Bismuth object 01
The object 01 was a retrieval object and as an independent structural unit within the Wismut AG / SDAG reports directly to the head office. It worked on an approx. 10 km² large mine field in the Johanngeorgenstadt area , which had already been developed through historical mining (12 tunnels , 9 shafts , and countless blind shafts ) . The greatest depth in the pit field of object 01 was reached at 362 m above sea level on the 180-Lachter level via the blind shaft 157 bis . In relation to the turf hanging bank of the central shaft ( shaft 227 ), this corresponded to a depth of 427 m and was 40 m below the deepest level of the old mine. All depth information used referred to the old mining floors, which were measured in object 01 in the collapse of shaft 1 and indicated in laughs . The reference point was the Frisch-Glück-Stolln .
The bismuth AG teufte to the existing manholes another 11 slots and 21 blind shafts. For this purpose, 11 more tunnels were driven in addition to the existing 12 tunnels. In the case of new excavations, the depth designations of the old mining were taken over. The total extraction of uranium from object 01 in the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit between 1946 and 1958 amounted to 3770 tons.
Historic mining
The complete course of the Johanngeorgenstadt mining history and its complex interrelationships have so far only been published incompletely and require further research.
The beginning of mining activities in the Johanngeorgenstadt area can be dated back to the beginning of the 14th century. In the Jugel area, they searched for and built on iron and tin .
After the permission to found the city was given on February 23, 1654 by Elector Johann Georg I of Saxony , the foundation stone was laid on May 1, 1654 by Bohemian exiles .
Even before the city was founded, there was mining on the Fastenberg (the two brothers mine is documented for 1606 ) and silver ( St. Veith am Fastenberg mine ; muted in 1651 ).
The first pit on the Fastenberg after the city was founded was the St. John's treasure trove and was muted to tin on March 1, 1654.
The first silver was found in the New Year's treasure trove , which Reminiscere struck gold in 1662 on the Archangel Michael Spat and delivered 10 marks and 11 lots (approx. 2.5 kg) of silver. However, silver mining in the Johanngeorgenstadt area lagged far behind that of other towns in the Ore Mountains. Until 1672 the New Year's treasure trove remained the only silver mine and during this time only delivered 45.7 kg of silver. In the first fifty years after the silver was found in the New Year's treasure trove , 14 pits produced just 14.5 tons of silver, with the highest output in 1716 at 2.295 tons.
The cobalt found in silver mining was also mined early on, but because of the small amount it did not play a major role. Approx. 740 tons of cobalt ore were extracted between 1730 and 1830. The highest output was in 1879 with 28.5 tons, the last output in 1830 with only 257 kg of cobalt ore. The extracted cobalt ore had to be delivered to the blue color works in Schlema at fixed prices . (But because the same to Schneeberg to which blue color works have to be delivered / and bad payment falls before it / one can make little profit from it / Engelschall p. 187)
Bismuth ores were seen as a silver bringer, but were also mined to a small extent. From 1654 to 1753 approx. 5 tons of solid bismuth were mined. From 1829 bismuth production increased and reached its first peak in 1839 at 660 kg. By 1853, production sank to 0. In the next few years production rose again and reached its absolute peak in 1937 with 14.67 tons. Up to the end of the bismuth mining in 1945 about 250 tons of bismuth were extracted, whereby from 1914 it was the only ore in the area.
Uranerz was first mentioned in 1767 by Franz Ludwig Cancrinus . It was found in several pits in the Johanngeorgenstädter Revier. On September 24, 1789, Martin Heinrich Klaproth published the discovery of the element uranium in an ore from the George Wagsfort mine in Berlin . The first evidence of the mining of uranium ores dates back to 1819. It was about 30 pounds (approx. 14 kg), which were mined in the God's blessing treasure trove . The total output in the mining area was around 28 tons of uranium ore with a metal content of approx. 4.4 tons up to 1945.
In 1663, the first large, cross-territory tunnel was the Gnade-Gottes-tunnel at 681.60 m above sea level. He brought Saigerteufen between 126 m in the Neu Leipziger Glück mine , 135 m in the Schaarschacht and 139 m in the area of the Hoh Neujahr mine in the area. The second large revier adit was St.-Georg (en) -stolln in 1672 at 679.12 m above sea level. Both tunnels are on the front Fastenberg, such as B. also the Frisch-Glück-Stolln (1671) and the Gottes-Segen-Stolln (1679). Other important tunnels in the area were the Adolphus-Stolln (1707), Elias-Stolln (1708), Eleonora-Stolln (1715) and Aaron-Stolln (1716) on the Mittleren Fastenberg as well as Gegenglück-Stolln (1694) in the Lehmergrund and the Einigkeiter- Stolln (1679) on the Schwarzwasser .
With the decline in silver production from 1720, Johanngeorgenstadt mining experienced a sharp decline. The workforce decreased from approx. 900 employees in 1718 to 340 employees in 1770. In order to keep mining alive, it was supported by the Churfürstliche Bergbaukasse, founded in 1767, with 900 to 1350 thalers per year.
The search for new veins was intensified and deeper levels were excavated. The Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht sunk in the Frisch-Glück-Stolln (697 m above sea level) reached the 95-Lachter-sole (527 m above sea level) in 1777 and the 140-Lachter-sole (448 m) in 1791 above sea level). The depth was set at 409 m above sea level. The driveways encountered only an empty corridor. As a result, the investigations were discontinued and in 1798 the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht below the 120-Lachter-sole, which was struck at 481 m above sea level, was abandoned. After the hopelessness of the company became clear, the floors below the St. Georg (en) tunnel , the deepest water- dissolving tunnel in the area, were also given up in 1812 .
Mining captain Siegmund August Wolfgang Freiherr von Herder pushed ahead with a civil engineering project from 1834, which was probably already worked out in 1774 by the General Mining Commissioner and Privy Councilor Friedrich Anton von Heynitz under the name Orcus . The large pit field required to carry out the project was created in 1838 with the association of pits selected by experts on Fastenberg. In addition, the freshly happy pits with New Year's and George-Wagsfort-Erbstolln , some of which were already combined, were made a field of God's mercy with New Year's Maaßen and Roman eagle jointly field , God's blessing-Erbstolln with St. George's treasure trove , New Year's hate and unexpected happiness -Fundgrube , Neu-Leipziger-Glück-Fundgrube , Gotthelf Schaller including silver collection and Herrmann treasure trove combined to form the United Field in the Fastenberge . The pits loyalty Friendship treasure trove , Wilder Mann -Fundgrube , Adolphus-mine and trades-hope-trove remained the time being as separate pits.
The core of the civil engineering project was the overcoming of the Frisch-Glück-Schacht , which began in 1844. The shaft deepest of the existing shaft was reached in 1862 at 409.00 m above sea level and the shaft was sunk further. In 1863 the 160 Lachter level (397 m above sea level) was hit and in 1867 the underlying granite was reached at 374 m above sea level , whereupon the sinking was stopped after 2 more pools in the granite.
For further investigation of the mine field, the Schaarschacht (1852) in the 78-Lachter-Sole and cross-cut the mine field God's blessing (1860) were approached. The Schaarschacht was sunk as a second shaft up to the 95-Lachter-Sole, which it reached in 1857.
In order to expand the mine field, in 1859 the mine fields Maria Magdalena , Glück mit Freuden and Rosenhof , located on the border in Bohemia, were also acquired . The mining bypassed here on the opposite center of the Frisch-Glück-Spate and other ore veins had ceased in 1826. In order to develop and drain these pits, the Einigkeiter-Stolln had to be cleared. In addition, in the direction of this pit field from the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht routes for further investigation on the 18-, 60- and 78-Lachter level were excavated. This second civil engineering attempt was unsuccessful and confirmed the unworthiness of the Frisch-Glück-Spat in the deeper levels. The area was still kept water-free via the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht up to the 60-Lachter-sole.
In 1892 the work to clear the shaft was started and a new artificial wheel was installed to swamp the underground structures . The aim of this work was the deep exploration of the Gods Blessing Spate for the investigation of uranium ores. After the Schaarschacht was made operational again, one could begin in the year 1895 with the start of the extraction of mountain masses from the areas of the bismuth ore-bearing Hohneujahr Morgengang . The Neu Leipziger Glück Treibeschacht (the former horse peg) was also in operation. Mining in the Bohemian field, on the other hand, was stopped after around 2 tons of bismuth had been extracted in 1894. Here only securing work was carried out in the shafts.
The price of bismuth, which fell by 60 percent in 1896, led to the demolition of the swamp work and the layoff of 55 percent of the workforce. In the years that followed, mining only took place on the levels above the St. Georg Stolln and the 26 Lachter level on the Schaarschacht . It was not until 1906 that the 60-Lachter sole was swamped.
From the year 1902 was hydrochloric acid to the treatment used the Wismuterze. This process also made it possible to process poorer ores.
To generate electricity, turbines and generators were built in 1909 on the Gnade-Gottes-Stolln at Schaarschacht and in 1910 on the St.-Georg-Stollnsohle at the Frisch-Glück-Kunst- und -Treibeschacht .
