Berlin-Bohnsdorf

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Bohnsdorf
district of Berlin
Alt-Treptow Plänterwald Baumschulenweg Oberschöneweide Niederschöneweide Johannisthal Altglienicke Bohnsdorf Grünau Schmöckwitz Friedrichshagen Müggelheim Rahnsdorf Köpenick Adlershof Brandenburg BerlinBohnsdorf on the map of Treptow-Köpenick
About this picture
Coordinates 52 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  N , 13 ° 34 ′ 0 ″  E Coordinates: 52 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  N , 13 ° 34 ′ 0 ″  E
height 34  m above sea level NN
surface 6.52 km²
Residents 11,671 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density 1790 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation Oct. 1, 1920
Postcodes 12524, 12526
District number 0908
structure
Administrative district Treptow-Koepenick
Locations
  • Falkenberg
  • Falkenhorst

Bohnsdorf [ ˈboːnsdɔrf ] is a Berlin district in the southwest of the Treptow-Köpenick district . In the north it borders on Altglienicke , in the east on Grünau and in the south on the community of Schönefeld .

As a district, Bohnsdorf has no self-administration according to the Berlin constitution . All tasks relating to the region are carried out by the district office or the district council assembly (BVV) Treptow-Köpenick.

location

With the exception of the 59.6 meter high Falkenberge in the north, the terrain is relatively flat. The Plumpengraben flows in the east of Bohnsdorf, which means that the adjacent area was completely swampy for a long time and could only be settled after extensive drainage.

The single-family houses and terraced houses typical of a suburban settlement dominate the development. A special feature of the building complex listed Anger ( village square is 2-21), one of the few completely preserved in Berlin.

Local locations of Bohnsdorf

  • Falkenberg (village green)
  • Falkenhorst (southeast settlements)

history

12th to 15th centuries

In the 21st century, through the village square, Bohnsdorf looks like the typical German plan form of a street green village during the 12th and 13th centuries of the German eastern settlement . In fact, Bohnsdorf was initially a dead-end village or a round village , as the Schulenburg map from 1778–1886 and the original measuring table sheet from 1831 show. This special place and the unusually low number of hooves (without parish hooves) indicate that the village was originally a Slavic settlement. In the first phase of the German settlement of the Berlin area (before about 1230) it was common for the German newcomers to move to Slavic villages and, if necessary, expand them without changing their basic structure. The assumption of power by the Germans was evident from the fact that a Schulze was mentioned in the land book of Charles IV (1373) . Bohnsdorf is a Slavic-German mixed name and refers to a village that was founded by a man named Bon. It is controversial whether it is a Slavic or German personal name (Bonifacius).

Bonenstorp / Bonistorpp / Benistorp / Bonenstorf is documented for the first time in the land book of Charles IV, with 25 hooves, of which Hans von Aken (citizen of old Berlin ) has eight free hooves and the bede . He received the place including the free hooves from the knight Heinrich von Reichenbach from Schulzendorf as a fief . The strong position of the Schulzen is shown not only in his two free hooves, but also in the fact that he is assigned a Kossät and a (albeit desolate ) jug . The Koetter was obliged to his lords besides compulsory labor and smoke chicken deliver as winter supplies. The remaining hooves were tilled by an unknown number of free farmers in three-field farming. From Aken they had to give the tithe in the form of ten bushels of rye and barley as well as three as interest and one shilling as bede.

It can be assumed that the German newcomers wanted a village church, initially - as was customary in the very first years of settlement - only made of wood. Nothing is known about such a previous building, not even when it was built, because no parish hooves are mentioned in the land register in 1375. It was probably on the square of the round village, next to the village pond.

