International broadcasting
Under international broadcasting means the broadcasts of a state or public radio - or television company , which are not aimed at people in their own country, but of compatriots living abroad, or to citizens in other countries as a whole.
Target groups
There are essentially two groups of broadcasters in international broadcasting:
- On the one hand, channels aimed at (former) citizens of their country who are temporarily or long-term living abroad
- on the other hand, channels aimed at the entire population of other countries or an international audience.
Depending on the target group, programs in the first group broadcast in their home or national language and programs in the second group in the language of the target countries or an international lingua franca. Programs that explicitly address the population of another state often pursue the purpose of creating a counterbalance to the media and their reporting that are predominant in these countries.
to form
Depending on the possible tasks of a foreign broadcaster, there is a subdivision into forms. Jo Groebel calls them the keywords assigned to the functions .
The traditional forms are to be a representative of the broadcasting country, as well as broadcasting a home radio for expatriates. An early example of this are shortwave programs on the German world radio broadcaster . A historical form similar to home broadcasting is the colonial broadcasting that emerged between the World Wars ( Empire Service of the BBC, Poste colonial in France, Philips Omroep Holland-India in the Netherlands, broadcasts for the Belgian Congo from Belgium).
In addition to Vatican Radio, missionary broadcasts canbe found predominantly on North America's international radio .
International broadcasting can also address current issues in the target countries (examples: Radio Free Europe , SNA radio ). The transitions to more recent forms of international broadcasting, such as compensation and crisis and prevention broadcasting, are fluid. Both contain a substitute supply of information for the corresponding countries with insufficient or completely missing offer. The latter is a specialization of compensatory care - a broadcast of programs in war and crisis regions in order to provide additional information with a compensatory character.
Domestic offers in foreign or minority languages ( ethnic media ; examples: COSMO , Sorbian Broadcasting ) are not included in international broadcasting .
distribution
Due to the range, the foreign radio stations traditionally broadcast mostly on shortwave frequencies ( shortwave broadcasting ), increasingly rarely on mediumwave or longwave . In recent times, the programs are distributed almost exclusively via satellite and via live stream over the Internet. For around ten years, digital shortwave ( Digital Radio Mondiale , DRM) was introduced, a new reception format that is intended to replace analogue broadcasts, the reception quality of which is very unstable, in the long term. International television is broadcast predominantly via satellite. Multimedia platforms such as swissinfo are distributed exclusively via the Internet.
history
Foreign broadcasting was particularly important during the Cold War , when the West tried to infiltrate the state propaganda of the Eastern Bloc countries through the broadcasts of the foreign broadcasters and the East, for its part, also broadcast programs to the west in order to influence its population.
After the end of the bloc confrontation, international broadcasting lost much of its importance. In addition to the elimination of political disputes, technical developments also contributed to this. The spread of the Internet and its wide range of opportunities to obtain information about foreign countries, as well as the possibility of receiving the domestic stations of the home country in foreign countries, made shortwave broadcasting, which is prone to interference, strong competition. The new digital broadcast standard on shortwave has so far not been able to establish itself. The main reason for this is the lack of affordable receivers.
Foreign radio station
active
country | Name of the sender | Start of transmission | Number of languages | languages | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Radio Tirana International | 1938 | 7th | German , English, French | [1] |
Argentina | RAE Argentina al mundo | Apr 11, 1949 | 8th | Chinese, German , English, French, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish | [2] |
Bangladesh | Bangladesh Betar | 1939 | 6th | Arabic, Bengali, English (GOS), Hindi, Nepali, Urdu | [3] |
Belgium | RTBF International | Apr 1, 2004 | 1 | French, Spanish German | [4] |
Taiwan | Radio Taiwan International | 1939 | 13 | Mandarin, Minnan, Hakka, Cantonese; German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Vietnamese | [5] |
