Forest heather

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Map of the forest heather after its renaturation

The Forest Heath is a 50  hectares large clearing in the Heilbronner city forest. The area was set up as a parade ground from 1883 and occupied by the US armed forces from 1951 , who expanded the Waldheide from 1974 into a base for nuclear- equipped medium-range missiles of the Pershing IA type . The Pershing IA was replaced by the Pershing II missile from 1984 onwards through the NATO double resolution.

In 1985, an accident with three fatalities occurred at the facility, also known as Fort Redleg , due to the explosion of a rocket stage. This incident sparked a public debate in the Federal Republic of Germany about the dangers of the Pershing system and gave the peace movement a broad boost.

As a result of the 1987 INF Treaty , the US Army withdrew by 1991. The area was renatured by 1997 and is now a recreational area for the Heilbronn population.

Geography and traffic

The forest heather is located about four kilometers east-southeast of the city center on the boundary to Weinsberg and Untergruppenbach at an altitude of about 310  m above sea level. NN and thus around 150 m above the city. The extension is around one kilometer in a north-south direction and around 500 meters in an east-west direction. The Forest Heath lies very flat on the rise Keuper mountains of Heilbronner mountains on the first locally formed by the erosion resistant Schilfsandstein ground level of the Keuper .

The Forest Heath is on the county road  opened 9550th As an extension of Moltkestrasse, it leads from Heilbronn city center past the Trappensee and the Jägerhaus , touches the Waldheide on its west side and continues to Donnbronn . It is called Donnbronner Straße in the forest heather area . The military path, the original ascent to the Jägerhaus, runs as a forest path below it and its name is a reminder of the earlier use of the forest heather.

Individual trips on the Heilbronn city ​​bus line 1 run on Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays from April to October over the Trappensee up to the Waldheide.

history

Use before 1945

Until the 19th century, the forest heather , which was then known as anger pasture , was a pasture and arable land. In the 19th century it was partially reforested .

The parade ground in 1917

After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 , Heilbronn was again a garrison town in Württemberg in 1883 , after the town had initially lost this status in 1850. From March 31, 1883, the newly built Moltke barracks in the extension between Karls- and Jägerhausstraße accommodated the soldiers of the 1st and 2nd  battalions of the fusilier regiment "Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary" No. 122 . Shooting ranges were set up in the Trefflinsklinge . The choice of a parade ground fell on the Angerweide, an area of ​​400 by 400 meters (16 hectares) was cleared for it . The town took over the deforestation and had the stumps excavated; the Württemberg army leveled the area. An area of ​​10  acres. Maß (3.15 hectares) proved to be sufficiently fertile to be able to reap a Haber harvest on it in 1882 . Military use began in 1883. For exercises, in addition to the cleared area, the blade to the Weinsberger district boundary with an area of ​​6 acres could also be used. Measure (1.89 hectares) are used. Since it was used as a parade ground, the names Exe or donkey came up in the vernacular . In 1890 the area was significantly enlarged, in 1907 it covered 32 hectares. Unless there was a drill, the square was also open to the public.

From 1918 on, the Waldheide was no longer used for military purposes. Sometimes it served as a sheep pasture, for which a shed was built on the western edge. The area developed into a popular excursion destination and local recreation area for the Heilbronn population. Dancing and sporting events were held in the square. The Bündische Jugend organized folk festivals here. In the 1920s there were also flight shows , for example with Ernst Udet . The current name Waldheide established itself in the early years of the Weimar Republic and possibly goes back to the Heilbronn adult education committee, the forerunner of the adult education center , which in 1922 organized a summer “Volksfest auf der Waldheide”. The city of Heilbronn later adopted this as the official name.

On January 8, 1933 - a few weeks before the " seizure of power " - the SA marched on the square. With the armament of the Wehrmacht , the Waldheide became a parade ground again in 1935. In addition, the Wehrmacht used parts of the city forest from 1934 to 1938 in order to use it as a military training area. With a total of 416 hectares, this "Wehrmachtswald" comprised a multiple of the forest heather and extended to the districts of Weinsberg and Untergruppenbach.

Use by the US armed forces from 1951

After around 2000 infantry soldiers from the US Army moved into the garrison in Heilbronn at the end of 1951 , the US armed forces used the Waldheide as an airfield from 1953 . The runway was later paved. In addition, an ammunition depot was built at the southern end . Large parts of the site remained open, and the new use sometimes caused displeasure among the Heilbronn residents, as it was no longer available as a local recreation area. A large-scale expansion of the military training area failed due to the resistance of the Mayor of Heilbronn, Paul Meyle ; instead, only a slight expansion to the east to the A 81 was made.

