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas were produced in Bavaria. In the 1990s, most oil and gas fields had to be stopped because they were unprofitable. The search for new deposits was also not carried out because of the then low oil prices .
literature
- Heinz Boigk: Petroleum and petroleum gas in the Federal Republic of Germany . Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-432-91271-4 .
- Rainer Karlsch, Raymond G. Stokes: Factor Oil. The mineral oil industry in Germany 1859–1974. Verlag CH Beck, Munich, 2003. ISBN 3-406-50276-8 .
- Derek Mösche: 150 years of oil production in Schleswig-Holstein. in: Bergbau Issue 1/2007, pp. 18–20 ( digital copy, pdf, 253 kB )
- Michael Pasternak: Exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas in Germany 2008 , in: ERDÖL ERDGAS KOHLE 2009, pp. 272–286.
- Wirtschaftsverband Erdöl- und Erdgasgewinnung eV: Natural gas and oil from Germany. Hanover 2008 ( digitized, pdf, 480 kB )
Web links
- Wirtschaftsverband Erdöl- und Erdgasgewinnung e. V.
- Annual reports on crude oil and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany by the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology (born 1997–2015)
- Brief reports on oil and natural gas reserves in the Federal Republic of Germany by the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology (years 1996-2017)
- Annual reviews of the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas in Germany by the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology (born between 2002 and 2006)
- Mittelplate oil production
- Petroleum-Natural Gas Museum Twist / Emsland
- Reinkenhagen Oil Museum
- SWR 3 : For a good 30 years in red you have ...?
- Landau - oil under the vineyards
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b F.AZ: German oil production Little Texas in the Lüneburg Heath of June 23, 2009
- ↑ Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials, Oil and Gas Reserves in the Federal Republic of Germany on January 1, 2001 ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Umweltjournal.de: The Oil Reserves: The Oil System ( Memento of the original of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 21, 2007
- ↑ LBEG Lower Saxony: Annual report "Oil and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany" , production figures 2012.
- ↑ Michael Pasternak, ERDÖL ERDGAS KOHLE 2009, p. 284
- ↑ a b c d e State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 2017 . Hanover 2018 ( Online [PDF; 6.3 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ^ AG Energiebilanzen eV | Working group on energy consumption in Germany in 2017. Accessed on August 24, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 2016 . Hanover 2017 ( Online [PDF; 5.3 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ a b State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (ed.): Germany's oil production from 1932 to 1996 . Hanover ( Online [PDF; 11.6 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ Annual reports of the LBEG. LBEG, accessed on September 9, 2018 (LBEG annual reports).
- ↑ Lower Saxony State Office for Soil Research, Lower Saxony (ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 1997 . Hannover 1998, ISBN 3-510-95821-7 ( Online [PDF; 4.4 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ a b State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (Ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 2011 . Hannover 2012 ( Online [PDF; 5.2 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 2014 . Hannover 2015 ( Online [PDF; 5.2 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology, Lower Saxony (ed.): Petroleum and natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany 2018 . Hannover 2019 ( Online [PDF; 11.8 MB ; accessed on June 20, 2019]).
- ↑ a b Mittelplate . In: DEA Group . January 12, 2015 ( online [accessed August 21, 2018]).
- ^ A b Rainer Karlsch, Raymond G. Stokes: Factor oil. The mineral oil industry in Germany 1859–1974 . Verlag CH Beck, Munich, 2003. ISBN 3-406-50276-8
- ↑ a b Joachim Göres: Significantly less oil from Kietz in Märkische Oderzeitung of March 14, 2018, p. 7
- ↑ Erdoelmuseum-Wietze.de , accessed on September 21, 2007
- ↑ Map geodata center
- ^ Dorfgemeinschaft-Jade.de: Die Gemeinde Jade , accessed on September 21, 2007
- ↑ Varel.de: Zeittafel ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 21, 2007
- ↑ Johanna Kutsche: A worthwhile look below home soil - Germany is rediscovering its resources , dradio.de , accessed on May 23, 2011.
- ↑ Werner Kurzlechner: The Ried as a former oil production area. In: FAZ.net. August 13, 2004, accessed March 17, 2011 .
- ↑ GG-Online.de: Erdöl im Ried ( Memento from May 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Hans Dieter Erlenbach: Soon again oil from the reed. In: Echo Online. echo-online.de, September 3, 2015, accessed December 5, 2015 .
- ↑ Christian Siedenbiedel: Now back oil from Hesse. For the first time in a long time funding in the state . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of January 3, 2018, p. 16.
- ↑ Christian Siedenbiedel: oil fever in southern Hesse Ried . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of January 6, 2018, p. 25.
- ↑ Landau-Nussdorf.de: Oil gushes out of 102 boreholes ( Memento from May 7, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 21, 2007
- ^ Alfred Scheld: Petroleum in Alsace. The beginnings of the Pechelbronn oil wells. From Jean Theophile Hoeffel's historical doctoral thesis (1734) to the post-oil era . Regional culture publishing house, Ubstadt-Weiher 2012, ISBN 3-897-35709-7 .
- ^ Gundolf Keil, Willem Frans Daems: 'Petroltraktate' ('Erdöl-Schreizettel'). In: The German literature of the Middle Ages - author's lexicon. 2nd Edition. Volume 7, 1989, ISBN 3-11-011582-4 , Sp. 490-493.
- ^ Gundolf Keil: Review of: Florian Mildenberger: Medical instruction for the bourgeoisie. Medicinal cultures in the magazine "Die Gartenlaube" (1853–1944). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2012 (= medicine, society and history. Supplement 45), ISBN 978-3-515-10232-2 . In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 306–313, here: p. 311.
- ↑ The discovery of the source of iodine. (No longer available online.) Local voice UG, January 2, 2014, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; accessed on June 10, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.