History of Dilis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The government palace . In front of it the monument to Heinrich the Navigator

The story of Dilis begins with the arrival of the first Portuguese in the Bay of Dili in 1520, but it was not until 250 years later that the settlement became the capital of the Portuguese colonial possessions in the Lesser Sunda Islands . Today Dili is the capital of East Timor .

founding

Portuguese cannon at the port of Dili

The Portuguese first reached the Bay of Dili in 1520. Shortly thereafter, a military post and a small settlement were established. Missionaries were mainly active in nearby Manatuto. According to a legend, the place name "Dili" is derived from the Tetum word "ai-dila" for papaya . The Portuguese first heard the name of this fruit when they reached the Bay of Dili in 1520. However, this cannot be true, since people were speaking in the Mambai region at the time . Tetum did not spread to Dili until the place became the colonial capital. In addition, papaya is an American fruit that first came to Southeast Asia through the Europeans. The origin of the name “Dili” seems to lie in the Bunak word “zili” ( German  “cliff” ), which describes the cliffs behind the city. This is an indication that a Papuan language such as Bunak was spoken in the region before the Austronesian languages Mambai and Tetum .

In 1730, Governor Pedro de Melo (1729–1731) concluded alliances with the Liurai of Manatuto and other rulers of the region - a circumstance that should facilitate the later relocation of the colonial capital from Lifau to Dili. A year later, Governor Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama e Castro (1731–1734) established a Portuguese garrison in Manatuto.

On October 10, 1769, Governor António José Teles de Meneses began building Dilis after the Portuguese had been driven out of Lifau in the west of the island by the Topasses on August 11, 1769 (see: Cailaco Rebellion ) . Originally the destination was Vemasse , but Dili found favorable conditions for building a new capital. The bay and the offshore island of Atauro offer protection to anchoring ships and there was drinking water and plains for agriculture. The surrounding swamps should cause problems. Shortly after the arrival of Meneses, 42 Liurais swore allegiance to Portugal in Dili, including Dom Alexandre , ruler of Motael , who contractually transferred the entire plain from Dili to the surrounding mountains to Portugal. In addition, Dom Alexandre guaranteed the Portuguese lumber and, to defend the settlement, men and horses. Due to the previous contacts of the Dominicans with the Timorese rulers, who had already founded missions in Manatuto and Viqueque , Portugal was able to rely on a relatively large amount of support from the Liurais at this time, as it was no longer the case later. In 1772 Dili was home to 40 Europeans and many Indians from Goa and Mozambique ; 750 people in total, half of whom were slaves. A fire in 1779 destroyed large parts of the archive with many documents from the time it was founded.

In the early years the place was little more than a collection of wooden huts with an earth wall as an outer fortification and a church dedicated to St. Anthony . The construction of the first stone fortress began on September 22, 1796 under Governor João Baptista Verquaim (1794-1800), since at that time the kingdoms of Maubara and Sonba'i , allied with the Netherlands , were at war with various vassals of Portugal. In addition, Dili was vulnerable to attacks by other colonial powers such as France and Great Britain . Under Governor José Joaquim de Sousa (1800-1803) the fortress was armed with cannons.

19th century

Louis and Rose de Freycinet are greeted in Dili (1818)
Plan of the bay and fortress of Dili (1834)

In 1813 Dili had 1,768 inhabitants, including 688 African slaves, but not counting the native population. Even if there are no more visible traces of these Africans in Timor today, the Portuguese slave trade brought 200 to 250 Mozambican slaves across the Indian Ocean to East Asia by 1830. Apart from the fortress, the governor's house, and St. António's Church, the place was still just huts with roofs made of palm fronds. It was not until 1834 that Governor José Maria Marques finally began to develop Dili into a real city. An avenue was laid out along the bank and an infantry barracks was built next to a new governor's residence. New streets connected the center with the outskirts. The town received city rights in January 1864.

