List of envoys to the Peace of Westphalia
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Spanish and Swedish ambassadors in Gerard ter Borch's Conjuration of the Peace of Westphalia (1648), oil on copper, 45.4 cm × 58.7 cm, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
List of envoys and their dispatchers to the Peace of Westphalia in Münster and Osnabrück (1643–1648).
Overview
The following list highlights the following senders and their envoys: on the one hand, the envoys of the sovereigns , i.e. H. the imperial envoys and the royal Spanish, French and Swedish envoys; on the other hand, the envoys of the German electors .
The ambassadors of the States General deserve special mention. Fabio Chigi , the Apostolic Nuncio , and Alvise Contarini , the envoy of the Republic of Venice, acted as peace brokers . Johann Rudolf Wettstein served as the authorized representative of the imperial cities for the city of Basel and the Swiss Confederation, and Johann von Reumont as colonel and city commander of Münster.
Envoy
Legend:
| Imperial envoy | |
| Royal Spanish, French and Swedish envoy | |
| Envoy from the German electors |
| Sending State | image | Ruler (head of state) | image | Envoy | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Anhalt-Bernburg , Principality |
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Prince : Christian II of Anhalt-Bernburg (1599–1656) |
 |
Georg Achatz Heher (1601–1667) |
Envoy of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 |
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Baden-Durlach , Margraviate |
 |
Margrave : Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach (1594–1659) |
 |
Johann Georg von Merckelbach (1609–1680) |
Delegate of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach |
 |
Basel , city |
 |
Mayor : Johann Rudolf Wettstein (1594–1666) |
|
Johann Rudolf Wettstein (1594–1666) |
Envoy of the City of Basel and the Swiss Confederation in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1647 |
|
Bavaria Electorate |
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Elector : Maximilian I of Bavaria (1573–1651) |
 |
Georg Christoph von Haslang (1602–1684) |
Principal envoy of the Bavarian Elector in Münster, from 1645 |
 |
Bohemia , Kingdom |
 |
King : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
 |
Ferdinand Ernst von Waldstein (–1655 or 1665) |
Imperial Plenipotentiary for Bohemia in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1647 |
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Brandenburg , Electorate |
 |
Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg (1620–1688) |
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Johann VIII. Zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein (1601–1657) |
Principal envoy of the Elector of Brandenburg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 |
|
Brandenburg , Electorate |
|
Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg (1620–1688) |
 |
Matthäus Wesenbeck the Elder J. (1600-1659) |
Envoy of the Elector of Brandenburg in Osnabrück, 1645–1648 |
 |
Brandenburg-Ansbach , Margraviate |
Margrave : Albrecht II of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667) |
 |
Johann Fromhold (1602-1653) |
Secondary envoy of the Elector of Brandenburg for the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648, burial site at the Regensburg Ambassadorial Cemetery | |
 |
Braunschweig-Lüneburg , Duchy |
_Ausschnitt.jpg) |
Duke : Friedrich IV. Of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1574–1648) |
 |
Heinrich Langenbeck (1603–1669) |
Principal commissioner of the House of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Osnabrück, from 1643 |
|
Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Duchy |
 |
Duke : August II of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1579–1666) |
 |
Chrysostomus Cöler (1607–1664) |
Envoy of the Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg to Wolfenbüttel in Osnabrück, from 1646 |
|
Braunschweig-Calenberg , Principality |
_Simerding@Residenzmuseum_Celle20160708.jpg) |
Duke : Christian Ludwig von Braunschweig-Calenberg (1622–1665) |
 |
Jakob Lampadius (1593–1649) |
Envoy of the Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg in Osnabrück, 1644–1649 |
|
Bremen , imperial city |
Mayor : Hermann Wachmann (1579–1658) and Statius Speckhan (1599–1679) |
 |
Gerhard Coccejus (1601–1660) |
Envoy of the city of Bremen and the German Hanseatic League in Osnabrück, 1644–1648 | |
