Gorzanów

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Gorzanów
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Gorzanów (Poland)
Gorzanów
Gorzanów
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Kłodzko
Gmina : Bystrzyca Kłodzka
Geographic location : 50 ° 21 '  N , 16 ° 38'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 21 '7 "  N , 16 ° 37' 56"  E
Height : 310 m npm
Residents : 921
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DKL
Economy and Transport
Rail route : Kłodzko – Międzylesie
Next international airport : Wroclaw



Gorzanów (German Grafenort ; until 1670: Arnsdorf , Czech Arnoltov ) is a village in the powiat Kłodzki of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It is located seven kilometers north of Bystrzyca Kłodzka ( Habelschwerdt ), to whose urban and rural municipality it belongs.

geography

Gorzanów is located in the middle part of the Kłodzko Basin in the valley of the Kłodzko Neisse . Neighboring towns are Żelazno ( Eisersdorf ) in the northeast, Mielnik ( Melling ) in the southeast, Bystrzyca Kłodzka in the south, Szklarka ( Glasendorf ) in the southwest, Stara Łomnica ( Altlomnitz ) in the west and Starków ( Altbatzdorf ) and Topolice ( Aspenau ) in the northwest. To the northeast rise the 506 m high Dębowa ( Eichberg ) and the 518 m high Wapniarka ( Weißkoppe ).

history

Grafenort Castle

The original name of Grafenort was Arnoldisdorf when it was first mentioned in 1341. It was later called Arnsdorf . From the earliest times it belonged to the Glatzer Land , with which it shared the history of its political and ecclesiastical affiliation. The castle on the Keilberg, which was probably built for national defense, was destroyed in 1460–1469 during the battles of the Silesians against the Bohemian King George of Podebrady .

Arnsdorf initially consisted of the knight's seats "Moschenhof", "Ratschinhof" and "Schlosshof" as well as a free judge and a free peasant manor , which mostly belonged to different owners. In 1624 the goods of the Mosch ( Moschen , Muschin ) and Ratschin families were confiscated by Emperor Ferdinand II because of their participation in the Bohemian uprising and passed to the Tyrolean nobleman Johann Arbogast von Annenberg , who already owned the Schönfeld rule . From 1633 until his death in 1645 he was governor of the County of Glatz. His daughter Maria Maximiliana married Johann Friedrich von Herberstein the Elder in 1651 . Ä. from the Silesian line of the Imperial Count Herberstein . He converted the possessions to a majorate and in 1670 obtained imperial approval to rename Arnsdorf in Grafenort . He was followed as owner of the majority rule in 1701 by his son of the same name, Johann Friedrich the Elder. J., who was married to Maria Carolina von Zierotin († 1719) and held the office of governor from 1696–1707. After his death in 1712, the Rengersdorf castle estate, which could be freely bequeathed, was inherited by his widow. The majority rule passed to his only son Johann Anton von Herberstein, who after the death of his mother in 1719 inherited the castle estate in Rengersdorf. He was married to Countess Maria Antonia von Liechtenstein , but died on July 6, 1720 in Prague with no heirs. While his widow inherited the allodial property in Rengersdorf, the majority rule Grafenort fell to the next agnate , Johann Leopold von Herberstein auf Wangern, his father's brother. After Johann Leopold died without heirs in 1728, the majority rule came to the not yet mature Johann Gundacker I from the Styrian line of Herberstein.

After the First Silesian War in 1742 and finally with the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, Grafenort and the County of Glatz fell to Prussia . After the death of Johann Gundacker I in 1770, he was succeeded as majorate by his son of the same name, Johann Gundacker II, who established the colonies of Hayn and Hüttenguth . He was married to Antonia von Schrattenbach and after her death in 1778 married a Countess von Stargk. 1801, nine years before his death, he handed over the majority rule Grafenort to his only son Johann Hieronymus von Herberstein (1772-1847).

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Grafenort majority rule consisted of the villages of Melling , Neulomnitz , Hohndorf , Glasendorf , Sauerbrunn , Neuhain , Hüttenguth , Neubatzdorf , Neuwilmsdorf and shares in the manor districts of Niederlangenau , Altlomnitz , Herrnsdorf and Altwaltersdorf . For this period, the following has been documented for Grafenort: a parish church, a chapel, a castle with a chapel, five stately outbuildings , a rectory, a school, a Kretscham , two flour and two board mills, a brickworks, a yeoman, 31 service farmers and 154 Gardeners , cottagers and other jobs. The inhabitants included a bath, blacksmith, baker, shoemaker, butcher, brewer, potter, tailor, sculptor, binder and three carpenters.