From 1910 onwards, the search for uranium ores in the mining area was intensified, supported by state subsidies that were paid out through the Johanngeorgenstädter Bergbegnadigungsfonds. In this alone, 18,600 marks from the mountain pardon fund were used. In addition, 10,100 Marks flowed through the sale of Kuxen into the cash register of the union United Feld in Fastenberge .
In August 1911, the mine field of the trade union hope treasure trove was taken over by the union United Field in Fastenberg .
In 1912, the overcoming of the Frisch Glücker art and driving shaft , which began in 1902, reached the 78-Lachter-sole. A year later, the two-tier electrical conveyor system went into operation in the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht .
During the First World War , work on exploring uranium ores in underground mining was stopped and only resumed in 1921. The work in the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht , which was resumed after the war, reached the 95-Lachter-sole. This work was carried out by the Cologne-based steelworks Mark, which the uranium department had leased from the union Vereinigt Feld im Fastenberge in 1920 . The uranium department included the central mine field with George Wagsfort , New Year , Frisch Glück and God's Blessing , the Frisch-Glück-Kunstschacht and the Schaarschacht . Between 1910 and 1921, around 148,500 marks flowed into the mine. That was 89,600 marks. earmarked for the exploration of uranium ores in this area.
In 1922, the Union of Fields in the Fastenberge also took over the mine fields of the Wildermann and Treue Friendship Fundgruben . Only the mining field of the Adolphus treasure trove remained independent, which has been in operation since 1921 (period of two years in which mining has to be resumed). The tunnel of the Adolphus treasure trove served since 1833 for the water supply of Johanngeorgenstadt. In 1922 the city acquired 85.5 of the total of 106 Kuxe of the Adolphus Fundgrube and in 1930 the remaining shares. The lease contract for the uranium department with the Mark steelworks was also terminated in 1922.
Due to financial difficulties, the work in the bismuth department , but also in the uranium department, was repeatedly stopped in the following years . The cross passage started in 1923 on the 95-Lachter-Sole reached the Gottes-Segen-Spat to be investigated only in 1930 after 236 m . The price of bismuth fell by 87 percent from 1923 to 1932 and the workforce fell from 46 to 7 employees. To improve the production, the Gnade-Gottes-Stollen was equipped with stronger rails over a length of 3.5 km in 1927 and the production with battery locomotives was started, which at a speed of 5 to 10 km / h up to 5 hunte with a Could pull a total weight of 2.5 tons.
After only mining work was carried out due to a lack of money, contractually regulated driving and dismantling work could be resumed in 1929 after the approval of 120,000 Marks operating costs advance by government agencies. On January 11, 1930, the union United Feld im Fastenberge was renamed Consolidated Union United Feld im Fastenberge .
The running out of funds and the falling bismuth prices forced the mining operations to be drastically curtailed again at the end of 1930 and the workforce to be reduced from 38 to 9 employees. A flood on July 6, 1931 led to the flooding of some areas of the mine, especially in areas of fresh Glücker Art and driving shaft . Since the output remained stable but the workforce rose to 13 in the short term, it can be assumed that the additional workers were used for clean-up work.
With renewed government support and additional staff (22 workers in 1933), the investigation work on the upper levels was resumed. The focus of the monte geological planning was on the not yet mined and newly developed stocks of bismuth ore and later the search for pitchblende in the Gottes-Segen-Spat and Georg-Wagsfort-Spat.
In 1934 the investigation work was intensified. In the Wildermann department , the wooden winding tower of the Neu-Engelsfreuden day shaft was replaced by a brick winding tower and an electric tower winding machine was installed. In the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht the swamp began and the 95-Lachter-sole was reached in 1935. The Schaarschacht and the Frisch-Glück-Kunst-und-Treibeschacht were newly expanded and received new shaft buildings .
In the autumn of 1934, the State Mineral Resources Research Center received an order from the Saxon Mining Authority to investigate the bismuth, cobalt, nickel and uranium ore deposits in the Ore Mountains. As part of these investigations, a scheduled sampling of the area was carried out for the first time in order to obtain the most accurate possible assessment of the ore reserves. Sampling took place with the help of sampling from the open corridors.
On September 1, 1934, prices on the German metal market were decoupled from the world market. Under the sign of the self-sufficiency efforts of the German Reich, the President of the Reichsbank, Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht , granted the Johanngeorgenstädter Bergbau the price security for bismuth, which was the sole ore. The difference between the production costs and the world market price was paid in the form of subsidies. Ore mining began on October 1, 1935. The Schaarschacht received an electric hoisting machine in 1936.
To improve the processing of the ore, a flotation system went into operation in Schneeberg at the Weißer Hirsch shaft in August 1936 . Since the ores from Johanngeorgenstadt were also processed here and it was now possible to process extremely poor ores, the ore output from the mines rose sharply. Between 1935 and 1943 around 15,400 tons of ore with a content of 0.53 percent bismuth were mined. The aim of the German Reich was to keep all mines eligible for funding in operation. Thereupon, in 1937, the Consolidated Union of United Fields in Fastenberge took over the nearby Assumption Treasure Trove and continued mining there. In order to be able to do mining again in the Adolphus Treasure Trove , the Freiberg Mining Authority no longer extended the operating period for the city's water supply via this mine, which expired on December 31, 1936. The aim was to enable the Adolphus treasure trove to be taken over by the Consolidated Union of United Field in the Fastenberge after the fall in the mountain free . The dispute that ensued between the Johanngeorgenstadt administration and the Oberbergamt was not ended by the end of the war.
With the discovery of nuclear fission (1938), the associated price increase for uranium and the inability to obtain uranium on the world market from 1939 onwards, the uranium ores that had not been mined since 1921 were of economic interest for nuclear research. From April 1936, a cross passage was driven in a northerly direction on the 78-Lachter level. The Georg-Wagsfort-Spat and the newborn child Flat Uranerz were approached with this cross passage. This cross passage was finally stopped in April 1939 with a total excavation of 451 m. The newborn child Flache was extensively examined in 1938 and the Georg-Wagsfort-Spat in 1939. The passages were 1–2 cm (max. 10 cm). In this investigation, 500 kg of ore with a content of 38.9 kg of U 3 O 8 were recovered.
From 1 April 1939, the Johann George townspeople leased Consolidated union Unite field in Fast mountains of union Schneeberger mining in Schneeberg Neustädtel the entire mine workings. With the company resolution of September 22, 1944, the consolidated trade union Vereinigt Feld im Fastenberge was merged with five other state-owned ore mining companies to form Sachsenz Bergwerks AG , with retroactive effect from April 1, 1944 .
In order to expand the supply base, the union entered into negotiations from March 1943 to purchase the mine fields in Breitenbach . A purchase contract drawn up on November 17 did not come into force, as a mortgage registered on September 9, 1857 could not be clarified by March 31, 1945 .
At the end of the Second World War, there were 64 employees and 11 foreign workers. Up to this point in time, small amounts of bismuth ores were mined. The supplies, however, were largely exhausted. Since Johanngeorgenstadt belonged to the unoccupied area from the end of the war until June 25, 1945, the connection to the Oberbergamt in Freiberg was also interrupted. Due to the lack of prospect of a short-term resumption of mining, some of the employees were laid off and the number of employees fell to 44 in August 1945.
In a report written by Oscar Walter Oelsner on October 4, 1945 , he put the amount of uranium ore in the mining area at 80 - 90 t U 3 O 8 .
In October 1945 the remaining 200 tons of bismuth ore were delivered to Schneeberg. Due to the self-sufficient supply of electrical energy to the area, it was also possible to maintain the water drainage. Only in the Ascension Department this was not possible, so that the mine building drooped up to the level of the Alfred Memorial Stolln .
After the occupation by Soviet troops, the Johanngeorgenstadt mines were first visited by a Soviet commission in autumn 1945 in order to assess the deposit as a possible uranium supplier for the Soviet nuclear weapons program . On September 14, 1945 the 9th Administration of the Ministry of Interior of the USSR formed the Geological Group ( Геолого - Поискавая Партия ). The investigation of the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit was carried out by the Saxon ore search group ( Саксонская Рудно-Поисковая Партия ). The investigation work of the Saxon ore prospecting group began in September 1945 and lasted until March 16, 1946. The investigation was then continued by the Saxon extraction and exploration group formed on April 4, 1946 ( Саксонская Промышленно-Разведочная Партия ).
geology
The Johanngeorgenstadt deposit is located in a 4 km wide trench-shaped depression within the Eibenstock granite, which is limited by two faults trending from northwest to southeast ( Rehhübler Gangzug and Irrgang ). The jump height of these faults is 400 m for the Rehhübler Gangzug and 200 m for the Irrgang . The center of the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit lies in an approx. 2 km wide strip between Irrgang in the northeast and the Great Rot (southern fault) in the southwest.
The rocks of the deposit are Kontakthof of granite kontaktmetamorph overprinted Ordovician Muskovitphylitte . They dip at 10 to 20 degrees to the southeast. The outer contact zone begins at a distance of approx. 300 m to 400 m from the granite with the formation of spot slate, which is replaced by knot slate at the depth . The inner contact area begins at a distance of approx. 100 m to 150 m from the granite with the formation of fruit and andalusite mica slate or with the formation of hornfels in direct contact with the granite. In addition, lenses consisting of amphibolic slate and quartzite slate appear in the area of the inner contact zone and at the transition from the inner to the outer contact zone .