In the 1960s, the forest heath served the occupying power only as a heliport . From this time, considerations to develop the heath into a civil airport. However, an appraisal revealed that the gallows mountain would have had to be cut down for this. During these years - with the participation of German aviation clubs - flight days took place on the site, and until 1976 German-American friendship days.

Fences and watchtowers around the forest heather in the 1980s
The forest heather in May 1982
The forest heather in June 1982

Expansion to the Pershing missile position

In October 1974, the US Army began to seal off the forest heath with fences and watchtowers. The area was connected to the municipal electricity and sewage network. The previous barracks were replaced by permanent, two-story accommodation for 250 men and separate farm buildings. Workshops and bunkered garages were also built. In 1976 the shell work was completed, the last German-American friendship day with around 12,000 visitors took place on May 16, 1976. On February 2, 1977, the area was handed over to the US Army. The costs amounted to 18 million DM. In addition, the US Army invested 35 million DM in the modernization of other facilities in the lowlands .

According to official announcements, the Waldheide served as a missile training facility for the US Army from now on. In fact, the plant was a position for nuclear -tipped Pershing IA - short-range missiles . A battery and thus nine missiles were permanently in Quick Reaction Alert , i.e. in immediate readiness for firing, in order to be able to respond as quickly as possible to a nuclear first strike by the Eastern Bloc if necessary .

The rockets were in the care of the 3rd Battalion of the 84th Artillery Regiment , which was stationed in the artillery barracks in Neckarsulm and in the nearby Badener Hof barracks in Heilbronn. A supply company was also housed in Neckarsulm and an infantry company in Heilbronn serving as a guard. The battalion's position on the Heuchelberg had previously been at an earlier anti-aircraft position . Like all American Pershing missiles in the Federal Republic of Germany , the units were subordinate to the 56th Field Artillery Brigade in Schwäbisch Gmünd .

In 1977 the Waldheide was one of a total of five Pershing locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. There were 36 missiles at each location, each with a battery in Quick Reaction Alert (QRA). Two other American QRA positions were in the clay pit near Kettershausen and Inneringen ( Fort Black Jack ). The German Air Force had QRA positions at Görisried ( Görisried-Ochsenhof standby position ) and at the Geilenkirchen NATO airfield . The deployment concept stipulated that the remaining missiles should leave their regular positions in the event of a crisis to protect them. There were 45 prepared positions in forests in southern Germany, in which the rockets could be kept hidden and ready for use. For this flexible use, the rockets could be launched from mobile launchers . During exercises for this purpose, entire batteries were often on the move in the lowlands and beyond.

Map of the Waldheide as a Pershing II base (around 1985)

NATO double resolution and Pershing II stationing

Launcher and Pershing II missile of the Mutlanger unit during an exercise

Due to the NATO double resolution of 1979, the Waldheide moved into the public eye. In the event of the failure of negotiations with the Warsaw Pact , the American Pershing IA missiles, among other things, should be replaced by medium-range missiles of the Pershing II type, which are also equipped with nuclear weapons . This type would therefore probably also be stationed on the Waldheide.

On September 10, 1981, the city of Heilbronn published a protection area plan for the forest heath. In the following time, the debate about the Waldheide as a possible future Pershing II location gained momentum; from 1983 there were Easter marches , human chains , blockades and demonstrations . The Easter march on Waldheide drew 30,000 participants in 1983 and was the largest peace rally in Heilbronn.

The Heilbronn city administration was ignorant of the use of the Waldheide at that time, as the SPD Mayor Hans Hoffmann said in 1982: "The city of Heilbronn does not know how the US facility on the Waldheide is used for military purposes and which weapons store there ”. Hoffmann's successor Manfred Weinmann also stated in 1984 that he had no information about a rocket position on the Waldheide. However, 25 years later he admitted that he had been informed of the deployment. But he was sworn to secrecy. In the official topographic maps , the forest heather was shown in the 1980s in the state of 1937.

On the weekend of December 16-18, 1983, the Heilbronn Encounter took place, a meeting of writers from the peace movement. After an inspection of the fenced forest heather from the outside, the participants met for the kick-off event in the nearby forest home of the Arbeiterwohlfahrt . The greetings were hosted by Günter Grass , other participants included Peter Härtling , Dorothee Sölle , Luise Rinser , Alfred Mechtersheimer , Heinrich Albertz and Robert Jungk . A reception in the Heilbronn town hall caused a scandal when Mayor Weinmann weighed down the topic of nuclear missiles and recommended that the writers "put a trollinger under the bandage" instead. After many readings in front of schoolchildren and adults, the encounter ended on Sunday with a reading matinee in the city theater, which was very well attended by around 1,000 listeners . In two resolutions, the participants called for conscientious objection on the one hand and protested against arrests in the GDR on the other.