After the reorganization of Prussia, Grafenort belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and was initially incorporated into the district of Glatz. In 1818 it was reorganized into the newly formed district of Habelschwerdt , to which it belonged until 1945. After the death of the art-loving Count Johann Hieronymus von Herberstein in 1847 and the relocation of his descendants to the Styrian estates, the social importance of Grafenort, which was also at times a health resort with two sourlings and a sulfur spring, declined. In 1930 the city of Habelschwerdt acquired the Grafenort castle and estate. In 1939 there were 1528 inhabitants.

Towards the end of the Second World War , there was a satellite camp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Grafenort from April 12 to May 8, 1945 . After the end of the war, Grafenort, like almost all of Silesia, fell to Poland in 1945 and was renamed Gorzanów . The German population was expelled . Some of the newly settled residents were displaced from eastern Poland . However, numerous houses in the once stately village were left to decay; the number of inhabitants decreased significantly as a result. 1975-1998 Gorzanów belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship ( Waldenburg ).

Moschenhof

former Moschenhof 2015

The Moschenhof was a knight's seat that belonged to the Lords of Sterz until 1361. In that year Jerke von Muschin / Moschen acquired him , in whose family he remained until 1624. The last owners were the descendants of Hans von Moschen, who died in 1623. Because of his participation in the Bohemian class uprising , his son Maximilian and his sisters Rosina, Susanna and Maria were expropriated by the emperor in 1624. In the same year, the archducal treasurer Johann Arbogast von Annenberg acquired the Moschenhof, which the emperor transferred from fiefdom to inheritance . He connected the Moschenhof with the castle courtyard, which also came into his possession in 1624.

Castle courtyard

This Vorwerk was also a former knight's seat. It was first referred to as the Klar and from the 17th century as the castle courtyard . Around the middle of the 14th century, the Klar was owned by the von Mühlstein family and then probably passed to the von Pannwitz family . It was probably owned by Niklas von Knoblauchsdorf around 1420. Around 1480 it came to Otto von Ratschin ( Ottik von Raczin ) and in 1540 it was owned by his son Friedrich, who in 1542 acquired the Freirichtergut. His four sons shared their father's possessions in 1559. Heinrich, who built a small castle, received the castle courtyard, the Freirichtergut and a share from Herrnsdorf. In 1577 he acquired the chamber village of Neubatzdorf and in 1580 part of Niederlangenau, in 1602 the village of Neuwilmsdorf and later also Neulomnitz. After his death in 1612 he left the three underage sons Heinrich d. J., Friedrich and Hans, who jointly managed their estates. Because of their participation in the Bohemian uprising of the estates, in 1623 their fiefdoms were completely confiscated and half of the hereditary estates were confiscated and first passed to the lordly chamber . Archduke Karl , who at the time was the beneficiary of the County of Glatz and Bishop of Breslau, sold the castle courtyard and the Moschenhof in 1624 to Johann Arbogast von Annenberg.

Ratschinhof

Ruin of the Ratschinhof 2015

The Ratschinhof on the right bank of the Neisse was also a knight's seat. The first owner known by name was Nickel ( Niclas ) von Knoblauchsdorf, who in 1421 acquired half of the village of Melling. In 1461 both belonged to Caspar von Knoblauchsdorf, whose daughter married Otto von Ratschin ( Wotik or Ottyk von Raczin ), to whom the farm passed in 1474 and whose name he subsequently bore. Around 1520 he was followed by his sons Caspar, Friedrich and Christoph, who bought the second half of Melling. After Caspar and Christoph died presumably without descendants, Friedrich became the sole owner. His four sons shared the paternal inheritance in 1559. The youngest son Georg inherited the Ratschinhof, Melling and a share of Altwaltersdorf. He was followed by his son Hans von Ratschin, who lost a third of his possessions in 1625 because of his participation in the Bohemian class uprising of 1618. Since he could not redeem this third, the Ratschinhof with Melling and the Altwaltersdorf share also came to Hans Arbogast von Annenberg in 1628, who already owned the Moschenhof and Schlosshof. He formed the rule Grafenort from the acquired shares. In 1638 the properties belonging to the Ratschinhof and the village of Melling were inherited from the fief.