The entire level of this slate in the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit is characterized by a strong layer of pyrite. These sulphide ore deposits, some of which are worth building, were mined in the north-west and west of the deposit in near-surface areas from the beginning of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. The most important sulphide deposits in the trade were Hope , Adolphus , Faithful Friendship , Wildermann and Rosina Charitas . In addition to pyrite, chalcopyrite , sphalerite , galena and cassiterite also occurred to a lesser extent . A warehouse at Trades Hope also had a high proportion of magnetite . A large part of the uranium mineralization that occurred was bound to these pyrite-bearing horizons. Of this, 38 percent were pyrite-bearing phyllites and 41 percent were pyrite-bearing amphibolites .
The main structures Irrgang , Große Fäule , Rehhübler Gangzug and Riesenberger Gangzug as well as some smaller structures ( Kleine Fäule) represent the hmba follow-up group. These structures sometimes extend over several kilometers and are up to 30 m thick.
Other major structures form some powerful west-east trending faults, such as the Wilder Mann fault in the north and the Central Fault in the south near Shaft 51 .
A dense network of morning corridors, flat corridors and late corridors is formed within the deposit. Their length varies between a few hundred meters and four kilometers (e.g. Gottes-Bless-Spat ). The most common are spar gears. The best known are the Frisch-Glück-Spat , the New Year-Spat , the Georg-Wachsford-Spat , the Gottes-Bless-Spat , the Mächtige Spat , the Blühend-Glück-Spat , the Caspar-Spat and the Bau-auf- God Spat . The most important morning walks are the Löwenmuth morning walk , the full moon morning walk , the Hohneujahr morning walk , the angelic joy morning walk and the happiness with joy morning walk . The flat corridors were not of great importance in historical mining, but the very ore-rich Gotthelf Schaller flat is an exception here . Also known are the newborn infant flat and the god praise flat . Standing corridors didn't matter. The most famous corridor here is the Heinrich Stehende .
Quartz Cassiterite Tungsten Formation (qksw Formation)
This formation only occurred in the south of the deposit, in the Jugel and Henneberg area. It was the target of tin mining until the mid-19th century. The vein filling consists of quartz and tourmaline and the mineralization is limited to cassiterite and sporadic wolframite .
Quartz Sulphide Formation (qsf Formation)
This formation occurs to the north of the deposit, in the area of the Hohe Tanne and Rosina Charitas pits . But they can also be found subordinate to some corridors in the central district. In this formation, too, there was extensive old mining for tin. The course filling consists of potash feldspar and tourmaline. These veins lead as ore minerals sphalerite, galena, pyrite , molybdenite , cassiterite, wolframite and arsenopyrite .
Comb quartz calcite pitchblende formation (kku formation)
This formation represents the primary uranium mineralization and is only present as a relic on the spar veins. It represents the main formation on the flat corridors. The corridor filling consists of calcite , siderite and quartz. These veins lead as ore minerals pitchblende , pyrite and hematite .
Magnesium carbonate pitchblende formation (mgu formation)
The mgu formation only plays a subordinate role in Johanngeorgenstadt. The duct filling consists of dolomite , ankerite , siderite and fluorite and pitchblende, pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena occur as ore minerals.
Iron-barite formation (feba formation)
The corridors of this formation were the target of iron ore mining from the beginning of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. In the area of the phyllite of the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit, these passages were deaf and appeared as rustled passageways, which were also called rot in Johanngeorgenstadt .
Bismuth-cobalt-nickel formation (BiCoNi formation)
The BiCoNi formation is the main ore carrier within the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit. The passage filling consists of calcite and quartz. As ore minerals here native bismuth, native silver, pitchblende occur safflorite , rammelsbergite , Chloanthit , Smaltin, Nickelin , sphalerite, galena, pyrite, native arsenic and Proustite on. Several hundred BiCoNi courses are known in Johanngeorgenstadt. These veins were both the target of historical silver mining, the mining of bismuth up to 1945 and the mining of uranium ores after 1945. The specialty of this formation in the deposit is the almost complete absence of nickel minerals and the very minor cobalt minerals .
Silver sulphide arsenide formation (ags formation)
This formation represents the most recent mineralization. It occurs only subordinately in the laterals. The passage filling consists of calcite and dolomite. Ore minerals are silver sulfides, native silver and pitchblende. The uranium deposits of the former Assumption Mine ( Güntherschacht ) must be considered separately , as this deposit is entirely in the Eibenstock granite. The bismuth AG built here on the already built-up by the bismuth mining Michael Spat and three additional passages (z. B. NA-2 ) to a depth of 250 m from all secondary uranium ores ( Autunit and Torbernit ) from. The passage filling consists of quartz and fluorite.
In contrast to other Wismut AG districts , all corridors in Johanngeorgenstadt were only given a number. Even the passage names from old mining were replaced by numbers (e.g. the Gottes-Segen-Spat as passage 46 or the Schaller flat as passage 51 ).
Administrative development
The exploration work of the Saxon extraction and exploration group in the Johanngeorgenstädter Revier took place parallel to the mining activities of Sachsenz Bergwerks AG in the accessible pit areas. At times, Sachsenz Bergwerks AG also took on the exploration tasks as a contractor.
The 45 workers employed by the Sachsenz Bergwerks AG in January 1946 were busy with the reconstruction of the Frisch Glück art and driving shaft and the Schaar shaft . In May 1946 another 60 employees were hired. In June the total number of employees had already risen to 200. In addition, 28 specialists were made available by the Schneeberg operations department.
On June 4, 1946, with the order 23 of the SMA Sachsen, the resumption of ore mining was ordered.
By resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on July 29, 1946 in Moscow, the Saxon Mining Administration was founded from the Saxon Extraction and Exploration Group under field post number 27304 of the Red Army .
On August 1, 1946, the mines of the Sachsenz Bergwerks AG were administratively subordinated to Industrieverwaltung 6 (ore mining) founded on this date . On July 15, 1946, the mining facilities of the Johanngeorgenstadt Revier were confiscated by Soviet military units and declared a military exclusion zone.
Object 01 was probably founded in September 1946 . The mine administration was initially located in the coal mine of Vereinigt Feld , on Gnade-Gottes-Stolln , and from January 1947 in the former Hotel Deutsches Haus on Schwarzenberger Straße.
The workforce in the mining area employed by Sachsenz Bergwerks AG was transferred to property 01 . The number of employees rose from 700 in November to 1,100 in December 1946. From November 1946, the employees were listed under consecutive control numbers for the first time. In spite of their affiliation with property 01 , the employees' pay slips, similar to other properties, continued to be carried out by Sachsz Bergwerks AG .
On May 30, 1947, the facilities of object 01 were transferred to Soviet property on the basis of order no. 131 of the SMA Saxony. After the Wismut AG branch was entered in the commercial register in Aue on July 2, 1947, property 01 was placed directly under the administration of Wismut AG.
Due to the rapid progress of the mining work, object 12 was founded in spring 1947 and some of the employees of object 01 were taken over there. The object 12 took over, until its dissolution on 31 May 1952 at the object 01 , the alignment work (eg. As shaft depth, tunneling , and workover ).
In April 1947 the workforce in the district had reached 5849 men.
In November 1947, the manholes in operation were combined in manhole administrations. The shaft administrations 1 , 2 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 31 bis , 60/32 and 126 were created . At this time, 8 shafts and 3 tunnels with bismuth numbering were in operation. Shafts 39 , 42 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 91 , 147 , 157 , 158 and 183 were in depth or overburden.
The year 1948 was marked by a drastic increase in the workforce, which amounted to 12,000 men in June. This was also due to the pending work, such as the sinking and excavation of the shafts 52 bis , 53 , 54 , 58 , 61 , 61 bis , 120 , 121 , 122 , 124 , 145 , 161 and 184 as well as the commissioning of further shafts. The shaft administrations 23 , 87 and 126 were transferred from the object 01 to the newly established object 08 in November 1948 .
In 1949 the shaft administrations 1 , 2 , 18 , 22 , 30 , 31 , 31 bis , 39 , 42 , 51 , 54 , 55/56 , 58 , 60/32 , 61 bis , 122 , 145 , 147 , 157 and 158 . The shafts 52 , 157 bis , 158 bis , 159 , 188 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 242 were in the depth or overburden. Due to the massive expansion of the mining work and the hope for further expansion, object 01 was divided on August 1, 1949. When object 01 ( the central area ) remained the shaft administrations 1 , 22 , 30 , 31 , 31 to , 51 , 61 to , 122 , 145 , 147 , 157 and 158 , with 31 wells and Stolln. The newly formed object 10 ( mountain area ) now included the shaft administrations 2 , 18 , 39 , 42 , 54 , 55/56 , 58 and 60/32 with 19 shafts and tunnels.
In January 1950 the number of employees in the district rose to around 19,000. Although the boundary of the deposit began to emerge, shafts 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 and 291 were still being drilled. There was amalgamation of shaft administrations and the first shutdowns of shaft systems . So the work in shaft 2 was stopped and the shaft management 39 and 42 were assigned to shaft management 60/32 , shaft management 157 to shaft management 31 , shaft management 158 to shaft management 1 and shaft management 58 to shaft management 54 . Due to the knowledge that there would be no further growth, object 10 was dissolved on November 1, 1950 and the associated shaft management was taken over from object 01 .
