Mikulášovice
| Mikulášovice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Ústecký kraj | ||||
| District : | Děčín | ||||
| Area : | 2583.6 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 58 ' N , 14 ° 21' E | ||||
| Height: | 414 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 2,189 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 407 79 | ||||
| License plate : | U | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Railway connection: |
Rumburk – Dolní Poustevna Rumburk – Mikulášovice |
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| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 4th | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Ing. Bc. Emil Bláha (as of 2018) | ||||
| Address: | Mikulášovice 1007 407 79 Mikulášovice |
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| Municipality number: | 562751 | ||||
| Website : | www.mikulasovice.cz | ||||
| Location of Mikulášovice in the Děčín district | |||||
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Mikulášovice (German: Nixdorf ) is a small town in Okres Děčín in the Ústecký kraj region in the Czech Republic .
geography
Geographical location
The elongated place is located in northern Bohemia in the valley of the Mikulášovický potok (Nixdorfer Bach) between the Hanschberg and the Nixdorfer Berg in 414 m nm in the west of the Bohemian Netherlands near the border with Saxony . The 598 m high Tanečnice (Tanzplan) , the local mountain of the municipality, lies between Mikulášovice and the neighboring German town of Sebnitz, 7 km to the west .
Community structure
The community Mikulášovice consists of the districts Mikulášovice (Nixdorf) , Mikulášovičky (Kleinnixdorf) , Salmov (Salmdorf) and Tomášov (Thomasdorf) . Basic settlement units are Dolní Mikulášovice (Niedernixdorf) , Mikulášovice and Salmov.
Neighboring communities
The city borders in the north on Vilémov (Wölmsdorf) , in the northeast and east on Velký Šenov (Groß-Schönau) , in the southeast on Staré Křečany (Alt-Ehrenberg) and in the south and west on the German town of Sebnitz .
geology
Geologically and spatially, the Bohemian Netherlands, also called the Schluckenauer Zipfel , belongs to the Lusatian highlands .
history
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The area was settled between the 10th and 11th centuries. Nixdorf, which was first mentioned in a document in 1346 and belonged to the Tollenstein - Schluckenau rule , was founded as a typical Waldhufendorf by settlers from Franconia , Hesse and Thuringia. In 1478 the Warnsdorf brothers Knobloch received the place as a fief. Initially, the residents lived from charcoal burning, later agriculture dominated. The existing medium to poor soils did not allow larger farms to develop. The cultivation areas of the goods were on average 5 to 15 hectares. Mainly winter rye and oats were grown, and to a lesser extent also wheat, potatoes, root crops and clover. Since the income from agriculture was usually insufficient, many of the residents earned extra income with the linen weaving, which until the 18th century shaped the character of the village more and more.
When Ignaz Rößler founded a cutlery in 1794, Nixdorf began to transform into an industrial community. It was above all the knife industry that had a worldwide reputation, as well as the knitting and woolen goods industry that was of great importance. According to experts, the artificial flower industry also had its origin in Nixdorf. Nixdorf became known for its diverse industrial activities, but especially because of its old steel goods industry, due to which it was nicknamed "the North Bohemian Solingen " or "Klein-Solingen". In addition to numerous independent knife manufacturers, there were 7 large steel goods factories in which pocket knives with 1 to 20 parts from the simplest to the most elegant design with tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl and other bowls, but also table cutlery, scissors, daggers and other instruments were made. The seat of this branch of industry was Niedernixdorf. Furthermore, wool, ribbon and rubber goods as well as trimmings and metal buttons were produced. The paper and artificial flower production in this region should also have its origin in Nixdorf. In 1830 Nixdorf was the largest and most populous village in Bohemia .
With the construction of the Böhmische Nordbahn in the second half of the 19th century, the industrial center Niedernixdorf received a rail connection from Rumburg via Schluckenau and Groß Schönau . In 1905 the route was continued to Sebnitz in Saxony . The North Bohemian Industrial Railway has been running through the Nixdorf Valley since 1902 via Zeidler and Herrnwalde to Schönlinde , which branches off the other line in Niederdorf.
In 1891 the trade school for cutlers was founded in Nixdorf. Nixdorf became the largest village in the imperial and royal monarchy. On February 1, 1916, the town was granted by Emperor Franz Joseph I , the city rights awarded. The city has had a coat of arms since 1917.