 |
Colmar , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
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Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
.svg){kind=small}
|
Dtld. Holy Roman Empire , Empire |
|
Emperor : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
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Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff (1584–1650) |
Chief envoy of the emperor in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1647 |
|
|
Dtld. Holy Roman Empire, Empire |
|
Emperor : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
 |
Isaak Volmar (1582–1662) |
Imperial chief envoy, successor to Trauttmansdorff in Münster, 1643–1649 |
|
|
Dtld. Holy Roman Empire, Empire |
|
Emperor : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
 |
Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar (1590–1653) |
Imperial envoy in Münster, 1643–1648 |
|
|
Dtld. Holy Roman Empire, Empire |
|
Emperor : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
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Johann Maximilian von Lamberg (1608–1682) |
Imperial principal envoy in Osnabrück, 1644–1649 |
|
|
Dtld. Holy Roman Empire, Empire |
|
Emperor : Ferdinand III. of Austria (1608–1657) |
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Johann Krane (1595–1673) |
imperial envoy in Osnabrück, 1643–1648 |
 |
Esslingen am Neckar , imperial city |
 |
Mayor : Georg Wagner (1605–1661) |
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Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 |
|
France , Kingdom |
 |
King : Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) |
 |
Henri II d'Orléans-Longueville (1595–1663) |
Ambassador Extraordinary of the French King in Munster, 1645–1648 |
|
|
France, Kingdom |
|
King : Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) |
 |
Claude de Mesmes (1595-1650) |
Envoy of the French King in Münster, 1644–1648 |
|
|
France, Kingdom |
|
King : Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) |
 |
Abel Servien (1593-1659) |
Envoy of the French king in Münster and Osnabrück, 1644–1646, 1647–1648 |
 |
Haguenau , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
 |
Hall, Swabian , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
|
Hamburg , imperial city |
Mayor : Ulrich Winkel Bartholomäus Moller (2nd Bgm.) |
Johann Christoph Meurer (1598–1652) |
Minister of the City of Hamburg in Osnabrück, from 1645 | ||
 |
Hanse , Association of Cities |
|
Gerhard Coccejus (1601–1660) |
|||
 |
Hessen-Darmstadt , Landgraviate |
 |
Landgrave : George II of Hesse-Darmstadt (1605–1661) |
 |
Johann Jakob Wolff von Todenwarth (1585–1657) |
Envoy of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and the City of Regensburg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1649 |
|
Hessen-Kassel , Landgraviate |
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Regent : Amalie Elisabeth von Hanau-Münzenberg (1602–1651) |
 |
Reinhard Scheffer the Youngest (1590–1656) |
Envoy from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in Osnabrück, from 1644 |
.svg){kind=small} |
Kaysersberg , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
 |
Kempten (Allgäu) , imperial city |
Mayor : Wolfgang Leonhard Jenisch (1596–1656) |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
 |
Cologne , Electorate |
 |
Elector : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1577–1650) |
 |
Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1593–1661) |
Chief envoy to the Electorate of Cologne in Münster and Osnabrück, from 1643 |
 |
Landau (in the Palatinate) , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
 |
Markus Otto (1600–1674) |
Envoy from the city of Strasbourg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 | |
 |
Leutkirch (in the Allgäu) , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
 |
Lindau , imperial city |
Mayor : Daniel Heider (1572–1647) |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
|
Lübeck , imperial and Hanseatic city |
 |
Mayor : Christoph Gerdes (1590–1661), Heinrich Wedemhof (1584–1651) and Otto Brokes (1574–1652) |
 |
David Gloxin (1597–1671) |
Syndicus of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck , envoy of the Imperial and Hanseatic City of Lübeck in Osnabrück, 1644–1649; signed at the same time for the imperial cities of Goslar and Nordhausen |
 |
Mainz , Electorate |
 |
Elector : Anselm Casimir Wambolt von Umstadt (1579–1647) from 1647: Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1605–1673) |
