Brothers Stumm

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Logo Gebrüder Stumm GmbH (1965)

Gebrüder Stumm , from 1806 OHG , from 1888 KG , from 1903 GmbH , from 1969 Stumm AG , was a mining group that existed from 1806 to 1974 and was at times one of the largest German industrial companies. The company experienced its heyday under Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg (1836–1901).

The company was active in the Saar region, Lorraine and the Ruhr area . In the interwar period it had to cope with losses in Lorraine and until 1926 with a forced French majority stake. Otto Wolff then acquired a relevant part of the capital . During the Second World War , the company made extensive use of forced labor . In the years of reconstruction, accompanied by the French forced administration on the Saar until 1956, the process of diversification that had already begun in the 1930s was continued; especially metal processingand the steel trade were important.

The management of structural change in the West German coal and steel industry failed. The company became insolvent in October 1974, which could no longer be disguised even by manipulation of the management. The collapse of the group was followed by economic criminal proceedings from 1976 to 1980 , until then it was considered one of the largest of its kind in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Beginnings and advancement

The mining entrepreneur family Stumm came from the Hunsrück . In 1715 Johann Nikolaus Stumm received the sovereign privilege to build a gun and iron hammer . His sons and grandsons expanded the business, which at the end of the 18th century comprised five steelworks and six iron hammers in the Hunsrück. For technical reasons, because of the increasing lack of local charcoal and because of the increasingly difficult supply of ore , the Stumms turned to the Saar area.

The company was the company Stumm brothers on March 22, 1806 Saarbrücken by brothers Friedrich Philipp Stumm (1751-1835), Christian Philipp Stumm (1760-1826) and Johann Ferdinand Stumm three with the purchase (1764-1839) ironworks in Saardepartement , the Neunkircher Hütte , the Fischbacher Schmelze and the Halberg works . These iron works, formerly owned by the state of Nassau-Saarbrücken , came into the possession of the French state after the annexation of the left bank of the Rhine and were now for sale after a series of transfers of ownership.

Neunkirchen ironworks (1857)

Johann Ferdinand Stumm and Friedrich Philipp Stumm in particular drove the development of the company. In 1831 they set up the first puddling plant in the Saar area. Karl Friedrich Stumm (1798–1848), son of Friedrich Philipp Stumm, modernized the ironworks. This included the use of a steam engine and the complete replacement of charcoal with hard coal coke . He also appointed Ferdinand Steinbeis as director. This provided further technical improvements. He also initiated company welfare at Stumm: He promoted vocational training , founded company social institutions, promoted housing welfare, set up a company disability fund and hired a company doctor . With the Neunkirchen blast furnace and puddling works, the Stumm brothers had one of the most modern ironworks in Germany. After the death of Karl Friedrich Stumm - he took his own life because he was liable for debts through loan-financed investments in the course of the economic crisis of 1848 - his brother-in-law ran the company.

Heyday

Partial view of the Neunkirchen ironworks in the 1860s

In 1858, Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg took over management at the age of 22. In the second half of the 19th century he carefully but steadily expanded the company into a modern, large-scale iron-making industry. The core of the company was the Neunkircher ironworks and the majority holdings in Dillinger Hütte and Halberger Hütte. While the location in Dillingen was responsible for sheet metal and armor plate production, the production in Halberg concentrated on cast goods and that in Neunkirchen on rolled iron (except sheet metal). The technologically advanced armor plate production turned out to be very profitable, as it was the basis for the armament of the fleet and, in addition, there was only one competitor, Krupp ; both companies agreed prices.

In contrast to the Ruhr companies, Stumm did not recruit migrant workers , with the exception of Italians , who after 1910 made up a maximum of 10 percent of the workforce at the hut. By contrast, workers from the poor north of the Saar region had been recruited and settled since the 1840s; many commuters kept their part-time farming in their home village. In this way, a solid, well-qualified workforce was trained. In the cities, however, only a few workers and employees of the group had their own home.

Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg became known throughout the empire through his economic successes during his lifetime and through his pronounced national political positions . In his own company, he took an authoritarian master-of-the-house position that forbade workers from any union or political involvement and intervened extensively in the personal lifestyle of the individual, for example by stipulating that he should be asked for permission before getting married or that he was not allowed to read certain newspapers. In general politics, Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg represented authoritarian, anti-socialist, Prussian- Protestant, national and conservative positions as a co-founder of the Free Conservative Party . In particular from the 1890s onwards, non-family managers took care of day-to-day business operations because Stumm-Halberg performed political tasks; In the company, he mostly only made strategic decisions. He retained the existing company social policy and expanded it. Contemporaries considered Stumm's economic, corporate and general political power to be so important that they spoke of Saarabia and the Kingdom of Stumm .

The Fischbacher and Halberg plants were sold in 1860 and production was concentrated in Neunkirchen . In 1870, 1,350 workers were employed in the hut. The annual output was 10,000 tons, 38 puddle ovens were in operation. In addition, there was a rolling mill , a wire rod mill, the manufacture of axles and the construction of our own coke oven plant . In 1875 the Stumm brothers acquired a majority stake in Halberger Hütte, which has been modernized in the meantime, but had got into economic difficulties due to the start-up crash .

After the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871, the company opened up Minette in Lorraine in the annexed Alsace-Lorraine . The Stumm brothers took up the hope of new fields and built a new blast furnace near Ückingen . The first of the blast furnaces was operational in 1891. Four more blast furnaces were built there in 1897/1898. With the help of the plant in Ückingen, the annual production in Neunkirchen was 278,000 tons. At that time, the Stumm brothers were one of the largest integrated companies in the iron and steel industry in the German Empire.

Shaft 3 of the Minister Achenbach colliery (photo from 1985)

In order to have secure access to coal, the company acquired collieries and fields in Westphalia from 1900 . First of all, Heinrich Grimberg bought the property in the vicinity of Lünen from Heinrich Grimberg . For the company, however, the acquisition of the Minister Achenbach colliery near Brambauer was more important. A coking plant went into operation at the Minister Achenbach colliery in 1902 . In 1903 it was expanded by 74 ovens, and an ammonia factory was added.

Since Carl Ferdinand Stumm did not have a male descendant, the family tradition of only passing the company on to one son could not be continued. After Stumm's death on April 4, 1901, the commercial director Theodor Zilliken and the technical director Fritz Horn temporarily joined the company as personally liable partners , but none of the co-owners were able to take on this role on a permanent basis. This made it impossible to continue as a limited partnership . On March 31, 1903, the company was converted into a limited liability company.

Even after 1901, the company maintained its policy of financing investments solely from profits, if possible; Outside capital was avoided in the company; Technically innovative but risky undertakings, such as the introduction of the Thomas process between 1879 and 1882 in Neunkirchen, remained the exception. In 1912 a benzene factory was built on the coking plant in Brambauer . The company also took part in the formation of the cartel . Since 1904 it has been part of the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Kohlen-Syndikat and the German Ammonia Sales Association (DAVV); In 1912 it joined the German Benzene Association .

In 1848, when Karl Friedrich Stumm died, the Stumm brothers were worth around 3.2 million marks. In 1903, the year it was converted into a GmbH, this value was around 21 million marks. In 1914 it had risen to 56 million marks.

1919 to 1945

After the end of the First World War , all of the company's properties in Lorraine were auctioned, and the proceeds went to the reparations account of the German Empire . The compensation of the Stumm brothers was not made until 1922 with devalued money . Saarland companies were forced to accept a French majority stake; for Neunkircher Eisenwerk AG this share was 60 percent. In the summer of 1926 a group led by Deutsche Bank and Otto Wolff acquired two thirds of these French shares, that is 40 percent of the total capital; In the same year the Stumm brothers again held 50 percent of this stock corporation. In the 1930s, the Stumm family came up with the idea of ​​buying back all of the shares in Neunkircher Eisenwerk, the company's "original cell". But they could not be realized, not even after Otto Wolff von Amerongen inherited the stumm participation from his adoptive father in 1940 .