A low point in the history of Bohnsdorf was the time between 1400 and 1420, when the robber barons Johann and Conrad von Quitzow made the region unsafe and plundered the settlements around Berlin-Cölln. In 1450 two parish hooves and one church hoof for the "Gotzhusz" (= the church) were reported for the first time; they will have referred to a timber-framed church. In the meantime there were two muck in the village; a year later a shepherd joined them. Hans von Aken, who held the upper and lower court, continued to demand 20 bushels of forest oats per year from his subjects so that they could let their cattle graze on the Köpenicker Heide. However, the military service remained with Heinrich von Reichenbach. In her book Treptow - History of the Berlin administrative districts, Judith Uhlig points to the prosperity of Hans von Aken. For them, von Hake was “one of the very few self-employed among the medium to large recipients of rural income”. It was thanks to his economic skill that he participated in the Berlin trade and steered the Brandenburg catchment area on the Berlin long-distance trade. Uhlig points out that his income was up to 20 silver marks a year - with an average fee of 0.39 silver marks per hoof that a farmer had to pay. Von Hake also took part in Berlin's indignation and was punished with the withdrawal of his fief. He also had to pay a fine of 1000 guilders. The Cölln citizen Bartholomeus Bergholz appeared as the new owner in 1449, if only as a pledge, ie the upper ownership remained sovereign. According to a castle register from 1450 in Bonstorff , Bergholz also received no free hooves. For this, he was allowed to demand contributions in kind and money from 21 Hufen. It is worth mentioning, however, that Bergholz was given church patronage for the first time and thus a village church existed at that time . In 1472 there was another change of ownership in Ponstorff . Another Berlin citizen, Jacob Freyberg, was once again enfeoffed with Bohnsdorf. However, he only held half the church patronage. The other half was given to the Lords of Liepe zu Waltersdorf in 1474: The newly built church did not have its own parish and was merely a subsidiary church of Waltersdorf. This decision was to last until the Reformation was introduced . After this time, Bohnsdorf developed only modestly, because in 1480 there were still 25 hooves (two of which were parish hooves) as well as two kötter and now two wild hooves. The influence of the Freybergs continued to wane when in 1536 he only granted 2/3 of the rights of Bohnsdorf from the sovereign. In 1589 there was still a Schulzen with four hooves in the village, two of which were free hooves and a four-hoofed, five three-hoofed, two Kötter and a Heidereiter. In 1599 a von Troye appeared as the successor to the Freyberg brothers, who did not live in Bohnsdorf, but in Schmöckwitz, with which he had also been enfeoffed. He, too, only held 2/3 of the rights in the village, and there was also a yard with four voluntary hooves.

16th to 17th centuries

View of the village green

Joachim Friedrich von Brandenburg died on July 18, 1608 on the way to Berlin. His presumed place of death at the end of the path known as Bohnsdorfer Joachimstraße in the 21st century was adorned with a monument to the elector from 1845 to around 1942. The structure from 1589 was still stable in a castle cadastre, a tax and duty register, from 1624. There was no mill in town, not even a forge. If horses had to be shod, a blacksmith was added. However, von Troye never got around to paving the voluntary hooves - the Thirty Years' War claimed its victims. Brandenburg, which had already joined the Reformation in 1539 during Martin Luther's lifetime , became an ally of Sweden in the Thirty Years' War in 1630 . Due to the armies that marched through the march several times, Bohnsdorf lost around three quarters of its population by the end of the war. The medieval church was also badly damaged. Numerous troops passed through Bohnsdorf during this time. There were sieges, looting, pillage, forced recruitment and numerous other calamities. A petition from Schulzen from 1629 to the elector has come down to us from this time. Those of Troyes disappeared from the march after the war. The von Schapelow and von Hertefeld rulers appeared as new rulers, but they left the country again after three years.

After the end of the war, Friedrich Wilhelm tried primarily to stabilize the domains, moved in Bohnsdorf in 1651 and assigned it as an official village to the Köpenick Domain Office. Two abandoned farms were reoccupied and Martin Kupperschmidt from Kleinschönebeck was appointed as Schulze. He brought a farmhand and a boy to his three-hoofed yard. Another farm was occupied by Gürg Pusemann from Metzdorf, while Martin Deill from Waltersdorf received the desert Kötterhof. In 1674 a Vorwerk was built on two desolate courtyards (in the 21st century the village square 4–7). A sheep farm and a small dairy farm with 700 sheep and a small farm were built on eight other wild Hufen (four freely granted, four contributory) in 1700. This made it possible to completely occupy the formerly desert Feldmark in around 50 years. The farmers and kötter - with the exception of the Schulzen - were obliged to do tensioning and manual services for three days and to hand over the grain tithe and smokers to the office.