One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War 1914–1918 was Czechoslovakia . They claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia for themselves, although their residents pleaded for them to remain with German Austria (later Austria ). The Treaty of Saint-Germain ruled in favor of Czechoslovakia. With that, Nixdorf fell to the new state. In the course of the Sudeten crisis , tensions between ethnic groups increased across the country. With the threat of armed conflict, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas inhabited by Sudeten Germans to Germany. In the Munich Agreement so resolved. After the Munich Agreement, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied the area in October 1938 . From 1938 to 1945 Nixdorf belonged to the district of Schluckenau , administrative district of Aussig , in the Reichsgau Sudetenland of the German Empire .
During the Second World War , the production of steel goods factories for German armaments was converted and prisoners of war and forced labor were used.
After the Second World War (May 8, 1945) the town of Nixdorf came back to Czechoslovakia. On May 9, 1945, the 2nd Polish Army entered the city.
The German-speaking population was expelled . Their property was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 and the Catholic churches of Nixdorf expropriated . The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets.
From 1948 the collectivization of agriculture began, the private traders lost their independence and were affiliated to municipal enterprises, while the industrial enterprises were nationalized. In 1954 the trade school was relocated to Varnsdorf . In 1989 local self-government was restored. Even today, the “Mikov” company's cutting and office supplies factory characterizes the city and is the largest employer. Today a large group of Roma lives here , the proportion of which is growing compared to the rest of the population.
Population development
Until 1945 Nixdorf was predominantly settled by German Bohemia , which were expelled.
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1830 | 3916 | in 596 houses |
| 1900 | 7109 | German residents |
| 1921 | 6640 | thereof 6,290 (95%) Germans |
| 1930 | 6755 | According to other information, 6,640 inhabitants, 6,290 of them German |
| 1939 | 6160 | according to other data 6,167 inhabitants, of which 239 (4%) are Czechs |
| year | 1970 | 1980 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | 2 631 | 2,747 | 2 546 | 2,397 | 2 250 |
Culture and sights
Legends
A legend tells that a pagan knight was hunting in the field together with his squire when suddenly a bear ran into him. Fearing the huge animal, the Christian squire implored St. Nicholas to help them. The knight and his squire got away unharmed as the bear turned away. According to legend, this happened not far from house 315. This explains the original name of the place "Niklasdorf", from which the name Nixdorf may later have developed.
Another legend derives the place name from a large swamp in which mermaids are said to have lived. Accordingly, the name of the Mermaid Marsh was transferred to the village and later Nixendorf became the name Nixdorf .
Buildings
- Church of St. Nicholas
- As early as 1346, Nixdorf had a church that belonged to the archpriesthood of Hohnstein and Sebnitz and had to pay one thaler church interest annually to the Meißner diocese . A document from the parishes that currently had to deliver to the Diocese of Meissen still exists in the Dresden State Archives. The church at that time was small and probably made of wood. In 1551 a small church with turrets was built in Nixdorf under the von Schleinitz and the hereditary and feudal judge Jacobi. The construction lasted until 1555. When the number of inhabitants increased and their prosperity grew after the devastating time of the 30-year war, this small church was no longer sufficient. After the expansion and redesign in the baroque style in 1695, it was rebuilt to its present form in 1743 under pastor Anton Erben von Schönerbe and judge Johann Christian Liebsch. The builder of the beautiful and spacious parish church, completed in 1750, was Count Leopold von Salm . The church tower burned down in 1842 and its new construction was completed in 1863.
- Inside the church there is an organ from 1900 which, with more than 2,000 pipes, is one of the largest in Bohemia. The carved rococo altar of the church is also worth seeing.
Sons and daughters of the church
- Franz von Dittrich (1815–1859), German physician in Prague and Erlangen
- Rudolf Schránil (1885–1957), German legal scholar in Prague, Halle and Saarbrücken
- Anni Frind (1900–1987), German opera and operetta singer
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Obec Mikulášovice: Podrobné informace. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved March 16, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ Části obcí. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved March 16, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ Základní sídelní jednotky. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved March 16, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ a b Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural History, Geography, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 212.
- ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
- ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
- ^ Karl-Peter Schwarz: Roma in the Czech Republic: Dispute in the Zipfel , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 1, 2011.
- ^ A b Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 1: Leitmeritzer Kreis , Prague 1833, p. 268, paragraph 19.
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 14, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 720 .
- ^ Ernst Pfohl: Ortlexikon Sudetenland. Helmut Preußler Verlag-Nürnberg. 1987. Page 385. ISBN 3-925362-47-9
- ↑ a b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to reunification in 1990. Schluckenau district (Czech: Sluknov). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Genealogy Sudetenland
- ^ Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexikon Volume 4, page 323. Adam Kraft Verlag, 1985. ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 .
- ↑ Czech population statistics