Giżycko
| Giżycko | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Giżycko | ||
| Area : | 13.87 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 2 ' N , 21 ° 46' E | ||
| Height : | 116 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 29,335 (June 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 11-500 to 11-508 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 87 | ||
| License plate : | NGI | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK 59 : Rozogi - Mrągowo → Giżycko | ||
| DK 63 : Perły - Węgorzewo ↔ Orzysz - Sławatycze / Belarus | |||
| Ext. 592 : Bartoszyce - Kętrzyn → Giżycko | |||
| Rail route : | Głomno – Białystok railway line | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Borough | ||
| Surface: | 13.72 km² | ||
| Residents: | 29,335 (June 30, 2019) |
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| Population density : | 2138 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Community number ( GUS ): | 2806011 | ||
| Administration (as of 2015) | |||
| Mayor : | Wojciech Karol Iwaszkiewicz | ||
| Address: | ul. 1 Maja 14 11-500 Giżycko |
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| Website : | www.gizycko.pl | ||
Giżycko [ ɟi'ʒɨʦkɔ ] ( German Lötzen formerly also Lözen ) is a city in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . It is also the seat of the rural community of the same name , to which it does not belong.
Geographical location
The city is located in historic East Prussia on Lake Löwentin, around 90 kilometers northeast of the city of Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) and around 110 kilometers southeast of the city of Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ), not far from the border with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast .
history
The village was first mentioned in 1340 as Letzenburg (also as "in Lezcen"). It is located on an isthmus between the Löwentinsee and the Mauersee. Next to the Leczenburg on the isthmus between the Löwentinsee and the Kissainsee, the Lötzen Castle was built on the Great Werder Island. A hill fort stood directly in Lötzen and was later built over with the district court. The settlement around the Ordensburg was initially called Neuendorf, later the name Leczen prevailed.
It is believed that the missionary Bruno von Querfurt and 18 companions died a martyr's death on Table Mountain on Lake Löwentin in 1009 . It is often wrongly assumed that the Protestant church in the city center was built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . Like many Protestant churches in Prussia, the church was built according to Schinkel's design. Unlike most of the other sacred buildings in former East Prussia, the town church was not rededicated into a Catholic church after 1945 .
In 1612 Lötzen received city rights . During the plague epidemic of 1709/10 , 800 of the 919 inhabitants of Lötzens died from the plague. In 1818 Lötzen was raised to the district seat of the district of Lötzen . Between 1843 and 1851 the fortress Boyen was built between the Kissainsee, the southernmost part of the Mauersee and the Löwentinsee ; it was named after the Prussian Minister of War General Hermann von Boyen . This fortress was besieged by the Russian army in 1914, without success. With the construction of the East Prussian Southern Railway , Lötzen was connected to the railway network in 1868.
After the Peace Treaty of Versailles , the population in the Allenstein voting area voted on July 11, 1920 on whether they would continue to belong to the province of East Prussia or join Poland. In the town of Lötzen, 4,900 people voted for East Prussia and thus for Germany, while Poland did not vote.
Towards the end of the Second World War , Lötzen was evacuated on January 20, 1945. German soldiers blew up the Lötzen railway swing bridge on January 25th . The place was captured and occupied by the Red Army from January 24th to 26th . Soon afterwards, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , Lötzen was placed under Polish administration together with the southern half of East Prussia . Unless the German residents had fled, almost all of them were expelled from Lötzen in the following period , and new Polish citizens came to the city.
In 1946, the Poles introduced the place name Giżycko for Lötzen , in honor of the Protestant pastor Gustav Gisevius , who had been very committed to promoting the Polish school language in Masuria in the 19th century. Slow reconstruction began, opening up new residential areas in the north and northeast. The few Germans who remained in Giżycko have joined forces in the German Social-Cultural Association.
From 1975 to 1998 Giżycko belonged to the Suwałki Voivodeship .
On June 1, 2000, the former and current residents in Lötzen celebrated the 660th anniversary of the town. On this occasion, a partnership agreement was concluded between the Lötzen district community and the city of Giżycko. In May 2012, celebrations took place for the 400th anniversary of the city elevation.