The process of consolidation continued in 1951. The shaft management 55/56 was dissolved and the shaft management 60/32 was assigned to the shaft management 31 bis , as well as the shaft management 61 bis and the shaft management 122 of the shaft management 54 .
In 1952, the shaft management 22 was dissolved, and the shaft management 30 was assigned to the shaft management 31 bis . At the end of the year only 8 of the former 19 shaft administrations still existed.
Regardless of the consolidation, 23,000 people were still employed in Object 01 in January 1953 . In April 1953, was Schacht administrative 145 of the shaft 54 management assigned. On December 1st, the object 08 was dissolved again and the shaft administrations 87 , 98 , 126 , 164 , 235 and 336 assigned to the object 01 . As a result, 13 manhole administrations belonged to object 01 again . This year, the first excavations were extended to Czech territory on various levels.
In 1954 the shaft management 98 was dissolved, and the shaft management 164 was assigned to the shaft management 87 and the shaft management 147 to the shaft management 31 bis . In addition to the shaft management, other departments belonged to object 01 . The largest departments were the construction department (emerged from the object 16 founded in 1948 , which was dissolved in 1951), the geological department founded in 1947, the railway production founded in 1947 and ore processing built in 1948. In December 1954 there were still 4270 employees. At this point in time, 3,702 people were employed in the shaft management of the former object 08 and 13,329 in the shaft management of object 01 . This resulted in a total number, including the employees in all departments, of 23,301 employees at the end of 1954.
Wismut AG's mining operations on Czech territory were regulated in an agreement from 1954 . This took place on a large scale on all levels below the 25 m level. The work was carried out by shaft management 1 , shaft management 31 bis and shaft management 51 . As the last shaft, the deep pit XIX sunk by the geological department in the Jugel area was taken over by shaft management 51 of object 01 .
In 1955 the shaft administrations 87 , 126 and 336 were dissolved. On June 1st, the property 111 Annaberg / Precipitation was closed and the shaft administrations 21 and 78 with 5180 employees assigned to the property 01 . This increased the number of employees to a total of 27,680 people.
From 1956 onwards, object 01 was drastically reduced. The shaft management 78 was dissolved and the shaft management 51 was assigned to the shaft management 31 bis . At the end of the year only the shaft administrations 1 , 18 , 21 , 31 , 31 bis , 54 and 235 existed . The ore processing, the sample mine and the chemical laboratory were closed. Extensive layoffs began.
In 1957, which were shaft management 18 and shaft 31 administration of the shaft 1 administration assigned and the shaft 54 administration dissolved. The property management cleared the "German House" and moved into the clubhouse of property 01 in Karl-Marx-Strasse 30 at shaft 54 . At the end of the year, rail funding was also discontinued. After further massive layoffs, the workforce was only 1,100 at the end of the year.
On January 1, 1958, was the object 01 and the shaft 31 administration until dissolved and the remaining work in the pit 1 administration by the shaft 235 Combine taken selected from the also on 1 January 1958 bay management 235 was formed. The shaft combine 235 was directly subordinate to the general management of SDAG Wismut . At the end of the 1st quarter, the extraction work in Annaberg was stopped and the shaft management 21 was dissolved. On April 1, the shaft combine 235 was assigned to the newly formed Saxon Search and Prospecting Expedition (SSSE) . At the end of August, the extraction work in Johanngeorgenstadt was also stopped.
On June 12, 1959, the last shift was run on shaft 1 . With the takeover of SSSE on November 1, 1960, property 09 became the legal successor to property 01 .
Mining operation
Alignment, fixture and removal
In the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit, due to the old mining, there were very different bottom designations in the areas of Neustadt, Mittelstadt and the central district (see table).
| Height above sea level | Sole designation area Neustadt |
Sole designation for the Mittelstadt area |
Sole designation Zentralrevier / Jugel |
Sole designation area Potůčky |
Tunnel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 830 m | 60 m level | Wildemann tunnel | |||
| 796 m | 95 m level | 40 m sole | God's love stud | ||
| 760 m | 80 m level | Eleonora tunnel | |||
| 723 m | 112 m level | 0 sole | |||
| 694 m | 120 m level | 16 m sole | Fresh happiness and New Year's stollen |
||
| 687 m | 140 m level | 25 m sole | God's grace studs | ||
| 678 m | 25 m sole | St. Georg Stolln | |||
| 668 m | 170 m level | ||||
| 653 m | 37 laugh sole | ||||
| 647 m | 18-laugh sole * | I. sole | |||
| 641 m | 26 laugh sole * | ||||
| 624 m | 40 laugh sole | ||||
| 593 m | 60 laugh sole * | II. Sole | |||
| 586 m | 66 laugh sole | ||||
| 556 m | 78 laugh sole | III. sole | |||
| 524 m | 95 laugh sole | ||||
| 514 m | IV. Sole | ||||
| 504 m | 108-laugh sole | ||||
| 480 m | 120 laugh sole | ||||
| 464 m | V. sole | ||||
| 440 m | 140 laugh sole | ||||
| 400 m | 160 laugh sole | ||||
| 360 m | 180 laugh sole |
* Soles of the old mine not used by Wismut AG
The reconstruction work begun in the second half of 1945 in the Frisch Glück art and driving shaft ( shaft 1 ) and in the Schaar shaft ( shaft 18 ) was continued in 1946 and the Hoffnungsschacht (in the area of shaft 53, which was sunk in 1948 ) was included. The first 7.6 tons of uranium were extracted in shaft 1 . The Sankt-Georg-Stolln was reconstructed as shaft 22 and the New Year's tunnel as shaft 30 . The Güntherschacht of the former mining department Himmelfahrt of Vereinigt Feld was taken over as shaft 2 . This had a total of 6 levels at a depth of 186 m.
In 1947, on the 16-m level, the 25-m level and the 78-Lachter level, the excavation of crosscuts and field stretches to investigate the mine field began. For Tray 1 was New fresh Luck Stolln driven. The blind shafts Hinterer Neujahrschacht ( shaft 31 ) and shaft 31 up to the 16 m level were reconstructed .
The Bauerschacht ( shaft 91 ) between the 78-Lachter-sole and the 95-Lachter-sole (further sunk from 95-Lachter-sole), the shaft 158 between the 78-Lachter-sole and the 120-Lachter-sole and the Christianusschacht ( shaft 51 ; later called the White Taube ) to the 25 m level (from 25 m level further deepened). The depth of shaft 2 was continued.
The blind shaft 147 (from the 25 m level), the blind shaft 157 (from the 78 Lachter level) and the blind shaft 183 (from the 16 m level) were newly sunk .
In the Mittelstadt area, the Neu Leipziger Glück Göpelschacht shafts ( shaft 42 ) up to the 140 m level and the Lorenz Tagschacht brothers ( shaft 60 ) up to the 80 m level were reconstructed and the depth of shaft 32 and shaft 39 began. The shaft 60 went into operation in 1947.
In the Neustadt area, the Neu Engelsfreudner Tagschacht ( shaft 56 ) up to the 95 level and God's Glücker Richtschacht ( shaft 55 ) up to the 60 m level were reconstructed.
The uranium extraction in object 01 reached 57 tons in 1947.
In 1948 the excavation of the 80 m level, the 37 Lachter level and the 40 Lachter level began. Cross passage 1 was excavated and the Neue Eleonora gallery ( shaft 61 ) was constructed to open up the 80 m level . In order to force the opening of the 16-m-level and the 25-m-level as well as to improve the surface extraction, the New Germany Stolln ( shaft 62 ) was attached to the 16-m level and to the 25-m level the cross passage 1 , the cross passage 4 ( shaft 57 ) opened and the new grace god adit ( shaft 61 bis ) posted.
In the central area , the reconstruction of the God blessing art shaft ( shaft 52 bis ) began from the 25 m level. Shafts 53 , 54 , 122 , 124 , 145 and blind shaft 184 (from the 16 m level) were newly sunk . When they reached their final depth, blind shaft 31 (120 Lachter level), blind shaft 31 bis (40 Lachter level), blind shaft 147 (78 Lachter level) and blind shaft 183 (66 Lachter level) went into operation.
In the Mittelstadt area, the Adolphus Tagschacht ( shaft 119 ) and the Neu Leipziger Glück Tagschacht ( shaft 120 ) were reconstructed and the depth of shaft 121 began. When they reached their final depth, shaft 32 (170 m level), shaft 39 (140 m level) and shaft 42 (140 m level) went into operation.
In the Neustadt area, the depth of shaft 58 has started. The shaft 55 and the shaft 56 were reaching the 95-m level in operation.
The shaft 2 was verteuft m by a further 125 and four new soles (150 m level, 180-m level, 200 m level and 245-m level; measured from Alfred-memory-Stolln ) struck.
With a uranium extraction of 136 tons in 1948, object 01 brought 41 percent of the total uranium extracted by Wismut AG that year.
In 1949, the mining work in Object 01 reached its peak. The driving up of the 0-sole, 40-m-level, 170-m-level, 66-Lachter-level, 95-Lachter-level and 120-Lachter-level began. A tunnel ( shaft 187 ) was built on Hammerberg to reveal the 0-level . In addition, the New Year tunnels up to ( shaft 185 , 16-m level) were constructed and cross passage 11 ( shaft 230 , 25-m level) was driven.