18th century

After the Kingdom of Prussia was founded by Friedrich I in 1701, Bohnsdorf benefited from the flourishing of the royal capital and residence of Berlin. In 1704 there was a Schulzen with a farm and three hooves of land, next to it four farms with three hooves each, two desolate farms with eight hooves of land on which the sheep and dairy were set up, and two farms. In 1711 the population had grown to five hoofers, two kötter, a shepherd, a blacksmith, a shepherd, a large and a small farmhand and a boy. They farmed 19 Hufen land. The first teacher known by name was Gottfried Grote, 1720. In 1745, next to five farmers and two köttern, a jug appeared for the first time in town.

In 1755 it was decided, under the direction of the building inspector Johann Friedrich Lehmann, to build a new brick church on the village square , which should do justice to the increasing influx from the Grünau settlement . The building of the village church Bohnsdorf is under monument protection in the 21st century . In 1756 there were five Dreihufner including the Schulzen, two Kötter and two residents . There was also the Vorwerk with 522 acres of fields, four acres of garden and two acres of meadow, and 1200 sheep.

Palatinate settlers arrived in Bohnsdorf in 1763 and founded the Neu-Bohnsdorf settlement east of the village square. They received around 660 acres of land as well as sheep farming rights from the Vorwerk. Frederick II had numerous wet lowlands reclaimed through amelioration . In this context, the Vorwerk, located on a plateau of the Dahme , was also torn down again in 1763 - apparently it brought in too little income. In 1772 there were seven farmers and half-farmers, three Kötter and one Büdner in Bohnsdorf.

19th century

In 1801 eight whole farmers and eight kötter lived in the village. They cultivated 15 or eight Hufen land. There was also a jug and 12 fireplaces (= households). After the wars of liberation, they were granted the right to their land in a first step. In place of manual and clamping services, tax levies came in. The long-established farmers were henceforth listed as (old) Bohnsdorf with 13 residential buildings, while the remaining residents in the Neu-Bohnsdorf colony lived in five residential buildings. The administration changed from the Köpenick office to the Mühlenhof office in 1811. In 1858 there were eight farm owners in the older district with 26 servants and maids, five part-time farmers and 32 workers who shared 26 properties. Nine estates were between 30 and 300 acres (totaling 1390 acres), five were five to 30 acres (totaling 47 acres), and another 12 were under five acres (totaling 10 acres). There was a master tailor and two arms. At that time there were three farm owners in Neu-Bohnsdorf with 13 servants and maids and four day laborers. There were still three part-time farmers, nine workers and six estates. Four were between 30 and 300 acres (a total of 645 acres), the other two were four acres in total. In 1860 there were 16 residential and 20 farm buildings as well as a public building in the old village; there was also a public building in Neu-Bohnsdorf as well as five residential and 11 farm buildings. In the course of the instruction for the introduction of the community order of March 11, 1850 , the Bohnsdorf residents were also asked whether they wanted to found an independent community. The Alt-Bohnsdorfer expressed the wish to unite with the city of Köpenick, while the colonists preferred to unite with Alt-Bohnsdorf. In 1865 the self-governing Prussian rural community of Bohnsdorf finally merged . It was just 2,138 acres in size and consisted of 21 residential and 31 farm buildings. There was also a village school and the church. It was not until 1868, and therefore quite late compared to other villages, that the blacksmith August Lütdke settled on a property at Glienicker Straße 522. In 1905, his son built a new building opposite the old forge.

In 1877 (1872?) The miller August Urner acquired a fully rotating post mill in the city of Köpenick , which he transported to his property in Glienicker Straße by horse and cart. The mill stood in the same place until the early 1980s and should be restored and placed under monument protection. However, the magistrate then decided to sell the mill to the then Museum for Transport and Technology in Kreuzberg , where it is still on display today (→ see: Bohnsdorf post mill in the technology museum ). In the same year, the municipality celebrated the topping-out ceremony for a new school building in 1877 after the building that had been in existence since 1834 on a former colonist property had become dilapidated. In 1888 the church was rebuilt; In 1890 the parish was elevated to an independent parish. In 1893 the Bohnsdorfer elected a council for the first time. The landowner Wilhelm Kümmritz was elected chairman; his lay judges were the farmers Nille and Kiekebusch.

