Timetable East Timor

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The East Timor chronological table shows the events of the history of East Timor and the colony of Portuguese Timor .

Pre-colonial period

Satellite image of Timor

Settlement of Timor began 42,000 years ago. Archaeological finds from this period suggest that Australia was settled via the Lesser Sunda Islands . The ancestors of today's residents came mainly in three to four waves of immigration, which resulted in a very heterogeneous population. They included Vedo - Austronesians , Melanesians and Malays . Portuguese , Arabs and Chinese would follow in later centuries .

The affiliation of Timor to various great empires of the region, as it was propagated earlier by Indonesian historians, is extremely controversial. The Timorese formed numerous small kingdoms that were linked by a complex system. At the beginning of the 16th century, one could roughly distinguish between three alliances, but their individual empires also had connections with one another. Heavily ritualized headhunting wars were not uncommon.

The trade in sandalwood , the most important commodity of the island for centuries, between Timor and China and India , has been documented since the 10th century.

Timorese guerrillas in World War II

The expansion of Dilis into the new capital of the Portuguese colony was equivalent to giving up most of West Timor, from which the Dutch profited. The definition of the border between the two colonial powers was to drag on into the 20th century. As early as the second half of the 19th century, Portugal ceded its possessions on the other islands of the archipelago to the Netherlands. There were several revolts against the colonial rulers within Portuguese Timor. The largest was the Manufahi rebellion in 1911/12. Only with their suppression did Portugal manage to exercise real power over its colony. Before that, you had to rely on the local rulers, the Liurais.

While the First World War left the colony without a trace, Portuguese Timor was occupied by Japan during the Second World War. The colony of the neutral country became the scene of a guerrilla war, the Battle of Timor . After the war, Portugal regained control of East Timor. After the dictatorship was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution , Portuguese Timor was also to be prepared for independence, but civil war broke out between the two largest parties in the colony. The Portuguese administration withdrew. When neighboring Indonesia began to occupy areas near the border, FRETILIN proclaimed the independent Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste.

Pre-colonial period
42,000 years ago People leave their mark in the Jerimalai Cave in the far east of Timor .
20,000 to 40,000 years ago Immigration of Vedo-Austronesian groups, ancestors of the Atoin Meto .
3000 BC Chr. Immigration of the Melanesians , ancestors of the Fataluku (uncertain), Makasae , Makalero and Bunak .
2500 BC Chr. Immigration of Proto-Malays .
500 AD possible immigration of Deutero Malays .
7th to 13th centuries The Srivijaya Empire rules parts of the Malay Archipelago . The affiliation of Timor is extremely controversial.
10th century Timorese sandalwood is already being exported to China and India.
1225 The Chinese Zhao Rukuo names Timor as a place of origin for sandalwood.
1292 to the 14th century The Majapahit Empire rules parts of the Indonesian archipelago. The affiliation of Timor is extremely controversial.
14th Century Immigration of the Tetum .
1350 The Chinese Tao-i chin-lueh describes the sandalwood trade in Timor.

Colonial times

Map of Timor from 1512

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the island and began to set up trading posts. Only when the Dutch also became involved in the region did Portugal attempt to bring the island under their military and administrative control. The main focus during this time is on the west of the island. In 1642 the Portuguese Wehale succeeded in defeating the island's most important empire and subjugating large parts of West Timor. The local petty kings ( Liurais ) recognize the sovereignty of Portugal and pay tribute, but ultimately keep power over the country and its people in their hands.

In addition to the local population and the Dutch, the Topasse , a mixed population of Portuguese and local people, are the greatest adversaries for power. The Topasse managed to enter into alliances with the Timorese and to establish their own empires, which were only nominally under Portuguese suzerainty. The topasse controls the inland trade, while the foreign trade in sandalwood is increasingly being taken over by the Chinese, so that it eventually becomes unprofitable for the Europeans.

Portuguese and Topasse do not succeed in driving the Dutch off the island. When the Topasse were defeated by them in 1756, the majority of the western rulers signed an alliance with the Dutch East India Company. The political division of the island begins. In the meantime, the Cailaco rebellion is hard on the Portuguese. Eventually they are expelled from their first capital, Lifau , and move their center with the new capital Dili to the east of the island.

16th Century

Colonial times
16th Century
August 15, 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Malacca . The way to the eastern islands is open to the Portuguese.
1512 António de Abreu is the first European to reach Timor.
January 2, 1514 First mention of the island of Timor under its name in a Portuguese document.
1515 Dominicans come to Timor as missionaries .
1520 The Portuguese land for the first time in the Bay of Dili .
January 26th to February 13th, 1522 Antonio Pigafetta visits Timor as part of the Magellan Expedition and provides a more detailed description of the island for the first time.
1551 After the ban on sea trade by Emperor Jiajing , the Chinese traders stayed away for a while.
1556 The Dominicans found Lifau , their first settlement on Timor.
1586 Portugal declared large parts of Timor a colony of Portuguese Timor .
1590 The first church in Timor is built in Mena .
from 1595 Antonio Viegas becomes the first captain to assume the duties of governor in the region.