The Gebrüder Stumm GmbH relocated their business activities to the Ruhr area . Plans to rebuild a closed group with the help of compensation in the iron and steel sector could only be partially implemented. Companies and holdings acquired in the meantime, for example the Niederrheinische Hütte in Duisburg - Hochfeld or the Gelsenkirchen cast steel and iron works , went to Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG in 1926 .

The expansion of the coal base was more successful. The legally independent trade union Minister Achenbach controlled the Essen mining association "König Wilhelm" AG from the beginning of 1921 . In 1926 she participated in the founding of the corporation for coal utilization , two years later she joined the coal chemical company . In 1936/1937 the legally independent mine ownership was brought into the Gebrüder Stumm GmbH . The company set up a branch in Essen to manage this property. In 1937 the participation in the Steag followed . In 1943 the company sold the König Wilhelm colliery to Krupp .

During the Second World War, the smelter in Uckange (Ückingen) in Lorraine was subordinated to the Neunkirchen ironworks . In Neunkirchen, stainless steel, which is important for the war effort, was produced from 1940 onwards. In the businesses of the Stumm brothers , especially in the Neunkirchen ironworks and the mines in the Ruhr area, thousands were used for forced labor . This included prisoners of war , civilian workers from the occupied countries and Italian military internees .

post war period

Blast furnace of the former Neunkirchen ironworks, formerly the Stumm brothers

After the Second World War , Saarland was placed under French control until the end of 1956. For the Stumm companies in this area and for the headquarters of the Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , this meant compulsory administration in France. Stumm's assets located in Germany were administered by the Essen branch. The diversification of the group, which was already evident in 1939, continued in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the basis remained the mining operations. In the mid-1960s, the company was active in the iron and steel industry of the Saarland, in mining on the Ruhr, in iron processing in southern Germany and on the Upper Rhine , in the Rhineland , in Westphalia and Berlin . It was also involved in the iron and coal trade and in inland shipping .

In 1965 around 25,000 employees were distributed among the following subsidiaries and affiliated companies :

company Seat
Mining Minister Achenbach Brambauer
Neunkircher Eisenwerk AG, formerly the Stumm brothers Neunkirchen
Bavarian plow factory GmbH Landsberg am Lech
Deutsche Gerätebau GmbH & Co KG Salzkotten
Hein, Lehmann & Co KG Dusseldorf
Hilgers AG Rheinbrohl
Karcher Schraubenwerke GmbH Beckingen
Mannheimer Maschinenfabrik Mohr & Federhaff AG Mannheim
Plettenberger Drahtindustrie GmbH Brambauer
Steffens & Nölle AG Berlin
Montangesellschaft Saar mbH Dusseldorf
Montangesellschaft Saar mbH Mannheim
De Gruyter and Co GmbH Duisburg
Hansa-Druckerei GmbH Mannheim
Legend
Mine Metallurgical plant Iron processing companies Trading companies

In 1965, the members of the Stumm family held 86 percent of the nominal share capital of the Gebrüder Stumm GmbH, totaling 96 million Deutschmarks . The largest shareholder within the family was Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm with 10 percent.

In the course of the orderly and long-term development of the German hard coal mining, Ruhrkohle AG was founded in 1968 . At the end of 1969, the entire mining property of the Stumm Brothers GmbH was incorporated into this new company. At the beginning of 1968 Leonhard Lutz , who had been on the board since April 1967, took over the post of general director . He pushed the plans to transform the company into a public company. This conversion resolution came about in November 1969. Lutz managed the company. Three people represented the Stumm family on the supervisory board, including Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm. Josef Rust , Walter Hallstein and Otto Wolff von Amerongen were among the non-family members of the Supervisory Board. Hermann Josef Abs was honorary chairman of the committee.

The restructuring of the company, its planned diversification and the associated replacement of the old basis of iron and steel production were delayed because the Stumm family did not agree on whether or not shares in the family shareholders could be sold to strangers. Negotiations about the sale of Neunkircher Eisenwerke also stalled, although Thyssen , among others , expressed interest. Another source of conflict was the level of dividends . It was 8 percent in 1969 (1968: 4 percent) and remained at this level until 1971. In 1972, 5 percent was paid. In 1973 the dividend was canceled. In addition, there were considerable differences as to who should represent the family interests, which were by no means uniform, vis-à-vis non-family management. In this context, there was a change in the Supervisory Board. On September 3, 1974, a new representative of the Stumm family moved into the supervisory board; he had promised a more robust representation of the family's interests, also against the management and the supervisory board. His predecessor, Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm, resigned from the supervisory board, on which he had represented the Stumm family for many years. The newly composed supervisory board dismissed Lutz in October 1974.