 |
Hugo Everhard Cratz von Scharfenstein (1595–1663) |
Chief Ambassador of the Electorate of Mainz in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1647 |
|
Mainz, Electorate |
|
Elector : Anselm Casimir Wambolt von Umstadt (1579–1647) from 1647: Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1605–1673) |
 |
Nikolaus Georg von Reigersberg (–1651) |
Electoral Mainz secondary envoy in Münster, 1645–1648 |
 |
Mecklenburg-Güstrow , Duchy |
 |
Duke : Gustav Adolf of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1633–1695) |
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Abraham Keyser (1603-1652) |
Envoy of the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Osnabrück, 1644–1649 |
|
Mecklenburg-Schwerin , Duchy |
 |
Duke : Adolf Friedrich I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1588–1658) |
|
Abraham Keyser (1603-1652) |
Envoy of the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Osnabrück, 1644–1649 |
.svg){kind=small} |
Münster (in the Gregorienthal) , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
|
Netherlands , States General |
 |
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Barthold van Gent (-1650) |
Envoy of the province of Gelderland, spokesman for the Dutch legation in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Johan van Mathenesse (1596-1653) |
Envoy of the provinces of Holland and West Friesland in Münster, 1646, 1647–1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Adriaan Pauw (1585-1653) |
Envoy from the province of Holland and West Friesland in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1647, 1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Johan de Knuyt (1587-1654) |
Envoy of the province of Zeeland in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1647 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Godart van Reede (1588-1648) |
Envoy of the province of Utrecht in Münster, 1646, 1647, 1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
_Donia,_attributed_to_Jan_Urbeijns_de_Salle.jpg) |
Frans van Donia (c. 1580–1651) |
Envoy of the Province of Friesland in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646, 1647, 1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Willem Ripperda (1600–1669) |
Envoy of the Province of Overijssel in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646, 1647, 1648 |
|
|
Netherlands, States General |
|
Governor : Friedrich Heinrich von Oranien (1584–1647) from 1647: Wilhelm II. Von Oranien (1626–1650) |
 |
Adriaan Clant van Stedum (1599–1665) |
Envoy of the Province of Groningen in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646, 1647, 1648 |
 |
Nördlingen , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
 |
Nuremberg , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
 |
Jobst Christoph Kreß von Kressenstein (1597–1663) |
Ambassador of the city of Nuremberg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1649 | |
 |
Oberehnheim , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
,_comte_d%27Oldenbourg.svg){kind=small} |
Oldenburg , county |
 |
Count : Anton Günther (1583–1667) |
 |
Hermann Mylius von Gnadenfeld (1603–1657) |
Minister of the County of Oldenburg in Osnabrück, 1646–1648 |
 |
Regensburg , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Jakob Wolff von Todenwarth (1585–1657) |
Envoy of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and the City of Regensburg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
 |
Rosheim , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
|
Saxony , Electorate |
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Elector : Johann Georg I of Saxony (1585–1656) |
 |
Johann Ernst Pistoris von Seusslitz (1605–1680) |
Principal envoy of Saxony in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1647 |
|
|
Saxony, Electorate |
|
Elector : Johann Georg I of Saxony (1585–1656) |
 |
Johann Leuber (1588-1652) |
Secondary Saxon envoy in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1649 |
 |
Saxe-Gotha , Duchy |
 |
Ernst I of Saxe-Gotha (1601–1675) |
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Georg Achatz Heher (1601–1667) |
Envoy of the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 |
|
Saxe-Altenburg and Coburg, Duchy |
|
Ernst I of Saxe-Gotha (1601–1675) |
 |
Wolfgang Conrad von Thumbshirn (1604–1667) |
Principal envoy of the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and Coburg in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 |