17th century

17th century
June 4, 1613 The Dutchman Apollonius Schotte lands in Mena. Mena, Asson and other empires form a forced alliance with the Netherlands. A few days later, Schotte captured the Portuguese fortress of Kupang.
1616 The Dutch give up their bases on Timor.
1640 Karrilikio (Camiliquio), the Muslim sultan of Tallo (Tolo) , carried out three months of raids on the Timor coast.
The Dutch set up a base in the Bay of Kupang.
1641 Mena and the Timorese Empire of Lifau form an alliance with Portugal and convert to Christianity.
May 26, 1641 Francisco Fernandes defeats a force of the Liurais von Wehale on the border with Mena.
1641/42 Portugal begins military action and subdues western Timor, including Sonba'i and Wehale.
1642 Timor is given the name Ilha de Santa Cruz (Island of the Holy Cross).
A Portuguese fort is being rebuilt in Kupang.
The Topasse are increasingly settling on Timor.
1644 Two attacks by the Dutch on the Portuguese fort in Kupang fail.
The Liurais of Luca and Açao are Christianized.
1647 A vicar general is appointed for Timor.
Antonio de São Jacointo strengthens the fortress in Kupang.
1650 At Goa's instigation, the Portuguese warn Christian Timorese not to trade with anyone other than themselves.
1653 The Dutch destroy the Portuguese base in Kupang, but it is being rebuilt.
1655 The Liurai of Sonba'i breaks the alliance with Portugal and attacks Portuguese in his empire. Then he forms an alliance with the Dutch
1656 A Portuguese commanding officer is appointed first administrator of the colony.
January 27, 1656 General Arnold de Vlamigh van Outshoorn conquered Kupang, but had to give it up again after heavy losses.
1658 The Topasse and Portuguese destroy the kingdom of Sonba'i. Survivors settle near Kupang.
1661 The VOC concludes an agreement with Portugal. The Dutch are allowed to keep their post at Kupang, but the Portuguese sovereignty over most of the island is initially recognized.
1665 With Simão Luis a first time Capitão-Mor appointed as Commander of Timor and Solor. Luis dies before the inauguration.
Sonbai Kecil , Helong and Amabi ally with the Dutch East India Company .
1667 Maubara falls under the sovereignty of the Netherlands.
1673 António da Hornay ruled de facto as prince over Larantuka, Solor and parts of Timor.
1678 Raja Ama Besi of Kupang allies himself with the Amarasi and attacks the successor to his throne, who is supported by the Dutch East India Company.
Ade ( Vemasse ) and Manatuto, who had sided with the Dutch and Macassars , are conquered by a Topasse fleet and put back under the sovereignty of the Portuguese.
1683 Amfo'an ally with the Dutch East India Company.
1683 Taebenu ally with the Dutch East India Company.
1688 The Topasse and Portuguese destroy the Taebenu Empire. Survivors settle near Kupang.
With the help of the "five loyal allies", the Dutch East India Company (VOC) finally conquers Kupang.
1697 The Dominican Manuel de Santo António comes to Timor. 1701 he is from Pope Clement XI. appointed Bishop of Malacca and resided in Lifau until 1722.
Governor António de Mesquita Pimentel is sent back to Goa in chains by Domingos da Costa .
1698 Pimentel's successor André Coelho Vieira is intercepted by Domingos da Costa in Larantuka and sent back.

18th century

18th century
February 20, 1702 With António Coelho Guerreiro first time a Portuguese governor takes office in Timor. Lifau becomes the administrative center.
1708 Domingos da Costa besieged Lifau after the illegal arrest of Mateus da Costa of Viqueque . Bishop Manuel de Santo António can persuade him to end in 1709.
1710 to 1714 Tribute payments (fintas) of the Liurai to the Portuguese are introduced.
1711 to 1713 The rulers of Amakono rebel after Bishop Santo António insulted the god of the Sonba'i. The rebellion fails and the leaders flee to Kupang. Domingos da Costa then devastated the region around Kupang.
1719 Several Liurais form the Camenaça pact against the Portuguese. Beginning of the Cailaco rebellion .
1722 Bishop Santo António sends Arraias from Amakono against the Topasse. The amakono are beaten bloody.
Amakono rebels.
Warriors from Luca attack Portuguese tribute collectors.
Bishop Manuel de Santo António is expelled from Timor by Governor António de Albuquerque Coelho.
1722-1725 The Topasse besieged the Portuguese Lifau under Francisco da Hornay II .
1723 Emperor Yongzheng officially allows foreign trade again. After the entry of Chinese traders from Canton , the sandalwood trade becomes unprofitable for the Portuguese from Macau.
1725 The Kamenasa Pact destroys several churches and kills missionaries and Christian Timorese.
October 23 to December 8, 1726 The Portuguese besieged the rebels on the Pedras de Cailaco for 40 days without success .
January 13, 1727 Some insurgent Liurais give up and renew their alliance with Portugal.
October 18, 1730 Governor Pedro de Melo forms an alliance with Liurais from the area around Dili and survives an 85-day siege in Manatuto (ends January 13, 1731).
1730/31 Lifau is besieged by the rebels and Topasse.
1731 Governor Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama e Castro established a Portuguese garrison in Manatuto.
September 19, 1731 Kamenasa makes peace with the Portuguese, shortly afterwards Varella and Vemasse rebel .
March 16, 1732 Varella and Vemasse make peace with the Portuguese.
1734 Batugade rebels against Portugal.
1735 The Topasse unsuccessfully attack the Dutch.
1736-1738 The Portuguese ally Amanuban temporarily submits to the Dutch ally Amabi.
1737 Topasse and Portuguese form an alliance again.
July 10, 1737 For the first time, the rules for the tribute payments are set in writing.
1739 The supreme ruler of Belu rises against the Portuguese.
January 1740 Geraldo de São José , the Bishop of Malacca, dies in Lifau under mysterious circumstances
1741 Riots in Oe-Cusse .
1742 The first seminary in Timor is founded in Lifau.
1745 The Topasse unsuccessfully attack the Dutch.
1747 The second seminary on Timor is founded in Manatuto .
1748/49 Amfo'an attacks the Topasse, whereupon they take action against Amanuban and Amakono. Both then switch to the Dutch side.
October 18, 1749 The joint attack by the Portuguese and Topasse on Kupang ended in disaster, despite their superior strength.
November 9, 1749 At the Battle of Penfui , the Topasse are defeated by the Dutch. Amarasi and other empires ally with the Dutch. Amarasi and Amakono later switch back to the Portuguese.
April 1751 The rebels in West Timor attack Topasse and Portuguese again.
March 1752 The Dutch attack the Amakono Empire . The ruler is sent into exile.
1752 The Dutch attack the empires of Amarasi and Noimuti . Surrounded by Amarasi, the Liurai lets himself and over a hundred women and children be killed by his warriors.
The Dutch give up their monopoly on the sandalwood trade and sell commissions for logging.
1756 48 petty kings Solors, Rotis, Sawus , Sumbas and a large part of West Timor conclude an alliance in the Treaty of Paravicini with the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
A Dutch fort is being built in Maubara .
1759 Governor Vicento Ferreira de Carvalho sells Lifau to the Dutch.
1760 The commandant of the Dutch Hans Albert von Plüskow is murdered by the Topasse when he tries to take possession of Lifau. Lifau remains Portuguese.
Governor Sebastião de Azevedo e Brito is arrested by the Dominican Jacinto da Conceição and deported to Goa. A government council with him takes over the administration.
1761/1762 Jacinto da Conceição is murdered by one of his followers. A new government council took power until the arrival of the new governor Dionísio Gonçalves Rebelo Galvão (1763).
November 28, 1765 Governor Dionísio Gonçalves Rebelo Galvão is poisoned by the topasse. Transitional administration of the colony by the Dominican monks António de São Boaventura and José Rodrigues Pereira until 1768.
1766 to 1769 Francisco and António da Hornay end the division of the Topasse by an alliance and lay siege to Lifau.
1768 Governor António José Teles de Meneses lands in Lifau with a battalion from Sica (Flores) .
August 11, 1769 The Portuguese give up Lifau. End of the Cailaco rebellion.
October 10, 1769 Dili becomes the new capital of the Portuguese colony. Shortly thereafter, 42 Liurais swore allegiance to the Portugal region.
1779 A fire destroys the archive in Dili, which means that historical reports are lost.
Governor Caetano de Lemos Telo de Meneses is exiled to Mozambique for his brutal conduct of office.
1777–1785
(other sources: beginning 1776, 1779 or 1781) 		The kingdom of Luca rises against the Portuguese with the war of the mad (guerra de loucas, guerra dos doidos)
1785 Portuguese customs stations are being built on the north coast of Timor.
1787 Oe-Cusse Ambeno returns to Portuguese sovereignty.
1788 to 1790 Rebellion in Manatuto. Governor Feliciano António Nogueira Lisboa is arrested and recalled early.
1790 Pedro da Hornay attacks Maubara, with which he only managed to get Maubara to renew its alliance with the Netherlands.
September 22, 1796 In Dili the construction of a stone fortress begins for the first time.
1796-1799 Maubara and Great Sonba'i war with Portugal.

