Judicial constitutional law

German legal and court card (1895)

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany and Switzerland . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Germany

The court constitutional law regulates in Germany the establishment, structure, jurisdiction and the coordination among the dishes in detail.

With the introduction of the Reich Laws of Justice in 1879, the German particular law was repealed, especially in the court system. The court constitution remained subject to few changes in the following decades.

The court constitution law in the Federal Republic of Germany is a scattered regulated legal matter. A certain concentration has only been implemented in the Courts Constitution Act (GVG) for ordinary jurisdiction (contentious civil and criminal jurisdiction). The other provisions of the court constitution can usually be found in the individual procedural rules, which also refer to the GVG.

construction

From the constitutional requirement of Art. 95 GG to the legislature to create certain highest federal courts, it is concluded that the jurisdiction in Germany is divided into the ordinary, labor, administrative, social and financial jurisdiction.

It is controversial whether this applies only to the federal courts or also to the rest of the jurisdiction incumbent on the federal states.

The constitutional courts , in particular the Federal Constitutional Court , are courts that are both constitutional bodies and courts. They do not have the function of legal review of the other courts (as a so-called super-revision instance), but rather the review of the compatibility of the established and spoken law with the constitution.

Instance move

As a rule, the jurisdictions are equipped with a three-tier court train . The initial instance is always the instance of fact. The second instance (or appeal instance) is used to review the judgment; the actual scope of review is usually limited. The third instance, which can also be called directly from the first instance with the jump revision, only serves to clarify whether the judging courts have violated substantive or formal law. As a rule, the appeal against a judgment must be allowed. The court of the third instance is often a supreme court of the federal government (this is not the case with the appeal of the appeal against appeal judgments of the criminal chambers of the regional courts , Section 121 (1) No. 1 lit. b GVG). The financial jurisdiction alone has only two instances. The reduction of the legal system to two instances should also be permissible within the framework of the basic legal requirements (in particular the European Convention on Human Rights ).

Court organization

Presidia and offices have been set up at the courts. The directors or presidents of a court correspond to the heads of public administration. The praesidia (see §§ 21a – 21i GVG) lay B. Establish the business distribution plans. These determine the internal judicial responsibilities of the individual judges.

Responsibility for a specific process is regularly determined by the individual procedural rules. If it turns out at the beginning or in the course of the process that the matter in dispute belongs before another court, the matter can be referred to the competent court according to §§ 17a, 17b GVG.

Violation of judicial constitutional law

Violations of judicial constitutional law are generally to be understood as violations of formal law and can be challenged with an appeal. If neither the appeal nor the hearing is possible, the only option is to file a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG), as the right to be heard or the right to a legal judge could be violated.

literature

• Peter Gottwald: Basic questions of the court system - international delivery. Bielefeld 1999, ISBN 3-7694-0560-9
• Otto Rudolf Kissel, Herbert Mayer: Courts Constitution Act. 4th edition. Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52228-9
• Malte CG Marquardt: The legal nature of presidential court distribution plans and the judge's legal protection. Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-631-33310-2
• Eberhard Schilken : Judicial Constitutional Law. 3. Edition. Cologne u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-452-25323-6
• Fabian Wittreck: The administration of the third power. Tübingen 2006, ISBN 3-16-148783-4