|
Saxe-Altenburg and Coburg, Duchy |
|
Ernst I of Saxe-Gotha (1601–1675) |
 |
August Carpzov (1612-1683) |
Secondary envoy of the Duke of Saxony-Altenburg in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 |
|
Saxe-Weimar , Duchy |
.jpg) |
Wilhelm IV of Saxe-Weimar (1598–1662) |
|
Georg Achatz Heher (1601–1667) |
Envoy of the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 |
 |
Schlettstadt , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
|
Sweden , Kingdom |
 |
Queen : Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) |
 |
Johan Axelsson Oxenstierna (1611–1657) |
Swedish principal envoy in Münster and Osnabrück, 1643–1648 |
|
|
Sweden, Kingdom |
|
Queen : Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) |
 |
Johan Adler Salvius (1590-1652) |
Plenipotentiary of the Swedish Queen in Münster and Osnabrück, 1643–1650 |
|
|
Sweden, Kingdom |
|
Queen : Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) |
.jpg) |
Schering Rosenhane (1609–1663) |
Resident of the Queen in Münster, 1644–1647 |
|
Switzerland , Confederation |
|
Johann Rudolf Wettstein (1594–1666) |
Envoy of the City of Basel and the Swiss Confederation in Münster and Osnabrück, 1646–1647 | ||
|
Spain , Kingdom |
 |
King : Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665) |
 |
Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán (c. 1596–1676) |
Spanish principal envoy in Münster, 1645–1648 |
|
|
Spain, Kingdom |
|
King : Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665) |
 |
Joseph Bergaigne (1588–1647) |
Agent of the Spanish King in Munster, 1645–1647 |
|
|
Spain, Kingdom |
|
King : Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665) |
.jpg) |
Antoine Brun (1599-1654) |
Spanish agent for Burgundy in Münster, 1643–1648 |
 |
Strasbourg , imperial city |
Ammeister : 1645: Madeus Stemler 1646: Balthasar Bischoff 1647: Johann Jakob Meyer (1572–1659) 1648: Jochum Brackenhoffer |
|
Markus Otto (1600–1674) |
Envoy from the city of Strasbourg in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1648 | |
 |
Trier , Electorate |
 |
Elector : Philipp Christoph von Sötern (1567–1652) |
.jpg) |
Hugo Friedrich von Eltz (1597–1658) |
|
.svg){kind=small} |
Türkheim , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Johann Balthasar Schneider (1612–1656) |
Envoy of the city of Colmar and the Alsatian cities in Münster and Osnabrück, 1645–1646 and 1647–1648 | |
|
Holy See , |  |
Pope : Innocent X (1574–1655) |
 |
Fabio Chigi (1599-1667) |
Papal nuncio in Münster, 1644–1649 |
 |
Venice , Republic |
Doge : Francesco Molin (1575–1655) |
 |
Alvise Contarini (1597-1651) |
Envoy of the Republic of Venice and mediator in Münster, 1643–1649 | |
 |
Weißenburg im Nordgau , imperial city |
Mayor : k. A. |
|
Valentin Heider (1605–1664) |
Envoy from the cities of Lindau, Kempten, Esslingen, Hall, Nördlingen, Weißenburg and Leutkirch in Osnabrück, 1645–1649 | |
 |
Württemberg , Duchy |
 |
Duke : Eberhard III. of Württemberg (1614–1674) |
 |
Johann Konrad Varnbuler (1595–1657) |
See also
literature
- Heinz Duchhardt , Eva Ortlieb: The Peace of Westphalia: Diplomacy, political caesura, cultural environment, history of reception , R. Oldenbourg, Munich, 1998
- Heiko Droste: In the service of the crown: Swedish diplomats in the 17th century , LIT Verlag Münster, 2006 ( online )
- Johann Ludolf Walther, Universal Register on the Six Parts of the Peace of Westphalia , digitized biographies of all envoys
Web links
Commons : Westfälischer Friede - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Portraits of the Envoys - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Westphalian Peace - Sources and full texts
- Historic City Hall of Münster, City Hall of the Peace of Westphalia , Münster Marketing in cooperation with the City Archives and the City Museum of Münster (2010)
Individual evidence
- ^ Westphalian history: The ambassadors (alphabetical order) . Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe (LWL). Retrieved January 26, 2014.
- ^ Westphalian history: The dispatchers and their envoys . Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe (LWL). Retrieved January 26, 2014.
- ^ 350 Years of the Peace of Westphalia: Actors of the 30 Years War . City of Münster (Westphalia). 1998. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
- ↑ Gerd Dethlefs: Appeals for peace and peace echo. Art and literature during the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia . Diss., University of Münster 1998, p. 232.