People's Republic of China | Radio China International | December 3, 1941 | 61 | Chinese, Cantonese, Hakka, Minnan, Chaozhou, Wenzhou, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tibetan, Uighur; Albanian, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Bulgarian, Danish, German , English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Greek, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Croatian, Lao, Lithuanian, Malaysian, Mongolian, Nepali, Dutch, Norwegian, Pashtun, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Serbian, Sinhala, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Thai, Czech, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Belarusian | [6] |
Germany | German wave | May 3, 1953 | 9 | Amharic, Hausa | [7] |
France | Radio France Internationale | May 6, 1931 | 14th | French, Hausa, Swahili, Vietnamese | [8th] |
Greece | Voice of Greece | 1947 | 1 | Greek | [9] |
India | All India Radio | Oct. 1, 1939 | 26th | Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Arabic, Baloch, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, English (GOS), French, Indonesian, Persian, Pashtun, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan | [10] |
Indonesia | Voice of Indonesia | July 22, 1945 | 8th | Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Dutch, Spanish | [11] |
Iran | Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting | 1956 | 26? | Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Chinese, Dari, German , English, French, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Pashtun, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Tajik, Talisch, Turkish, Uzbek | [12] |
Japan | NHK World Radio Japan | 1935 | 18th | Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Urdu, Vietnamese | [13] |
Canada | Radio Canada International | Feb 25, 1945 | 5 | French | [14] |
North Korea | Voice of Korea | Oct 14, 1945 | 9 | Arabic, Chinese, German , English, French, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish | [15] |
P'yŏngyang Pangsong | 1 | Korean | |||
South Korea | KBS World Radio | Aug 15, 1953 | 11 | Arabic, Chinese, German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, Vietnamese | [16] |
Jayu Bukhan Bangsong | 1 | Korean | [17] | ||
Jayu Joseon Bangsong | 2004 | 1 | Korean | [18] | |
Yeollin Bukhan Bangsong | 1 | Korean | [19] | ||
Croatia | Voice of Croatia | 1991 | 4th | German , English, Croatian, Spanish | [20] |
Cuba | Radio Habana Cuba | May 1, 1961 | 6th | Arabic, English, Esperanto, French, Portuguese, Spanish | [21] |
Mongolia | Voice of Mongolia | Sep 1964 | 5 | Chinese, English, Japanese, Mongolian | [22] |
New Zealand | Radio New Zealand International | 1948 | 7th | English | [23] |
Nigeria | Voice of Nigeria | 1961 | 8th | Arabic, English, French, Fulfulde, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba | [24] |
Pakistan | Radio Pakistan | Apr 21, 1973 | 13 | Pashto, Punjab, Sindhi, Urdu | [25] |
Poland | Radio Poland | 1st Mar 1936 | 6th | German , Polish, Russian, Belarusian | [26] |
Belaruskaje Radyjo Razyja | Nov 3, 1999 | 1 | Belarusian | [27] | |
Eurapejskaje Radyjo dlja Belarusi | 2005 | 1 | Belarusian | [28] | |
Portugal | RDP Internacional | 1 | Portuguese | [29] | |
Romania | Radio Romania International | Feb 12, 1939 | 12 | Arabic, Aromanian, Chinese, German , English, French, Italian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Ukrainian | [30] |
Russia | sputnik | 2014 | 31 | Abkhazian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, Dari, German , English, Estonian, French, Georgian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Kurdish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Ossetian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Serbian, Spanish, Tajik, Czech, Turkish, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Belarusian | [31] |
Sweden | Radio Sweden | 1938 | 6th | easy Swedish; Arabic, English, Kurdish, Persian / Dari, Somali | [32] |
Slovakia | Radio Slovakia International | Jan. 1, 1993 | 6th |
German , English, French
, Slovak, Spanish |
[33] |
Spain | Radio Exterior de España | 5th Mar 1942 | 6th | Spanish | [34] |
Sri Lanka | Radio Sri Lanka | 5? | English, Sinhala, Tamil; Bengali, Hindi | [35] | |
South Africa | Channel Africa | Oct 1, 1992 | 6th | Chewa, English, French, Lozi, Portuguese, Swahili | [36] |
Syria | Radio Damascus | 1957 | 6th | English, Hebrew, Russian | [37] |
Thailand | Radio Thailand | Oct. 20, 1938 | 10 | Burmese, Chinese, German , English, Japanese, Cambodian, Lao, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese | [38] |
Czech Republic | Radio Praha | Aug 31, 1936 | 6th | German , English, French, Russian, Spanish, Czech | [39] |
Tunisia | RTCI | Feb 1960 | 5? | German , English, French, Italian, Spanish | [40] |
Turkey | TRT World | 1937 | 35 | Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bulgarian, Chinese, Dari, German , English, Farsi, French, Georgian, Hausa, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Croatian, Malay, Macedonian, Pashtun, Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Erbian, Spanish, Swahili, Tatar, Turkmen, Uighur, Hungarian, Urdu, Uzbek | [41] |