In the central area , the depth of several blind shafts began. From the 16 m level onwards the blind shafts 188 and 228 , from the 25 m level on the blind shafts 22 9 and 242 , from the 78 Lachter level onwards the blind shafts 159 , 160 and 255 and from the 120 Lachter level onwards. The bottom of the blind shafts 157 bis and 158 bis sunk. When they reached their final depth in 1949, shafts 51 , 53 , 54 , 124 and 145 (78-Lachter level), shaft 122 (40-Lachter level) and blind shafts 184 (66-Lachter level) , 52 bis (78-Lachter-sole), 91 , 157 and 158 (120-Lachter-sole) in operation.
With an area of 9 km², the 25 m level was the largest level within property 01 . Most of the funding also took place through this base. At this point in time, there were 7 shafts and 7 blind shafts connected to the 25 m level, two of which ended on this level. Another 3 shafts and 7 blind shafts with connection to the 25 m level were located in the depth. 6 of these 7 blind shafts end at the 25 m level. Funding was mainly provided through 4 tunnels ( cross passage 1 , cross passage 4 , cross passage 11 and new grace of god adit ).
Five blind shafts ended in 1949 on the 16 m level, which is only around 0.8 km² in size. Two more blind shafts that begin at this level were in the depths. Funding was given on the 16 m level over five tunnels ( Neuer Frisch-Glück-Stolln , Stolln Neu Deutschland , Stolln Neujahr , Stolln Neujahr bis , Cross passage 6 bis ). At this point in time, efficient day shafts were lacking in the central district and so the masses extracted underground could not be extracted quickly enough. In order to quickly remedy this bottleneck, work on shaft 52 and shaft 227 (depth to the 120 m level and excavation as overcutting up to above days) was started from the 25 m level .
In the Mittelstadt, when the 80 m level was reached, shafts 119 , 120 and 121 went into operation. In Neustadt, when the final depth on the 140 m level was reached, shaft 58 went into operation.
With the rapidly increasing mining and the increased withdrawal of pain from the mining blocks, the risk of subsidence on the surface also increased. On the basis of the experience gained from property 02 (there the subsidence was already 22 cm in 1950), a large-scale monitoring network was set up in the old town and measurements began in August 1949 in order to detect subsidence signs early on.
The uranium extraction in property 01 rose to 241 tons in 1949.
That year there was also a serious mine fire. The fire occurred on November 24, 1949 in the hoisting machine building of shaft 31 . The haulage operator died of smoke poisoning. It burned for five days and the New Year's tunnel had to be bricked up. As a result of the fire the employees who could slot management 31 and slot management 31 to not drive a few days.
In 1950, mining began to be concentrated in object 01 . In the peripheral areas of property 01 , the first shafts were shut down, including shaft 2 (output 3.8 t uranium) and, due to the lack of economic success, shafts 55 and 56 in the Neustadt area. To further develop the central area , the depth of the blind shafts 290 (from the 80 m level), 288 and 289 (from the 25 m level), 286 and 287 (from the 66 Lachter level) as well as 284 and 285 began (from the 78 Lachter sole). The Römisch Adler Kunstschacht was reconstructed as shaft 291 between the 25 m level and the 78 Lachter level. When the final depth was reached, blind shafts 188 (37 Lachter level), 229 , 242 and 288 (40 Lachter level) and 255 (120 Lachter level) went into operation. After only one year of construction, the two main production shafts 52 (up to Lachter level 78) and 227 (up to Lachter level 95) initially went into operation as blind shafts from the 25 m level.
Also in 1950, the 40-Lachter-sole with an area of approx. 7.8 km² and a total of 18 connected shafts was expanded to become a main production level.
The uranium production rose in 1950 to a total of 338 tons.
In 1951, due to the lack of economic success in the central district of shaft 122 and in the Mittelstadt area, shafts 39 , 42 , 58 , 60 , 119 , 120 and 121 were closed. Tunneling work was stopped on the 80 m level. In the central area , the exploration work continued at high speed. When they reached their final depth, the blind shafts 289 (40-Lachter level), 286 and 287 (78-Lachter level), 284 and 285 (95-Lachter level), 159 and 160 (120-Lachter level) and 158 bis (140-Lachter-Sole) in operation. The 78-Lachter-sole was driven as the central level over an area of 6.4 km². 25 shafts were connected to this bottom. With the commissioning of high-performance new shafts (e.g. shaft 51 , shaft 227 or shaft 290 ), the operation of the small blind shafts, some of which originated from old mining (e.g. blind shaft 31 bis or blind shaft 52 bis ), could be gradually discontinued. The uranium extraction reached 426 tons that year.
In 1952, the blind shafts 228 (120 Lachter level), 157 bis (180 Lachter level) and 290 (78 Lachter level), the last shafts in the district, were put into operation. The blind shaft 157 bis is the only shaft with a filling point on the 180-Lachter level and is already in the underlying granite. The 120-Lachter level was excavated as the deepest main production level on an area of 2 km² with a total of 14 connected shafts. At the same time, the opening of the 140-Lachter-Sole and the 160-Lachter-Sole began. When shaft 32 was closed , mining in the Mittelstadt area ended. Also in 1952 the blind shafts 188 , 242 and 288 were taken out of service. The uranium extraction could be increased to 487 tons.
In 1953, uranium extraction reached its peak with 541 tons, which, however, was only 16 percent of the total extraction of Wismut AG . With the 180-Lachter-sole, the deepest level of the area was driven. Since the underlying granite was already reached everywhere with this bed, its area was only 0.4 km². While 972 tons (27 percent of the total amount; 1.2 kg / m² aisle area) were recovered on the 78 Lachter level, it was only 8 tons (0.25 percent of the total amount; 0.5 kg / m² aisle area). With the 180-Lachter-sole, 13 levels with a depth interval of 400 meters were now being dismantled.
In the middle of 1953 the shaft 145 and thus the only shaft of the object 01 on the right side of the black water was closed. The blind shafts 159 , 160 , 289 and 291 were also taken out of service. While the breach of the state border by Wismut AG and Jáchymovské Doly (JD) obviously played no role in the Neuverborgen Glück and Mai pits in the early years, negotiations on the issue of mining in the border area took place in February 1953. The talks were triggered by the breach of the 15 m wide border security pier in the area of the Magdalena mine by Wismut AG .
The Jáchymovské Doly (JD) company began mining uranium in the Potůčky district from 1946. After extracting around 41 tons of uranium, mining was stopped in 1951 and the mining area was transferred to the Západočeské rudné doly (ZRD) company (West Bohemian ore mines). This company examined the deposit for BiCoNi ores. In this context, levels II, IV and V were driven to the existing levels I and III, and the Magdalena blind shaft was sunk. After the mining rights were acquired by Wismut AG , all investigative work by Západočeské rudné doly was stopped on September 17, 1954. The starting point for the work of Wismut AG was shaft 124 and blind shafts 1 , 157 bis and 228 . On the Czech side, the Magdalena , Slovanka and Shaft II shafts were also used as blind shafts. In June 1953, the evacuation of the old town, which had been postponed several times, began.
In 1954, uranium extraction in property 01 declined for the first time. It was only 530.5 tons, of which 0.5 tons from mining on the Czech side. The last shaft, the deep dig XIX, was handed over to shaft management 51 by the geological department . The Tiefschurf XIX had drives on the 25 m level, the 37 Lachter level and the 78 Lachter level. There was only a connection to the central area on the 25 m level and the 78 Lachter level. The blind shafts 147 , 229 , 286 and 287 were closed and the tunneling was stopped on the 16 m level. While the tunneling work on the German side was drawing to a close, tunneling began on the 40-Lachter level, the 66-Lachter level, the 78-Lachter level and the 140-Lachter level across the border in Czech territory. During the year there was also measurable subsidence in the old town, which at the end of the year was 10 cm.
The year 1955 saw a massive decline in mining in the central district . The drive on the 37-Lachter level, the 140-Lachter level and the 180-Lachter level was discontinued. The shafts 18 and 124 and the blind shafts 184 and 285 went out of service. In the Czech Republic, tunneling began on the 37-Lachter level, the 95-Lachter level, the 120-Lachter level, the 160-Lachter level and the 180-level level. However, work on the 160-Lachter level and the 180-Lachter level was discontinued in the same year after 60 m and 50 m respectively. The production of uranium decreased to 483 tons. This includes 43 tons from the Potůčky district . The subsidence in the old town had increased drastically in 1955 and amounted to 50 cm at the end of the year.
The year 1956 brought a drastic reduction in mining work in the areas on the German and Czech side. In the central area , the tunneling work was carried out on the 25 m level, the 40-Lachter level, the 66-Lachter level, the 78-Lachter level, the 95-level level, the 120-level level, the 160 -Lachter sole and the 0 sole discontinued. Shafts 51 and 54 and blind shafts 91 , 157 , 158 , 158 bis and 228 were closed . In the Potůčky district , tunneling work on the 78-Lachter level, the 120-Lachter level and the 140-Lachter level was stopped. With a north-south extension of 2100 m with an easterly extension of 1650 m, the 78 Lachter level was the largest level in the Potuky district . The extraction of uranium decreased to 363 tons, 90 tons of which came from the Potůčky district . The rate of subsidence in the old town decreased again and totaled 85 cm at the end of the year.