On November 22, 1983, the Bundestag passed the retrofitting decision. As early as November 25, 1983, the first Pershing II rockets arrived at the depot on Mutlanger Heide , and the US Army was planning to put the first nine rockets into readiness in December 1983. On March 30, 1984, the first battery of nine rockets was moved from Mutlangen to the Waldheide, the peace movement first sighted the rockets there on April 8, 1984. By 1985, all 108 Pershing II rockets were on the Mutlanger Heide, on the Waldheide and ready to use in the clay pit. As with the Pershing IA, exercises often took place in the forests of the surrounding area, for example the peace movement was aware of measured positions near Fürfeld and Eberstadt .

During this time, the chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Heilbronn municipal council, Friedrich Niethammer , repeatedly requested a debate about the Waldheide as a rocket location and was finally able to enforce this through a court decision of the Baden-Württemberg administrative court against the resistance of the city administration. The meeting was held on 19 July 1984 on the same day launched the Heilbronner Stimme a photo Pershing II rocket on the Forest Heath, followed by an investigation was taken against the newspaper for "spreading an unsafe figure". In its debate, with a narrow majority of 19:18, the local council declared the Pershing II stationing on the Waldheide to be "undesirable" from a communal point of view and instructed the city administration to ensure that the missiles and nuclear warheads were no longer transported through the city and via the steep Jägerhaussteig.

Missile accident on January 11, 1985

On January 11, 1985 at around 2 p.m., the first stage of a Pershing II rocket exploded during assembly on the Waldheide . The accident claimed the lives of three soldiers and 16 injured. As a result of the accident, the German peace movement turned its attention to the Waldheide. At the municipal level, the Pershing stationing also lost its support in conservative circles. The security of the Pershing missile system has been the subject of much public debate. The US Army responded to the incident by making technical adjustments to the missiles and tightening its Pershing facilities.

the accident

The accident occurred on Friday, January 11, 1985, a particularly cold and dry winter day, when around two dozen soldiers mounted a Pershing II missile during a routine exercise in a tent. The individual sections (1st stage, 2nd stage, control section, warhead and radar section) were in transport containers and were to be assembled on the mobile launcher using the crane provided for this purpose on the tractor. When the first step was lifted out of its transport container shortly before 2 p.m. and came into contact with the metal supports of the container, it suddenly burned down explosively and burst sideways.

The flying debris and the fire left several dead and injured. Two soldiers died at the scene of the accident, another on the way to the hospital. In addition, there were six seriously and seven slightly injured. Because of the low temperatures, the soldiers were dressed warmly, which prevented large-scale burn wounds and resulted in the victims mainly suffering from facial burns. Parts of the fuel and the missile were thrown up to 125 meters and damaged a civilian vehicle parked outside. The QRA position with nuclear missiles ready to be launched was around 250 meters away. The fire at around 3000 ° C completely destroyed the assembly tent, the tractor and two other vehicles. The second stage rocket suffered heat damage but did not go up in flames.

A cloud of black smoke, visible from afar, formed over the forest heather. Since the US Army could neither ensure adequate emergency medical care nor adequately fight the fire, civilian forces of the German Red Cross , the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund and the Heilbronn professional fire brigade had to provide help as part of a large-scale operation, even though they had no official knowledge of who owned Pershing missiles. Accordingly, there was no disaster control plan for such an event.

Reconstructed sequence of the accident from electrostatic charge (2a) to the ejection of the burning fuel (2f)

root cause

For a long time there was uncertainty about the cause of the accident. It was only apparent that the stage was not ignited via the regular mechanism, as the detonator was found undamaged under the rubble. A commission of inquiry with representatives from government agencies, the manufacturer Martin Marietta and research institutes was set up to clarify the situation. The commission initially considered an operator error , a terrorist attack , technical defects in various components and electrostatic discharge . After evaluating the eyewitness reports, examining the debris and performing technical tests, the investigations focused on electrostatic effects.

In the investigation report of November 15, 1985, the course of the accident was presented as follows: On the day of the accident, cold weather prevailed with particularly low humidity. The air temperature was −7 ° C. The shell of the rocket stage was made of Kevlar , the solid propellant was a mixture of HTPB as a supporting substance, ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer and aluminum as a reducing agent. When the rocket stage was lifted out of the transport container, it was charged by the triboelectric effect . The cold, dry air initially shielded the electrical charge. When the electrostatically charged rocket part touched a steel strut of the container as it was lifted further, the charge suddenly drained off. This led to a collapse of the potential field in the supporting substance to an activation of the oxidizing agent and thus to an ignition of the propellant charge.

Memorial stone for the victims of the accident on January 11, 1985 (September 2005)
Peace movement rally in front of a gate

Reactions and work-up

After the accident, official bodies confirmed for the first time that Pershing II nuclear missiles were stationed on the Waldheide. At the time of the rocket fire, 63 of the 108 planned Pershing II rockets were installed.

Politics and media

Weekend 12./13. January the accident dominated the reporting in the US media. They recognized that the accident in Germany could boost left political forces and criticized the Kohl government , which did not comment on the accident. The Defense Committee of the German Bundestag dealt with the accident in its session on January 16, 1985. The SPD opposition applied for a moratorium on rocket exercises until the cause of the accident had been clarified, but failed in the event of a tie.

The rocket accident led to increased resistance in local and regional politics in all parties to the Waldheide as a Pershing location. On January 24, 1985 the Heilbronn municipal council decided unanimously - now also with the votes of the CDU - the "immediate removal of the rocket site". The city administration received this order “because rocket sites are to be removed from metropolitan areas”. The transport of missiles and nuclear warheads through inhabited areas and over the steep Jägerhaussteige should be abandoned with immediate effect. In addition, all field exercises should be stopped until the cause of the accident has been clarified. Other municipalities in the Unterland made similar demands, and a total of 30 out of 46 municipalities passed corresponding resolutions. As a warning against the weapons of mass destruction on the Waldheide, the Heilbronner Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz , formerly the location of the Friedenskirche , which was blown up after war damage in 1952 , was renamed Friedensplatz in 1985 .

The government, on the one hand, and the press and scientists, on the other hand, had different points of view about the potential danger of the accident: The Federal Ministry of Defense affirmed in an advertising campaign in the Heilbronn vote that at no time had there been any danger to the population. Scientists, on the other hand, did not see that an unintentional atomic detonation could have occurred, but believed it possible that the surrounding area could have been contaminated with plutonium or tritium if one of the nearby nuclear warheads burst open .

The accident sparked a heated public debate in Germany as to whether the Pershing II system had not been rushed to develop and deploy. For example, its development and testing phase was shortened from 74 to 52 months so that the first missiles could still be stationed in Germany in 1983. The fuel had not been tested for its electrostatic sensitivity at low temperatures. The member of the FDP opposition in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament, Ernst Pfister, formulated his concerns, for example, with the words: "A weapon system that is not itself safe can hardly contribute to our security."

Investigation of the cause of the accident
Demonstration on the Heilbronn market square on the occasion of the visit of Defense Minister Manfred Wörner in the Heilbronn town hall

On April 25, 1985, the then Federal Defense Minister Manfred Wörner and the Undersecretary of State in the US Defense Ministry James Ambrose presented the preliminary investigation report in Heilbronn City Hall. At the same time, around 2000 people protested on the market square against the forest heather as a Pershing location. Wörner confirmed that there was no danger to the population as a result of the accident and also stated that Heilbronn would continue to remain a Pershing location. After the US armed forces refrained from moving outside the depots after the accident, Wörner assured that this would apply until the missiles were repaired. Regardless of this, the Ulm unit had already resumed normal operations the day before. 300 demonstrators temporarily blocked Wörner's departure and engaged in a fight with the police.

To protect against static electricity, the Pershing II missiles have been given an anti-static paint and instructions for grounding while handling them have been revised. Kevlar plates were also attached to the missiles to protect against sabotage, for example through fire. Since the facilities were also protected, the rumor arose among the soldiers that the accident had been an attack.

Dieter Hildebrandt visits the Waldheide (Nov. 1986)
Peace movement

The accident not only brought the Waldheide closer to the focus of the peace movement, but in Heilbronn the protest also gained broad support from the entire population. On February 2, 1985, around three weeks after the accident, despite pouring rain, around 10,000 people gathered for a silent march on the forest heath. From February 8, the access roads were blocked for a longer period of time. On March 16, 1,069 citizens from the region took a special train to Bonn to protest against the Pershing stationing there. The nationwide Easter march on April 8, 1985 led 15,000 demonstrators to the Waldheide for a human chain.

Again and again there were protest demonstrations, blockades and vigils, to which, as in September 1985, numerous prominent representatives of the peace movement with Gert Bastian and Petra Kelly , who called for civil disobedience and non-violent resistance, gathered. In mid-December 1985, the second Heilbronn meeting of prominent members of the peace movement took place, including Günter Grass, Peter Härtling, Walter Jens , Robert Jungk and Alfred Mechtersheimer.

After the accident in 1985, the blockades of the peace movement continued to focus on the depot on the Mutlanger Heide. In Mutlangen there were a total of 2,998 provisional arrests with 731 multiple offenders , in Heilbronn, however, only 244 arrests with 38 multiple offenders. With the signing of the INF contract in 1987, the sit-ins on the Waldheide ended.

Preserved watchtower in the forest

INF treaty and the dissolution of the missile base

In the summer of 1985 the US Army began to hermetically seal off the Waldheide, for which 55 million DM were invested. The QRA position was now secured - starting from the outside - by a chain link fence with a barbed crown , a signal fence , NATO wire , another chain link fence, concrete shooting stands, a 3.5 meter high concrete wall and armored watchtowers . At times, the Americans used guard geese .

With the INF treaty from the end of 1987, the USA renounced, among other things, the stationing of all Pershing II missiles. In July 1988 a delegation from the Soviet Union first inspected the facility, which is listed in the INF contract as Missile Operating Base Waldheide-Neckarsulm .

On September 1, 1988, the first nine rockets were withdrawn, the last rocket left the Waldheide on April 26, 1990. On August 10, 1990, the Heilbronn battalion was named as part of a ceremony in the presence of the US ambassador to Germany Vernon A. Walters 1st Pershing Battalion disbanded. By 1991 the Americans cleared the forest heather completely. The INF Treaty and the end of the Cold War ultimately not only led to the dissolution of Waldheide as a military facility, but also to the complete withdrawal of the US Army from Heilbronn and Neckarsulm by 1992.

Remaining buildings of the US Army were used as sheepfold until 2017 and demolished in 2019

Renaturation

In 1991 the site fell to the Federal Property Administration , and in 1992 the city of Heilbronn acquired it for DM 850,000. The city temporarily used the residential buildings to accommodate asylum seekers and soon after began to renaturalize the area.

Under the leadership of the Office for Green Spaces, almost all of the buildings were demolished and paths cleared, thus unsealing an area of ​​9 hectares . The bunkers of the QRA position in the northeast were covered with earth and are now recognizable as overgrown hills. On July 20, 1996, two thirds of the forest heath was opened as a landscape park . The investments of the city of Heilbronn until 1996 amounted to the equivalent of 2.5 million euros. In 1997 the northern third was also completed as part of the landscape park.

present

"Waldheide" natural monument
Open heathland in the northern part (May 2013)

Open heathland in the northern part (May 2013)

location Heilbronn , Baden-Württemberg , Germany
surface 4.5 ha
Identifier 81210000014
Setup date November 22, 1994

nature

The forest heather is located on the eaves of the Heilbronn Mountains on the reed sandstone banks of the Keuperstufe . Since the reed sandstone is relatively weather-resistant , a plain formed on it. After the deforestation, an extraordinary heather landscape was created on the lime-free, nutrient-poor weathered soil .

In 1994, a 4.5 hectare area in the north, which had remained uninterrupted during use by the US Army and on which the original soil structure had been preserved, was designated as a two-dimensional natural monument . To keep the landscape open, this area is grazed by sheep three to four times a year .

In addition to the typical heather, the round-leaved bellflower , thyme , German gorse , Purgier flax , bristle grass , trident and bloodroot grow today . In areas with waterlogging due to a clayey subsoil, pipe grass and pale sedge also grow .

The Forest Heath offers the Small Heath grasshopper a retreat, in the hedges on the edge broods of Red-backed Shrike . Until some time ago, the tree pipit nested in individual trees .

Installation with map and time table at the parking lot at Bei den Drei Linden (Oct. 2012)

memory

In memory of the accident of January 11, 1985, a memorial plaque was placed on a boulder at the site of the accident . During the withdrawal of the US Army, the tablet was lost under circumstances that have not yet been clarified. The city of Heilbronn then commissioned a reconstruction, which was unveiled in June 1998. Former US soldiers and the American community in Heilbronn hold memorial ceremonies at this location every year around January 11 and September 11 .

The last building still visible was the hangar , which has served as a sheepfold since 1995. In 2017, a storm damaged the roof of the building. That the cost of renovation would have been around 350,000 euros and thus 100,000 euros above the cost of building a new stable, the Heilbronn municipal council decided in February 2019 to demolish the building in need of renovation, especially since it was not a listed building.

At the parking lot at Bei den Drei Linden , an installation consisting of two white concrete walls was set up in which a floor plan of the forest heather is left out. One wall shows a map of the forest heather, the other an outline of its history.

For the art-in-building installation of Hans Haacke's population in the Berlin Reichstag building , MPs are called upon to bring soil from their constituency with them. Harald Friese (SPD), member of the Bundestag from Heilbronn, distributed earth from the forest heath in the work of art during his term of office (1998-2002).

literature

  • Gerd Kempf: Article series “100 Years of Waldheide” . In: Heilbronner Voice in September 1983 .

Web links

Commons : Waldheide  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Geographical description based on the topographic map TK25 Baden-Württemberg
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Natural Monument Waldheide. In: Homepage of the city of Heilbronn. Retrieved April 22, 2013 .
  3. ↑ Traffic development according to the official city map of Heilbronn, 41st edition from 2010
  4. ↑ a b c Rolf Rau: The Heilbronn city forest and its educational trail . Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1970, p. 46 f .
  5. ↑ Timetable book page for line 1 of Stadtwerke Heilbronn. (PDF) (No longer available online.) December 7, 2012, archived from the original on May 8, 2015 ; accessed on April 22, 2013 (PDF file; 184 kB). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.h3nv.de
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Gerd Kempf: How the old Angerweide became a new parade ground . In: Heilbronn voice . September 22, 1983, p. 10 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Gerd Kempf: After the World War "Exe" became Waldheide . In: Heilbronn voice . September 24, 1983, p. 22 ( JPEG file; 445 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  8. ↑ a b Gergely Spiry: interview with the Heilbronner Councilor Lilo Klug . In: Articles, Reports, Numbers . No. 15 . Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium Heilbronn, 1990, p. 90 (yearbook of the THG).
  9. ↑ Gerd Kempf: Kaiser orders mobilization. A single scream: “Hurray!” In: Heilbronner Voice . 23 September 1983, p. 18 ( JPEG file; 429 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  10. ↑ Information board at the parking lot at Bei den Drei Linden
  11. ↑ Gergely Spiry: Interview with the Heilbronn city councilor Lilo Klug . In: Articles, Reports, Numbers . No. 15 . Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium Heilbronn, 1990, p. 89 (yearbook of the THG).
  12. ↑ a b c d Gerd Kempf: How the Heilbronners kissed and Weinsberg remained steadfast . In: Heilbronn voice . September 26, 1983, p. 14 ( JPEG file; 421 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  13. ↑ a b Gerd Kempf: OB Meyle: “Reject the surrender of the forest” . In: Heilbronn voice . September 27, 1983, p. 14 .
  14. ↑ a b Gerd Kempf: “Rocket Debate” in the Heilbronn municipal council . In: Heilbronn voice . September 28, 1983, p. 10 ( JPEG file; 408 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  15. ↑ a b c d e Gerd Kempf: Young and old at the arms show. Pershing rocket as a masterpiece . In: Heilbronn voice . September 29, 1983, p. 10 .
  16. ↑ Gergely Spiry: Interview with the Heilbronn city councilor Lilo Klug . In: Articles, Reports, Numbers . No. 15 . Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium Heilbronn, 1990, p. 91 (yearbook of the THG).
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Gerd Kempf: "For training US soldiers on American missiles ..." In: Heilbronner Voice . September 30, 1983, p. 10 .
  18. ^ Karl-Klaus Rabe: Nuclear Weapons Locations in the Federal Republic . Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p. 44 and 46 .
  19. ↑ a b Wilhelm Bittorf : The hawks are in the nest . In: Der Spiegel . No. 31 , 1984, pp. 48-55 ( online ).
  20. ↑ Pershing II. History, Strategy and Locations . In: Mediatus . 2nd Edition. Special number. Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p.  4 .
  21. ↑ a b Walter Elkins: 56th Field Artillery Brigade. US Army, Europe & Seventh Army. In: US Army in Germany. April 15, 2012, accessed April 24, 2013 .
  22. ^ Herbert Kaletta: 35,000 trees and a new peak . In: Heilbronn voice from April 11, 2011 . ( Stimme.de [accessed on November 9, 2012]).
  23. ↑ Pershing II. History, Strategy and Locations . In: Mediatus . 2nd Edition. Special number. Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p.  2 .
  24. ^ A b Karl-Klaus Rabe: Nuclear Weapons Locations in the Federal Republic . Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p. 5 .
  25. ↑ a b c Karl-Klaus Rabe: Nuclear weapons locations in the Federal Republic . Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p. 6 .
  26. ↑ Pershing II. History, Strategy and Locations . In: Mediatus . 2nd Edition. Special number. Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p.  7 .
  27. ↑ a b Pershing II. History, strategy and locations . In: Mediatus . 2nd Edition. Special number. Research Institute for Peace Policy, Starnberg 1984, p.  3 .