From January to April 1861, the British explorer Alfred Russel Wallace visited Dili. He describes the place as "even shabbier" than the Dutch possessions in the region. All buildings, including the church and the customs house, were made of clay without any decorations. The only stone building was the governor's house, a small whitewashed building. The place was surrounded by swamps, which is why Dili was considered malaria-infested and, according to Wallace, half of Dili's European residents constantly suffered from fever. At that time, 3,000 Europeans, Indians, Chinese and Timorese lived in Dili.

During the 1861 rebellion , Dili was threatened by the insurgent Liurai of Laclo and Ulmera . On June 10, Governor Afonso de Castro declared a state of emergency and distributed weapons to civilians and even to the Chinese population of Dilis. The Laclo uprising was put down in late August and the state of siege on Dili was lifted. The victory of Portugal was extensively celebrated by Castro in Dili, including the traditional Likurai dance, which is performed by the women for the men returning from the war. To do this, the heads of the slain enemies were carried through the town in a procession.

The "Lighthouse of Timor" (1864)

On September 18, 1,200 local warriors gathered in Dili to take action against Ulmera. They were joined by 3,000 men from Liquiçá. Ulmera was overrun and the ruler of Ulmera and his son were taken prisoner to Dili. Another victory ceremony was held there, where the captured Liurai kneeled down and pledged to pay a large amount of compensation. The heads of the fallen opponents were also presented again. Castro later wrote about the rebellion: "It takes strength, not to tyrannize, but to bring a lazy people to obey the law and force them to work." Castro's successor, José Manuel Pereira de Almeida (1863–1864), left that Expand the fortifications of the fortress, build barracks for soldiers and officers and expand the governor's seat. The Castro Lahane Hospital (since 1860, now in Suco Mascarenhas ), the bridge and road to Lahane , a prison and a school for the sons of the Liurais were also completed. The overseas trained Timorese clergyman Jacob dos Reis e Cunha was the first to teach there.

Large parts of Dilis burned down on August 24, 1866. The military barracks, the ammunition store, the church, the treasury, the governor's palace and 15 private houses fell victim to him. The last parts of the archive from Lifau's time were also lost. There were no fatalities. The governor of Macau called on the population for donations for the reconstruction of Dilis. A total of 2,630 patacas were collected, a fifth of which comes from the Chinese population of Macau. In 1867, Macau's governor José Maria da Ponte e Horta personally brought medicines as well as pictures and ornaments for the new Dilis church. This received stone walls and was 40 meters long and 10 meters wide. It had eight windows on each side, two at the front and two at the back. The reconstruction of the city made slow progress due to the lack of materials and skilled workers. In 1869 a cholera epidemic raged . Governor João Clímaco de Carvalho (1870–1871) thought at times of a complete relocation of the capital to the climatically more favorable and less unhealthy Lahane, one and a half kilometers from Dili's center in the mountains - a plan that Governor Frederico Leão Cabreira (1839 –1844) thought. But the residents did not want to because of the water supply. In Dili almost every house had a well, in Lahane you had to get the water from a river a little further away.

Boats (sampanas) on the banks of Dili (1889)

In 1870, the reconstruction made good progress. The rebuilt fortress Nossa Senhora da Conceição reached to the west to the river and was kept in the typical Portuguese design. The hydrographic mapping of the port was completed and Fort Carqueto was protecting the anchorages. Across the bay was a lighthouse. The limestone prison was located on the main square. The customs house, military barracks, arsenal, school and hospital were also back. The governor's palace is still shown as a ruin on a map from 1870. A main road led from Bidau to Motael. Several private houses stood on this. Bidau was the commercial center where many Chinese, Topasse and Moradores lived. The Moradores were Timorese who were provided and financed by Liurais for the Portuguese armed forces. Several Chinese trading houses sprang up along the major streets. The Lahane district was also already built. By the end of the century, several colonial-style houses and government buildings were built here on the other side of the malaria-infested lowlands. In 1879 a traveler described Dili as a "small, thriving town" with 4,114 inhabitants, of whom 2,498 were Catholics. However, there was a lack of cultural facilities such as theaters, concert halls, libraries or a simple central place as a meeting point. The residents were primarily concerned with political discussions about local authorities and alcohol consumption. Portuguese wine was rather rare, mostly alcoholic beverages made from sugar cane and local palm wine were consumed. After all, wheat bread was baked in dili and tea was imported from Macau. The rebuilt church was consecrated in August 1879. In 1884 Dili received street lighting that was fired with oil from Laclubar .