In 1957, when the excavation in the Potůčky district was stopped (on the 37-Lachter level, the 40-Lachter level, the 66-Lachter level and the 95-Lachter level), the mining in object 01 was largely ended. At the beginning of the year, the blind shafts 31 , 255 , 284 and 290 were also shut down. In June 1957, only shaft 52 and shaft 227 , the blind shafts 157 bis , 183 and Gute Hope (in the Revier shaft 54 ) were still in operation. The shaft 53 is held in reserve and slot 1 was used for weather guidance and as an escape route. In December, the last stocks in the Potůčky district were depleted. The uranium extraction was only 142 tons, of which 51 tons from the Potůčky district . The subsidence movements in the old town had almost come to a standstill at the end of the year with a total subsidence of 97 cm.
In 1958 only the pending ore reserves were mined and 18 tons of uranium were extracted. Work in the Potůčky district was also stopped at the beginning of the year. The exploitation of the object 01 was stopped after the depletion or depreciation of all reserves at the end of August of that year. On September 24, 1958, the flooding of the 180-Lachter-Sole began.
Dismantling work was carried out until mid-1959 and the last shift was carried out on June 12th.
Within the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit, approx. 1000 km of expansion, fixture and exploration structures were excavated. 7,391,600 m² of corridor area were excavated by building fixtures and excavation pits. A total of around 3,770 tons of uranium were extracted from the deposit between 1946 and 1958. Of this, the German part accounts for 3,585 tons and the Czech part 185 tons. Jáchymovské Doly produced 18.1 tons of uranium in the Potůčky area.
Looking at the uranium extraction volumes in relation to the various levels, an increase in the ore volume up to the 78-Lachter level and a decrease in the ore volume in the further depths can be seen. Between the 40-Lachter level and the 95-Lachter level, 64 percent of the total amount of object 01 was extracted with 2,300 tons of uranium in a depth interval of 100 m .
In the Johanngeorgenstadt deposit, a total of 40 old tunnels were examined and partially used, and 11 new tunnels and crosscuts were excavated. In addition, 19 old shafts (including 8 blind shafts) were used and 32 shafts (including 21 blind shafts) were newly sunk.
Geological Department
The task of the geological department consisted of pre- and post-exploration of the accessible mine field. In addition to the exploration work on object 12 , old mine workings were also cleared up independently. Furthermore, the exploration of near-surface uranium mineralization in the central field as well as the exploration for mineralization in the peripheral areas belonged to the area of responsibility.
In the central field, the Aaron , Treue friendship , Gegenglück , Hanauer Lust , Dresdner , Neu Freiberger Glück ( shaft 17 ) and Rosengarten-Stolln ( shaft 161 ) tunnels belonged to the administrative area of the geological department . While the rose garden adit was added to the mine field of shaft 54 in 1949 and was expanded or torn down, the ores in Neu Freiberg's Glück adit were already mined in 1950 and the adit was written off. No recoverable ore reserves could be detected in the remaining tunnels and the explorations were stopped there.
To explore the peripheral areas of the deposit, two districts were created, the Himmelfahrt district at the rear of Fastenberg and the Oberjugel district . In addition to the geophysical investigation, various tunnels were cleared, trenches were drawn, shallow and deep pits were created and boreholes were drilled.
In the Ascension area , the Goldener Rat , Hohe Tanne and Rosina Charitas tunnels as well as the Grauer Mann mine were examined. In addition to the investigation of these old tunnels, large-scale prospecting activities using trenches and shallow pits also developed. From 1950 one began with the depth of deep digs. 10 deep pits with a depth between 13 m and 44 m were sunk and two further tunnels were driven. The work was completed again in 1951 and the area was classified as “not worth building”.
In the Oberjugel district , too, exploration using trenches and shallow pits began in 1949. In the further course four tunnels ( 2 , 3 , 7 and 8 ) were excavated and ten deep pits were sunk. With the Tiefschurf XIX started in May 1952, a depth of 261.90 m was reached. In January 1954 it was handed over to shaft management 51.
In the urban area of Johanngeorgenstadt , the Tiefschurf XVI was sunk on Georg-Baumgarten-Strasse, in the former Wildermann mine field .
In the period from August 1, 1949 to November 1, 1950, the geological department of object 10 carried out the work in the Oberjugel district .
From 1950 the investigations in the Eibenstock area began . Schurf 12 and Schurf 13 were sunk here .
In the forest area south of the Jägerhaus , the quartz veins of the kb formation that touched down there and had some pitchblende were examined with two pits (19a and 21) on three levels. Up to 1957 1 ton of uranium was mined there. In dig 19a , two levels were driven at a total depth of 90 m (at 26 m and 86 m depth) and in dig 21 with a total depth of 132 m two levels (at 81 m and 125 m depth). There was a connection to Schurf 21 on the 86 m level of Schurf 19a.
From 1955 a new phase of investigative work began. Geological exploration work took place within shaft management 98 (on the 3rd level in tunnel 3 ), shaft management 235 (on the 1st and 2nd level and the driveway for tunnel 18 ) and shaft management 332 (on the 1st level in tunnel 2 ) . In the Gelenau area, too, 1 tunnel was excavated as part of this work.
Further investigations began at the old human joy pit and in the Pöhla area . In 1957, dig 23 at the Menschenfreude pit was sunk to a depth of 218 m and three levels (at 89 m, 149 m and 209 m depth) were driven. Several quartz-fluorite-carbonate veins of the kku formation were examined. The mineralization occurred in contact with the existing skarn deposits. Up to 1960, 2.7 tons of uranium were extracted here.
In the Pöhla area, tunnel 19 was excavated in a quarry in Pöhla-Globenstein in 1957 and the depth of blind shaft 12 (158.3 m depth, completed 1958) began over it. In 1957, at a distance of 1.8 km northeast of the quarry, the depth of dig 24 began. In 1959 the final depth of 255 m was reached. Up to 1960, three levels (at 126 m, 186 m and 247 m depth) were driven in the Pöhla- Globenstein mine field , with a connection to blind shaft 12 on the 4 ½ level (depth 126 m) . By 1960, a total of 454.5 kg of uranium ore had been extracted in the course of this exploration work.
Used conveyor technology
At the beginning of mining by Wismut AG in object 01 , only shafts 1 , 2 , 18 and 56 from the old mine could be used, as they already had electric hoisting machines . There were drum hoisting machines on shaft 1 (in operation from 1913), on shaft 2 (in operation from 1941; manufacturer: Friedrich Schmiedel GmbH Niederwürschnitz ) and on shaft 18 (in operation from 1936) as well as a tower hoisting machine in shaft 56 (in operation from 1934). Except for shaft 2 and shaft 55, the shafts from the old mine took tonnes . All of them had a very small clear cross-section of 3.0 m² to 7.7 m², which only enabled ore and mountain extraction via ski facilities , but no team experience.
The shafts 42 , 60 , 119 and 120 reconstructed by Wismut AG only conveyed from shallow depths using an electric reel . The reconstructed and partly deepened blind shafts 1 , 31 and 91 were each equipped with two drum hoisting machines and the blind shafts 31 bis and 52 bis with a drum hoisting machine and conveyed via skip systems.
The newly sunk shafts 51 , 53 , 54 , 58 , 122 , 145 and the blind shafts 157 bis , 158 bis and 290 were type projects with a clear shaft cross-section of 12 m². They each had two conveying machines and conveyed a skip system and a frame conveyor , each with a hunt in the conveyor frame . Shafts 32 , 39 , 121 and 124 as well as blind shafts 157 , 159 , 188 , 229 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 and 288 were type projects with a clear cross-section of 8.5 m². Each of these shafts was conveyed by a machine with a hunt in the conveyor frame. The blind shafts 183 , 184 , 228 and 289 had a clear cross-section of 13 m² and were thus able to convey two hunts in the conveyor frame with one hoisting machine.
Type FW 13 ( conveyor speed 3.25 meters / second), FW 22 (conveyor speed 4 meters / second) and TM 23 (conveyor speed 5 meters / second) were used.
The shaft structures of the old, but also the newly sunk shafts, were simple wooden winding towers. The only special cases were shaft 52 and shaft 227 , both of which were already equipped with iron headframes. The shaft 52 had a two-story solid-wall strut framework and had a Koepe plant with a conveyor speed of 10 meters / second. Funding was carried out using a two-tier conveyor frame with two hunts per floor. The shaft 227 had a solid wall double strut framework and promoted with two drum conveyor machines of the type FM 3000 at a conveyor speed of 4 meters / second. Funding was provided with a ski system and a rack conveyor with two floors, each of which offered space for a hunt. All new shafts were sunk as rectangular shafts and were provided with a bolt shot support. The delivery rates of the shafts were very different. They ranged from 100 tons / day ( shaft 2 ) to 2000 tons / day ( shaft 1 and shaft 52 ).