Today the city is a very important tourist destination with its many water sports.
Surname
The German place name Lötzen is derived from the Prussian lezuns = 'ascend' and 'descend'. The name of the city changed many times, among other things it was German Leczenburg , Lözenburg , Letzen , Lezen , Lezzen , Leczen , Lüzen , Lessen , from 1612 officially Lötzen , Polish Lec , Łoczany , Łuczany . In honor of the pastor and linguist Gustav Gisevius , the city of Lötzen was renamed Giżycko on March 4, 1946. The historical names of the city can still be found in the name of the city canal, which is still called Kanał Łuczański or Kanał Giżycki today.
Demographics
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 1,154 | without the garrison (a squadron of hussars ) |
| 1782 | 4,798 | Without the garrison (a battalion of infantry ), residents are Germans, Salzburgers , Swiss and French |
| 1802 | 1,239 | |
| 1810 | 1,321 | |
| 1816 | 1,588 | 1,550 Protestants, 25 Catholics and 13 Jews |
| 1821 | 1,878 | |
| 1852 | approx. 2,700 | |
| 1871 | 3,771 | including 500 Poles |
| 1875 | 4.034 | |
| 1880 | 4,514 | |
| 1890 | 5,486 | including 66 Catholics and 128 Jews (550 Poles ) |
| 1900 | 5,826 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1925 | 10,552 | of which 9,929 Evangelicals, 413 Catholics, five other Christians and 101 Jews |
| 1933 | 11,847 | thereof 11,114 Evangelicals, 496 Catholics, no other Christians and 66 Jews |
| 1939 | 14,000 | of which 12,754 Protestants, 662 Catholics, 186 other Christians and 20 Jews |
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 29,494 |
mayor
- 1612–1624: Paweł Rudzki
- 1624-1636: Erdmann Kozarga
- 1636–1648: Fabian Schwarz
- 1648-1660: Fabian Grajewski
- 1660–1672: Jakub Zeisig
- 1672–1684: Grzegorz Merschel
- 1684–1696: Jan Jakunowski
- 1696-1708: Jerzy Alexander
- 1708–1720: Krzysztof Gross
- 1720-1732: Piotr Stano
- 1732–1744: Fryderyk Szczepański
- 1756–1778: Krzysztof Terpitz
- 1778-1792: Daniel Fryderyk Gene
- 1792–1802: Aleksander Hannke
- 1802–1808: Friedrich Hahnrieder
- 1809–1826: Johann Gottlieb Hoffmann
- 1827–1837: Wilhelm Vigouroux
- 1837–1843: Brauns
- 1846–1857: Johann Gottlieb Knauf
- 1857-1859: Faber
- 1859–1883: Johann Karl Gastell (1830–1894)
- 1883–1903: Heinrich Schweichler
- 1903–1928: Paul Schmidt
- 1928–1942: Alfred Gille
- 1943–1945: Erich Eichholz
- 1989–1994: Roman Stańczyk
- 1994–1999: Jan Grabowski
- 1999-2002: Marian Lemecha
- 2002–2014: Jolanta Piotrowska
- 2014– : Wojciech Iwaszkiewicz
Attractions
Special sights are the Boyen Festival with a museum, the rebuilt castle, which is now a hotel, the canal and the swing bridge that crosses it , the Bruno Cross on Table Mountain on Lake Löwentin and the former water tower, which now houses a café and from which a panoramic view of the city is possible.
Religions
Already in the pre-Reformation period, Lötzen was probably a church village founded during the time of the order . At the beginning of the 20th century, the denominations in Lötzen were distributed as follows:
| year | Evangelical | Catholic | Other | All in all |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 5,292 | 66 | 128 | 5,486 |
| 1925 | 9,929 | 413 | 106 | 10,552 |
| 1933 | 11,147 | 496 | 66 | 11,847 |
| 1939 | 12,754 | 662 | 206 | 14,000 |
Evangelical
Church building
During the Reformation , a wooden church was built in Lötzen. They were replaced by large, solid churches in 1633 and 1709, both of which, however, fell victim to the flames. The current church was built between 1826 and 1827 in a classical style that was exposed to neoclassical influence during a complete renovation in 1881. The old furnishings are still almost completely preserved, such as the altarpiece with the " Inviting Christ " by Carl Gottfried Pfannschmidt or the baptismal font , an oval basin carried by a putto , which was created around 1750 and from the parish church of Pestlin ( Postolino in Polish ) originates in West Prussia . The organ is a work of the Kemper Orgelbau company from 1935, restored in 2011 by master organ builder Andrzej Kowalski , while the tower clock dates from 1881 and was made in the tower clock factory JF Weule in Bockenem ( State of Hanover ).
The location of the church is the old market in Lötzen, today's Plac Grunwaldzki in Giżycko.
Parish
Lutheran teaching quickly found its way into Lötzen . A Protestant clergyman was already active here in 1531, before a parish office was established in 1573 and then later in 1926. The parish in Lötzen belonged to the Church Province of East Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union until 1945 . Until 1945 there was also a so-called institutional community for the Bethanien deaconess mother house with its own pastoral office in Lötzen .
The flight and expulsion of the local population almost brought church life in Lötzen to a standstill. Numerous new Polish citizens activated it again in Giżycko, among them a few Protestant church members who formed the core for the establishment of their own parish with its own parish church, which was also used for the subsidiary communities in Pozezdrze (Possessern , 1938–1945 Großgarten) , Węgorzewo (Angerburg) and Wydminy (Widminnen) is responsible. The parish is now part of the Masurian Diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .
Church district of Lötzen
In the beginning Lötzen was part of the Angerburg inspection ( Polish : Węgorzewo ), but the city itself became the seat and eponymous for a church district that existed until 1945. Nine parishes with their parishes belonged to it :
| Name of the parish |
Polish place name |
|---|---|
| Groß Stürlack | Sterławki Wielkie |
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Königshöhe until 1881 Uszranken |
Użranki |
| Soldering | Giżycko |
| Milks | Miłki |
| Neuhoff | Zelki |
| Orlowen 1938–1945 Adlersdorf |
Orłowo |
| Rhine | Ryn |
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Rydzewen 1927–1945 Rotwalde |
Rydzewo |
| Dedication | Wydminy |
| Institution community: Deaconess mother house Bethanien |
Catholic
Church building
For decades, the Catholic parishioners belonged to the church in Rößel , until in 1937 Lötzen finally got its own parish church. It was built according to the plans of the architect Martin Weber from Frankfurt am Main and consecrated on August 8, 1937. It was named after the bishop and martyr Bruno von Querfurt, who was probably killed near Lötzen . The original sgraffito on the gable side from 1937 with the depiction of Saint Bruno between a knight and a soldier by Theo M. Landmann , a native of Danzig, was removed in 1945 and replaced by a new work.
Until 1945, 179 places in the district of Lötzen and in the district of Angerburg belonged to the parish .
The St. Bruno Church is at ul. Pionierska.
Most of the new Polish citizens after 1945 were of Catholic denomination; They founded four more parishes in Giżycko in the following decades, including a military parish.
Giżycko deanery districts
Until 1945 the parish of St. Bruno in Lötzen belonged to the Deanery Masuria II with its seat in Johannisburg ( Polish: Pisz ) in the Diocese of Warmia , today Giżycko is the seat of two deaneries that belong to the Diocese of Ełk (Lyck) of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland . A total of 17 parishes are assigned to both deaneries.
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Dean's office św. Krzystofa: |
Dean's office św. Szczepana Męczennika:
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Twin cities
- Silkeborg (Denmark)
- Dubno (Ukraine)
- Trakai (Lithuania)
- Querfurt (Germany)
- Varėna (Lithuania)
- Neumünster (Germany)
- Ghazni (Afghanistan)
traffic
To the south is the Giżycko-Mazury Residence landing site , and the Giżycko railway station is on the Głomno – Białystok railway line . The branching railway line Giżycko – Kruklanki has been closed since 1987, the railway line Lötzen – Johannisburg was not reopened after the end of the Second World War in 1945.