Ukraine | Radio Ukraine International | May 1966 | 4th | German , English | [42] |
Vatican city | Vatican Radio | Feb 12, 1931 | 37 | Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Bulgarian, Chinese, German , English, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Tigrinya, Czech, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Vietnamese, Belarusian | [43] |
United States | Voice of America | Feb. 1, 1942 | 38 | Amharic, Bambara, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hausa, Cantonese, Khmer, Kinyarwanda / Kirundi, Korean, Kurdish, Lao, Oromo, Portuguese, Rohingya, Somali, Swahili, Tibetan, Tigrinya | [44] |
RFE / RL | May 1, 1951 | 16 | Russian, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek | [45] | |
Radio Free Asia | Sep 1996 | 9 | Burmese, Chinese, Cantonese, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Tibetan, Uighur | [46] | |
Radio and TV Martí | May 20, 1985 | 1 | Spanish | [47] | |
Radio Farda | Dec 2002 | 1 | Persian | [48] | |
Radio Sawa | 23 Mar 2002 | 1 | Arabic | [49] | |
United Kingdom | BBC World Service | Dec 19, 1932 | 36 | Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Dari, English, Farsi, French, Hausa, Hindi, Kinyarwanda, Korean, Oromo, Pashtun, Tajik, Tigrinya, Urdu, Uzbek | [50] |
U.N. | United Nations Radio | Feb 13, 1946 | 11 | Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Urdu | [51] |
Vietnam | Voice of Vietnam | Sep 2 1945 | 12 | Chinese, German , English, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Khmer, Lao, Spanish, Russian, Thai, Vietnamese | [52] |
Belarus | Radio Belarus | May 11, 1962 | 8th | Chinese, German , English, French, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Belarusian | [53] |
Discontinued
country | Channel | Start of transmission | Send end | languages |
---|---|---|---|---|
German Empire | World radio station | Aug 26, 1929 | 31 Mar 1933 | German and from 1932 in-house productions in English |
German Empire | Shortwave / overseas transmitters and European transmitters | Apr 1, 1933 | Apr 25, 1945 | 1939: Afrikaans, Arabic, English, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovenian, Hungarian; later over 50 languages |
German Democratic Republic | Radio Berlin International | May 1959 | Oct 3, 1990 | Arabic, Danish, German , English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Spanish, Swahili |
Austria | Radio Austria International | 1955 | 26th Mar 2003 | Arabic, German , English, Esperanto, French, Spanish |
Austria | Ö1 International | July 1, 2003 | Dec 31, 2009 | |
Switzerland | Swiss Radio International | 1930 | Oct 30, 2004 | Arabic, German , English, Esperanto, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romansh, Spanish |
Soviet Union | Radio Moscow / Voice of Russia | Oct. 29, 1929 | 2014 | 64 languages (1974): Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Assamese, Bambara, Bengali, Burmese, Bulgarian, Chinese, Danish, Dari, German , English, Finnish, French, Fulfulde, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Catalan, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Lingála, Malagasy, Malayalam, Marathi, Macedonian, Mongolian, Ndebele, Nepali, Dutch, Norwegian, Oriya, Punjabi, Pashtun, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Quechua, Romanian, Swedish, Serbo-Croatian, Shona, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Czech, Turkish, Hungarian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Zulu |
Italy | EIAR / RAI | July 1, 1930 | Dec 31, 2011 | Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Bulgarian, English, Esperanto, German , French, Greek, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Czech, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian |
Serbia | International Radio Serbia | March 8 1936 | July 31, 2015 | Albanian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, German , English, French, Greek, Italian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Hungarian |
Netherlands sent from London | Radio Orange | July 28, 1940 | 1945 | Dutch |
Netherlands | Radio Nederland Wereldomroep | Apr 15, 1947 | June 29, 2012 | Afrikaans, Arabic, English, French, Indonesian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish |
South Africa | Radio RSA | May 1, 1966 | 1992 | Afrikaans, Chewa, Danish, German , English, French, Lozi, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, Tsonga, Zulu |
Hungary | Radio Budapest | 1934 | 2007 | German , English, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Hungarian |
Transnistria | Radio Pridnestrovye | Aug 1991 | 2014 | German , English, French, Moldavian, Russian, Ukrainian |
List of foreign television channels
active
country | Name of the sender | Start of transmission | languages | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of China | CCTV news | 25 Sep 2000 | English, French, Spanish, Arabic and Russian | [54] |
Germany | DW-TV | Apr 1, 1992 | German and English | [55] |
DW (Español) | Feb 6, 2012 | Spanish | [56] | |