The building boom of the Wilhelminian era also affected the settlements around Berlin. The square manors that were built in the 21st century remained unchanged on the village square and are now listed as a building ensemble . However, in Bohnsdorf - unlike in many other communities - neither a road nor a railway line was laid out in the second half of the 19th century. There was only the Diepenseebahn, a horse-drawn railway track that the speculator Henry Bethel Strousberg had laid from the estate in Diepensee to the Berlin – Görlitz railway line . Only the company of Johann Daniel Riedel acquired a property on the corner of Waltersdorfer Weg and Krumme Straße in 1888 and built a branch factory there for the extraction of chemical raw materials. Under the direction of the Kommerzienrat Ludwig Riedel, several tenement houses were built in the area around the factory and Dorfstrasse was paved in 1898; however, no further investments were made.

20th century

Memorial plaque on the house at Buntzelstrasse  119 in Bohnsdorf
House in the garden city of Falkenberg in Bohnsdorf that since 2008 the UNESCO World Heritage Site is one

The horticultural director Max Buntzel came to Bohnsdorf in 1889 and bought a plot of land on the Falkenberg, on which he planted a large orchard. He also built a palace -like villa in the Renaissance style . Due to financial difficulties, however, he had to sell the villa and plantation again in 1906. Nevertheless, he shaped the community of Bohnsdorf: Since then, the Falkenberg has only been called Buntzelberg by the residents . Buntzel's interest in fruit growing was also reflected in the noble old fruit varieties in the Bohnsdorf Gardens, because the owners of that time grew their fruit trees using noble vines that came from the Buntzel plantation. With the increasing sale of formerly agricultural land for settlement areas, the structure of the village also changed. In 1900 there were already 43 houses; In 1902 the workers' building cooperative Paradies eGmbH in Berlin was founded. She acquired a total of 37 hectares of land along Waltersdorfer Weg and Buntzelstrasse in order to build up to 2000 apartments in semi-detached houses for four to six families. The work was carried out by the local bricklaying company F. Noack. Initially, however, the apartments had neither a central water and sewage connection nor a connection to the gas network. This only took place when Bohnsdorf entered into an alliance of convenience with Altglienicke in 1906 and in 1910 concluded a contract with the city of Berlin for the supply of gas. A year later, it was switched to a central water supply. By 1914 around 150 apartments had been built on Paradiesstrasse, Siebweg and Quaritzer Strasse. In 1916, a community school was inaugurated in Dahmestrasse, where from then on, seven-stage school lessons could be offered. After the First World War , the previously interrupted construction activity was resumed and the houses in Paradiesstrasse 237–271 and Buntzelstrasse 105–115 were built. With the entry into force of the Greater Berlin Act on 1 October 1920 Bohnsdorf first as a district of the district Koepenick after Greater Berlin incorporated. From 1924 to 1927, other buildings were built based on designs by Bruno Taut , for example in Dahmestraße 46-68a or Leschnitzer Straße 2, 4–47 or Pitschener Straße 1–8.

In the time of National Socialism , numerous resistance fighters were active in the place. In 1931, Alfred Grünberg moved into the Schulze estate and was its political leader in Bohnsdorf until the KPD was banned . His neighbor was the writer Paul Körner-Schrader , who was arrested several times as an editor by the secret state police . A memorial stone has been commemorating the work of the resistance fighters since 1964. The Berlin regional reform with effect from April 1, 1938 resulted in numerous straightening of the district boundaries as well as some major changes to the area. The monument to Joachim Friedrich was demolished during the Second World War . Regina Richter, Frauke Rother and Anke Scharnhorst suspect in their book Here families can make coffee! Treptow in the course of history that the demolition was connected with the war-related expansion of the depot. On May 1, 1948, a Volkshaus opened in the village that bore the name Paul Körner-Schraders. It was used from 1957 by the council of the city district Treptow for cultural events.

On December 12, 1986, on Aeroflot flight 892 , a Soviet Tu-134 A crashed on the way from Minsk to Berlin-Schönefeld near Bohnsdorf in a forest area. Until 1989, the Scientific Center for Civil Protection was located at Dahmestrasse 33 , where various aspects of protecting the civilian population in the event of war were researched. Today a socio-cultural center is housed in the buildings.