To the south of the train station is the port, from which the White Fleet calls various connections on the Great Masurian Lakes. The Ekomarina is available for sailors and houseboat captains who navigate the waterways of the Masurian Lake District .
Personalities
Sorted by year of birth
- Bruno von Querfurt (around 974–1009), German archbishop and missionary
- Adolph Friedrich Kleinert (1802–1834), German Protestant theologian and university professor
- Wilhelm Stobbe (1821-1894), MdHdA
- Wojciech Kętrzyński (1838–1918), Kashubian historian
- Fritz Milkau (1859–1934), librarian
- Paul Davidson (1867–1927), film producer
- Franz Pfemfert (1879–1954), publicist
- Kurt Kühme (1885–1944), German officer, Freikorpsführer as well as politician of the NSDAP and SA-Obergruppenführer
- Paul Glowka (1910–1950), football goalkeeper
- Horst Gerlach (1919–1990), politician (SPD)
- Dietrich Kuessner (* 1934), theologian and historian
- Lothar Gall (* 1936), historian
- Christian Schwokowski (* 1941), surgeon in Leipzig
- Karol Jabłoński (* 1962), sailing enthusiast
- Bohdan Danylo (* 1971), Ukrainian-Greek-Catholic bishop
Giżycko rural commune
The rural community Giżycko, to which the city itself does not belong, covers an area of 289.76 km² and has 8464 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).
literature
In order of appearance
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 41, No. 2.
- M. Gerß: Chronicle of the city of Lötzen up to the great fire . In: New Prussian Provincial Papers. Another series, Volume 1. Königsberg 1852, pp. 149–160.
- Max Toeppen : About Prussian Lischken, towns and cities. A contribution to the history of the municipal constitutions in Prussia. In: Altpreußische Monatsschrift , Volume 4, Königsberg 1867, pp. 621–646, especially pp. 638–643.
- Max Meyhöfer : The Lötzen district. An East Prussian homeland book. Holzner, Würzburg 1961, ISSN 0474-8204 ( East German contributions from the Göttingen working group 20; Göttingen working group publication 247).
- Andreas Kossert : Masuria. East Prussia's forgotten south. Siedler, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-88680-696-0 , p. 152.
- Gerhard Salemke: Site plans of the ramparts of the former province of East Prussia. Gerhard Salemke, Gütersloh 2005, chap. 18th
Web links
- City website (German, Polish, English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Mayor's website , accessed January 5, 2017
- ^ Kossert: Masuria ; P. 85
- ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : self-determination for East Germany. Documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 80.
- ↑ 400 years of the city
- ^ Andreas Kossert: Masuria. East Prussia's forgotten south . Berlin 2001, p. 152.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 41, No. 2.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I, Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, pp. 29–30, No. 2.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T-Z. Halle 1823, pp. 338–339, item 451.
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state. Berlin 1856, p. 360.
- ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2. Berlin 1874, pp. 32–33, item 12.
- ^ A b c d e f Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. loetzen.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 12. Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 738.
- ↑ TABL. 8.LUDNOŚĆ WEDŁUG PŁCI, WOJEWÓDZTW (NTS 2), POWIATÓW (LAU 1) I GMIN (LAU 2) W 2008 R. (cd.) POPULATION BY SEX, VOIVODSHIPS (NUTS 2), POWIATS (LAU 1) AND GMINAS (LAU 2) IN 2008 (cont.) ( Memento from June 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Historia Miasta. Giżyccy Burmistrzowie. (No longer available online.) In: gizycko-lotzen.pl. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018 ; Retrieved February 18, 2018 (Polish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 492.
- ↑ Michael Rademacher: German-Austrian local book, Lötzen district
- ^ Parafia Giżycko
- ↑ Walthère Hubatsch: History of the Evangelical Church of East Prussia , Volume 2 photos East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 121.
- ↑ The Protestant parish church in Lötzen
- ↑ Friedwald Moeller: Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968, p. 88.
- ↑ The work of this house has since been in Lower Saxony Quakenbrück as Diakonissenmutterhaus Bethany Lötzen continued
- ^ Bruno von Querfurt and St. Bruno in Lötzen