ProSiebenSat.1 World | Feb. 2005 | German | [57] | |
France | France 24 | Dec 6, 2006 | French, English and Arabic | [58] |
France Belgium ( RTBF ) Switzerland ( RTS ) Québec ( SRC )
|
TV5 moons | Jan. 2, 1984 | French | [59] |
Georgia | PIK | Jan. 4, 2010 | Russian | [60] |
Iran | Sahar TV | 1997 | English, French, Arabic, Kurdish, Urdu and Azerbaijani | [61] |
IRIB 1 (Europe) | Dec 16, 1997 | Persian | ||
IRIB 2 (America) | Feb 8, 2000 | Persian | ||
IRIB 3 (Asia and Oceania) | May 30, 2002 | Persian | ||
Al-Alam | Feb 23, 2003 | Arabic | [62] | |
Al-Kawthar | Feb 2006 | Arabic | [63] | |
Press TV | July 3, 2007 | English | [64] | |
iFilm | Aug 11, 2010 | English, Persian and Arabic | [65] | |
HispanTV | Dec 21, 2011 | Spanish | [66] | |
Israel | i24news | 17th July 2013 | French, English and Arabic | [67] |
Japan | NHK World | Apr 1, 1998 | English and Japanese | [68] |
Qatar | Al Jazeera | Nov 1, 1996 | Arabic | [69] |
Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr | Dec 10, 2005 | Arabic | [70] | |
Al Jazeera English | Nov 15, 2006 | English | [71] | |
Al Jazeera Balkans | Nov 12, 2011 | Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian | [72] | |
Al Jazeera America | Aug 20, 2013 | English | [73] | |
South Korea | Arirang TV | Apr 10, 1996 | English | [74] |
Netherlands Flanders |
BVN | July 1, 1996 | Dutch | [75] |
Austria | ORF 2 Europe | July 5, 2004 | German | |
Poland | TVP Polonia | Oct 24, 1992 | Polish | [76] |
TVN International | Apr 29, 2004 | Polish | [77] | |
Belsat TV | Dec 10, 2007 | Belarusian | [78] | |
Portugal | RTP África | Jan. 7, 1998 | Portuguese | [79] |
RTP Internacional | June 10, 1992 | Portuguese | [80] | |
Russia | RT International | Sep 15 2005 | English | [81] |
Rusiya Al-Yaum | May 4, 2007 | Arabic | [82] | |
RT Actualidad | Dec 28, 2009 | Spanish | [83] | |
RT America | Feb 2010 | English | [84] | |
RT Documentary | June 23, 2011 | Russian and English | [85] | |
RT UK | Oct. 2014 | English | [86] | |
RT German | Nov 6, 2014 | German | [87] | |
RT Français | 2014 | French | [88] | |
Sweden | SVT | 1988 | Swedish | [89] |
Switzerland | SRF info | May 3, 1988 | German | [90] |
Thailand | Thai Global Network | Thai, English | [91] | |
Turkey | TRT-Turk | Turkish | [92] | |
TRT Avaz | Turkic languages | [93] | ||
TRT at-Turkiyya | May 2010 | Arabic | [94] | |
United States | CNN International | July 1, 1985 | English | [95] |
TV Martí | 27 Mar 1990 | Spanish | [96] | |
al-Hurray | Feb 14, 2004 | Arabic | [97] | |
Current time | Feb 2017 | Russian | [98] | |
United Kingdom | BBC World News | 11th Mar 1991 | English | [99] |
Discontinued
country | Channel | Start of transmission | Send end | languages |
---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | German TV | Apr 8, 2002 | Dec 31, 2005 | German |
Greece | ERT World | 1996 | 11th of June 2013 | Greek |
United States | WorldNet | 1983 | May 2004 | Arabic, Croatian, English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Russian, Polish, Serbian and Ukrainian |
List of multimedia internet platforms
active
country | Name of the sender | Start of transmission | languages | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|
Switzerland | swissinfo | 2000 | 10 languages including German, English, Italian, French, Spanish, Arabic and Russian | [100] |
literature
- Foreign media . Special issue. From politics and contemporary history . No. 11/2008. February 28, 2008.
- Donald R. Browne: International Radio Broadcasting. The Limits of the Limitless Medium. Praeger, New York, Westport 1982, ISBN 0-03-059619-X .
- Patricia Jäggi: In the rustling of the Swiss Alps. An auditory ethnography on the sound and cultural politics of international radio . transcript, Bielefeld 2020, ISBN 978-3-8376-5164-5 ( transcript-verlag.de - Open Access; License: CC-BY-NC 4.0; Format: PDF).
- Norbert Nail: News from Cologne, London, Moscow and Prague. Studies on the use of language in German-language international broadcasts. Marburg 1981 (Marburg Studies in German Studies; 1). ISBN 9783770807093
- Oliver Zöllner : International broadcasting abroad. In: Hans Bredow Institute (Ed.): Internationales Handbuch Medien. 28th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8329-3423-1 , pp. 175-183.
Individual evidence
- ^ Jo Groebel: The role of foreign broadcasting. A comparative analysis of experiences and trends in five countries ( Memento from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . Assessment. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2000, p. 41f.
- ^ Dieter Danckwortt: Handbook for International Cooperation. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 1989, ISBN 3-7890-1814-7 , p. 145.
- ↑ Jo Groebel: The role of foreign broadcasting: a comparative analysis of experiences and trends in five countries. Bonn, 2000, ISBN 3-86077-931-1 .
- ^ Rudolf Stöber: International broadcast policy and "free flow of information". In: Study books on communication and media studies. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14047-7 , p. 111.