19th century

19th century
1803 Rebellion in the Kingdom of Vemasse. Dom Felipe de Freitas , the illegitimate son of Liurais of Vemasse, is the first Timorese rebel to be banished to Goa.
1807 Rebellion in the Kingdom of Venilale.
1810 to 1812 The post of governor is vacant. The administration takes over a Conselho Governativo .
1811 Lacluta , Maubara and Cailaco rebel against the tribute payments.
1815 Governor José Pinto Alcoforado e Sousa ( 1815-1820 ) put down a rebellion in Batugade.
Coffee is planted for the first time in Portuguese Timor (in Maubara, then Dutch, in the mid-18th century).
April 20, 1818 The Dutch occupy Atapupu .
1832 After the death of Governor Miguel da Silveira Lorena , a Conselho Governativo , later F. Vicente Ferreira Varela, took over the government of the colony.
Riots in Cowa .
1834 All missionaries are banished from Portuguese Timor.
1844 The ports of Portuguese Timor are declared free ports.
1845 Governor Julião José da Silva Vieira attacks the Cairui Empire .
1847 Buginese pirates attack Sama in the Lautém municipality. For four and a half months they fought off 3,000 Timorese warriors.
1848 Rebels devastate the kingdom of Ermera. The Liurai of Oecussi comes to the aid of the Portuguese and attacks the rebellious empire of Balibo. Oecussi also casts Janilo (Jenilu) .
October 30, 1850 The Portuguese possessions in the Lesser Sunda Islands are given the status of an autonomous province.
1851 Governor José Joaquim Lopes de Lima sends a punitive expedition against the empire of Sarau , which is said to have worked with Buginese pirates.
July 1851 Lopes de Lima agrees with the Dutch on a new demarcation and sells the Portuguese possessions on the surrounding islands without authorization.
September 15, 1851 The colony is returned to Macao.
September 8, 1852 Lopes de Lima is deposed.
1854 Prohibition of Slavery.
December 26, 1854 Missionaries and priests are allowed to return to Timor. The ban is lifted.
1854 to 1859 Renegotiation of the colonial borders between the Netherlands and Portugal. They are concluded with the Treaty of Lisbon .
1856 to 1859 Manumera rebels unsuccessfully against the Portuguese under Governor Luís Augusto de Almeida Macedo .
1859 The Liurai of Vemasse Dom Domingos de Freitas Soares rebels against the Portuguese and is then sent into exile in Lisbon.
Atauro is left to the Portuguese by the Dutch.
1860 First Portuguese Timor is in ten districts divided
January to April 1861 The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visits Timor.
Spring 1861 The Laclo and Ulmera rebellion begins .
April 1861 The Netherlands cede Maubara to the Portuguese.
Skirmishes between the Portuguese and the Empire of Laclo .
June 10, 1861 Governor Afonso de Castro declares a state of emergency in Dili because of the rebellion of Laclo and Ulmera.
August 26, 1861 The uprising in Laclo is put down. The state of siege is lifted in Dili.
September 1861 The uprising in Ulmera is put down.
1863 Oecussi is given the status of a district in the colony.
June 1863 in rebellion in Laga is put down.
17th September 1863 Portuguese Timor becomes an independent province in the colonial empire.
1864 Dili receives city rights.
Due to outstanding pay, Governor José Manuel Pereira de Almeida is driven out by mutinous soldiers. A Conselho Governativo takes over the government for two months.
1865 Cotubaba , Cowa and Balibo rebel against the Portuguese.
1866 A riot in Fatumasi is put down.
August 24, 1866 Large parts of Dilis are destroyed in a fire.
November 26, 1866 Portuguese Timor comes back under Macao suzerainty.
1867 Faturó and Sarau sign an alliance with Portugal.
Spring 1867 A riot in Lermean is put down.
August 1867 A Vemasse uprising is put down.
1868 The Portuguese force Sanirin militarily to pay the tribute.
August 20, 1868 As part of an offensive against Cowa, the Portuguese destroy three villages, but later have to withdraw.
1869 Cholera epidemic in Dili.
March 18, 1869 Macao and Timor are allowed to send a joint member of parliament to the Portuguese parliament for the first time, shortly afterwards Timor is also allowed to send its own member.
June 1, 1871 Balibo accepts the suzerainty of Portugal.
November 12, 1877 The missionary work of the interior of the island is ordered by decree. The missionaries are now allowed to found schools. Father Medeiros becomes Vicar General and Superior of the Church
June 1, 1881 Cowa accepts the sovereignty of Portugal.
1884 Portugal officially takes possession of Atauro with a ceremony.
May-June 1886 Revolt in Maubara.
1887 Epidemic in Dili.
March 3, 1887 Revolt of the Moradores . Governor Alfredo de Lacerda Maia is assassinated.
1889 Several new customs posts are established on the north coast.
June 10, 1893 In the Lisbon Convention , a commission of experts is set up to decide on the future of the Portuguese and Dutch enclaves on Timor.
Late June 1893 The gunboat Diu shoots at Vatuboro and Dato , ending the Maubara revolt .
July 14, 1893 The insurgent empire of Atabae gives up and signs a vassal treaty with Portugal.
November 1893 Maubara signs a vassal treaty with Portugal.
December 1893 to February 1894 Cholera epidemic in the colony.
1894 With the pataca, Portuguese Timor receives its own currency for the first time.
November 1893 Hera and Dailor sign a vassal treaty with Portugal.
October 1894 Portuguese military offensive against Lamaquitos , Agassa , Volguno and Luro-Bote .
March 1895 Portuguese military offensive against Fatumean , Fohorem , Lalawa , Casabauc , Calalo , Obulo and Marobo .
August 1895 to 1900 Portugal wages war against Manufahi and several allied empires.
September 1895 Fatumean signs a vassal treaty with Portugal.
April 1896 Buibau and Luca sign a vassal treaty with Portugal.
October 15, 1896 Portuguese Timor finally becomes an independent colony as an "autonomous district".
April 1897 War between Lamaquitos and Lakmaras . Dutch and Portuguese troops are also drawn into fighting. Lakmaras falls under the sovereignty of Lamaquitos and thus Portugal. The Dutch Maucatar becomes an enclave.
1898 to 1899 Commission visit to Timor
August 30, 1898 Great Britain and Germany agree in the Angola Treaty that in the event of Portugal's insolvency, Portuguese Timor will fall to Germany.