The Freirichtergut

The first known judge was Georg Merwot in 1412, followed by Nickel von Mosch ( Moschen ) in 1412 . Niklas von Knoblauchsdorf bought it from him in 1437. Further owners of the Freirichtgut were Christoph Seliger (1536) and in 1542 the Glatzer pawnman Johann von Pernstein . The owner of the castle courtyard, Otto von Ratschin, bought it from him in the same year.

Church conditions

The then St. Gregorius church of Grafenort is included for the year 1384 in a register of the Prague Archdiocese, in which the parish churches belonging to the Glatzer deanery are listed. As with all other churches in the Kłodzko region, the patronage belonged to the Bohemian sovereign in the oldest times. In 1336, King John of Luxembourg transferred patronage to the Glatzer estates. Since Grafenort consisted of several parts until the 17th century, the landlords divided the patronage according to the proportion of their possessions. After the population had turned to the Lutheran faith, the church served as a Protestant church from 1570 to 1623. In 1622/23 the imperial family recaptured the County of Glatz; subsequently the evangelical pastor was expelled from Grafenort and Adam Sebastian Weiss, a Cistercian from the Heinrichau monastery, was appointed as a Catholic clergyman. At the same time, due to a lack of priests, the previous parish Altlomnitz was downgraded to a branch church and parish with the villages belonging to it to Grafenort. The right of patronage came from 1624 to the respective landlord of the Grafenort estate. After a fundamental reconstruction of the church with the permission of been Prague Archbishop Ernst Adalbert of Harrach 1658 of Breslau Bishop Johann Balthasar Liesch of Hornau newly consecrated and St. Magdalena consecrated. In 1755 Altlomnitz was separated from Grafenort, as it was again raised to a parish. At the request of the residents, the neighboring village of Melling, which was dedicated to the parish church of Rengersdorf, was separated from it in 1786 and added to the parish church of Grafenort.

The former palace theater

The theater located in the castle achieved its cultural importance between 1816 and 1847. Its founder was Count Johann Hieronymus von Herberstein (1772–1847). Karl von Holtei worked for many seasons as a theater director and actor at the theater in Grafenort, where he wrote his 335-page letters from and to Grafenort, published in 1841 in 1839/1840 . Even Karl Seydelmann began his stage career in Grafenort.

The season usually ran from September to May. There was paneling with painted pictures on the ceiling of the theater . Tallow candles poured into tin boxes were used as scene lighting, and an old Austrian rolling cannonball was used as a noise machine.

The performances were directed by theater professionals and performed by professional and amateur actors. The ensemble consisted of ten to twelve professional actors and a dance master. Smaller roles and all extras were taken over by the local population. The orchestra also consisted without exception of musicians from Grafenort and the surrounding area. In addition to classical plays, singing games and smaller operas were also played. The Count demanded dance interludes in all musical stage plays.

The local population had access to the theater, but was supposed to appear in their national costume. An artistic and social highlight was a particularly glamorous performance after the autumn hunt, in which high Prussian and Austrian officers and almost the entire Grafschafter nobility took part.

From 1922 until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the palace theater was continued under the direction of the Bad Landecker Kurtheater.