21st century

In exchange for Oberschöneweide , Bohnsdorf came to the Treptow district . When the regional reform came into force on January 1, 2001, Bohnsdorf belongs to the Treptow-Köpenick district .

On May 8, 2009 construction workers found a 100 kilogram Soviet bomb from the Battle of Berlin in spring 1945 on the site of a former chemical factory on the corner of Krumme and Waltersdorfer Strasse . The site was to be prepared for the extension of the residential area of ​​the workers' building cooperative "Paradies" . Around 1,000 residents were evacuated from the adjacent streets by around 10 p.m. An hour later, the dud could be defused.

Population development

Population development in Bohnsdorf from 1734 to 1925
year 1734 1772 1801 1817 1840 1858 1895 1925
Residents 79 95 103 80 Old-B: 101 and New-B: 41 Old-B: 150 and new-B: 58 506 2858

Sights and culture

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

Course of the bus routes
line Line course Travel time Stops Cycle
(Mon-Fri)
Clock
(Sa)
Clock
(Sun)
00163 ( S Schöneweide - […] -) S Adlershof - […] - Altglienicke Church - […] - S Grünau - Waltersdorfer Straße - Zur Gartenstadt - Sausenberger Straße - Bohnsdorf, Church - Am Seegraben - […] -  S Airport Berlin- Schönefeld 39 min 27 20 min 30 min 30 min
00263 S Grünau - Waltersdorfer Straße - Joachimstraße - Neptunstraße - Merkurstraße - Schulzendorfer Straße / Parchwitzer Straße - Eichbuschplatz - Reihersteg - Waltersdorfer Straße / Parchwitzer Straße - Waltersdorfer Straße / Lindenstraße Waldstraße, city limits (- […] -  Waltersdorf , Berliner Straße ) 12/18 min 10/14 20 min (morning peak hours 10 min) 20 min 20 min
00363 S Grünau - Waltersdorfer Strasse - To the Garden City - Sausenberger Strasse - Johannes-Tobei-Strasse - Hedwigshöhe Hospital 8 min 6th 30 min (operation until 6:30 p.m.) 30 min (operation until 6:30 p.m.) 30 min (operation until 6:30 p.m.)

(As of February 29, 2016)

The "Rübenbahn" (locomotive number 310 704) in Bohnsdorf
"Falkenbergpark" business park on Paradiesstrasse

Since 1868 the "Gutsbahn", later called "Henschelbahn", ran through the fields of Bohnsdorf. Initially, it connected Gut Diepensee with the Grünau train station as a horse-drawn tram . Later it was taken over by the Neukölln-Mittenwald Railway , and locomotives were also used. From 1935 it also served the Henschel aircraft factory , today 's Schönefeld Airport, as a works railway. It was dismantled in 1945 but rebuilt in 1947. The importance of the route grew as the airport Schönefeld being created was supplied with fuel through it. However, the route now leading through the built-up area in Bohnsdorf, with many level crossings, no longer seemed up-to-date. In 1959 it was replaced by other routes and shut down. The former route can still be seen today, for example in the middle of Hundsfelder Straße . There a small locomotive was symbolically prepared as a children's playground (the so-called "beet train"). Since the 1960s, the connecting line to Schönefeld Airport has run along the southern border of Bohnsdorf, parallel to Waldstrasse . This route has now been dismantled as part of the rail link to the new BBI airport .

The main streets are Waltersdorfer, Schulzendorfer and Buntzelstraße .

education

School on the Buntzelberg

The school on Buntzelberg is a full-day school with around 500 students in 19 classes, 24 teachers and 15 educators. Founded in 1975 as Polytechnische Oberschule (POS), which later bore the name Alfred-Grünberg-Oberschule , the facility was converted into a primary school in 1991 and also took classes 1 to 6 of the nearby 16th POS "Paul Körner-Schrader" ( today: Fritz Kühn School ).

Working groups for English (grades 1 and 2) and French (grades 5 and 6) serve to promote foreign language skills . There are also special classes in the areas of social skills and media skills for grades 5 and 6.

