Rudolf Nissen

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Rudolf Nissen (born September 9, 1896 in Neisse , Upper Silesia , † January 22, 1981 in Riehen / Canton Basel-Stadt , Switzerland ) was a German surgeon and university professor in Berlin, Istanbul, New York and Basel. As a senior physician in Berlin in 1931 he carried out the complete removal of a lung for the first time. We owe important surgeon biographies from the 20th century to him and his friend Werner Wachsmuth .

Life

Germany

Rudolf Nissen was the son of the surgeon Franz Nissen and his wife Margarethe geb. Borchert . Rudolf Nissen married Ruth Becherer , daughter of Walter Becherer. After graduating from the humanistic Carolinum (Nysa) , he studied medicine at the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University in Breslau from 1913 ; but he soon moved to the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich . He served in a medical battalion throughout the First World War . As a field doctor, he was shot in the lung, the consequences of which stressed him for life. After the war he continued his medical studies at the Philipps University in Marburg and the University of Breslau. After the state examination was delayed due to the war, Nissen was promoted to Dr. med. PhD. He then became assistant to the internist Oskar Minkowski at the Clinic for Internal Medicine in Breslau (1920) and to the pathologist Ludwig Aschoff at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (1921).

Nissen completed his surgical specialist training from 1921 to 1927 as an assistant doctor to Ferdinand Sauerbruch at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich . He then qualified as a professor in surgery. As a senior physician and one of Sauerbruch's favorite students, he accompanied him to Argentina in 1927 to demonstrate new methods of thoracic surgery. When Sauerbruch accepted the call from the Charité in 1927 , Nissen went to Berlin as a senior physician. Appointed a non-civil servant associate professor in 1930, he was Sauerbruch's deputy at the Charité Surgical Clinic. As the first surgeon in the world, he carried out a pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung) on ​​a girl suffering from bronchiectasis with success as a senior physician in Berlin in 1931 . The fundoplication is still a (now endoscopically possible) standard operation in the transition from the esophagus to the stomach .

Turkey

After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, he did not want to apply the law to restore the civil service against employees. It was clear to the surgeon, who was actually about to take over a full professorship in Germany, that sooner or later he would be affected because of his Jewish descent, even if he was initially exempted from the combatant privilege . During the first months of the Nazi era , he moved to Turkey , whose medical faculty in Istanbul invited him in 1933 on the recommendation of his boss Sauerbruch. With the support of Philipp Schwartz's “Notgemeinschaft” and after consulting Sauerbruch, he was appointed to the surgical chair at Istanbul University in 1933 . In the surgical clinic, where he also taught in French, Nissen performed oral surgery together with Alfred Kantorowicz . He also became director of the First Surgical Department of Cerrahpaşa Hospital.

“He had had his happiest time in Turkey, as he said. ... He looked through my manuscript and then said, "You can dedicate it to me on one condition. You have to put the symbols of the Berlin surgeons at the bottom of the dedication «."

- Arslan Terzioǧlu : about Nissen (2006)

United States

Although he was accommodated by the Turkish government in extending the contract, Nissen went to the United States in 1939 after the start of the Second World War with the approval of the Turkish Ministry of Culture because of health problems . A chronic lung disease had worsened in exile and he therefore stayed in the United States longer than originally planned. The construction of a surgical clinic in Istanbul, which he planned in his time in Cerrahpaşa, was completed in accordance with his ideas in 1943. In New York he had to repeat all study and training exams. From 1939 to 1941 he was Research Fellow of Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and from 1941 to 1952 Chief of Division of Surgery at the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn and Director of Surgery at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City . From 1944 he was also Assistant Professor of Surgery at Long Island College Hospital in Brooklyn in New York (according to Doyum from 1948 as professor at Long Island College of Medicin , today: SUNY Downstate College of Medicine ).

Switzerland

In 1952 he followed the call of the University of Basel as a full professor to the chair of surgery in 1951 and received the associated position as director of the surgical department of the university clinic. His inaugural lecture on December 18, 1952 was on the topic of the timeless and time-bound in surgery . He turned down calls from the University of Hamburg (1948) and the University of Vienna (1954). After retirement in 1967, he led until 1970, a doctor's office in Basel . He was a lifelong friend of Werner Wachsmuth (Wachsmuth's successor, the surgeon Ernst Kern , who was strongly influenced by Nissen and who had already met him in Basel in 1964, was Nissen's neighbor in Lörrach from 1967 to 1969).