Appendix: Courts in the German Confederation

Status: 1856

Country	Higher Appeal Court (OAG)	Appeal courts	Lower courts
Prussia	Prussian Higher Tribunal	Supreme Court of Appeal Frankfurt / Oder Appeal Szczecin Appeal Greifswald Appeal Koszalin Appeal Wroclaw Appeal Glogau Appeal Ratibor Appeal Magdeburg Appeal Naumburg Appeal Halberstadt Appeal Hamm Court of Appeal Arnsberg Appeal Münster Appeal Paderborn judicial Senate Ehrenbreitstein	District Courts (13), City Court Berlin District Courts (15) District Courts (8) District Courts (3) District Courts (9) District Courts (22), City Court District Courts (14) District Courts (16) District Courts (9), City and District Court District Courts (15) District Courts (6) District Courts (10) District Courts (6) District Courts (9) District Courts (8) District Courts (3)
		Court of Appeal Cologne	District Courts (9); Courts of the Peace (125)
Saxony	Higher Appeal Court Dresden	Court of Appeal Dresden Court of Appeal Leipzig Court of Appeal Zwickau Court of Appeal Budissin	Courts / Offices (29) Courts / Offices (33) Courts / Offices (51) Courts / Offices (17)
Bavaria	Higher Appeal Court Munich	Appeal Freising Appeal Passau Appeal Amberg Appeal Neuburg Appeal Eichstaett Appeal Bamberg Appeal Aschaffenburg	District and StadtG (2); LandG (38) District and StadtG (3); LandG (28) District and StadtG (2); LandG (30) District and StadtG (3); LandG (36) District and StadtG (4); LandG (32) District and StadtG (2); LandG (31) District and StadtG (3); LandG (44)
		Appeal Court Zweibrücken	District Courts (4); District Courts (31)
Hanover	Higher Appeal Court of Celle	Higher Court of Celle Higher Court of Aurich Higher Court of Göttingen Higher Court of Hanover Higher Court of Hildesheim Higher Court of Lüneburg Higher Court of Meppen Higher Court of Nienburg Higher Court of Osnabrück Higher Court of Osterode Higher Court of Stade Higher Court of Verden kl. Supreme Court Dannenberg kl. Obergericht Goslar kl. Obergericht Hameln kl. Lehe Higher Court	Local Courts (18) Local Courts (13) Local Courts (15) Local Courts (9) Local Courts (9) Local Courts (11) Local Courts (9) Local Courts (17) Local Courts (9) Local Courts (12) Local Courts (11) Local Courts (10) Local Courts ( 6) Local courts (4) Local courts (9) Local courts (6), parish courts (19)
Württemberg	Upper Tribunal Stuttgart	District Court Esslingen District Court Tübingen District Court Ellwangen District Court Ulm	Oberamt sgerichte (18), City dishes (2) Oberamt dishes (17) Oberamt dishes (14) Oberamt dishes (16)
to bathe	Mannheim Higher Court	Mannheim court court Bruchsal court court Freiburg court court Constance court	District Offices (20) District Offices (21) District Offices (18) District Offices (15)
Kurhessen	Higher Appeal Court Kassel	Higher Court Kassel Higher Court Fulda	Justice offices (54), CityG, KriminalG (6) Justice offices (33), KriminalG (3)
Hesse	Court of Appeal and Cassation Darmstadt	Hofgericht Darmstadt Hofgericht Gießen	Regional Courts (17), Darmstadt City Court Regional Courts (23), Giessen City Court
		Mainz Higher Court	District Courts (2); Courts of the Peace (12)