  28. ↑ Brigitte Grimm: Documentation about the alarm exercises of the Pershing II . Pressehütte Mutlangen, Mutlangen 1984, p. 9-61 .
  29. ↑ a b Gergely Spiry: interview with the Heilbronner Councilor Lilo Klug . In: Articles, Reports, Numbers . No. 15 . Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium Heilbronn, 1990, p. 100 (yearbook of the THG).
  30. ↑ Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 8 .
  31. ↑ a b Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 11 .
  32. ↑ Erhard Jöst : Source work - press reports and other texts. In: Homepage of the Heilbronn City Archives - The Waldheide as a Pershing location. Retrieved April 26, 2013 .
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gerd Kempf: Pershing accident brings fatal certainty . In: Heilbronn voice . January 9, 2010 ( Stimme.de [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  34. ↑ a b c d e Iris Baars-Werner: The day from which the nuclear missiles were undesirable . In: Heilbronn voice . July 15, 2009 ( Stimme.de [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  35. ↑ a b c d e f g h shock in the lowlands . In: Der Spiegel . No. 18 , 1985, pp. 118-119 ( online ).
  36. ^ Topographic map 1:25 000, sheet 6821 Heilbronn. 2nd edition. Württ. Topographical Office 1937.
  37. ^ Topographic map 1:25 000, sheet 6821 Heilbronn. Edition 1985. Land surveying office Baden-Württemberg.
  38. ^ A b c Ulrich Schreyer: Call for conscientious objection until ... In: Stuttgarter Zeitung of December 19, 1983 . ( JPEG file; 573 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  39. ↑ a b jac : "Nonviolent against violence". Writers meeting in Heilbronn against nuclear weapons . In: Heilbronn voice . 17th December 1983.
  40. ↑ Manfred Stockburger: A day that changed the republic . In: Heilbronn voice . January 11, 2015 ( Stimme.de [accessed on February 23, 2015]).
  41. ↑ schw .: literary commitment for peace. At the end of the “Heilbronn Encounter” reading in the theater . In: Heilbronn voice . December 19, 1983.
  42. ^ Jac : Problems with letter delivery. Writers pinned a copy to the forest heather fence . In: Heilbronn voice . December 19, 1983.
  43. ↑ Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 12 .
  44. ↑ Brigitte Grimm: Documentation about the alarm exercises of the Pershing II . Pressehütte Mutlangen, Mutlangen 1984, p. 36 .
  45. ↑ Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 13 .
  46. ↑ Brigitte Grimm: Documentation about the alarm exercises of the Pershing II . Pressehütte Mutlangen, Mutlangen 1984, p. 61 .
  47. ↑ a b James A Knauer: Technical investigation of 11 January 1985 Pershing II motor fire . Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, S. 1007 ( PDF file; 692 kB [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  48. ↑ a b c Never endangered . In: Der Spiegel . No. 4 , 1985, pp. 82-83 ( online ).
  49. ↑ a b c James A Knauer: Technical investigation of 11 January 1985 Pershing II motor fire . Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, S. 1008 ( PDF file; 692 kB [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  50. ↑ a b c d e f Brigitte Fritz-Kador: When Heilbronn was on the verge of a nuclear accident . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung of January 9, 2010 . S. 28 ( JPEG file; 536 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  51. ↑ a b without author: Fire Department: We now want to know what's going on . In: Heilbronn voice . January 25, 1985, p. 15 ( JPEG file; 163 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  52. ^ Section on the cause of the accident according to James A Knauer: Technical investigation of 11 January 1985 Pershing II motor fire . Redstone Arsenal, Alabama ( PDF file; 692 kB [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  53. ↑ a b Werner Distelbarth: Rapid shot . In: Heilbronn voice . February 9, 1985, p. 1 ( JPEG file; 371 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  54. ↑ a b Ulrich Schiller: The top news came from Heilbronn . In: Heilbronn voice . January 16, 1985, p. 13 ( JPEG file; 243 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  55. ^ A b Günter Müchler: Further party dispute after the Pershing accident . In: Heilbronner Voice of January 17, 1985 . S. 1 ( JPEG file; 262 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  56. ↑ a b Mainz, Texas . In: Der Spiegel . No. 10 , 1985, pp. 63 ( online ).
  57. ↑ a b c d Siegfried Schilling: Municipal Council: Remove rocket site immediately . In: Heilbronner Voice from January 25, 1985 . S. 1 ( JPEG file; 265 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  58. ↑ a b c d Iris Baars-Werner: The train of ten thousand . In: Heilbronn voice . April 10, 2010 ( Stimme.de [accessed on May 7, 2013]).