The steamer Dilly (1889), on the bank of its home port

The hospital in Lahane was divided into three areas: one for Europeans for four rupees , one for Chinese for three rupees and one for locals for two rupees per day. In 1877, an Australian described the hospital as a large, airy and clean building where a lot of attention was paid to the sick. In 1883 the medical officer J. Gomes da Silva was appointed head of the "Macau-Timor Health Service". He chalked up several grievances. For example, the hospital lacked a maternity ward, and of all the Dili cemeteries, only the Chinese one met the basics of public health. He also criticized the fact that although the "uncivilized" Timorese and African soldiers bathed in the Lahane River , the European ones never did. In contrast, the Dutch military had already introduced a system of changing bathing days for its colonial troops by this time. It was precisely the malaria and poor hygiene that earned Dili the reputation of being the most unhealthy port in the archipelago. This description is not surprising, because the death rate in Dili was roughly the same as that of the colonies in Mozambique, but it was three times as high as in Macau. In 1887 there were several deaths due to diarrhea and beriberi , which mainly killed African soldiers.

In 1887, Governor Alfredo de Lacerda Maia was murdered by a group of Moradores in an ambush on the road between Dili and Lahane. Groups of them were stationed in Dili, Batugade and Manatuto. Dili fell into "total terror" during the Moradores revolt , according to the Macau press. Governor Rafael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (1888–1890) continued the expansion of Dilis, connected the suburbs with roads, provided a water supply network and built the lighthouse at the port. Between December 1893 and February 1894, cholera raged again in the colony, killing at least 1,000 people. After the Maubara revolt , the bodies of the fallen were left lying around, which led to the outbreak of the disease, especially in Maubara. But the epidemic was also rampant in Tibar , Atapupu and Alor , and even Dili was not spared. Under Governor José Celestino da Silva (1891-1908) Dili experienced an increasing boom. The city took on a European face. More streets, schools, a library and a museum were built. The wetlands around Dili were drained and a water supply was created. In 1906 a modern hospital was built. Many of the buildings erected at that time only fell victim to the Second World War .

Beginning of the 20th century

City map from 1909
The Pátria in Timor 1912

The news of the overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy on October 6, 1910 reached Dili by telegram one day later. Governor Alfredo Cardoso de Soveral Martins officially announced the proclamation of the republic on October 30th, the blue and white flag of the royal Portugal was lowered and the new green and red flag of Portugal was set with a salute of 21 rounds. At that time, a Masonic Lodge was also formed in Dili .

In 1911 the great Manufahi rebellion broke out. It is said that several Liurai gathered in the suburbs of Dili on October 5, the anniversary of the proclamation of the republic. According to Portuguese reports from the time, they were planning a conspiracy to murder all Europeans. The presence of an English merchant ship in the port of Dili is said to have dissuaded them from their plan.

On February 19, 1912, the Sydney Morning Herald reported :

“Most of the island of Timor is in turmoil. Ramea tribe men attacked Dili, killing many residents and burning many houses. Major Ingley, Lieutenant Silva and several soldiers were killed during the street fighting. The heads were cut off by the rebels and placed on stakes. The government building was looted. "

The report exaggerated the situation, but Dili was actually badly affected and European families were evacuated. Nevertheless, the city was saved from sacking by hastily assembled defenders. Portugal sent the gunboat Pátria from Macau to reinforce it and arrived on February 6th. On February 11th Dili reached the English steamship St. Albans with 75 soldiers (half Europeans) of the Companhia Europeia da India and on February 15th the English ship Aldenam with the eighth Companhia Indigena de Moçambique.

Dili had 8,136 inhabitants on December 31, 1927, according to a census. At the beginning of the Estado Novo , a large number of colonial buildings were built, such as the governor's residence in Lahane , a new governor's palace , the city council building and other administrative buildings, but also new schools. In 1937 the sports club Sport, Lisboa e Dili was founded and the following year the Associacão de Beneficencia de Timor , which campaigned for welfare .

