Friedrich von Esmarch

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Friedrich von Esmarch

Johann Friedrich August Esmarch , von Esmarch since 1887 (born January 9, 1823 in Tönning ; † February 23, 1908 in Kiel ), was a German surgeon and founder of the civilian Samaritan system in Germany.

Life

Friedrich Esmarch came from an old family of pastors and lawyers in Schleswig-Holstein. His parents were the physicist Theophilus Christian Casper Esmarch (1798–1864) and his wife Friederike Brigitte, née Homann. In 1830 the family moved to Rendsburg , where the father worked as a doctor.

Göttingen memorial plaque for Esmarch

Esmarch studied medicine at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel and became a member of the Teutonia fraternity in Kiel . He moved to the Georg-August University in Göttingen and heard Bernhard von Langenbeck . Here he received his doctorate in medicine in 1848; In 1849 he qualified as a professor for surgery. From 1854 he was full professor of surgery and ophthalmology in Kiel and director of the Friedrichshospital in Flämische Strasse. His assistant was the surgeon August Bier from 1886 to 1890 . War surgery and first aid were the focus of Esmarch's professional life. In the Schleswig-Holstein survey and in the three German wars of unification he was able to gain a wide range of experiences. He inserted the first- aid kit and the triangular sheet , as well as the greaves and the bandage bag. In his hometown of Tönning he also became known as “Fiete Isbüdel” because of his invention of the ice cream bag . He had already propagated first aid in his widely published publication The First Association on the Battlefield of 1869.

Mural commemorating von Esmarch

From 1854 to 1898 he was director of the University Surgical Clinic, a position which he used to introduce many new methods. Together with the psychiatrist Peter Willers Jessen , he was the first to suggest on the basis of clinical studies in 1857 that syphilis was the cause of neurolues . As senior physician II. Classe, he was assistant to General Staff Doctor Louis Stromeyer . During the Franco-Prussian War he was an advisory surgeon in the Prussian Army . He developed into one of the most important surgeons of the 19th century. The triangular scarf to support arm injuries goes back to him and he developed two important procedures that are still used today and that bear his name, the Esmarch handle and the Esmarch blood void published in 1873 .

Esmarch was general doctor with the rank of major general à la suite of the medical corps , secret medical council , honorary member of numerous professional associations at home and abroad and holder of a number of medals. In 1853 Esmarch married Anna Strohmeyer, with whom he had three children. His wife Anna fell ill with tuberculosis in the late 1860s and died in 1870. Two years later, a patient, Princess Henriette of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg , an aunt of the future German Empress Auguste Viktoria , fell in love with him. Both were married and in recognition of his service Esmarch in 1887 by Emperor was I. Wilhelm into the hereditary Prussian nobility raised .

Honors

Esmarch's statue in Tönning

Founder of the Samaritan system

During his participation in the International Hygiene Congress in London in 1881, Friedrich Esmarch had the facilities of the local “St. John Ambulance Association ”. This rescue organization had been founded as early as 1877 and had established medical schools all over England and trained volunteer helpers for the rescue and medical service .

Immediately after his return home Esmarch began in early 1882 with the preparations for the first German Samaritan course in Kiel . In this context, his work The First Aid in the Case of Sudden Accidents was created - A Guide for Samaritan Schools , which was one of the best-known first aid guides, was finally translated into almost 30 languages ​​in the following decades and its 50th in 1931. Edition experienced.

The German Samaritan Association was founded in Kiel on May 5, 1882 . In contrast to its English model, the Kiel association, according to the will of its founders, was not intended to be the headquarters of a branch association spread across the whole country, but merely to serve as a model for similar organizations to which one wanted to assist with teaching materials or all the necessary advice. As a result of the suggestion of Friedrich von Esmarch and based on the model of the Samaritan Association in Kiel, Samaritan courses were also held in various German cities in the following years and further Samaritan associations were founded.

As the number of Samaritan organizations increased in Germany, the need arose to unite the associations that existed independently side by side in one association in order to develop uniform principles and to be able to act more cohesively and more forcefully towards other associations and also state authorities and institutions. On the first German Samaritan Day in Berlin from September 18 to 20, 1896, the official establishment of the German Samaritan Association , which from 1908 was called the "German Society for Samaritan and Rescue Services", was carried out.