Frontal tippers with a track width of 450 mm and a volume of 0.25 m³ were used in horizontal conveyance on many levels of the old mine, but also in some new excavations. Where the driveway width allowed it, the rail dimensions were increased to 600 mm. Front and side tippers with a volume of 0.45 m³ were used here. Hunte with a capacity of 0.60 m³ were used as early as 1948. In order to overcome the difference in height between the mouth holes of the tunnels and the bunkers, the hunt in shaft 57 and shaft 230 was conveyed over a brake mountain in shaft 30 using a construction similar to a ski lift .
Initially, the existing battery locomotives were mainly used as traction means for the extraction, and the extensive route network of the Gnade-Gottes-Stolln (in the area of shaft 18 ) and the Alfred-Remembrance-Adit (in the area of shaft 2 ) from the old mining was probably also used. In addition, in the early days in the area of shaft 30 ( New Year's tunnel ), horses were also used for transport, whose stables were also located at shaft 30 .
Starting in 1949, manual filling of the Hunte was gradually replaced by the use of the first PML 3 throwing shovel loader.
Since the cross-section of the route to be driven was only enlarged to a clear dimension of 3.8 m² to 4.2 m² from 1949, it was only from this point in time that battery locomotives of the Metallist type could be used. These locomotives were built in the BBA Aue (formerly Hiltmann & Lorenz ). The Akkulok Metallist weighed 2.9 tons and had a tightening force of 2.1 KN at a top speed of 6 km / h. With its small width (780 mm) and a negotiable curve radius of 5 m, it was ideally suited for the small track cross-sections and tight curve radii.
From 1950/51 onwards, catenary locomotives of a previously unknown type were used for mining on some main tunnels (e.g. shafts 30 , 61 and 185 ).
Weather management
In addition to the on-site fresh air supply, the aim of the ventilation is to remove the dusts and aerosols generated in the mine and, in uranium mining, to reduce radon pollution for the miners. When it comes to ventilation, a distinction is made between main weather management via stationary main pit ventilators on the shafts and special ventilation with the aid of portable ventilators for ventilating the drive-up and work locations.
In the early years of uranium mining, the mine workings could hardly be ventilated in a targeted manner. Due to the large number of day openings in the old tunnels and shafts, there was sufficient weather management, at least on and above the 25 m level. The existing ventilation system from Sachsenz AG was still used on the lower levels. When the shafts were deep, ventilation systems using wooden boxes were used in the first few years. The compressed air available on site was used to ventilate the workplaces after the blasting.
The legal basis at this time was the general mountain police regulations for the state of Saxony of September 27, 1929 and the resulting safety regulations for weather management and firedamp as well as light and lamp management from 1932.
From 1949, the Wismut AG issued the first safety regulations, in which a fresh weather quantity of at least 3 m 3 / min fresh weather was required for every worker working on the busiest shift at the same time . This regulation also applied to the horses used, for which 6 m 3 / min were required.
Also in 1949 suction pit fans were installed at shaft 18 and shaft 51. A transportable ventilation system was set up to ventilate the workplaces. Blowing radial fans with an output of 2000 m 3 / min, 5000 m 3 / min and 10,000 m 3 / min were used. and Lutten of cardboard having a diameter of 20 cm - 30 cm.
The first statutory regulations of the GDR on technical safety and occupational health and safety in ore mining, which also regulated the requirements for ventilation, were issued on December 30, 1952. After the mine fire on July 16, 1955 on the −480 m level in the filling area of the blind shaft 208 bis , Wismut AG carried out a general rethink about the necessary construction of a central ventilation system in the pits. This no longer had any effects on object 01 , as the mining work at that point in time had declined sharply due to the emerging depletion of the deposit.
Drainage
In the case of dewatering in object 01 , the existing tunnels of the old mine played a central role with an average rainfall of over 1000 mm / year during the uranium mining period.
The inflow of water in the entire mine building was between 300 m 3 / h and 940 m 3 / h, depending on the season , with up to 170 m 3 / h up to 240 m in the area between the 78-Lachter level and the 120-Lachter level alone 3 / h. On the upper and lower level, the water inflow was significantly lower at 20 m 3 / h to 90 m 3 / h.
The inflowing water mainly penetrated through the large fracture structures ( Irrgang , Rehhübel and Große Rot ) and through the ore veins built up from the surface to the 120-Lachter level in the mine building.
From 1947 onwards, the amount of water running off was measured, sampled and evaluated by hydrogeologists. The uranium content measured in the mine water was relatively high at 0.01 mg / l to 1 mg / l uranium in approx. 95 percent of the samples, but decreased with increasing depth.
The Glockenklang-Stolln , the Loyalty-Friendship-Stolln , the Elias-Stolln and the Aaron-Stolln were of particular importance for the dewatering of the shafts in the Neustadt area . Known here are, for example, the maximum outflows over the Treue-Friendship tunnel of 78.7 m 3 / h and over the Aaron tunnel of 108.5 m 3 / h. Since the deepest shaft, with the exception of shaft 58, was at the level of the deepest tunnel, no pumping systems were necessary. In the case of shaft 58 , the accumulating water had to be lifted with pumps from the 25 m level and 80 m level to the surface.
In the area of the Mittelstadt the Adolphus-Stolln , the Eleonora-Stolln , the Junge St. Georg Stolln and the Gnade-Gottes-Stollen were used for water drainage . A maximum of 112 m 3 / h flowed over the Adolphus tunnel, 236.7 m 3 / h over the Eleonora tunnel and 35 m 3 / h in the grace of God tunnel . Here, too, the shafts drained through the old tunnels without their own dewatering. Only in shaft 32 did the water have to be lifted from the 170 m level to the 25 m level and flowed off via the Mercy-of-God tunnel .
In the central area , the near-surface pit water flowed off via the St. Georg-Stolln , the Gnade-Gottes-Stolln , the Gegenglück-Stolln and the Rosengarten-Stolln . Outflow rates from the Rosengarten tunnel with 93 m 3 / h and from the St. Georg tunnel with 260 m 3 / h are known.
At shaft 1 on the 78-Lachter level, the 95-Lachter level and the 120-Lachter level, the main water retention of the central district was located. The installed pump output was 500 m 3 / h on the 78 Lachter level , 700 m 3 / h on the 95 Lachter level and 600 m 3 / h on the 120 Lachter level . Here, all the pit water below the St.-Georg-Stolln was lifted to the 16-meter-level and reached the Breitenbach via the New Year's tunnel . The water was lifted from the 140-Lachter level to the 120-Lachter level via the shaft 158 bis . The installed pump capacity here was 230 m 3 / h.
In the area of Lehmergrund / Jugel, shaft 51 and shaft 124 had their own water retention on the 78-Lachter level, the 40-Lachter level and the 25-m level. Here the water was pumped into the Lehmerbach and Pechhöferbach. The installed pump capacity at shaft 51 was 260 m 3 / h and at shaft 124 150 m 3 / h. There were secondary water holdings at shaft 229 (water lift from the 37-Lachter level to the St.-Georg-Stolln level ), at shaft 184 (water lift from the 66-Lachter level to the 16-m level) and on the shaft 157 bis (water lift from the 180-Lachter-sole, the 160-Lachter-sole and the 140-Lachter-sole to the 120-Lachter-sole).
After the cessation of mining in object 01 , the pits were flooded and the waterway was left to its own devices. Since the mouth holes of the deepest Revierstollen, the Mercy-of-God-Stollen and the St.-Georg-Stollen had been broken, the water looked for its way via the Glück-Auf-Stolln , which lies down the valley at shaft 122 , the mouth of which is 675 m above sea level. Here the pit water got into the black water. Since the Glück-Auf-Stolln has no mobile connection to the area, the waterway was disturbed and unknown. The level fluctuations in the area were up to 9 m. Since overcoming the Glück-Auf-Stollen would not bring the necessary success, the problem of water passage was solved in 2008 with drainage bores on a deeper bed in the mouth hole area. In order to keep the amount of accruing water as low as possible, other tunnels in the area were also rehabilitated, such as the Elias tunnel in 2011 and the Aaron tunnel since 2012. The other tunnels in the district are of no importance for the drainage of the mine more.
Dump management
If possible, the mountain masses resulting from driving, aligning and mining were piled up in various forms directly at the respective shafts. If there was enough space on site, after the completion of the filling of the shallow heaps, corresponding pointed cone heaps were poured onto the shallow heaps using terraconic systems (e.g. shafts 32 , 39 , 42 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 120 and 122 ). By far the largest part of the mountains, especially in the early years of property 01 , was conveyed via the tunnels on the 16-m level and on the 25-m level.
Since there was no possibility of backfilling dumps in the Wittigsthal area , the mountain masses had to be transported to an area north of Johanngeorgenstadt and stocked up there. The transport of the mountain masses by lorry (lorry) was soon no longer sufficient, so that in the spring of 1947 in Wittigsthal the construction of a dump railway system (track width 600 mm with two-track main lines) was started, which replaced the lorry transport. Initially, shaft 1 via the Frisch-Glück-Stolln , shafts 30 , 57 , 61 , 61 bis and 62 , the train station in Wittigsthal and the heap in Külliggut were connected to this dump railway system. In the beginning, rail transport was carried out using old steam locomotives of various types and manufacturers (e.g. Orenstein & Koppel and Henschel ) as well as field railway locomotives from the Imperial and Royal Heeresfeldbahn (Imperial and Royal Austria). Light rail trucks with a volume of 2 m³ were used for the mountain masses.