The Second World War (1942 to 1945)

Australian air raid on Dili (1942)
Wrecks from the time of the Japanese occupation (picture from 1970)

Portugal was neutral during the Second World War. However, the Allies feared that the militarily weak Portuguese Timor could be used by the Japanese as a bridge to Australia , which is why the Dutch and Australians briefly occupied the colony in 1941. The first Japanese air raid on Dili took place on February 8, 1942. On the night of February 19-20, 1942, the Japanese attacked from the sea with 20,000 men and gradually occupied Dili the rest of Timor . Dili was then a constant target of Allied air raids, the first of which took place on March 15, 1942. From the end of 1942, two to three Allied planes attacked Dili once a week, and from November even daily, claiming Japanese, Timorese and Chinese victims. The main destinations included the Japanese consulate (November 1942), the radio station (March 1943), a Portuguese ship and the hospital (February 1944). In 1943 the cathedral was also destroyed in an Allied air raid. The population had already left the city in June 1942. Officially, the Portuguese administration continued to exist, even if the real power in the colony lay with the Japanese Consul General. After the administrator of the Dili County, Lourenço de Aguilar, who was already despised by the Japanese, gave up his post due to illness, the surveyor Artur do Canto Resende agreed to take over the post. In this office, he tried to save people, distributed food and clothing and campaigned for the release of prisoners sentenced to death. Presumably because of denunciation, Canto Resende was forced to resign on March 9, 1944. In July 1944 he was arrested by the Japanese military police and interned in Kalabahi on the neighboring island of Alor . Here he died in captivity on February 23, 1945.

In total, the city of Dili fell victim to 94 air strikes, and by the end of the war only ten of all buildings in the city, including a hospital, had survived. All public buildings, such as the cathedral on the site of what is now East Timor's National Parliament and the building of the City Council (Câmara Municipal), were destroyed.

On September 26, 1945, the official ceremony of the surrender of the Japanese in Portuguese Timor and the return of power to Portugal took place in Dili. The long-awaited Portuguese ships Bartolomeu Dias and Gonçalves Zarco arrived in Dili the next day . Two days later, Portuguese troop transports with over 2,000 soldiers (infantry, engineers and artillery) reached the colony. Food and building materials were on board. The arrival of the ships was celebrated in Dili. Most of the Portuguese who remained in the colony were present, many Timorese, the commanders of Baucau and Manatuto and loyal Liurais and village chiefs.

The last colonial years (1945 to 1975)

Dilis coat of arms in the 18th century
Dili coat of arms 1952–1975
Flag of Dilis

After the destruction in World War II, the general plan for the reconstruction of Dilis was ready in 1951. From the architect José Manuel Galhardo Zilhão worked here. Among other things, the Centro de Saúde da Formosa in Gricenfor and the buildings of the Dili airport come from him .

On May 31, 1952, Dili received its own coat of arms, which corresponded in structure to the Portuguese tradition. A silver sandalwood tree rests on a red heraldic shield between two bundles of four silver halberds each and a golden lance, tied with a blue ribbon. The golden, brick crown with five towers above the coat of arms identifies Dili as the capital of the colony. The slogan under the sign read the motto “ Who sees the rising sun first” ( Portuguese O Sol logo em nascendo vê primeiro ). The motto refers to the geographical position of Timor as the easternmost Portuguese colony. Sandalwood was once the island's most important export and the halberd bundle was already to be found on the old coat of arms of the settlement in the 18th century. The coat of arms was also carried on a white and green eight-fold flag.

At times, Governor Cabreira's hundred-year-old idea of ​​moving the capital to the mountains was taken up again, but since the chosen location turned out to be too small and the subsurface unstable, the decision was made to rebuild Dilis. The plans from 1951 came from the architect João António de Aguiar. He redesigned the entire city. The distribution of the various ethnic groups in the individual districts was taken into account and centers for public buildings and businesses were set up. The wetlands should finally be drained. However, the reconstruction was slow. It was not until Governor Colonel Temudo Barata (1959–1963) that the port and the electricity and water supply were restored. Schools, the hospital and bridges were also rebuilt. For civil servants and employees of the Portuguese colonial administration, a residential area of ​​single and multi-family houses in the typical Portuguese style was laid out in the Farol district in the 1950s and 1960s , which - like the fair para Funcionários Solteiros - is still preserved today and is recognizable in the cityscape of Dilis.

Under José Alberty Correia (governor 1963–1968) a 24-hour power supply was built and the city was further modernized. Various structures were built: the telecommunications center, the technical school, the post office and the Comarca prison . The seaport was modernized and expanded. With new warehouses it was now possible to serve ships up to a size of 7,000 tons, such as the India and the Timor of the Companhia Colonial de Navegação. Governor José Nogueira Valente Pires (1968–1972) provided new neighborhoods with social housing to improve the health of the residents. Dili now had about 10,000 inhabitants. In addition to Europeans and Timorese, these were also small Chinese and Arab communities. The Portuguese were mostly colonial officials, soldiers or exiled (deportados) . There were also a few hotel owners and traders who worked against the Chinese monopoly. Many of them had married Timorese women. Most of the Europeans lived in Farol. The Arab minority lived in Kampung Alor , many Chinese to the east of the center and the Timorese population to the south, towards the hills.

After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the colony was supposed to be prepared for independence, but when left-wing FRETILIN dominated , street fights broke out in 1975 in Dili between it and the conservative UDT . Portugal's last governor, Mário Lemos Pires , fled to the island of Atauro, from where he tried unsuccessfully to mediate between the parties. The FRETILIN emerged victorious from the fighting, but in the meantime Indonesia had begun to gradually occupy the border region with troops disguised as UDT supporters. In view of the threat, FRETILIN hoped for international support and therefore declared East Timor independent from Portugal on November 28, 1975. Nine days later, on December 7th, Indonesian forces officially began invading the country and occupied Dili.

In June 2012, a mass grave with at least 72 bodies was discovered at the monument to Heinrich the Navigator in front of the government palace in Dili. It is believed that they were victims of the Indonesian invasion and subsequent executions. Since the dead were relatively large, it is believed that the victims were members of the Chinese minority who were murdered at the Toko-Lay building . The victims may also have died in World War II.

Indonesian occupation (1975 to 1999)

September 8, 1999: Dili on fire
Australian INTERFET soldiers in Dili 2000

Under the FALINTIL boss Xanana Gusmão , the Timorese resistance began to use guerrilla tactics against the occupiers. On June 10, 1980, FALINTIL units attacked a television station on the outskirts of the capital Dili. It was the first major attack, also known as “levantamento” ( Portuguese: uprising, uprising) since the resistance movement was almost completely crushed in 1978. In response, the Indonesian military killed over 100 people and tortured or exiled members of resistance fighters the island of Atauro, used as a prison island.

Pope John Paul II visited Dili on October 12, 1989. After the mass, a group of young people unfolded banners. They called loudly for self-determination and against human rights violations. This embarrassing moment for Indonesia was followed by a wave of arrests and torture. The American ambassador to Jakarta , John Monjo , traveled to Dili in January 1990 to investigate allegations of torture. In front of his whereabouts, the Turismo Hotel in Dili, there were small demonstrations on three consecutive days. On November 12, 1991, a massacre after a funeral in Santa Cruz Cemetery claimed over 200 lives. The then Indonesian governor Mário Viegas Carrascalão uncovered, among other things, secret executions by Indonesian soldiers.

The following year, the mayor, José Abílio Osório Soares, became governor of the province and played a key role in building the militias that spread terror and fear across the country. After the independence referendum on August 30, 1999 , violence escalated. The majority of the population opted for the complete independence of East Timor. After the results were published on September 4th, the pro-Indonesian militias marched through the city, pillaging and killing. At least 67 people died and around half of the buildings were damaged.

independence

Anti-Alkatiri demonstration in Dili 2005

On September 20, 1999, the first units of the international peacekeeping force INTERFET , including mainly members of the Australian Air Force RAAF , landed at the airport near Dili. There were minor clashes with members of the militia, which resulted in multiple arrests. After a few days, the reaction force had the situation completely under control. Most of the militias had already withdrawn to the western part of the island. The United Nations took over the administration of the country. On May 20, 2002, Dili finally became the capital of the independent state of East Timor.

On December 4, 2002, one day after a student was arrested, the house of Prime Minister Marí Alkatiri and government vehicles were set on fire in riots in Dili and other parts of East Timor . When the rioters went to the police station , the police opened fire. Students carried the body of a fellow student to the parliament building, where there was then a fight with the police. Shops, mostly owned by Chinese traders, were looted. The Hello Mister supermarket was set on fire. The police fired again at the rioters and four other students were killed. Alkatiri opened an investigation and blamed foreign influence for the incidents.

Refugee camp in Balide 2006

At the end of April to October 2006, the worst unrest since independence rocked the capital and the country after 600 armed forces deserted due to grievances. In addition, youth gangs from the western and eastern parts of the country fought each other . Shootings broke out between the rebels, loyal soldiers and the police. On May 25, at least eight police officers were shot dead by mutinous soldiers and 25 other people were injured. Thousands of houses were burned down and at least 45 people died. Ultimately, Prime Minister Alkatiri had to resign. Even the deployment of an international intervention force (ISF) could not bring about peace at first. As of September 13, there was a new United Nations police mission. The UN mission ( UNMIT ) began to ensure peace and order with up to 1,600 police officers. Most of Dili's residents had to seek refuge in refugee camps and churches. At times, 100,000 people across the country lived in government emergency tent camps. At the beginning of 2008 there were 23,000 in Dili alone. Eventually, the government stopped food aid for the refugees and offered each returning family $ 1,500 to $ 4,500. Slowly the number of refugees decreased. Since the end of 2007, the capital's power supply has been working relatively smoothly again. The mandates of UNMIT and ISF ended at the end of December 2012. The last foreign soldiers and police officers withdrew.

In February 2008, the East Timorese National Police took over responsibility for security in the capital for the first time. Only a few days later, the chief of the rebels, Alfredo Reinado, led some of his men to Dili. There was a firefight in the home of President José Ramos-Horta , in which Reinado and another rebel were killed and the President and one of his bodyguards were seriously injured. Shortly thereafter, rebels attacked Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão's house and motorcade , but Gusmão escaped unharmed. A state of emergency was declared and 1,000 police officers and soldiers searched the city and the surrounding area for the perpetrators.

After the parliamentary elections in 2012 , violent riots broke out in various suburbs of Dilis. In Hera a student and FRETILIN supporter was shot dead by a police officer. 15 other people, including four police officers, were injured. 60 cars and seven houses were destroyed. Police arrested 16 people when they damaged the Annur Mosque , East Timor's largest mosque . The police brought the situation back under their control by morning.

On November 18, 2018, a drunken police officer who was off duty shot dead three young men in the Culuhun tragedy . The incident sparked general outrage and protests, as police officers are only allowed to carry weapons while on duty. The gunman and three other officers involved were arrested.

On March 13, 2020, there was severe flooding, which particularly affected the center and east of Dilis, including the East Timorese presidential palace . There was damage in Becora , Becusi , Bidau , Bemori , Caicoli and Maloa . Three people were injured and two people died. 200 residents were left homeless and had to seek refuge in emergency shelters. In the Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti , teachers and hundreds of students had to flee from the masses of water to the first floor. The bank reinforcement collapsed at the park near the Ponte BJ Habibie , which was just a few months old .

See also

literature

  • Monika Schlicher: Portugal in East Timor. A critical examination of the Portuguese colonial history in East Timor from 1850 to 1912 . ( Abera Network Asia-Pacific 4). Abera, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-931567-08-7 . (At the same time: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss, 1994)