A representative of the Samaritan system, the medical councilor Leopold Henius (1841-1924) from Berlin, gave a lecture on "The importance of the Samaritan and rescue services for the German medical profession" on June 22, 1900 at the German Medical Association in Freiburg im Breisgau . Following this lecture, the German Medical Association decided on the following guiding principles, with which the German Samaritan Movement was officially confirmed by the German medical community for the first time, which it had repeatedly declared to the principles of its endeavors since its foundation:

Doctors are entitled to provide first aid in the event of accidents and sudden illnesses. A uniform establishment of the rescue service best provides safe and appropriate medical assistance.
Only in those cases in which medical help cannot be obtained immediately, particularly in rural areas and in small towns, is the lay element permitted. However, the Samaritans, who are specially trained by doctors to provide first aid, should limit themselves to keeping the injured person away from anything that could harm him and to handing him over to medical care as quickly as possible. The facilities to be set up in large cities to obtain first medical help in the event of accidents or sudden illnesses (ambulance guards, accident stations, medical guards) should be maintained or financially secured by the city administration. They only correspond to the interests of the public and the doctors,
  1. if they are under medical supervision with regard to the facility and its operation;
  2. if at the station or at the place of the accident resp. the disease is helped by doctors;
  3. if they limit themselves to providing first and only one-time aid;
  4. if the participation in the rescue service is permitted to all doctors who subject themselves to certain, contractually stipulated conditions, which can be submitted to the professional bodies for approval;
  5. if they have suitable means of transport to get injured and seriously ill people as quickly and appropriately as possible to their home or hospital;
  6. if they do not pursue any secondary purposes other than granting first aid;
  7. if no information is given to the public about incidents involving the injured and sick;
  8. if help is provided free of charge to the unprofitable, other patients according to the usual tax rates.

Fonts (selection)

  • with Peter Willers Jessen : Syphilis and Mental Disorder. In: General journal for psychiatry. Volume 14, 1857, pp. 20-26.
  • The first association on the battlefield. Schwers'sche Buchhandlung, Kiel 1869, ( digitized )
  • First aid station and field hospital: Lectures for prospective military doctors. August Hirschwald, Berlin 1868. ( digitized version )
  • Antiseptic wound treatment in war surgery. 1876.
  • For resection of the shoulder joint. 1877.
  • Manual of War Surgical Technique. C. Rümpler, Hannover 1878. (also Kiel 1893 and 1901)
  • The first aid in the event of sudden accidents. A guide for Samaritan schools in five lectures. FCW Vogel, Leipzig 1882; further conditions z. B. 1886, later under the title First aid in the event of sudden accidents. A guide for Samaritan schools in six lectures. 1912, 1913 and 1931 ( digital copies ).
  • The axes and planes of the body. Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel 1882.
  • For teaching about the sitting of school children. Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel 1884.
  • Diagram of the physiology of urination. Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel 1884.
  • with E. Kowalzig: Operations on the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel and Leipzig 1899.
  • Operations on the head and neck. Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel and Leipzig 1899.
  • as editor: Mittheilungen from the Surgical Clinic in Kiel , 1884–1888, ZDB -ID 558428-0

literature

  • Jan Schlürmann : Friedrich von Esmarch and the Schleswig-Holstein survey 1848-1851. In: Friedrich von Esmarch (1823-1908). Exhibition on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his death. edited by the Schleswig-Holstein State Library, Kiel 2008, pp. 17–21.
  • Klaus-Joachim Lorenzen-Schmidt, Hartwig Molzow: Johannes Friedrich August Esmarch. in: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Neumünster 1985, Vol. 7, pp. 56-59.
  • Herbert Böttger:  Esmarch, Friedrich von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1959, ISBN 3-428-00185-0 , p. 654 ( digitized version ).
  • Harry Schmidt : Friedrich von Esmarch. Childhood memories. West Holstein Publishing House, Heide 1938.
  • Esmarch, Johannes Friedrich August , in: Eduard Alberti : Lexicon of Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg and Eutinian writers from 1829 to mid-1866 (1867 to 1868), 1. Dept. A – L, 1867, Akademische Buchhdlg., Kiel 1867, p 193 ff. (With information on publications).

Web links

Commons : Friedrich von Esmarch  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: German Samaritan Association  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ by Esmarch, Friedrich. In: Well-known people. B! Teutonia Kiel, accessed on September 10, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Göttingen memorial plaques : Goetheallee 4 and memorial plaques for people. In: people. City Archives Göttingen, accessed on September 10, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Hans Bangen: History of the drug therapy of schizophrenia. Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-927408-82-4 page 32
  4. ^ Message from Jan Schlürmann
  5. ↑ Esmarch handle. reanimation-online.de, accessed on November 24, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Friedrich Esmarch: About artificial blood evacuation during operations. In: Collection of Clinical Lectures. Volume 58, 1873, pp. 373-382.
  7. ↑ Otto Dornblüth : Bloodlessness. In: Clinical Dictionary (13th / 14th edition, 1927). textlog.de, accessed on November 24, 2014 .
  8. ↑ v. Esmarch †. in: Military weekly paper . No. 27 of February 27, 1908, pp. 607-608.
  9. ↑ Members of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors 1857
personal data
SURNAME Esmarch, Friedrich von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Esmarch, Johann Friedrich August von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor, founder of the civil Samaritan system in Germany
DATE OF BIRTH January 9, 1823
PLACE OF BIRTH Toenning
DATE OF DEATH February 23, 1908
Place of death Kiel