The poor ores obtained were stored in ore bunkers and then taken to the Wittigsthal train station by dump train for loading. The Reichsbahn trains were likely to be used for onward transport to the processing plant at the Aue nickel smelter ( object 100 ). With the start of the processing object 98 on a slope below the Stollns loyalty friendship in 1949, had the heap web also incurred Armerze of the shafts 30 , 57 , 61 , 61 to , 185 , 187 , 230 and the cross-blow 6 up to this treatment be transported. Since the processing capacities of object 98 were not sufficient, it was partly transported to other processing plants. The resulting mountain masses were now increasingly used to fill dams for the processing ponds.
The shafts 51 and 124 , which were newly commissioned in 1949/50 , transported the mountain masses to the slopes of the Lehmergrund and the Pechhöfergrund via terraconic systems. The shaft 145 spent the mountain masses via an inclined elevator to the slope of the Blackwater valley. Shaft 53 , which was sunk on the Mühlberg, conveyed via two terraconic systems to a high dump on the edge of the Lehmergrund. A shallow heap was filled up at shaft 61 and shaft 54 conveyed via two terraconic systems to pointed cone heaps on the Eleonora tunnel .
In order to transport the poor ores extracted from shafts 51 , 54 and 124 for processing to object 98 or for further transport to other processing plants at Wittigsthal station, these shafts had to be connected to the systems of the Haldenbahn. In its greatest extent the railway had a track length of approx. 15 kilometers. From 1950 the old Haldenbahn locomotives were replaced by new locomotives from VEB Lokomotivbau Karl Marx Babelsberg (formerly Orenstein & Koppel ). In order to be able to handle all transports, around 20-25 locomotives were in use at the height of uranium mining in Object 01 . The actual number of steam locomotives was certainly much higher, as they were subject to high wear and tear and thus a high need for repairs. With the commissioning of the shafts 52 and 227 and the extraction of part of the mountain masses and poor ores via these shafts, the mining of the heaps was to be severely restricted and completely stopped from 1956. In fact, however, it remained in operation until 1957, as the production capacities of shafts 52 and 227 were insufficient.
The shafts 52 and 227 each had two terraconic systems and conveyed to a high pile on the Lehmergrund. Since this dump was also on the edge of the old town of Johanngeorgenstadt, the bulk space was limited in this direction. The mountain masses were therefore driven with a mine train on the dump plateau to the respective tipping point and evenly distributed.
A total of around 7.7 million m³ of tailings were piled up and 1.4 million m³ of treatment residues were flushed into two sludge ponds.
While some heaps ( 18 , 32 , 39 , 42 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 119 , 120 and 121 ) were only fenced in after the end of the mining work, other heaps began to be recultivated. In the following years, the heaps of shafts 51 , 54 , 55 , 124 , 145 and Schurf XIX were flattened and afforested. The heaps of shafts 52 , 53 and 227 were formed and flattened into a single pile of heaps. The eastern embankment of the heap was pushed along Eibenstocker Strasse to today's Hospitalstrasse, thus also covering the shaft point of shaft 227 and Hohe Gasse. At the end of the work, the entire dump was afforested.
The embankment heaps of Schlammteich 1 were partly processed into gravel and sold to the state forest. The sedimentation basin itself served as a household waste dump. After the filling, the sludge pond 1 was covered with the heaps of the shaft 32 and greened. The sludge pond 2 was subsequently used by the year 1977 as the pool and by the year 2000 as the county landfill. After 2000, contaminated material from various old Wismut sites was installed there and sludge pond 2 was finally stored in 2008.
From 2003, the rehabilitation of various heaps (e.g. heaps of shafts 18 , 39 and 120 ) began. Various heaps (e.g. heaps from shaft 53 and shaft 54 as well as the eastern slope of the central shaft pile) were cleared of vegetation and rehabilitated once more. The heap of shaft 18 was removed and installed in the western plateau of the central shaft heap (in the area of shaft 53 ). The eastern embankment of the central shaft dump was subjected to a radon remediation . The heap in shaft 120 and a heap in shaft 39 were also rehabilitated . Parts of the processing heap in the city were built into the heap of shaft 54 and the heap was then rehabilitated.
Mountain damage
Analogous to the resettlement campaign in Oberschlema , Wismut AG also urged Johanngeorgenstadt to resettle the residents of the old town and demolish the buildings there from 1951.
On the instructions of the Prime Minister of the GDR , Otto Grotewohl , on September 10, 1951, a special commission was set up to regulate settlement issues in the Saxon ore mining areas . The aim was to relocate the population from the subsidence areas. The legal basis for this was the ordinance for the implementation of the General Mining Act of the Kingdom of Saxony of August 31, 1910.
At that time, the effects of mining on the old town of Johanngeorgenstadt were not foreseeable. In December 1951, special commissioner Walther Kirsten, who was directly subordinate to Otto Grotewohl and who was given full powers, established an evacuation zone with an area of approx. 90 hectares in cooperation with Wismut AG . The planned demolition affected a total of 431 houses with around 5,600 inhabitants, five larger businesses, 199 smaller businesses, 26 smallholders and almost all public facilities in the city. At the end of 1952 the clearance zone was specified again by those responsible. Only 412 houses were now affected.
Since there was no possibility of accommodating the resettlers in the vicinity of Johanngeorgenstadt, the decision was made to rebuild the new town. The project proposed by Kirsten with an estimated cost of 56 million marks was rejected by Walter Ulbricht and Otto Grotewohl. In the project revised by Kirsten, the investment sum was slashed to 24 million marks. It was no longer assumed that the old town would be completely demolished and therefore only 1100 instead of the 1500 planned apartments were needed. Furthermore, the new construction of the town hall, the tax office, the post office and the people's police district office fell out of the planning. These facilities were to be housed in 60 additional apartments. Two hotels, a school, a kindergarten and other social facilities (pioneer home, youth home, sports stadium, vocational school and public library) were no longer part of the planning. Construction on this project began on February 20, 1952 and the completion date was scheduled for November 1, 1952. In view of this planning, the time frame for the evacuation of the old town was also set to the period between December 1, 1952 and March 31, 1953. Since this time frame was too tight from the start, the first apartments in Neustadt could not be moved into until July 20, 1953.
Against the background of overly optimistic ore reserves and the designated mining areas on the upper levels, it became apparent in early 1953 that the subsidence of the old town would not reach such dramatic proportions as in Oberschlema. As a result, the boundaries of the area to be cleared were repeatedly changed by those responsible and Wismut AG and there was no rush to clear the old town. The eviction at that time was on a voluntary basis and so in June 1953 only four houses were evacuated.
With the completion of the first apartment blocks in the new town, the evacuation of the old town was accelerated. 440 houses should now be cleared, as the boundaries of the area to be cleared have been changed again. With the dissolution of the special commissioner to regulate settlement issues in the Saxon ore mining areas on July 31, 1956, the individual districts became responsible for these tasks. By the end of 1956, around 3480 residents had been resettled. By reducing the size of the evacuation area, but also by the resistance of the affected residents, only 319 houses had been cleared and around 4,000 residents were relocated by the end of the action in 1957.
With the demolition of the administrative headquarters of object 12 , the demolition of the old town began in December 1953. The progress of the demolition work was slow because the companies involved lacked the necessary manpower. At the end of 1957 there were still 102 buildings approved for demolition. After the houses were demolished, avenue trees were planted along the streets from 1960, while the forest, which was felled on a large scale in 2013, was reforested on the fallow land.
Above the deposit, a trough extending from south to north with an extension of about 2 km in length and about 1 km in width was formed on the surface of the earth. There are two funnels with a dip of 1.06 m at ( 50 ° 25 ′ 46.1 ″ N , 12 ° 43 ′ 33.4 ″ E ) and 0.70 m at ( 50 ° 26 ′ 4.6 ″ N , 12 ° 43 ′ 24.2 ″ O ). The decline reached its peak in 1956 and had already subsided significantly in 1959. Due to the ongoing renovation work, the subsidence movement revived.
literature
- Calendar for the Saxon mountain and hut man 1827 to 1851 Royal Bergakademie Freiberg
- Yearbook for the mountain and hut man 1852 to 1872 Royal Bergakademie zu Freiberg
- Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony from 1873 to 1917
- Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in Saxony 1918 to 1934
- Johann Christian Engelschall : Description of the exiles and mountain town Johann Georgen city . In four parts ... Friedrich Lanckischens Erben and Christoph Kircheisen, Leipzig 1723 ( scan in Google book search [accessed on December 26, 2018]).
- Werner Runge: Chronicle of the bismuth . Ed .: Wismut GmbH. Self-published, Chemnitz 1999, OCLC 84330928 (CD).
- Frank Teller : Mining and mining town Johanngeorgenstadt . Förderverein Pferdegöpel Johanngeorgenstadt e. V., Johanngeorgenstadt 2001.
- Frank Teller: Upheaval, departure, demolition . Johanngeorgenstadt 1945–1961. 1st edition. Förderverein Pferdegöpel Johanngeorgenstadt e. V., Johanngeorgenstadt 2009, DNB 994862172 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Purchasing power as a measure of the value of money. In: fredriks.de. Retrieved March 25, 2018 (private website).