20th century

20th century
October 18, 1900 In the War of Manufahi , Maubisse is taken by the Portuguese
October 26, 1900 The Portuguese capture Letefoho in the Manufahi War
November 6-19, 1900 The Portuguese attempt over the fortress on Mount Leolaco of Dom Duarte de Manufahi take
November 21, 1900 Peace between Portugal and Manufahi. Dom Duarte resigns as Liurai of Manufahi in favor of his son Boaventura .
1902 Rebellion in Ainaro .
June 23 to July 3, 1902 Portuguese-Dutch conference in The Hague on Oecussi-Ambeno
1903 Rebellion in Letefoho and Aileu .
1904 Rebellion in Quelicai .
October 1, 1904 Adoption of the The Hague Convention on the exchange of several border areas. Ratification in Portugal 1909.
1905 For the first time the inhabitants of Atauros have to pay taxes to Portugal.
September 13, 1906 The poll tax is introduced. (other source: 1908)
1907 Rebellion in Manufahi.
Nai-Cau gains Soros independence from the empire of Atsabe .
1908 Portugal officially stripped the Liurais of authority and jurisdiction.
1910 All missionaries are again expelled from Portuguese Timor.
The Dutch occupied Lakmaras.
October 30, 1910 The fall of the Portuguese monarchy (October 6th) is officially announced in the colony. The governor resigns, officers take over the administration until the new governor arrives.
February 1911 Dutch troops prevent the contractual occupation of Maucatar by Portugal.
June 11 to July 18, 1911 Portugal occupies the disputed territory of Lakmaras and is driven out again by the Netherlands.
December 8, 1911 Suai military post is evacuated due to the Manufahi threat.
December 24, 1911 Beginning of the rebellion in Manufahi under Boaventura.
December 29, 1911 1200 Timorese flee to Maucatar for fear of Portuguese reprisals.
1912 The Banco Nacional Ultramarino (BNU) opens a branch in Dili. For the first time, banknotes are issued.
May 1912 Rebellion in Ambeno .
May 27, 1912 Battle of Cablac between Boaventura and the Portuguese.
June 11-21, 1912 Boaventura is besieged by the Portuguese near the Cablac.
June 29 to July 25, 1912 Rebels besiege the Portuguese in Baucau .
August 8-10, 1912 Massacre at the Leolaco . More than 3,000 Timorese are killed.
October 26, 1912 Boaventura is captured. The Manufahi rebellion is thus crushed.
1913 1913 Convention : Agreement on referring the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to resolve the border disputes.
June 25, 1914 The arbitration ruling on the new demarcation is made.
August 1914 The German cruiser Emden appears in front of the still neutral colony during the First World War and is asked by Governor Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral to leave the waters.
1916 Portugal enters the First World War against Germany. But there is no fighting in Timor.
August 17, 1916 Signing of the definitive contract to draw the border with Timor. Panic then breaks out in Maucatar and 5,000 residents flee to the western part of the island.
May 4, 1918 The pataca officially becomes the only valid currency in Portuguese Timor (decision of 1915).
January 2, 1920 Portuguese Timor issues its own banknotes for the first time.
1926 Felling sandalwood trees is prohibited.
February 1932 The internment camps for deportees established by Governor António Baptista Justo are being closed on the orders of the government in Lisbon.
December 5, 1932 With the decree Nº21.943 almost all deportees in the colonies are pardoned.
1933 The ban on proselytizing is lifted with the new constitution of Portugal (by law 1935).
1940 In a concordat, the Catholic Church receives the monopoly on education in the colony.
The Nanyo Kohatsu KK buys 48% of the shares of the Sociedade Agrícola Pátria e Trabalho (SAPT), which is the only plantation company in the colony from 1841 and controls 20% of the foreign trade.
4th September 1940 The Diocese of Dili is separated from Macau.
December 1941 Dutch and Australian troops preventively occupy the neutral colony to protect against the Japanese during World War II. Portugal protests.
19./20. February 1942 Japan launches an invasion of Timor. Beginning of the battle for Timor . Between 40,000 and 70,000 Timorese die during the occupation.
April 1942 Faic, Liurai of Fohorem , fails with an uprising against the Portuguese and flees to Atambua
June 1942 The population of Dili is evacuated due to the Allied bombing raids.
July 1942 Timorese incited by the Japanese rebel unsuccessfully against the Portuguese in Turiscai and Hatulia
August 8, 1942 Liurai Faic and his men attack the border area and kill a Portuguese officer.
August 11, 1942 Rebellion of Maubisse . Portuguese and Christian Timorese are attacked.
August 31, 1942 Colunas Negras kill several Portuguese in Aileu (then Vila General Carmona ).
September 23, 1942 The HMAS Voyager runs at a Evakuirungsmission at Betano aground and is abandoned in the early hours of 25 September.
October 24, 1942 600 Portuguese are interned in camps by the Japanese.
November 30th / 1st December 1942 The HMAS Armidale is sunk in front of Betano.
