Berlin-Marzahn
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Marzahn district of Berlin |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 33 ′ 0 ″ N , 13 ° 33 ′ 0 ″ E |
| height | Max. 112 m above sea level NN |
| surface | 19.54 km² |
| Residents | 111,021 (Dec. 31, 2019) |
| Population density | 5682 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation | Oct. 1, 1920 |
| Postcodes | 12679, 12681, 12685, 12687, 12689 |
| District number | 1001 |
| structure | |
| Administrative district | Marzahn-Hellersdorf |
| Locations | |
Marzahn [ maʁˈtsaːn ] is a district in the Berlin district of Marzahn-Hellersdorf . The term Marzahn also describes the former Berlin district of Marzahn and the largest large housing estate in what was then the territory of the GDR .
The district of Marzahn goes back to a medieval village that has preserved its village character and is still preserved today. The village center has been a listed building since 1977. Around 1900, some small settlement areas developed in its vicinity. Between the second half of the 1970s and the end of the 1980s, the large Marzahn housing estate, designed and realized as a lush urban landscape, was built around the old village . The settlement was built predominantly in panel construction.
Since the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920, the district of Marzahn has belonged to Berlin, until 1979 it was part of the Lichtenberg district . In connection with the construction of the new building area, Marzahn was spun off from the Lichtenberg district in 1979 and gave its name to the new Marzahn district. When it was founded, it included the district of Marzahn as well as the districts of Biesdorf , Hellersdorf , Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf and thus corresponded to today's district of Marzahn-Hellersdorf. In 1986 the district of Hellersdorf was formed from the districts of Mahlsdorf, Kaulsdorf and Hellersdorf . During the administrative reform in 2001, the two districts merged again to form today's Marzahn-Hellersdorf district.
The north of today's Marzahn district includes areas that were not yet included in the district when Greater Berlin was formed in 1920: sub-areas of the then Weissensee district and areas of the Brandenburg village of Ahrensfelde .
etymology
The name Marzahn comes from the Slavic marcana ( Polish for 'swamp'), meaning "settlement near a swamp". The Wuhle often caused floods, creating swamps.
structure
Marzahn is divided into the three regions Marzahn-North with 22,341 inhabitants (2007), Marzahn-Middle with 43,971 inhabitants (2007) and Marzahn-South .
history
The village
The village of Marzahn was founded around 1230 , like all villages in the Berlin area around Barnim . In the second half of the 13th century, Marzahn received a stone village church . In 1300 it was named Morczane (or Murtzan ) by the Margrave Albrecht III. first mentioned in a document. With the certificate, the nuns of the Friedland monastery confirmed land ownership in Marzahn. The land book of Charles IV from 1375 shows 52 hooves for Marzahn , four of which are parish hooves, one church hoof and three hooves for the Friedland monastery . The rest belonged to a knight Johann von Wulkow and from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 16th century a von Lindenberg family.
In 1539, as part of the Reformation in the Mark Brandenburg , Marzahn was first a daughter church of Biesdorf , then from about 1600 to 1945 by Friedrichsfelde . After the Thirty Years' War , Marzahn was in bad shape in 1652: there were no more farmers and only the five Kossäts survived the war.
After the ownership of the village had been divided in 1590, Albrecht von Pfuel acquired the village in 1609 , which later (1657 and 1681) became the property of the Great Elector in two steps and was subordinated to the electoral office of Köpenick. Until 1872, Marzahn remained in the possession of the Brandenburg Elector or Prussian King.
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After the Marzahner Amtsvorwerk was divided among 19 settler families from the Electoral Palatinate in 1764 , the Palatinate formed their own village, church and school community for several decades. They gradually settled mainly on three larger areas around the old village green or along the trade routes. They brought numerous crops with them from their former home. The new system of paths laid out in the colonies was first numbered, but in the 1930s the paths or streets were named after the first colonists , after places from their former homeland, and especially after fruit and vegetable plants. Some of these streets were changed during the massive development of Marzahn from the late 1970s, but most of them still exist.
For the first time in 1874 in Marzahn, which belonged to the newly formed district of Hohenschönhausen, a municipal representative election took place. From 1872 to 1920 the place belonged to the Niederbarnim district . In 1875 the construction of sewage fields began in Marzahn , only in 1898/1899 the place received a simple train station. It was on the Wriezener Bahn and did not get a passing track until 1914.