The End

The silent GmbH failed in the oil crisis of 1973 crude oil - speculation . This resulted in their insolvency , which was initially disguised. When it came out, Stumm Handel GmbH had to file an application for a settlement on October 25, 1974 , which also applied to Stumm AG and Deutsche Gerätebau GmbH . A number of the Stumm Group companies that were still able to act were subsequently sold. With these events the long history of the company came to its "sensational end".

On October 29, 1976, the trial of five former Mute managers began at the Essen District Court . It ended on July 11, 1980. All were sentenced to imprisonment for more than 34 years in total for bankruptcy , fraud , breach of trust and breach of accounting obligations or aiding and abetting . The procedure was considered to be one of the largest economic criminal trials in the Federal Republic. Leonhard Lutz was not among the defendants. He had committed suicide on December 5, 1975, shortly after his admission to the Munich-Stadelheim correctional facility .

The Neunkircher Eisenwerk AG merged in 1982 in the wake of the steel crisis in what is now Saarstahl AG.

In 1977 Marquard and Bahls GmbH & Co. took over all the shares in Stumm AG . The creditors who had to waive part of their claims were compensated. The Hamburg company converted the stock corporation into a GmbH. This acted as a holding company under the name Stumm GmbH . In January 1987 this Stumm GmbH was renamed Marquard & Bahls GmbH .