Fritz Kühn School

Fritz Kühn School in Bohnsdorf

The Fritz Kühn School, named after the artist Fritz Kühn , is an integrated secondary school for around 450 pupils who are taught by 29 teachers. The supporting pillars of the educational concept are both artistic and musical education as well as innovative craftsmanship.

In view of the growing population of Bohnsdorf, the building was opened in 1916 as the 13th community school by the workers' cooperative "Paradies". It replaced a much smaller previous building on the village square. For the inauguration, the Späth'schen Baumschulen from Treptow (today: Baumschulenweg ) donated several linden trees for the school yard.

According to the “Law for the Democratization of German Schools” of the Soviet military administration , the previous elementary school became a high school in 1946, the first two years divided into a boys '(15th high school) and a girls' school (16th high school). In 1959, the GDR government introduced the Polytechnic High School ; the Bohnsdorf School has now become a ten-class single school with the name 16. POS "Paul Körner-Schrader" .

After the reunification , the POS became a secondary school with the name Linden-Oberschule . This was merged with the Pierre Laplace School from Altglienicke in 2006 . In order to illustrate the new beginning of the merged school, the previous name was dropped and the new name Fritz-Kühn-Schule was adopted on February 20, 2008 .

Public facilities

Hedwigshöhe Hospital

The district library at Dahmestraße 33 was closed in 2015 by decision of the Treptow-Köpenick district.

Personalities

Memorial stone in Berlin-Bohnsdorf for the killed resistance fighters Judith Auer , Karl Materna, Paul Wegmann , Hermann David, Gerhard Fliehs, Alfred Grünberg and Werner Commichau
  • Judith Auer (1905–1944), resistance fighter against National Socialism
  • Max Buntzel (1850–1907), horticultural director and plantation owner
  • Emil Rudolf Greulich (1909–2005), writer
  • Matthias Harig (* 1960), jazz trumpeter
  • Fritz Kühn (1910–1967), photographer, sculptor and blacksmith
  • Paul Wegmann (1889–1945), politician, trade unionist, member of the Reichstag and resistance fighter against National Socialism

See also

literature

  • Emil Rudolf Greulich : The Emperor's orphan boy. Novel . New Life Publishing House, East Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-355-00120-1 .
  • Bernd Kuhlmann: Schönefeld near Berlin. 1 office, 1 airport and 11 train stations . Ed .: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter; Berlin-Brandenburg Aviation Club. GVE, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-89218-038-5 .
  • Regina Richter, Frauke Rother, Anke Scharnhorst: families can make coffee here! Treptow in the course of history . be.bra verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-930863-14-6 .
  • Sabine Molter: Walks in Treptow (=  Berlin reminiscences . No. 76 ). Haude and Spener, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-7759-0414-X .
  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg: Teltow (= Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg . Volume 4). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1976.
  • Judith Uhlig: Treptow - History of the Berlin administrative districts , Volume 22, Stapp-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-87776-070-8
  • Dana Schütze and Katrin Manke: Forays through Treptow - a district of Berlin , Stapp-Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-87776-932-2

Web links

Commons : Berlin-Bohnsdorf  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Bohnsdorf . Information on the district, Treptow-Köpenick district office in Berlin

Individual evidence

  1. The others are in Lichtenrade , Lübars and Marienfelde .
  2. Joachim Friedrich (Elector) on Gedenkenafeln-in-berlin.de, accessed on December 11, 2017
  3. Karin Schmidl: 1,000 residents brought to a school / defused after consultation with the airport. Bomb discovery: residential area in Bohnsdorf evacuated . In: Berliner Zeitung . May 9, 2009, ISSN  0947-174X ( berliner-zeitung.de ).
  4. Hans Schäfer: The Gutsbahn to Diepensee. In: Gemeindeanzeiger der Gemeinde Schönefeld , April 2010, p. 12
  5. School on Buntzelberg (as of August 2013)
  6. Schule am Buntzelberg: Foreign Language Competence ( Memento from December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Status: August 2013)
  7. Schule am Buntzelberg: social skills and media skills (as of August 2013)
  8. ^ Fritz-Kühn-Schule: Development after the school structure reform  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (As of August 2013)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.fritz-kuehn-schule.de  
  9. ^ Fritz Kühn School: School History ( Memento from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )