The stories of Garibaldi

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Garibaldi in Naples in 1861 (from the photo album of the US Army officers)

The Stories of Garibaldi is a two-part novel that Ricarda Huch completed in 1906/1907 in Zurich and which was published by the Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt in Stuttgart in the same years . The intention was to have one volume each on the three Italian wars of independence . The author did not write the third volume. Part of the first volume was preprinted in the Süddeutsche Monatshefte . The editorial staff of the magazine had sent back the manuscript of the second volume to Ricarda Huch due to a lack of reader interest.

The author addresses episodes from the prehistory to solve the Roman question . Ricarda Huch recalls the men's fight for Garibaldi - in the first part of the novel in the years 1848/49 and in the second part from 1860 to 1862.

Part One: The Defense of Rome

history

First Italian War of Independence : On November 15, 1848 in Rome , Pellegrino Rossi , the Prime Minister of the Papal States , fell victim to an assassination attempt by the rebels in the struggle for the unity of Italy . Pius IX then flees . on November 24th to Gaeta on Antonelli's advice .

In 1846 - at the beginning of his pontificate - the Pope granted amnesty to “all political criminals”, including the Republicans. Garibaldi was thus able to return from exile in South America.

On February 9, 1849, Mazzini proclaimed the Roman Republic . The Pope asks the French for arms help. Only five months later the republic was put to an end by an expeditionary force under General Oudinot . At the beginning of 1850 Pius IX moved. entered Rome as ruler. Antonelli knows no mercy. He has the Republicans in the Papal States relentlessly persecuted by the police.

content

1849 - the defense of Rome

The sons of the she-wolf - that is the thirty-headed spearhead of the Italian republicans in Rome - have enough enemies . Two of these enemies are the “faithless” Savoy Karl Albert and the “hypocritical traitor to the fatherland” Pius IX. The latter declared in writing in April 1848 that a war against Austria was out of the question.

In any case, the factory owner Matteo Barba, the head of those sons of the she-wolf , and his conspirators are wondering whether the admirable Garibaldi can be trusted. After all, after his return from overseas, the famous soldier's leader first met Pius IX. and then also offered his services to Karl Albert. A little coachman, who in society calls himself the sons of the she-wolf Numa Pompilius , makes himself the advocate of the seasoned Republican Garibaldi in the thirty group.

After the Pope has left his residence and found protection with the King of Naples , Garibaldi does not go to Venice as intended, but goes straight to Rome. He is accompanied by two war companions from America - the Genoese Luigi Montaldi and his bodyguard, the Moor Aghiar. Garibaldi had been to Rome for the first time around 1825 as a poor cabin boy from Nice .

When Garibaldi introduces himself to the new holders of power in Rome, he realizes that he is not welcome everywhere. Above all, Terenz Mamiani , who wants “a constitutional, enlightened papal state”, lets the “ rebels ” who have traveled to feel this. Garibaldi wants "unlimited power ... as the Romans would have appointed a dictator in times of extreme danger ...". He can't get away with it. The moderates deport him as a lieutenant colonel on the Adriatic to Macerata and then to Rieti . The young, “muscular” lieutenant Nino Bixio stands out among the Garibaldians . The siebenundvierzigjährige Barnabites pater Ugo Bassi of Bologna joins Garibaldi's volunteer corps to.

The Roman Republic of February 1849 are headed by the triumvirs Carlo Armellini , Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi . Giuseppe Galletti becomes President of the Constituent Assembly.

In March 1849 the Piedmontese army was defeated by the Austrians in the Battle of Novara . Who should the Pope call into the country against the Roman Republic? Not the Austrians because they are spreading out in northern Italy . The Spaniards do not seem strong enough for such a military show of strength. So only the French remain. Napoleon Bonaparte , President of the French Republic , is said to have been Carbonaro in his youth , but he still responds to the papal call for help with the aforementioned expeditionary force under Oudinot. Suddenly Mazzini is in a hurry. The unloved Garibaldi is ordered from the provinces to Rome. War Minister Giuseppe Avezzana wants to convince the triumvirs and their republican followers of Garibaldi's military leadership qualities. Pisacane is of a completely different opinion. Mazzini finds a compromise. Garibaldi is promoted to general in the Roman Defense Forces, but his immediate superior becomes Obergeneral Roselli .

On April 30, 1849, General Garibaldi observed the advance of the French from the tower of Villa Corsini . Ricarda Huch writes: "As a trained general, he knew and saw how superior these troops were to his own, not just because of their numbers: they were experienced, persevering and brave ..." The French attacked the villa. Montaldi is surrounded. His saber breaks when defending against superior forces. Montaldi falls. The enemy is repulsed - thanks in part to the courageous advance of the Bersaglieri under Manara and the cavalry under Angelo Masina - and flees. On the orders of the triumvirate, Garibaldi is banned from pursuing and destroying the French - the Republican government's biggest mistake, as it turns out. Mazzini and Armellini believe that their new republic can survive if they make friends with France. The brave Montaldi is buried. Garibaldi's personal physician Ripari had previously counted nineteen wounds on the expensive dead man. Manaras Bersaglieri also proved themselves in mid-May 1849 when fighting the Bourbons in Velletri . In battle, Garibaldi falls and is bruised while lying under his horse. At the end of May, the French are again in Rome. Masina and other Garibaldi officers were killed in counterattacks on June 3 and were wounded. Nino Bixio is badly wounded. Not all soldiers of the free group appear as heroes. When Garibaldi leads a nocturnal reconnaissance in the direction of the French outposts on June 9, 1849, the “senseless” cowards flee without any contact with the enemy. On June 13th, the triumvirate did not respond to the French demand to surrender Rome. The bombardment begins. Almost seventy Italian fighters are killed every day. Oudinot bombs the Roman Republic to the ground. When a bomb hits, the soldiers throw themselves down in a flash. Garibaldi stands still because he thinks it affects people lying down and standing. Garibaldi sees only one way out - the timely withdrawal of the free crowd from Rome. The fight could be continued elsewhere - for example in the mountains. The triumvirs are against patriotic vagabonding and demand a counterattack. Garibaldi is unable to do this. On June 3rd he had lost half of his most capable people. Mazzini is outraged: "Cursed the people who cannot die for their fatherland!" On the night of June 22nd, the Roman troops had to vacate their front line of defense.

Garibaldi's pregnant wife Anita arrives in Rome. On June 26th, Pietro Sterbini suggested to the triumvirs, in vain, that Garibaldi be declared dictator. Retreating into the mountains is also out of the question. The Republicans don't want to be confused with robbers. On the morning of June 27th, three hundred fighters were killed or wounded. Rumors of Garibaldi's imminent dictatorship are causing unrest among the population. The great cannonade begins. When the rumor got around that Garibaldi had been replaced by Roselli, some soldiers left their positions. In an attack by the French, the sons of the she-wolf Matteo Barba and Numa Pompilius are killed. On June 29th, Garibaldi's soldiers prepare to withdraw from Rome. Manara dies after being shot in the body. The enemy is advancing inexorably. The barricade fight is hopeless. The triumvirate abdicates. The Council of Rome is negotiating with the French to hand over the city. On July 1, 1849, the winners entered Rome. The assembly of the overthrown republic dissolves. Ripari has to go to the papal dungeon for seven years. Garibaldi marches from Tivoli to Tuscany . From Arezzo he turns over the mountains to the Adriatic Sea. At Cesenatico, Garibaldi and his family set sail with thirteen hijacked boats. Anita dies. The Austrians capture Ugo Bassi and bring him to Bologna. Garibaldi has to stand by because the fight is fought and lost.

Quotes

  • Mazzini
    • in view of the advancing French armed forces: "Freedom is not a pleasure, freedom is a task."
    • on the personality of Garibaldi, the man of his choice in the hour of need: Although he does not know Garibaldi better, although "he is individually unpredictable", "he is surrounded by an impenetrable cloak of invisible power".
  • Count Campanello, one of Mazzini's interlocutors: "In life everyone is a soldier, and anyone who throws away weapons is worthy of death!"
  • In Rome, during the relentless Oudinot bombing, people talk about Garibaldi being invulnerable. The general to the little boy Luigi: "The bullets don't hurt me because my mother prays for me."
  • Giacomo Medici , a campaigner, quotes a word of the dying Anzani about Garibaldi: "He has a law in him that is like a storm ... whoever goes with him will find Italy."

Stories

The extensive text by the historian Ricarda Huch does not want to be read as a historical work, but as prose. Accordingly, there are innumerable incidents surrounding the work of the freedom fighter Garibaldi in Rome. Some are singled out. The wealthy haulier Angelo Brunetti, the so-called King of Rome , has a four-year-old daughter with his wife Lucrezia as well as the sons Luigi and Lorenzo. After the fall of the republic, Angelo, Luigi and Lorenzo leave Rome with Garibaldi. Lucrezia has to stay behind with the little daughter. Lorenzo is killed in a battle against the Austrians near San Sepolcro .

After the papal amnesty in 1846, the young Amadeo Desanto, imprisoned during the uprising of the Bandiera brothers in 1844 , was released from prison and died shortly afterwards in freedom.

In Rieti, Ugo Bassi and Garibaldi convert a horde of bandits and transform them into fighters in the free crowd. In Rome, the reader will experience performances by the famous actor Gustavo Modena . The Sanfedist conspirator Don Silvio preaches against the republic in public places in Rome and is provided by the republicans.

Garibaldi has a soldier from his group executed who killed an old peasant woman with whom he had not come to an agreement because of the purchase of a few chicken eggs. Some Roman women lend a hand when building barricades, for example Antonietta Colomba . This woman later falls at her husband's side in the fight. The great death among the Italians in the battle against the French comes almost like lightning out of the blue every time.

In Velletri, the King of Naples deals with the robber Vendetta. It's about the disappearance of an image of Our Lady .

This or that black sheep is also up to mischief in Garibaldi's group. In the opinion of the militant Zambianchi , the triumvirate is too considerate. So Zambianchi tortures his opponent, the canon of St. Peter's Church, Don Silvio, in a crypt in Rome.

The culture must not be neglected. In besieged Rome, the barber Guido Vidomi, known as the Duke of Aquileja , performs a puppet play for the irregulars . When the barber tried to cut Garibaldi's hair the next morning, he was hit by a French bullet and died the same day.

Portraits

In the two portraits sections , the figures of the personalities are arranged according to their mention in this article.

Second part: the struggle for Rome

history

Ricarda Huch leaps forward eleven years into the Second Italian War of Independence . After the Battle of Solferino , Austria kept Venice , Trentino and Venezia Giulia . In the struggle for the unity of Italy, Garibaldi first wants to drive the Spanish Bourbons out of southern Italy. So the kingdom of the two Sicilies must be defeated. Second, the papal state is to be eliminated and thirdly, the Austrians in Venice are to be fought.

Garibaldi embarks with a thousand men in Genoa and, after the Battle of Calatafimi, brings Palermo and after the Battle of Volturno Naples under his rule. Garibaldi misses the other two war goals - Rome and Venice. His backers are based in Turin . The Piedmontese rulers - King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and his Prime Minister Cavour - secretly support Garibaldi's expedition, but as monarchists are ultimately against the republican general. The victor of Calatafimi and Volturno was sent home by his king on October 26, 1860 in Teano . Victor Emanuel II will lead his army against the Papal States, but spare Rome. Garibaldi did his duty. Although he made another attempt in the battle for Rome in 1862 - this time again from Sicily, he failed close to the southern Calabrian Aspromonte to the Piedmontese general Cialdini . The freedom fighter is wounded and taken home.

content

Spring 1859 : Cavour and his confidants Farini and Fanti can win Garibaldi for an idea. At the head of the unified Italy should not be a republican, but King Victor Emmanuel II . When Napoleon III. wants to make peace with Austria, complies Viktor Emanuel. At the time, Garibaldi's alpine hunters are standing near Bormio . The troops are deeply disappointed. Garibaldi - with Bertani in the wake - has a plan. He wants to leave Lombardy and promote the unification of Italy from Sicily. Rosolino Pilo and the Republican Francesco Crispi - two Sicilians - had talked Mazzini into this plan.

King Victor Emmanuel does not respond, but replies with an offer. Garibaldi is to become a general in the Sardinian army. The freedom hero refuses and retires to his island of Caprera . He bought the island from an inheritance. Rosolino Pilo asks Garibaldi in a letter from Sicily to lead the uprising there. Garibaldi accepts.

Giovanni Riso sets the uprising in Palermo for April 6, 1860. A young monk from the La Gancia monastery in Palermo betrays the insurgents. The Bourbon soldiers make short work of those trapped in the monastery. Garibaldi landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860, and on May 14, in Salemi, at Crispi's request, assumed the title of dictator over Sicily . The next day, at the Battle of Calatafimi , the dictator and his thousand men beat the three thousand soldiers of the Bourbon general Landi and then conquered Palermo. Garibaldi visits schools, hospitals and welfare institutions in the big city and has the Castellamare fortress - a symbol of the Bourbon subjugation of Sicily - torn down. Monks and citizens are busily hammering the work of destruction. But the fortresses of Milazzo , Messina and Syracuse are still occupied by the enemy. The municipal council of Palermo honors Garibaldi, the liberator of the city, and during the ceremony expresses a wish of the people. The Sicilians want to be ruled by the House of Savoy . The republican Garibaldi registered the unexpected royalist swing with displeasure . La Farina - hot, jealous of Garibaldi - has fished in the murky troubles on behalf of Cavour in Palermo and is sent back to Turin by the dictator. General Medici leads fresh volunteer associations to Palermo. Bertani prepares the invasion of the Papal States in Turin on behalf of Garibaldi. Rome is taboo for the royalists. Cavour, who misses almost nothing, wants to have the renowned doctor Bertani imprisoned, but prefers to let it stay. Doctors are sometimes needed. Cavour also does not interrupt Garibaldi's winning run for the time being. Bertani learns of Cavour's bad intentions and makes off for Messina. Garibaldi is now staying there. Because Naples is the dictator's next destination. During the march on Naples, Bourbon soldiers run over to Garibaldi. Cavour sends Admiral Persano . The admiral is supposed to become dictator and stop Garibaldi's storm. Meanwhile the king is leaving his Naples. He doesn't want to see Garibaldi's entry into town. The Neapolitans are immensely amused by the escape. Liborio Romano , the king's first minister, hastily writes an address of homage to Garibaldi. The dictator arrives by train . His white coat over his red shirt is riddled with bullets. Immediately after becoming dictator of Naples, Garibaldi united the Neapolitan fleet with that of his master. Thus Victor Emanuel rules over the Mediterranean off southern Italy. Villamarina , Viktor Emanuel's ambassador in Naples, informed Garibaldi that the common gentleman would soon invade the Marches and Umbria . The king wanted to spare Rome itself. In a subsequent one-to-one conversation with the Republican Mazzini, Garibaldi says that Italy cannot be made without King Victor Emanuel. The king, "a patriot, a soldier and an honest man", has never disappointed him, but Cavour did. Garibaldi says: "Cavour is my enemy" and ponders: How can Cavour be removed?

If that succeeded, he, Garibaldi, could conquer Rome together with his king. The dictator of Naples thinks of Pallavicino as mediator on the delicate matter . He travels quickly to Naples and is not at all enthusiastic about his new job. Of course, the king does not respond to Garibaldi's bizarre request to dismiss Cavour. Viktor Emanuel's military victories in the Papal States have made the Garibaldi miracle somewhat forgotten in the public eye. In the battle of Castelfidardo , General Cialdini defeats the French troops defending the papal see. In addition, Cavour's supporters neglect little to reduce Garibaldi's victory over the Bourbons on the Volturno in its paramount importance for the unification of Italy. However, Cavour would like to come to an understanding with Garibaldi, "the man who did so much for Italy".

Bertani wants to go back to Genoa. In vain he asks Garibaldi to be released from his seat in Caserta . The dictator replied that whether he wanted to or not, he had to endure with the unreliable Neapolitans. The latter do not think of the liberation of Rome at all, but are only concerned with their personal gain. Garibaldi tells the confidante the contents of a letter that Victor Emanuel wrote to him. This shows that he and Garibaldi have lost his king's trust. Victor Emanuel would be under Cavour's influence.

Pallavicino speaks to the dictator with a message from Viktor Emanuel. If Garibaldi parted ways with Mazzini, Bertani and Crispi, an understanding might still be possible. But Garibaldi kept Mazzini in Naples and gave up the train to Rome, "because the Italian people don't want the republic, they want the monarchy".

On October 26, 1860, Garibaldi rode to escape his king. Fanti and Farini ride in Victor Emmanuel's wake. Ricarda Huch writes about the two confidants Cavours and the king: “... Her eyes were directed with haughty triumph on Garibaldi. Meanwhile Garibaldi only saw the king: he noticed a defiantly proud, dismissive expression on his face, which was at the same time embarrassed ... “Garibaldi is dismissed by the king and is allowed to go.

Victor Emanuel moves into Naples. Mazzini goes to England. Garibaldi cannot achieve anything with the king for his volunteer organizations stationed in Naples and leaves for Caprera.

When Garibaldi appears in Turin, the politicians there react nervously. Garibaldi had previously accepted a mandate from the city of Naples in the interests of his troops and was elected to the Neapolitan parliament. Cavour had expressed the reasonable view that the Pope should renounce secular rule. That remains a pious wish. As President of a session of Parliament in Turin, Baron Ricasoli attacks Garibaldi who is present. This resists and condemns the Italy policy of Cavour, who is also present. Cavour doesn't let that sit on him and brings out the level-headed statesman who thoroughly respects Garibaldi's contribution to the unity of Italy. With all Cavour's talk, Garibaldi does not give in.

Cavour died on June 6, 1861 of a brain inflammation . Garibaldi on his small island of Caprera is a sought-after conversation partner for a wide variety of visitors. He does not accept the invitation to America. Garibaldi makes one - albeit unsuccessful - attempt in the eponymous battle for Rome , following the call of his followers: “We are yours! Take ourselves and our children! But take us to Rome! ”He lands back in Palermo. The crowd cheers: “Rome or death!” Baron Torrearsa cannot talk Garibaldi out of the hopeless venture. Garibaldi says: "You want to warn me that I was a sailor? ... For Garibaldi's sake ... no more battles should be fought between Italy and Italy." The last sentence of the saying actually turns out to be a program. On August 29, 1862, Garibaldi lost the battle of Aspromonte in southern Calabria - also because he avoided the fight against Italians by all means. Garibaldi is wounded and by the victors - that is, the soldiers of his king Viktor Emanuel - forcibly sent first to La Spezia and then to his small island in the north of Italy. There Ricarda Huch lets Garibaldi's dead fighters rise from the stormy sea: “He is ours! The scent of immortality permeated his flesh ... "

Quote

Garibaldi to Farini: "I am the revolution!"

Stories

While Giuseppe La Masa is only mentioned and Agesilao Milano is only mentioned in connection with his attempted assassination of the king on December 8, 1856 (the dictator wants to pay Milano's mother a pension), two young Northern Italian comrades-in-arms of Garibaldi - the writer Ippolito Nievo and the Painter Girolamo Induno - in an inn in Valtellina, her displeasure that her leader is moving the battlefield from Lombardy to Sicily.

Sitting on the beach of his small island Caprera, Garibaldi looks out to sea in the evening and commemorates the fighters Jacopo Ruffini , Ciro Menotti and Giuseppe Andreoli , who stood up to foreign rulers and lost their lives in the years 1822–1831.

The two southern Italians Carlo Poerio and Silvio Spaventa have been imprisoned for years, have fled from their king , are hoping for his death, are valued at the Turin court of Cavour and are waiting for an heir to the throne with whom they could possibly get involved.

On Sunday, November 27, 1859, Vito Farina carried out an assassination attempt on the hated Bourbon Police Minister Salvatore Maniscalco during the service in the Cathedral of Palermo .

The old Marchese Giorgio Pallavicino called on Cavour at the end of December 1859 on a private matter. The Prime Minister's respect goes to the "Martyr from Spielberg ". Cavour proudly shows the visitor a list with which Garibaldi wants to collect a million rifles. Weapons are also collected in Brescia and Pavia . Adelaide Cairoli , mother of five sons, oversees the collection. All of her sons were or are Garibaldi's volunteers. Of course, male Garibaldi worshipers can be more active than women. There is talk of the rich landowner Nuvolari from Mantua , who accompanies Garibaldi "in all activities with the attachment of a loving dog". In Sicily, the influx of northern Italian foreigners, from whom the train of a thousand is recruited, was initially limited. But there are also Garibaldi's followers among the Sicilians. For example, there are the lords and peasants on the estate of Count Sant 'Anna , who celebrate the arrival of their liberators by singing forbidden songs. A Neapolitan admirer of Garibaldi, the landlady Giovannara, is narrated. The dictator finally allows this resolute woman from the people - that is, his kind - the right to vote as an exception . A little is also told about Augusto Elia and his father Antonio Elia . While Antonio was shot by the French in 1849, Augusto was thrown into the line of fire on the battlefield of Calatafimi when he tried to cover Garibaldi with his body and was hit in the face.

Garibaldi's personal physician Ripari from the first part is also there again. He speaks about the futility of war in general.

Portraits

shape

The second part is built “militarily” very differently than the first. While in the first part the reader experiences Garibaldi's defeat in Rome in minute detail, in the second part there is hardly any turmoil of battle. The battle of Calatafimi and the one on Volturno are omitted entirely - that is, the two heroic Garibaldi victories are only talked a little on the side.

Sometimes Ricarda Huch goes ahead. For example, it is written about Adelaide Cairoli, the mother of five sons, that three of her sons would in future fall during Garibaldi's fighting.

reception

  • Baum writes that in addition to the Süddeutsche Monatshefte , other magazines had also returned the manuscript of the second part. After all, Ricarda Huch had worked on it for three years.
  • Thanks to Ricarda Huch's interest in Italy, the extensive source studies for the present text have become possible.
  • Garibaldi is not portrayed as a "martial adventurer". Adler suspects other reasons why Part 3 was not written. Ricarda Huch did not want to write about Garibaldi and the Paris Commune , among others .
  • Adler quotes the German scholar Leonello Vincenti : Ricarda Huch's choice of the symbol Rome shows "a deep insight into the essence of Italian history". The selfless Garibaldi wants to free Italy. There is only friend and foe in the fight; so no observer. The Huchsche Garibaldi is thought of as an ideal; so largely free of weaknesses. Together with the Brunetti family, the author described “the unsophisticated forces of the people” alongside the popular Garibaldi. For Ricarda Huch, the "poeticization of the historical" takes place as a political determination of the position. The individual is precisely fixed in the corresponding crowd scenes. Adler admires Ricarda Huch's "pronounced historical awareness". “Landscape and culture” are intertwined in the poetic representation. In doing so, the author uses her poetic exaggerations, despite all the patriotic pathos, in the service of the artistic clarification of recent history. Adler observes allegory , symbols and metaphors as means of poeticization .
  • Regarding the verifiable wealth of facts, Sprengel remarks that only Part 1 was still subtitled with a novel . In addition, the vita of the title hero is transfigured with the hymn-like tone at times .

Book editions

First edition

  • Ricarda Huch: The stories of Garibaldi. German publishing house Stuttgart and Leipzig.
    • Volume 1: The Defense of Rome. 1906. 375 pages.
    • Volume 2: The struggle for Rome. 1907. 371 pages.

Other issues

  • Ricarda Huch: The Defense of Rome. The stories of Garibaldi first part. Insel, Leipzig 1921. 7. – 9. Thousand. 380 pages. First edition by Insel-Verlag
  • Ricarda Huch: The fight for Rome. Defense of Rome. The stories of Garibaldi first and second part. 2 vols. Insel-Verlag, Leipzig 1925. 379 and 373 pages
  • Ricarda Huch: Garibaldi . 564 pages. In the Insel Verlag 1960, special edition No. 67 of the series The books of the nineteen . 18th to 49th thousand
  • Ricarda Huch: The stories of Garibaldi. With an afterword by Günter Adler . 683 pages. Insel-Verlag, Leipzig 1986, © 1921 Insel-Verlag Leipzig, ISBN 3-7351-0006-6 (edition used)

literature

  • Marie Baum : Shining lead. The life of Ricarda Huch. 520 pages. Rainer Wunderlich Verlag Hermann Leins , Tübingen and Stuttgart 1950 (6th – 11th thousand)
  • Helene Baumgarten: Ricarda Huch. About her life and work . 236 pages. Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1964
  • Günter Adler: Ricarda Huch's artistic design of the Risorgimento . Diss. University of Leipzig 1973, 304 pages (typewriter)
  • Peter Sprengel : History of German-Language Literature 1900–1918. From the turn of the century to the end of the First World War. Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-52178-9
  • Christina Ujma: Rome and the Revolution. Ricarda Huch's stories from Garibaldi. In: Gustav Frank, Madleen Podewski (Hrsg.): Wissenskulturen des Vormärz (Yearbook Forum Vormärz Research 2011, 17th year). Bielefeld 2012
  • Christina Ujma, Rotraut Fischer: Poetry of the Revolution - Ricarda Huch's Garibaldi epic . In: Yearbook for International German Studies XVL.1, Bern 2013, pp. 105–120

Web links

Commons : Giuseppe Garibaldi  - collection of images, videos and audio files

See also

The Italian and French portal Risorgimento and the Risorgimento picture collection .

Remarks

  1. ↑ For Ricarda Huch, Rossi is “an ardent, indomitable old man who wanted to rule both the Pope and the people” (edition used, p. 51, 9. Zvo).
  2. ^ For a short time Cavour is replaced by Urbano Rattazzi (Edition used, p. 355, 8th Zvo and p. 401, 15th Zvo).
  3. ↑ Crispi becomes Garibaldi's secretary (edition used, p. 495, 1. Zvu).
  4. ↑ General Medici - see also in the first part (quotations).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Baum, p. 150, 10th Zvu
  2. ↑ Adler in the afterword of the edition used, p. 669, 12. Zvo
  3. ^ Italian. The Siege of Rome (1849)
  4. ↑ Edition used, p. 55
  5. ↑ Edition used, p. 57, 9. Zvu
  6. ↑ Edition used, p. 59, 16. Zvu
  7. ↑ Edition used, p. 94, middle
  8. ↑ Edition used, p. 125, 5th Zvu
  9. ↑ Edition used, p. 246, 6th Zvu
  10. ↑ Edition used, p. 84, 8. Zvu
  11. ↑ Edition used, p. 98, 3rd Zvu
  12. ↑ Edition used, p. 173, 14th Zvu
  13. ↑ Edition used, p. 237, 9. Zvu
  14. ↑ Edition used, p. 252, 12. Zvo
  15. ^ Italian Sanfedismo
  16. ^ Italian Callimaco Zambianchi
  17. ↑ engl. Battle of Aspromonte
  18. ^ Italian. The uprising of Palermo
  19. ↑ Edition used, p. 498, 9. Zvu and p. 506, 5. Zvo
  20. ^ Italian Liborio Romano
  21. ↑ Edition used, p. 555, 5th Zvu
  22. ↑ Edition used, p. 555, 4th Zvu
  23. ↑ Edition used, p. 579, 11. Zvu
  24. ↑ Edition used, p. 590, 14. Zvo
  25. ↑ Edition used, p. 626, 15. Zvu
  26. ↑ Edition used, p. 636, 7. Zvo
  27. ↑ Ital. Vincenzo Fardella di Torrearsa
  28. ↑ Edition used, p. 639, 13. Zvo
  29. ↑ engl. Battle of Aspromonte
  30. ↑ Edition used, p. 657, 7th Zvu
  31. ↑ Edition used, p. 373, 7th Zvo
  32. ^ Italian Giuseppe La Masa
  33. ^ Italian Agesilao Milano
  34. ^ Italian Giuseppe Andreoli
  35. ^ Italian Carlo Poerio
  36. ↑ Italian Silvio Spaventa
  37. ↑ The attempt on Maniscalco
  38. ^ Italian Adelaide Cairoli
  39. ^ Italian Giuseppe Nuvolari
  40. ↑ Edition used, p. 434, middle
  41. ↑ Edition used, p. 428
  42. ↑ Baum, p. 150, 1. Zvo
  43. ↑ Baum, p. 149, 2nd Zvu
  44. ↑ Baumgarten, p. 105 middle
  45. ↑ Adler in the afterword of the edition used, p. 674 middle
  46. ↑ Adler in the afterword of the edition used, p. 670 below
  47. ^ Italian Leonello Vincenti
  48. ^ Leonello Vincenti, quoted in Adler in 1973, p. 78, 3rd Zvu
  49. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 96 below
  50. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 111 middle
  51. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 125, 20. Zvo
  52. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 131, 1. Zvo
  53. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 135, 5. Zvo
  54. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 135, middle
  55. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 135, 3rd Zvu
  56. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 138 middle
  57. ↑ Adler anno 1973, p. 137
  58. ^ Adler anno 1973, p. 144, 6th Zvu
  59. ↑ Sprengel, p. 151 middle
  60. ↑ Table of contents for the edition used in 1986
  61. ^ Italian portals: Risorgimento
  62. ↑ French Portail: Risorgimento