Web links

Commons : History of Dilis  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b Phillip Adams in Timor Leste. October 10, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2019 (Australian English).
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r History of Timor - Technical University of Lisbon ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 805 kB)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pascal.iseg.utl.pt
  3. Geoffrey Hull : The placenames of East Timor , in: Placenames Australia (ANPS): Newsletter of the Australian National Placenames Survey, June 2006, pp. 6 & 7, ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on September 28, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.anps.org.au
  4. a b c d e f Património de Influência Portuguesa: Díli , accessed on December 3, 2014.
  5. ^ A b Marco Ramerini: Chronicle of the Portuguese expansion on Timor. In: Colonial Voyage. March 25, 2014, accessed on February 24, 2019 (German).
  6. ^ Alfred Russel Wallace: The Malay Archipelago
  7. Fernando Augusto de Figueiredo: Timor. A presença portuguesa (1769–1945) (PDF file; 66.2 MB) , pp. 119–120.
  8. Monika Schlicher: Portugal in East Timor. A critical study of the Portuguese colonial history in East Timor from 1850 to 1912. Abera, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-931567-08-7 , (Abera Network Asia-Pacific 4), (also: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994).
  9. ^ Frédéric Durand: Three centuries of violence and struggle in East Timor (1726-2008) , Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
  10. ^ Frédéric B. Durand: History of Timor-Leste, p. 68, ISBN 9786162151248 .
  11. ^ Frédéric Durand: História de Timor Leste da pré-história à actualidade , p. 104. Toulouse 2009
  12. Fernando Augusto de Figeiredo: Timor. A presença portuguesa (1769-1945) , p. 638. Oporto 2004
  13. Frédéric Durand: História de Timor Leste da pré-história à actualidade , p. 108. Toulouse 2009
  14. O Papel - Moeda Durante a ocupação Nipónica de Timor-Leste (PDF; 92 kB)
  15. Notáveis ​​doc Açores: Artur do Canto Resende ( Memento of January 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (Portuguese)
  16. Gentes because Diáspora. Retrieved February 24, 2019 .
  17. João Loureiro: Postais antigos & outras memórias de Timor , p 13. Lisbon 1999
  18. See article Battle for Timor .
  19. Património de Influência Portuguesa: Centro de Saúde
  20. Património de Influência Portuguesa: Aerogare do Aeródromo de Díli
  21. ^ Ministério do Ultramar - Gabinete do Ministro: Portaria n.º 19409. October 1, 1962, accessed on July 20, 2014.
  22. Dom Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo: Díli - a cidade que haben era , p. 69. Oporto 2014
  23. a b Timor-Leste (Mémória) - Chronology ( Memento of February 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
  24. Jakarta Globo: Mysterious mass grave at East Timor PM's office. ( Memento of July 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) June 26, 2012, accessed on June 27, 2012.
  25. Channel News Asia: Bodies in Timor Leste mass grave likely Chinese: police. July 13, 2012, accessed July 14, 2012.
  26. Part 3: The History of the Conflict. (PDF, 1.3 MB) from the “Chega!” Report by CAVR. Retrieved February 24, 2019 .
  27. ^ Individual references, see main article Santa Cruz massacre
  28. Dili District Development Plan 2002/2003 ( Memento of April 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (English; PDF file; 460 kB)
  29. UNMISET Report on December 4, 2002 Civil Disturbance in Dili
  30. Individual references, see main article Unrest in East Timor 2006
  31. Individual records, see main article Assassination in Dili
  32. ^ Sydney Morning Herald: Violence in East Timor after snub to party , July 16, 2012 , accessed July 15, 2012.
  33. ^ East Timor Legal Blogspot: Police officer who shot dead Armindo Pereira Alves suspended , July 20, 2012 , accessed July 21, 2012.
  34. Guido Goullart (AP): East Timor president calls for security forces to restore order after post-election violence , July 16, 2012 , accessed January 4, 2016.
  35. The Jakarta Globe: East Timor Update: One Person Killed in Post-Poll Protests , July 16, 2012 ( October 8, 2012 memento on the Internet Archive ), accessed July 16, 2012.
  36. Lusa: Quatro polícias detidos após disparos que fizeram três mortos em festa em Díli , November 18, 2018. , accessed on November 19, 2018.
  37. RTP: Cheias em Díli provocaram pelo menos dois mortos e três feridos , March 2020 , accessed on March 15, 2020.
  38. Photo on Facebook , accessed March 14, 2020.