Attractions

  • The Grafenort Castle , which was built on the site of the former castle courtyard, is an outstanding work of the Renaissance . It is decorated with sgraffiti on the outside and is dominated by a tower, to which a flight of stairs leads up from the inner courtyard. It was expanded in the 1620s by Johann Arbogast von Annenberg to a four-wing palace complex with two inner courtyards and standardized in the style of the Bohemian Renaissance. Johann Friedrich von Herberstein had the palace complex expanded and made Baroque in 1653–1658 by Carlo Lurago under the direction of Lorenzo Niceli and Andrea Carove . At the same time, a garden hall was built on the east side and a castle chapel with a net vault was built, which was dedicated to St. George . The driveway to the castle and the main gate, which is decorated with a sculpture of St. George, were built between 1668 and 1672. Further alterations and additions took place in 1735. In the second half of the 19th century, the von Herberstein family only lived in the castle temporarily. In the years 1900–1903 a thorough and extensive renovation took place. After the Second World War it was only used temporarily and then left to decay. It is now partially inhabited by needy families and is in a dilapidated condition.
  • The palace park was laid out in the middle of the 17th century. In 1738 there was evidence of a large ornamental garden with terraces, garden pavilions, triumphal arches, obelisks , a birdhouse and a shooting range; behind it a bosket with a pleasure house, pheasantry, ballroom and riding arena; adjoining it is the Bleichplatz and vegetable and fruit gardens. In 1774 it was transformed into an English park .
  • The early baroque garden pavilion Nymphaeum was built in 1653–1657 by Carlo Lurago and his workshop. It was richly decorated with sculptures, putti and stucco decorations. There are still remains of a sculpture of Pluto and Hercules as well as ornamental paintings. Only ruins remain from a classicist pavilion built in 1800 .
Parish Church of Maria Magdalena
  • The parish church of Maria Magdalena ( Kościół Św. Marii Magdaleny ) was first mentioned in 1341. At that time she was dedicated to St. Gregorius consecrated. After the religious turmoil, it was fundamentally rebuilt in the Baroque style under Johann Friedrich von Herberstein by Carlo Lurago and his collaborators Domenico Antonio Rossi, Andrea Galli, Andrea Cyrus, Carlo Serena, Baptista Spinetti and Biaggo Verde and consecrated again in 1658 and St. Consecrated to Mary Magdalene. In 1708 the two chapels with the side altars of the Holy Family and Saint Joseph were added to the church. The high altar with retable and figure of Saint Maria Magdalena is from 1786 and is attributed to Michael Klahr the Younger .
  • The church is surrounded by a cemetery wall in which there are two gates from 1631 and three chapels: The St. Barbara Chapel (1651), the St. Franz Xaver Chapel (1701) and the Chapel of the Dead from the end 17th century.
  • The St. Antonius Chapel ( Kaplica Św. Antoniego ) is located east of the village on Eichberg ( Dębowa Góra ). It was donated by Johann Friedrich von Herberstein from 1660 to 1665 and rebuilt in the 18th century. The wooden figure Ecce Homo dates from 1780. The sculpture next to the chapel represents St. Onophrios . The Pietà is from 1734.
  • The renaissance castle Ratschenhof ( Dwór Raczyn ) was built in 1559 and rebuilt in 1573. It was architecturally richly decorated and covered with sgraffiti. Currently in ruins.
  • The Moschenhof ( Dwór Muszyn ) was built around 1573 for Hans von Mosch and burned down in 1617. After the reconstruction, it was the seat of the estate administration of the Barons von Arbogast-Annenberg and later the Counts of Herberstein from 1622. In 1821 it was rebuilt with classical exterior decoration and a hipped roof .

Personalities

  • Franz Pfaff (1860–1926), pharmacologist in Boston, born in Grafenort

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marek Šebela, Jiři Fišer: České Názvy hraničních Vrchů, Sídel a vodních toků v Kladsku . In: Kladský sborník 5, 2003, p. 382
  2. ↑ Joseph August Kumar: History of the castle and the Herberstein family . 1st part, Vienna 1817
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Verlag CH Beck, Munich (9 volumes; 2005–2009).
  4. ↑ Isabell Sprenger: Groß-Rosen . A concentration camp in Silesia. Böhlau Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-412-11396-4 .
  5. ↑ http://www.dokumentyslaska.pl/adel%20glatzer/1319–%20-%201462.html The nobility of the Glatzer country (see Raczin)
  6. ^ Karl von Holtei: Letters from and to Grafenort. JF Hammerich, Altona 1841.
  7. ↑ Michael Sachs: 'Prince Bishop and Vagabond'. The story of a friendship between the Prince-Bishop of Breslau Heinrich Förster (1799–1881) and the writer and actor Karl von Holtei (1798–1880). Edited textually based on the original Holteis manuscript. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 35, 2016 (2018), pp. 223–291, here: p. 282.
  8. ↑ Arne Franke: Brief cultural history of the Silesian castles: 150 noble seats in portrait , Volume 1: Lower Silesia, ISBN 978-3-87057-297-6 , pp. 84–86