February 10, 1943 The last allied troops leave Timor.
September 5, 1945 Japan officially returns control of its colony to Portugal.
September 26, 1945 Official surrender ceremony of the Japanese in Dili.
September 27, 1945 The NRP Bartolomeu Dias and the NRP Gonçalves Zarco are the first Portuguese ships to reach Dili after the liberation.
1951 Portuguese Timor is declared an overseas province .
1957 Many Timorese of Arab origin apply for Indonesian citizenship.
June 7 to June 18, 1959 Viqueque rebellion .
April 9, 1961 The Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor proclaims the United Republic of Timor in Batugade . The uprising is quickly put down.
May 15, 1966 21 people died in a traffic accident on the road from Fatubessi to Ermera .
December 1966 Incidents between Indonesian and Portuguese forces at the border. The Indonesians bombard Oecussi with mortars and burn down some villages.
1972 Portuguese Timor becomes an autonomous province of Portugal. The residents receive the limited Portuguese citizenship.
April 30, 1973 The freighter O Arbiru sinks in the Flores Sea . Only one in 24 people on board survives.
September 6, 1974 Australia's Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and Indonesia's President Suharto discuss East Timor at a meeting near Wonosobo
14./15. October 1974 Indo-Portuguese talks on East Timor in Lisbon
April 1974 The Carnation Revolution ends the dictatorship in Portugal. The decolonization of all overseas territories is decided.
May 11, 1974 With the União Democrática Timorense UDT , the first party in East Timor is founded.
May 13, 1974 Governor Fernando Alves Aldeia sets up the Timor Self-Determination Commission
May 20, 1974 The Associação Social Democrática Timorense ASDT is founded, which changes its name to Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente FRETILIN on September 11th .
May 27, 1974 Foundation of APODETI
November 18, 1974 Mário Lemos Pires takes over as the last governor of Portuguese Timor.
January 21, 1975 UDT and FRETILIN agree on a coalition
March 9, 1975 Indo-Portuguese talks on East Timor in London
March 1975 FRETILIN, UDT and Portuguese found a transitional government for the colony.
March 13, 1975 The test elections in the Lautém district were clearly won by FRETILIN.
April 4th 1975 Whitlam and Suharto discuss East Timor at a meeting in Townsville
April 1975 Governor Pires founds the Comissão de Descolonização de Timor (CDT)
May 27, 1975 The UDT leaves the coalition government.
June 6, 1975 Indonesian troops, disguised as UDT fighters, occupy the Oe-Cusse Ambeno exclave.
26.-28. June 1975 António de Almeida Santos , Minister for Coordination of Interterritorial Affairs, meets UDT and APODETI representatives as well as Indonesian diplomats in Macau.
August 11, 1975 Coup attempt by the UDT. A three-week civil war breaks out between UDT and FRETILIN, from which FRETILIN emerges victorious.
20th August 1975 The Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste FALINTIL is founded as the armed arm of FRETILIN.
August 27, 1975 Governor Pires flees to Atauro Island. This ends the Portuguese rule over Timor.
In the Wedauberek massacre in Manufahi, UDT fighters kill eleven FRETILIN supporters.
October 8, 1975 The Indonesians occupy Batugade and, within a week, the entire Bobonaro district and the Cova Lima district .
October 16, 1975 Two British and three Australian television journalists ( Balibo Five ) are murdered by Indonesian soldiers while taking Balibo.
Maliana is occupied by the Indonesians
Mid-October 1975 Indonesian attacks on Lebos and Lela fail
November 28, 1975 Aidabaleten ( Atabae Administration Office ) is conquered by the Indonesians.
FRETILIN unilaterally proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of East Timor . Portugal does not recognize this.
November 29, 1975 The flag of Indonesia is officially set in Oecussi-Ambeno.
November 30, 1975 On Bali is Balibo declaration signed.
6th December 1975 US President Gerald Ford and US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger give Indonesia's President Suharto a free hand on East Timor at a conference in Jakarta.

Indonesian occupation

Demonstration for the independence of East Timor

Just nine days after independence was proclaimed, Indonesia openly began invading the heartland of East Timor. In the next 24 years, 183,000 people were to die as a result of the occupation, about a fifth of the population. There were multiple massacres among the civilian population. The FALINTIL waged a guerrilla war against the invaders who incorporated East Timor into Indonesia as Timor Timur , but this was not recognized internationally. It was not until 1999 that Indonesia could be induced to hold a referendum on the future of East Timor. The clear majority of the population of East Timor was in favor of independence. Again there was a wave of violence by the Indonesian army and pro-Indonesian militias ( Wanra ). Finally, an international reaction force ( INTERFET ) was deployed and East Timor was placed under the administration of the United Nations .

Indonesian occupation
7th December 1975 Start of Operation Lotus , the invasion of Indonesia into the rest of East Timor. 183,000 people died as a result of the 24-year occupation.
8th December 1975 Portuguese governor Mário Lemos Pires leaves the colony on board a Portuguese warship from his refuge on the island of Atauro.
December 10, 1975 The Indonesians land in Baucau.
17th December 1975 A puppet government under Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo is set up by the Indonesians.
December 25, 1975 The Indonesians occupy Tilomar .
December 30, 1975 The Indonesians occupy Atauro. Shortly afterwards, the last flag of Portugal is ceremonially lowered in the colony on Atauro.
December 31, 1975 The Indonesians occupy Aileu and Manatuto.
5th February 1976 The Indonesians occupy Suai.
February 23, 1976 The Indonesians occupy Ainaro.
April 15, 1976 54 soldiers of the 405th Infantry Battalion died in an ambush by the FALINTIL in the mountains near Aituto .
May 31, 1976 A popular assembly selected by the Indonesian secret service decides to join East Timor to Indonesia.
June 1975 The Indonesians occupy Liquiçá, Maubara and Same.
17th July 1976 East Timor officially becomes the Province of Indonesia. The annexation is not recognized internationally.
September 14, 1977 Francisco Xavier do Amaral is deposed as President of FRETILIN and arrested
November 1978 Fall at Matebian and the other last FRETILIN resistance bases.
December 12, 1978 Radio Maetze is tracked down and switched off by the Indonesians.
March 26, 1979 The operation Seroja is terminated for and declared East Timor by the Indonesians pacified.
June 10, 1980 FALINTIL units attack the television station on the outskirts of Dili. It is the first major guerrilla action since 1978.
March 1-8, 1981 “Reorganization of the National Conference” at Aitana ( Lacluta ). Xanana Gusmão becomes head of FALINTIL.
April 7, 1981 Tetum is approved by the Catholic Church as the language for the liturgy .
May to September 1981 In the operation " Fence of Legs " (Operasi Pagar Betis) 60,000 Timorese are forced to roam the country in human chains in order to track down FALINTIL fighters.
7th September 1981 500 people, including women and children, died in the massacre at St. Antonius Shrine on Aitana.
1983 Meeting of the governor appointed by the Indonesians Mário Carrascalão and the head of the FALINTIL Xanana Gusmão in Lariguto
March 23, 1983 After negotiations, the Indonesian army and FALINTIL conclude a ceasefire.
August 8, 1983 After attacks by the Indonesians on the local population, 14 Indonesian soldiers died in an attack by FALINTIL on a military post in Kraras ( Kraras incident ) . Another four battles will follow in the region until September 6th
September 7, 1983 At the start of the Indonesians' reprisals, they burn the village of Kraras to the ground.
September 16, 1983 Between 18 and 55 civilians are executed by the Indonesians in Suco Caraubalo .
17th September 1983 When Tahu leg 26 to 181 men were murdered by the Indonesians. In total, almost 300 people died in the Kraras massacre .
December 8, 1983 Public execution in Muapitine
1984 An attempted coup against Xanana Gusmão as FALINTIL boss fails.
July 21, 1985 Nine FALINTIL fighters die in a skirmish between FALINTIL and Indonesian security forces in Tchaivatcha . In East Timor, the incident is known as the "Tchaivatcha Tragedy".
March 31, 1986 Founding of the Convergencia Nacional Timorense CNT as the umbrella organization of the largest Timorese parties.
November 21, 1986 When ambush at the source of Ossohira FALINTIL fighters kill 34 Indonesian soldiers.
1988 Establishment of the Conselho Nacional de Resistência Mauchte CNRM as the successor to the CNT.
June 20, 1988 The student movement RENETIL is founded in Denpasar .
December 1988 The FALINTIL succeeds in an attack on state institutions in the outskirts of Dilis.
October 12, 1989 John Paul II visits East Timor.
December 11, 1989 In the Timor Gap Treaty, Australia and Indonesia agree the sea borders between the states and the division of the oil fields in the Timor Trench .
1990 Second meeting of Xanana Gusmão and Mário Carrascalão in Ariana
November 12, 1991 Over 200 people died in the Santa Cruz massacre .
November 19, 1991 72 RENETIL members demonstrate in front of the United Nations office in Jakarta
March 11, 1992 The Lusitânia Expresso , which set out from Darwin on March 9, was stopped by Indonesian warships on her mission "Peace in Timor" and had to turn back
November 20, 1992 Xanana Gusmão is captured
December 9, 1992 30 Indonesian soldiers die in an ambush by FALINTIL in the Manufahi district near Maubisse
November 13-24, 1994 Violent demonstrations broke out across East Timor
November 15-27, 1994 During the APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, 29 East Timorese students occupy the American embassy in Jakarta
January to March 1995 Riots in East Timor. It was triggered by anti-Christian comments by an Indonesian official.
November 19, 1995 East Timorese occupy the British, Dutch and Japanese embassies in Jakarta for the APEC summit in Osaka .
December 7, 1995 The Russian and Dutch embassies in Jakarta are occupied by 112 Indonesian and East Timorese demonstrators.
1996 Occupations of the Australian, New Zealand and French embassies in Jakarta.
December 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta receive the Nobel Peace Prize .
March 1997 RENETIL activists occupy the Austrian embassy in Jakarta.
May 31, 1997 16 Indonesian police officers and one soldier died in a FALINTIL ambush near Quelicai .
April 23-27, 1998 National Timorese Congress in Peniche , Portugal. The CNRM is renamed Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense CNRT .
May 21, 1998 The Indonesian ruler Suharto resigns. His successor Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie offers East Timor autonomy within Indonesia.
June 12, 1998 The largest demonstration by East Timorese in Indonesia is taking place in front of the Foreign Ministry building in Jakarta. More than 1800 IMPETTU members demand independence.
November 9, 1998 FALINTIL forces under the command of Jaime Ribeiro attack the Koramil headquarters in Alas .
November 13, 1998 In retaliation for the FALINTIL raid, the Indonesians attacked Suco Taitudac on November 9th .
November 15, 1998 Indonesian attacks on the village of Turin and the Suco Taitudac
January 27, 1999 Indonesia's President Habibie said that his government could consider East Timor's independence if the East Timorese refused to adopt an autonomous solution.
March 11, 1999 The UN, Indonesia and Portugal agree to hold a referendum on the independence of East Timor .
April 6, 1999 Between 61 and 200 people died in the Liquiçá church massacre carried out by pro-Indonesian militias and the military.
August 30, 1999 In the referendum, 78.5% of voters vote for the country's independence and against autonomy within Indonesia.
September 2, 1999 Violence breaks out by the pro-Indonesian militias.
September 4, 1999 The Indonesian army started Operation Donner a few hours after the outcome of the independence referendum was announced . 2000 people die within a month, three quarters of the population have to flee or are forcibly deported and 75% of the country's infrastructure is destroyed.
September 20, 1999 The first INTERFET units land in Dili to restore order in the country.
September 21, 1999 The Dutch reporter Sander Thoenes is murdered by Indonesian soldiers in Dili.
October 19, 1999 The Indonesian parliament accepts the result of the referendum and annuls the 1976 annexation law.

UN administration

Australian military helicopters of INTERFET

In the course of the UN administration, an East Timorese administration was established. The parties united in the CNRT dissolved the umbrella organization. From the elections for the constituent assembly , FRETILIN emerged as the strongest force. The assembly later became East Timor's first parliament. The freedom fighter Xanana Gusmão was elected as the new President of East Timor .

In addition, the other institutions of an independent state, such as administration, municipal administration, the army and the police, were also built up during this period. The refugees from the western part of the island returned to their homeland only slowly. Problems caused the destroyed infrastructure and the reintegration of members of the FALINTIL and the Wanras.

UN administration
October 25, 1999 The UNTAET is used by the United Nations as a transitional administration.
November 1, 1999 The last Indonesian soldier leaves East Timor.
November 17, 1999 Sérgio Vieira de Mello becomes head of the interim administration.
December 1999 The National Consultative Council is established to represent the population.
February 23, 2000 The military command passes from INTERFET to UNTAET
July 12, 2000 The first transitional cabinet takes office.
October 2000 The National Council (NC) replaces the NCC.
February 1, 2001 The FALINTIL is converted into the East Timor’s Defense Forces F-FDTL .
June 9, 2001 The CNRT is disintegrating.
August 30, 2001 FRETILIN wins the elections for the constituent assembly with an absolute majority.
September 20, 2001 The second transitional cabinet is sworn in.
March 22, 2002 The new constitution is passed by the constituent assembly.
April 14, 2002 Xanana Gusmão is elected President of East Timor .
May 17, 2002 The UNMISET replaces the UNTAET.

independence

Xanana Gusmão, the first president after the occupation

After the release of independence, riots broke out in Dili for the first time at the end of 2002. Finally, in 2006, following the desertion of the majority of the country's soldiers, massive unrest broke out. 155,000 people had to flee their homes and at least 37 people died. Once again, an International Reaction Force ( ISF ) under Australian leadership must be deployed. International police officers from a new UN mission, UNMIT, are also ensuring peace and order . Prime Minister Alkatiri from FRETILIN has to resign. He is succeeded by the former Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta , who was not party to any party.

Ramos-Horta was elected as the new President of the Republic of Gusmão in 2007 and is therefore handing over his post to Estanislau da Silva from FRETILIN. In the parliamentary elections in the same year, FRETILIN lost its absolute majority and was replaced by a coalition government under the former President Xanana Gusmão. This will also be confirmed in the 2012 election. In 2015 Gusmão resigned prematurely. It is followed by an all-party government under Rui Maria de Araújo from FRETILIN.

On February 11, 2008, President Ramos-Horta was seriously injured in an attack. The leader of the rebels, Alfredo Reinado, is killed.

2002-2011

independence
2002-2011
May 20, 2002 The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gains independence.
September 27, 2002 East Timor becomes a member of the United Nations.
End of October 2002 Violence breaks out between Makasae and Naueti in Uato-Lari .
4th December 2002 Five people are killed in riots in Dili.
February 2005 The UN sets up the Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Commission CAVR to deal with the human rights violations between 1975 and 1999.
March 9, 2005 The Truth and Friendship Commission (CTF) is set up by the presidents of East Timor and Indonesia to deal with the occupation time like the CAVR.
April 21, 2005 An exchange of fire broke out at Maliana between Indonesian soldiers and East Timorese police from the Unidade da Polícia de Fronteiras
May 2005 After weeks of protests against Prime Minister Alkatiri, religious education is once again a compulsory subject in public schools
May 20, 2005 The last UNMISET soldiers leave East Timor. The UNOTIL remains with 45 employees to assist in the country.
October 2005 The CAVR presents its Chega! about human rights violations during the Indonesian occupation.
January 12, 2006 In the Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea, East Timor and Australia agree on the maritime borders between the states and the division of the oil fields in the Timor Trench.
April / May 2006 The worst unrest in East Timor since independence occurs. At least 37 people die, 155,000 have to flee. (For details see the chronology of the unrest in East Timor 2006 )
May 25, 2006 The International Stabilization Force ISF lands in East Timor to restore order. On May 25, at least eight police officers were shot dead by mutinous soldiers and 25 other people were injured.
June 26, 2006 Prime Minister Marí Alkatiri resigns due to the protests. His successor is José Ramos-Horta.
August 25, 2006 With UNMIT, the UN is sending a new mission to East Timor. She starts work on September 13th.
August 30, 2006 The rebel chief Alfredo Reinado manages to escape from prison with his men.
March 1st to March 4th 2007 Alfredo Reinado is encircled by the Australian army in Same , but is finally able to escape.
Late March 2007 Clashes between FRETILIN supporters and supporters of Gusmão and Ramos-Horta in Uato-Lari. Hundreds of Naueti are fleeing Uato-Lari by mid-April.
April 9/9. May 2007 José Ramos-Horta is elected as the new president in two ballots .
May 19, 2007 Prime Minister Ramos-Horta resigns in order to take over his office as President the next day. His successor is Estanislau da Silva.
June 30, 2007 In the parliamentary elections , FRETILIN loses its absolute majority. There are riots by FRETILIN supporters.
August 8, 2007 A five-party coalition ( Aliança da Maioria MP ) under Xanana Gusmão takes over the government.
February 11, 2008 Alfredo Reinado is killed in an exchange of fire in President Ramos-Horta's house . Ramos-Horta is seriously injured, Xanana Gusmão escapes unharmed from an attempted assassination on his car. The rebel movement collapsed over the next few weeks.
July 2008 The CTF presents its final report on the occupation time.
January 2009 Wave of violence in Uato-Lari.
August 8, 2009 Suspected war criminal Maternus Bere is arrested in Suai. However, under pressure from Indonesia, her citizen was released on August 30 and later deported to West Timor. This resulted in violent protests from the UN, human rights organizations, the church, the opposition and large sections of the population.
March 3, 2010 24 rebels are sentenced to several years in prison for participating in the attack on February 11, 2008.
May 26, 2010 Indonesian soldiers invade the Sucos Beneufe area , destroy two houses and raise their flags. The background to this are disputes over the course of the state border.