literature

  • Thomas Urban: The entrepreneur family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, pp. 185-219.
  • Ralf banks: Carl Ferdinand Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg. A Successful Entrepreneur? In: moving, connecting, shaping. Entrepreneurs from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Festschrift for Klara van Eyll on September 28, 2003. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-933025-39-7 , pp. 251-264.
  • Neunkirchen tourist office (ed.): Karl-Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg. An industrial life 1836–1901 . Issue No. 15. Neunkirchen 2003.
  • 250 years of Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , Brambauer 1965.
  • Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, pp. 461–466 with the assistance of the Ruhr Mining Societies.
  • KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, pp. 303-316.
  • Five-quarter century Neunkircher Eisenwerk and the Stumm brothers , Mannheim 1935.
  • Alexander Tille : One hundred years of Neunkirchen ironworks under the Stumm brothers company , Saarbrücken 1906.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. On the legal forms of Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, p. 461 with the assistance of the Ruhr mining companies . The decision to convert into a stock corporation was made in November 1969. See Thomas Urban: The crisis-resilience of the entrepreneurial family - Haniel, Stumm and the «double »Structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 210. See also Marquard & Bahls Aktiengesellschaft . In: Handbook of German stock corporations , delivery 9-1996 / 97.
  2. See the mentions in: Martin Fiedler, Howard Gospel: The Top 100 Largest Employers in UK and Germany in the Twentieth Century. Data (ca.1907, 1935/38, 1955/57, 1972/73, 1992/95) ; The 100 Greatest Employers in Great Britain and Germany in the 20th Century. Dates (ca.1907, 1935/38, 1955/57, 1972/73, 1992/95) , Cologne Economic History Paper , No. 3 (2010). Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  3. 250 years Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , Brambauer 1965, pp. 4-6.
  4. For details see also: Peter Burg: Family Stumm I, ironworks entrepreneur (1669–1901). In: Portal Rheinische Geschichte (www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de). Retrieved March 4, 2019 .
  5. a b 250 years Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , Brambauer 1965, p. 8.
  6. a b K. H. Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 303.
  7. ^ A b Ralf banks: Carl Ferdinand Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg. A Successful Entrepreneur? In: moving, connecting, shaping. Entrepreneurs from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Festschrift for Klara van Eyll on September 28, 2003. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, pp. 251–264, here p. 251.
  8. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 194.
  9. ^ A b c Peter Burg: Stumm I family, ironworks entrepreneur (1669–1901). In: Portal Rheinische Geschichte (www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de). Retrieved March 4, 2019 .
  10. a b c K. H. Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 304.
  11. On the cautious investment policy and conservative capital policy, see in particular Ralf Banken: Carl Ferdinand Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg. A Successful Entrepreneur? In: moving, connecting, shaping. Entrepreneurs from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Festschrift for Klara van Eyll on September 28, 2003. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, pp. 251–264.
  12. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, pp. 328 f. And p. 458 f., ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  13. Early historiographical on this Eckart Kehr : Battle Fleet Construction and Party Politics 1894–1901. Attempt to cross-section the internal political, social and ideological preconditions of German imperialism . Verlag Emil Ebering, Berlin 1930. For information on the agreements, see Harold James : Krupp. German legend and global company . Translated from the English by Karl-Heinz Siber. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2011. p. 121 , ISBN 978-3-406-62414-8 .
  14. Wolfgang Behringer , Gabriele Clemens: History of the Saarland. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2011, p. 88.
  15. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 17, ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  16. ^ Helga Grebing : Labor Movement. Social protest and collective advocacy until 1914 . Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1985, pp. 69 f., ISBN 3-423-04507-8 .
  17. Albert HV Kraus: They respected and feared him. In: Saarbrücker Zeitung . March 29, 2011, accessed March 4, 2019 .
  18. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 444, ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  19. ^ Ralf banks: Carl Ferdinand Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg. A Successful Entrepreneur? In: moving, connecting, shaping. Entrepreneurs from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Festschrift for Klara van Eyll on September 28, 2003. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, pp. 251–264, here pp. 262–264.
  20. For the forms and purposes of this social policy, see Ralf Banken: Die Industrialisierung der Saarregion 1815–1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850–1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, pp. 432–434, p. 441 and p. 444, ISBN 978-3-515-07828 -3 .
  21. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 14, ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  22. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 313 , ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  23. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 328 f., ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  24. Bernhard Calnot: Uckange blast furnace plant, Rue du Jardin des Traces. In: Rheinische Industriekultur (www.rheinische-industriekultur.de). Retrieved March 4, 2019 .
  25. ^ Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, p. 461 f.
  26. ^ Heinz Gillenberg: Karl-Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg . An industrial life (1836–1901). In: Verkehrsverein Neunkirchen (ed.): Neunkircher Hefte . tape 15 . Neunkirchen November 2003.