Honors

Rudolf Nissen Prize / Rudolf Nissen Medal

Every two years , the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery honors outstanding representatives of visceral surgery with the Rudolf Nissen Medal (until 2009 the Rudolf Nissen Prize ) . The Rudolf Nissen Prize has been awarded to young surgical researchers since 2011 . This young talent award is endowed with € 5,000.

Award winners

Publications

  • with Paul Meyer-Ruegg: The bone and joint tuberculosis. Brief description of the pathogenesis, general diagnosis and treatment. Leipzig 1930.
  • On the recent development of the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Berlin 1932.
  • with Ferdinand Sauerbruch: General Operations. Leipzig 1933.
  • Cerrahî Endikasyonlar ( Surgical Indications , German 1937), translated by Kemal Baran, Istanbul 1938.
  • with Fahri Arel: Genel Şirüji Dersleri. Istanbul 1938.
  • Light leaves, dark leaves. Memories of a surgeon . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt , Stuttgart 1969, re-edition. ibid. 1984 ISBN 3-421-01499-X ; Herder-Buchgemeinde, Freiburg undated (1969); Reprint: Ecomed, Landsberg 2001 ISBN 3-609-16029-2 . All editions contain an exact register of persons, which is particularly informative with regard to the Turkish years 1933–1939 and the German group of exiles there. The book is dedicated to Nissen's father and Sauerbruch.
    • Short first version of the chapter on Sauerbruch (p. 143 ff. In "Blätter") in: Hans Schwerte & Wilhelm Spengler Ed .: Researchers and scientists in Europe today. 2. Explorer of Life. Doctors, biologists, anthropologists Stalling, Oldenburg 1955 series: Gestalter Our Time Volume 4. Again in this: Fifty years of experienced surgery. Selected lectures and writings. Schattauer, Stuttgart and New York 1978, ISBN 3-7945-0615-4 , pp. 344-348.
      • For Nissen's clear criticism of the erroneously so-called Sauerbruch autobiography That was my life with Kindler see the article Sauerbruch and Hans Rudolf Berndorff
    • Review ( sheets ... ): Archive for orthopedic and trauma surgery 68 (1970), pp. 378-380, by AN Witt.
    • Review: David Vanderpool, Bright leaves, dark leaves. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 196 (2003), p. 313-318. On-line
  • RN (ed. With Fritz Hartmann , Johannes Linzbach and Hans Schäfer ): Das Fischer-Lexikon. Vol. 16-18: Medicine 1-3 ; as author: Art. "Chirurgie" in part volume 3 (= volume 18), Fischer Bücherei TB, Frankfurt 1959 and others, most recently 1970, pp. 10–47 (also: historical outline)
  • RN (Ed. With Georg Brandt and Hubert Kunz): Intra- and postoperative incidents. Your prevention and treatment , compilation in 4 volumes. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1964 ff. (Last new edition, Vol. 2: Abdomen . 1985)

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Dissertation: Investigations into the diagnostic significance of the catalase index of the red blood cells in human and experimental blood diseases .
  2. ^ Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Hans Rudolf Berndorff: That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951; cited: Licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, pp. 297 and 309 f.
  3. a b c d e f 100 years - Association of Bavarian Surgeons (PDF)
  4. Rudolf Nissen, Mario Rossetti: The treatment of hiatal hernias and reflux oesophagitis with gastropexy and fundoplication. Indication, technique and results Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1959; 2. rework. Edition ibid. 1981; Italian version by Cappelli, Bologna 1964
  5. ^ Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Hans Rudolf Berndorff: That was my life. (1951) 1956, p. 350.
  6. Ali Vicdani Doyum: Alfred Kantorowicz with special reference to his work in İstanbul (A contribution to the history of modern dentistry). 1985, p. 62.
  7. Ali Vicdani Doyum: Alfred Kantorowicz with special reference to his work in İstanbul (A contribution to the history of modern dentistry). 1985, pp. 62 and 239-245.
  8. Ernst Kern : Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000, ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , p. 29.
  9. Ali Vicdani Doyum: Alfred Kantorowicz with special reference to his work in İstanbul (A contribution to the history of modern dentistry). 1985, p. 62.
  10. Ali Vicdani Doyum: Alfred Kantorowicz with special reference to his work in İstanbul (A contribution to the history of modern dentistry). 1985, p. 62.
  11. Published by Thieme, Stuttgart 1953
  12. Ernst Kern: Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000. ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , pp. 29 and 315 and 330.
  13. Andreas Abel: A look into the new rescue center of the Charité. September 17, 2016, accessed on April 13, 2020 (German).
  14. prices. In: dgav.de. German Society for General and Visceral Surgery, accessed on January 10, 2020 .
  15. See review in JAMA .