Since 2012

Since 2012
March 17/16. April 2012 Taur Matan Ruak wins the presidential election .
July 7, 2012 In the parliamentary elections , the CNRT becomes the strongest party and forms a coalition government with PD and Frenti-Mudança . There are riots by FRETILIN supporters.
July 15-17, 2012 A man is killed in a riot in Dili.
November 2012 Supporters of the CPD-RDTL illegally occupy land in Welaluhu and set up a community there against the will of the local population.
December 31, 2012 UNMIT and ISF's mission end. The last of the foreign security forces are leaving East Timor.
January 23, 2013 Former Justice Minister Lúcia Lobato faces a five-year prison sentence for mismanagement. After a total of 18 months in prison, she was pardoned by President Taur Matan Ruak on August 30, 2014.
March 2013 The police evacuate the CPD-RDTL municipality in Welaluhu.
October 2013 Mauk Moruk returns to East Timor and founds the Konseilu Revolusionariu Ma Clean (KRM, German  Revolutionary Council Ma Clean )
November 2013 KRM members march in uniform despite the ban in Laga .
December 2013 East Timor is suing the previous agreements on rights of use in the Timor Sea with Australia. In 2004, the Australian foreign intelligence service ASIS installed bugs in the East Timorese cabinet room and wiretapped conversations about the negotiations.
February 2014 In Lalulai ( Laga administrative office ), a police officer is injured during an action against the KRM.
March 3, 2014 KRM and CPD-RDTL are banned by the national parliament.
March 10, 2014 One injured by a KRM attack in the Laga administrative office.
March 14, 2014 The KRM leadership surrenders to the government and is arrested or placed under house arrest. The same applies to the management of the CPD-RDTL.
October 24, 2014 Parliament dismisses all foreign employees in the East Timorese judiciary.
December 13, 2014 KRM's Mauk Moruk and Labarik Maia are released for lack of evidence.
January 2015 The KRM takes two police officers hostage and injures two others. On the mediation of Prime Minister Gusmão, the hostages are released, Mauk Moruk and his followers flee into the jungle.
January 18, 2015 An explosive device is thrown over the wall of the US ambassador's residence in Dili. A car and windows are damaged
5th February 2015 Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão announced his resignation.
February 16, 2015 Prime Minister Rui Maria de Araújo from FRETILIN is sworn in with his cabinet.
March 8, 2015 Three police officers are injured in an attack on a police station in Baguia . The President of Parliament Vicente da Silva Guterres , who happened to be present , was not harmed. Operation Hanita begins against the KRM on March 11th.
June 28, 2015 A soldier is shot by KRM members in Atelari .
August 6, 2015 In Osso-Uaque , a KRM member is killed and a police officer and a soldier seriously injured in a firefight.
August 8, 2015 Mauk Moruk and two other KRM commanders are killed in battle by soldiers. Operation Hanita ended on August 19th.
March 2016 In the dispute over the military commander in chief of the armed forces, the CNRT terminates the coalition with the PD.
5th May 2016 President Vicente da Silva Guterres (CNRT) is forced to resign by parliament. The PD members in the parliamentary presidium are voted out. Adérito Hugo da Costa (CNRT) is the new President of Parliament . The other seats in the Presidium will also be occupied by CNRT members.
20th March 2017 In the 2017 presidential elections , Francisco Guterres will be elected in the first ballot.
20th May 2017 Francisco Guterres takes over the office of President from Taur Matan Ruak.
July 22, 2017 In the parliamentary elections , FRETILIN becomes the strongest party just ahead of the CNRT, but does not win an absolute majority.
15th September 2017 Marí Alkatiri is sworn in again as Prime Minister. It is based on a minority coalition made up of FRETILIN and PD.
October 12, 2017 CNRT, PLP and KHUNTO form a new Aliança da Maioria MP (AMP) as opposition
19th October 2017 The AMP rejects the government program.
January 26, 2018 President Francisco Guterres dissolves parliament and calls for new elections.
May 12, 2018 In the early parliamentary elections , the AMP wins an absolute majority.
June 22, 2018 Taur Matan Ruak is sworn in as Prime Minister.
18th November 2018 A drunken police officer shot dead three young men in the Culuhun tragedy .
May 28, 2019 The Manatuto market burns down.
18th June 2019 The Oecusse airport is reopened.
September 11, 2019 The Roman Catholic diocese of Dili is elevated to an archdiocese.
17th January 2020 The majority of the CNRT MPs, together with the opposition, have repeatedly rejected the government's draft budget. The ruling coalition AMP falls apart.
5th February 2020 17 East Timorese are evacuated to New Zealand on an Air New Zealand flight from Wuhan (People's Republic of China), which is affected by the coronavirus epidemic . They can return to East Timor on February 21st.
February 22, 2020 CNRT, PD, KHUNTO, UDT, FM and PUDD sign the agreement to form a new government coalition
February 24, 2020 Taur Matan Ruak submits his resignation as prime minister
March 13, 2020 A flood caused severe damage in Dili.
March 21, 2020 For the first time, a corona infection is reported in East Timor .
March 27, 2020 Beginning of the state of emergency due to COVID-19 until April 26, 2020.
April 8, 2020 Taur Matan Ruak withdraws his resignation.
April 29, 2020 KHUNTO leaves the new party alliance and emphasizes its support for the eighth government.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

Evidence, if not stated here, in the article History of East Timor .

  1. ↑ a b Chronologie de l'histoire du Timor (1512–1945) suivie des événements récents (1975–1999) (French; PDF; 887 kB)
  2. ↑ Embassy of the United States Dili: Emergency Message for US citizens: Explosion at US Embassy Housing compound in Dili, Timor-Leste , January 19, 2015 ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 9, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / timor-leste.usembassy.gov