Hessen-Homburg		Government Chancellery Homburg Justice Chancellery Meisenheim	Justice Office Homburg Oberamt Meisenheim
Nassau	Higher Appeal Court Wiesbaden	Hof- und AppellationsG Wiesbaden Hof- und AppellationsG Dillenburg	Judicial Offices (14) Judicial Offices (14)
Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Higher Appeal Court Rostock	Law Office Schwerin Law Office Güstrow Law Office Rostock Obergericht Rostock Obergericht Wismar	District courts and a.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz		Law firm Neustrelitz	District / City Courts (14)
Oldenburg	Higher Appeal Court Oldenburg	Law Office Oldenburg Law Office Eutin Justice Senate Birkenfeld	Regional courts (8); Offices (28) Offices (2), City Court Offices (3)
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Higher Appeal Court Jena	Court of Appeal Eisenach	District Courts (5); Justice Offices (29)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt			District Courts (2); Justice Offices (7)
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen			District Courts (2); Justice Offices (8)
Anhalt-Dessau-Koethen		Higher Regional Court of Dessau	District courts (3)
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha		Judicial College Coburg Judicial College Gotha	Justice offices (5), city courts (4) Justice offices u. a. (15)
Saxony-Altenburg		Appeal Court Altenburg	KriminalG (2), StadtG, court offices (8)
Saxony-Meiningen		Court of Appeal Hildburghausen	District courts (5)
Reuss a.L.		Greitz government	Justice offices (5) u. a.
Reuss jL		Appeal Court Gera	Judicial offices u. a. (7), criminal courts (3)
Anhalt-Bernburg	(formerly Zerbst Higher Appeal Court)	Appeal Court of Bernburg	District courts (2)
Holstein	Higher Appeal Court Kiel	Glückstadt u. a. (7)	Judicial offices u. a. (30)
Lauenburg		Court of Justice Lauenburg	Justice offices (4), magistrates (3) and a.
Braunschweig	(formerly Higher Appeal Court Wolfenbüttel )	Wolfenbüttel Higher Court	District Courts (6); District / City Courts (25)
Waldeck-Pyrmont		Korbach Higher Court	District courts (4)
lip	Higher Appeal Court Wolfenbüttel	Detmold Court Court	Justice offices (14), magistrates (6)
Schaumburg-Lippe		Bückeburg Law Office	Justice offices (3), city magistrates (3)
Lübeck	Higher Appeal Court Lübeck	Lübeck Higher Court	City or regional court
Bremen		Bremen Higher Court	Lower court, criminal court; Offices (2)
Hamburg		Hamburg Higher Court	Lower court; City praetures (2)
Frankfurt a. M.		Court of Appeal Frankfurt a. M.	City court; City or rural justice office
Austria	Supreme Court of Vienna	Higher Regional Court Vienna Higher Regional Court Graz Higher Regional Court Innsbruck Higher Regional Court Prague Higher Regional Court Brno Higher Regional Court Trieste	State / District Act (10); BezirksG / Ä (132) Landes- / KreisG (6); BezirksG / Ä (123) Landes- / KreisG (5); BezirksG / Ä (71) Landes- / KreisG (15); BezirksG / Ä (209) Landes- / KreisG (8); BezirksG / Ä (101) Landes- / KreisG (3); District Act / Ä (24)
Liechtenstein	-	Higher Regional Court Innsbruck	Oberamt Vaduz

Switzerland

Legislation

Swiss judicial constitutional law is partly determined by federal laws such as the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure and the Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure , but the organization of the courts and the arbitration authorities as well as their factual and functional jurisdiction are largely regulated by cantonal law.

In connection with the entry into force of the new procedural rules in 2011, with which the previous cantonal procedural law was replaced by federal law, all cantons have completely revised their court organization or judicial laws.

Instance move

At cantonal level, the court train consistently comprises two instances - see District Court (Switzerland) and Higher Court (Switzerland) - which are preceded by an arbitration authority in civil disputes. The third instance is the Federal Supreme Court ; the courts of cassation that still existed in some cantons became obsolete with the entry into force of the new federal procedural codes in 2011. The few jury courts that still existed in 2010 were also repealed, as the new federal procedural law does not provide for any litigation based on the principle of immediacy.

See also Judiciary of Switzerland .

table

Area	lower courts	upper courts	source
Switzerland	Federal Criminal Court (BStGer, Bellinzona) Federal Administrative Court (BVGer, St. Gallen) Federal Patent Court (BPGer, St. Gallen)	Federal Court (BGer, Lausanne / Lucerne)	ch.ch SR 101 Art. 188 ff.
Zurich	District Court (12)	Higher Court (Zurich) Administrative Court (Zurich ) Social Insurance Court (Winterthur)	gerichte-zh.ch GOG, LS 211.1
Schaffhausen	Cantonal Court	Higher Court (Schaffhausen)	sh.ch JG, SHR 173.200
Thurgau	District Court (5)	Higher Court (Frauenfeld) Administrative Court (Weinfelden)	tg.ch ZSRG, RB 271.1
St. Gallen	District Court (7)	Cantonal Court (St. Gallen) Administrative Court Insurance Court	sg.ch GerG, sGS 941.1
Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Cantonal Court	High Court (Trogen)	ar.ch JG, bGS 145.31
Appenzell Innerrhoden	District Court (2)	Cantonal Court (Appenzell)	ai.ch GOG, GS 173,000
Glarus	Cantonal Court	Higher Court (Glarus) Administrative Court	gl.ch GOG, GS III A / 2
Grisons	Regional dish (11)	Cantonal court (Chur) administrative court	justiz-gr.ch GOG, BR 173,000
Ticino	Pretura (10) Pretura penale; Tribunale penale cantonale	Tribunale di appello (Lugano) Corte di appello e di revisione penale	ti.ch LOG, RL 3.1.1.1
Lucerne	District Court (4) Labor Court Criminal Court	Cantonal Court (Lucerne)	lu.ch JusG, SRL 260
Nidwalden	Cantonal Court	Supreme Court (Stans) Administrative Court	nw.ch GerG, NG 261.1
Obwalden	Cantonal Court	Supreme Court (Sarnen) Administrative Court	ow.ch GOG, GDB 134.1
Schwyz	District Court (6) Criminal Court	Cantonal court (Schwyz) administrative court	sz.ch JG, SRSZ 231.110
Uri	District Court (2)	High Court (Altdorf)	ur.ch GOG, RB 2.3221
train	Cantonal court criminal court	Supreme Court (Zug) Administrative Court	zg.ch GOG, BGS 161.1
Basel city	Civil Court Criminal Court Social Insurance Court	Court of Appeal (Basel)	bs.ch GOG, SG 154.100
Basel-Country	Civil District Court (2) Criminal Court Tax and Expropriation Court	Cantonal Court (Liestal)	bl.ch GOG, SGS 170
Aargau	District Court (11) Special Administrative Court	High Court (Aarau)	ag.ch GOG, SAR 155.200
Solothurn	District Court (5)	Higher Court (Solothurn) Tax Court	so.ch GO, BGS 125.12
Bern	Regional Court (4) Commercial Criminal Court	Higher Court (Bern) Administrative Court	be.ch GSOG, BSG 161.1
law	Tribunal de première instance	Tribunal cantonal (Porrentruy)	jura.ch LOJ, RSJU 181.1
Neuchâtel	Regional Tribunal (2)	Tribunal cantonal (Neuchâtel)	ne.ch OJN, RSN 161.1
Freiburg	District court = Tribunal d'arrondissement (7) Commercial criminal court = Tribunal pénal économique	Cantonal court = Tribunal cantonal (Friborg)	fr.ch JG, SGF 130.1
Vaud	Tribunal d'arrondissement (4)	Tribunal cantonal (Lausanne)	vd.ch LOJV, RSV 173.01
Geneva	Tribunal civil de première instance Tribunal des prud'hommes Tribunal criminel Tribunal administratif de première instance	Cour de justice (Geneva)	ge.ch LOJ, RSG E 2 05
Valais	District court = Tribunal de district (9) District court = Tribunal d'arrondissement (3)	Cantonal court = Tribunal cantonal (Sion)	vs.ch RPflG, SGS 173.1

literature

• Robert Hauser, Erhard Schweri, Viktor Lieber: GOG. Commentary on the Zurich law on the organization of courts and authorities in civil and criminal proceedings. Schulthess, Zurich 2012.

Austria

→ For Austria see court organization in Austria .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ludwig Hauff: The court constitution of all German states . Fürth 1856 ( limited preview in the Google book search). For Anhalt-Bernburg: Legal dictionary for lawyers from all German states , Volume 11 (1857), p. 403
2. ↑ Decree on the abolition of private justice and erimirten jurisdiction, as well as about the organization of the courts otherwise , from January 2, 1849 ( GS p 1 ), §§ 18-28
3. ↑ Decree on the dissolution of the previous Appellationshoͤfe for the Rhine provinces to Dusseldorf, Coln and Trier, and the establishment of Appellation Court in its place to Coln from June 21, 1819 ( GS p 209 )
4. ↑ Geſetz, concerning the higher Juſtiz authorities and the Inſtanzenzug in Juſtizſachen , of January 28, 1835 ( GVBl. P. 62 )
5. ^ Organiſches edict, concerning the judicial system , of July 24th, 1808 ( Reg.-Bl. Sp. 1835 ); District courts : Geſetz, some provisions on the judicial process and the judicial procedure in the parts of the country on this side of the Rhine pertaining to July 1, 1856 ( GBl. Sp. 839 )
6. ↑ Ordinance on the establishment of a court of appeal of July 27, 1815 ( Official Journal p. 234 )
7. ^ Geſetz on the court case of November 8, 1850 ( GS p. 207 )
8. ↑ Ordinance concerning some changes in the sphere of activity of the Provincial Courts of 9 October 1818 ( Reg.-Gazette p. 561 )
9. ↑ Sovereign ordinance: Organization of the administrative regional authorities of August 10, 1807 ( Reg.-Bl. p. 157 )
10. ↑ Provisional Act, abaͤndernde provisions about organization of justice and procedure in criminal matters and in litigation buͤrgerlichen containing from 22 July 1851 ( ECR p. 59 )
11. ↑ Ordinance of December 31, 1821 ( VOBl. P. 93 )
12. ^ Revised Higher Appeal Court Order of July 20, 1840 ( Appendix to WoBl. No. 26 )
13. ↑ Sovereign ordinance: Distribution of the business among the regional authorities of September 15, 1814, which entered into force on October 1 , 1814 ( GS p. 218 )
14. ↑ Provisional order of the community Higher Appeal Court in Jena of October 8, 1816 ( Coll. P. 289 )
15. ↑ Treaty on the establishment of a joint appellate court and two joint district courts of March 23, April 9 and April 15, 1850 ( Reg.-Bl. p. 455 )
16. ^ Ordinance on the abolition of the patrimonial jurisdiction and the erimirte jurisdiction, ſo how about the other organization of the judicial authorities from July 26th 1850 ( GS p. 1841 )
17. ↑ highest Regulation, court reorganization concerning , from July 6, 1854 ( GS p 151 )
18. ↑ Geſetz on the authorities appointed for the administration of justice of June 22, 1850 ( Coll. P. 351 )
19. ↑ Geſetz, regarding the dissolution of the Herzoglich Anhalt-Bernburgiſchen Geſammtoberappellationsgericht zu Zerbſt and deſen Erſatz in the Inſtanzenzug , of January 17, 1850 ( GS p. 115 )
20. ↑ Ordinance on a provisional court order for the Schleswig-Holſtein-Lauenburgiſche Higher Appeal Court in Kiel , dated May 15, 1834 ( Coll. P. 201 )
21. ↑ Law concerning the court constitution of August 21, 1849 ( GVS p. 235 )
22. ^ The court rules for the Higher Appeal Court of the four Free Cities in Germany . Hamburg 1843
23. ↑ Ordinance on the proceedings to be observed before the various Juſtiz authorities of December 21, 1815 ( Coll. P. 288 )
24. ↑ Imperial resolution, with which the basic features of the new court system are approved , of June 14, 1849 ( RGBl. No. 278/1849 )
25. ↑ Juſtiz-Miniſterial decree of August 21, 1848 ( JGS No. 1176/1848 ), plus imperial patent, whereby the organization of the highest court and caſſation court in Vienna is established , of August 7, 1850 ( RGBl. No. 325 / 1850 )
26. ↑ Ordinance of January 19, 1853 ( RGBl. No. 10/1853 )
27. ^ Establishment of the Innsbruck Court of Appeal as the highest court instance for the Principality of Liechtenstein

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