  27. ^ Ralf banks: Carl Ferdinand Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg. A Successful Entrepreneur? In: moving, connecting, shaping. Entrepreneurs from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Festschrift for Klara van Eyll on September 28, 2003. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv Foundation, Cologne 2003, pp. 251–264, here p. 256, p. 258 and p. 261.
  28. ^ Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, p. 462 f.
  29. ^ Ralf Banken: The industrialization of the Saar region 1815-1914. Vol. 2. Take-off phase and high industrialization 1850-1914 (Regional Industrialization, Vol. 4), Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, p. 475, ISBN 978-3-515-07828-3 .
  30. a b Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, p. 463 with the participation of the Ruhr Mining Societies .
  31. KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 306 f.
  32. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 195.
  33. KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 307 f.
  34. ^ Ruhr mining. History, structure and interdependence of its societies and organizations. Compiled and edited by Gerhard Gebhardt , Glückauf, Essen 1957, pp. 463–465, with the assistance of the Ruhr Mining Societies.
  35. KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 310.
  36. For Neunkirchen see, for example, Harald Schumacher: White spots in knowledge about the companies of the Nazi era. In: Wirtschaftswoche . August 28, 2016, accessed March 5, 2019 . Furthermore Hermann Volk: Local history guide to places of resistance and persecution. 1933-1945. Volume 4, Saarland , Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1989, p. 91 f.
  37. For the operation in Lünen and especially for the minister Achenbach mine, see Rainer Zunder: Forced and slave labor in Dortmund and Lüner industrial companies 1941–1945. (PDF) In: www.ev-kirche-dortmund.de. Retrieved March 5, 2019 . Hans-Christoph Seidel: Employment of foreigners and forced labor in the Ruhr mining industry during the Second World War , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift , vol. 153 (2003), pp. 85–120, here p. 114. List of companies that benefited from forced labor under National Socialism , here p. 4, p. 140, p. 210, p. 241 (electronic pagination in each case ), accessed on March 5, 2019. Holger Menne, Michael Farrenkopf (edit.): Forced labor in the Ruhr mining industry during the Second World War. Special inventory of the sources in North Rhine-Westphalian archives (publications from the German Mining Museum Bochum, No. 123 = writings of the mining archive, No. 15), Bochum 2004, p. 43, p. 59, p. 92, p. 200, ISBN 3-937203-06-0 . Work as prey. In: www.routemigration.angekommen.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019 .
  38. KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 310 f.
  39. See KH Herchenröder, Joh. Schäfer, Manfred Zapp: The successors of the Ruhr groups (The "reorganization" of the coal and steel industry) , Econ, Düsseldorf 1953, p. 309 f.
  40. a b 250 years Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , Brambauer 1965, p. 10.
  41. 250 years Gebrüder Stumm GmbH , Brambauer 1965, p. 14 f.
  42. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 205.
  43. ↑ On this briefly Jutta Hoffritz: Ruhrkohle AG founded 50 years ago. Cartel of the afflicted and the weak. In: Deutschlandfunk . November 27, 2018, accessed March 6, 2019 . More detailed on this Werner Abelshauser : The Ruhr coal mining since 1945. Reconstruction, crisis, adjustment . Beck, Munich 1984, pp. 139-148, ISBN 978-3-406-30308-1 .
  44. ^ Colliery Minister Achenbach. 1897-1992. In: www.minister-achenbach.de. Retrieved March 6, 2019 .
  45. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change . In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 207.
  46. a b Stumm introduces itself as an AG . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , November 13, 1969.
  47. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change. In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 210.
  48. The public still has to wait for silent shares . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , November 3, 1969.
  49. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change. In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, pp. 211-214.
  50. Leonhard Lutz suspended . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 16, 1974.
  51. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change. In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 214 f.
  52. Three companies of the Stumm Group apply for a settlement. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 26, 1974.
  53. Stumm boss Lutz committed suicide . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 8, 1975.
  54. Thomas Urban: The entrepreneurial family's resilience to crises - Haniel, Stumm and the “double” structural change. In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte , Vol. 63 (2018). H. 2, p. 188.
  55. European Court of Human Rights : Nölkenbockhoff v. Germany. Judgment of August 25, 1987 (plenary) . Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  56. R. Hajduk: Prison sentences of over 34 years. In: Die Welt , July 12, 1980.
  57. ^ Franz Wauschkuhn : How the Stumm AG went bankrupt. In: Die Welt , October 30, 1976. Mute trial. Files finally closed. In: Handelsblatt , July 28, 1982.
  58. Ex-Stumm boss Leonhard Lutz commits suicide. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , December 6, 1975. Ex-Stumm boss evades his judges. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , 6./7. December 1975. Max Kruk: The short-circuit act of Dr. Leonhard Lutz. After the suicide of the former head of the Stumm group, many questions will remain unanswered. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 9, 1975.
  59. Saarstahl AG: Key data on the history of the Völklingen factory = www.saarstahl.com. Retrieved March 6, 2019 .
  60. For the background to the silent collapse and the 1977 sale, see Horst Kerlikowsky: The business that came out of bankruptcy. In: The time . July 22, 1977. Retrieved March 10, 2019 .
  61. Stumm AG becomes a holding company. In: Handelsblatt , July 1, 1977. Stumm AG is to become a GmbH. In: Handelsblatt , August 25, 1977.
  62. ^ Mabanaft and Oiltanking under Marquard & Bahls. Sparkling profit. In: Hamburger Abendblatt , August 6, 1987. Marquard & Bahls AG: January 1987. Change in the capital and management structure - now Marquard & Bahls again instead of Stumm. In: www.marquard-bahls.com. Retrieved March 6, 2019 .