  59. ^ Gerhard Schwinghammer and Reiner Makowski: The Heilbronner street names . Edited by the city of Heilbronn. 1st edition. Silberburg-Verlag , Tübingen 2005, ISBN 3-87407-677-6 , p. 72
  60. ↑ Hans-Joachim Godel: Questions about the Pershing accident: "What would have happened if ...?" In: Heilbronner Voice of January 25, 1985 . S. 15 ( JPEG file; 397 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  61. ↑ Hans-Joachim Godel: Is the severe winter to blame for the Pershing II accident? In: Heilbronner Voice from January 16, 1985 . S. 13 ( JPEG file; 436 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  62. ↑ a b c d Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 16 .
  63. ↑ a b c cf: Blockade with rotten eggs: Minister of Defense flees the town hall . In: Heilbronn voice . January 9, 2010 ( Stimme.de [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  64. ^ A b Kilian Krauth: Between Cold War and Local Recreation . In: Heilbronn voice . January 11, 2012 ( Stimme.de [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  65. ↑ a b Gerd Kempf, Dagmar Schneider: The train of ten exchanging. Citizens protest against Pershing missiles . In: Heilbronn voice . February 4, 1985, p. 17 ( PDF file; 503 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  66. ↑ Erhard Jöst : Historical overview. In: Homepage of the Heilbronn City Archives - The Waldheide as a Pershing location. Retrieved April 26, 2013 .
  67. ↑ Sabrina Müller: Creating peace without weapons . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 25 .
  68. ↑ Ulrike Bauer: A people demonstrates its will for peace . In: Heilbronn voice . February 9, 1985, p. 13 ( PDF file; 470 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  69. ↑ ub / hk: asked to persevere . In: Heilbronn voice . September 23, 1985, p. 13 ( JPEG file; 356 kB [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  70. ↑ Iris Baars-Werner: An image that was burned into the memory . In: Heilbronn voice . December 12, 2010 ( Stimme.de [accessed on May 7, 2013]).
  71. ↑ a b Bernd Holtwick: Flexible Response. The NATO double decision and its implementation in Baden-Württemberg . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 19 .
  72. ↑ Sabrina Müller: Creating peace without weapons . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 29 .
  73. ↑ We have been dancing the dead for three days . In: Der Spiegel . No. 17 , 1986, pp. 23-26 ( online ).
  74. ↑ a b Bernd Holtwick: "Mission accomplished" . In: The ultimate peace. Baden-Württemberg and the NATO double decision . House of History Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2004, p. 37 .
  75. ↑ a b without author: Field Artillery Units Worldwide . In: Field Artillery . U.S. Army Field Artillery School, Dec 1990, ISSN  0899-2525 , p. 12 ( PDF file; 16.2 MB ).
  76. ^ Memorandum of Understanding regarding the establishment of the Data Base for the Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America on the Elimination of their intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles. (No longer available online.) In: US State Department website. December 8, 1987, archived from the original on January 24, 2016 ; Retrieved April 26, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.state.gov
  77. ^ Siegfried Lambert: Heilbronn settlements are reminiscent of US presidents . In: Heilbronn voice . January 20, 2009 ( Stimme.de [accessed February 10, 2015]).
  78. ↑ a b c d Kilian Krauth: A lot has happened on the Waldheide . In: Heilbronn voice . July 29, 2004 ( Stimme.de [accessed April 26, 2013]).
  79. ↑ a b c d e Frank Göhringer: The forest heather. In: Website "Grünes Heilbronn". March 15, 2004, accessed April 26, 2013 .
  80. ↑ Uwe Jacobi: That was the 20th century in Heilbronn. The book for the Heilbronner Voice series . Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2001.
  81. ↑ a b c Kilian Krauth: Some things are forgotten so quickly . In: Heilbronn voice . January 11, 2013.
  82. ↑ Bärbel Kistner: Three killed US soldiers are said to be unforgotten . In: Heilbronn voice . January 10, 2011 ( Stimme.de [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  83. ↑ Helmut Buchholz: We thought we were invulnerable . In: Heilbronn voice . September 9, 2011 ( Stimme.de [accessed May 7, 2013]).
  84. ^ A b c Hans Georg Frank: Heilbronner Waldheide: Powder keg becomes a park . In: Südwest Presse Online . March 2, 2019 ( swp.de [accessed March 11, 2019]).
  85. ↑ The population. (No longer available online.) In: Website of MdB Josip Juratovic. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; Retrieved February 25, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.josip-juratovic.de

Coordinates: 49 ° 7 ′ 45 ″  N , 9 ° 16 ′ 31 ″  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on April 14, 2014 .