From 1904 Marzahn was connected to the gas and water network, but the connection to the electricity network had to wait until 1920. The new Marzahn school was completed in 1912 and has housed the Marzahn-Hellersdorf District Museum since 1999 .
Marzahn's incorporation into Berlin
Marzahn was incorporated into Greater Berlin on October 1, 1920 and assigned to the Lichtenberg district.
"Gypsy camp" Marzahn
In 1936 a labor camp for gypsies was set up, Hitler's first camp for “foreign races”. This action was related to the preparation for the Olympic Games . The camp was set up north of the Marzahn municipal cemetery on Wiesenburger Weg. On July 16, 1936, 600 people were interned here after a nationwide arrest operation. In the following years it developed into the largest gypsy camp in Germany.
The prisoners were housed in discarded labor service trailers under completely inadequate conditions. The hygienic conditions in the warehouse, which was set up at short notice, were catastrophic. The inmates were guarded by the Prussian police and recorded anthropometrically in cooperation with the Reich Health Office . From 1939 on they were used for forced labor in the subcamps of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp or for road works in Berlin. Most of the estimated up to 2000 internees were deported to the Auschwitz or Bergen-Belsen concentration camps in 1943, so that only a few survived.
Further forced laborers in action and relief measures by citizens of Marzahn
From 1940 to 1942 the company Hasse & Wrede built a new plant in the Marzahn district of Bürknersfelde. There were also two camps for slave labor on this site . A small, successful communist cell was also active in the resistance.
The local farmers also employed numerous foreign forced laborers to replace the German workers who were deployed at war.
Between 1943 and April 1945, the freight forwarder Erich Scheffler and his wife Charlotte hid several Jewish citizens in their house and thus saved their lives.
Air strikes
On March 30, 1943, there was a heavy air raid . Several houses were destroyed and five people were killed in Marzahn.
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Occupation by the Red Army
In the battle for Berlin , the 5th Shock Army crossed the city limits on April 21, 1945 as the first Soviet unit in Marzahn. Their commander, Colonel-General Nikolai Erastowitsch Bersarin , was assigned the post of city commander according to Russian military tradition. A gable painting on Landsberger Allee commemorates this day.
The farmer Erwin Gensler was appointed mayor by the Soviet war planners.
Marzahn after 1945
From 1945 Marzahn belonged to the Soviet sector of Berlin, which was divided into four sectors , and thus to East Berlin as the capital of the GDR until 1990 after the East-West conflict had solidified .
On October 30, 1945, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) issued the order (SMAD Order No. 124) to sequester the mechanical engineering company Hasse & Wrede . The company was completely dismantled by 1946. In November 1947, the company was placed under the German Treuhandverwaltung and, after clearing up, produced lathes. In February 1950, Hasse & Wrede became the VEB Berliner lathe machines (later the VEB Berliner Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Marzahn [BWF]) was created by merging with the VEB Berliner Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik .
In 1953, the first LPG in Berlin was founded in Marzahn with the name New Order , which merged with Biesdorfer LPG in 1958 and merged with LPG Eiche / Ahrensfelde to form LPG Edwin Hoernle in 1965 .
Marzahn as a project area for a large housing estate and as a district
At the 8th party congress of the SED in 1971 it was decided to solve the "housing issue as a social problem until 1990". In this context, the planners determined the Berlin-Marzahn development area and the relocation of the trunk road that bypasses the old village green to the north.
From 1976 to 1979, archaeological excavations were carried out as part of the development work for the large Marzahn settlement in the area of the former Rohrpfuhls southeast of the village center of Marzahn. The archaeologists came across several Slavic and Germanic settlement remains .
In 1977, the re-routing of the streets and the construction of housing for the planned large housing estate in Marzahn began. The new residential buildings were built in several sections from south to north. The construction work lasted until the end of the 1980s. The dominant feature were eleven-storey prefabricated buildings , each of which was assembled from the large panels delivered within around 110 days. The first residential buildings built in 1977 are located in the area of residential area I in the vicinity of the Springpfuhl , 4089 apartments were completed at the end of 1978 based on designs by Peter Schweizer and Heinz Graffunder . Other residential areas such as the Cecilienstraße residential area and Marzahn II and Marzahn III followed in the early 1980s.
On January 5, 1979, Marzahn together with the districts of Biesdorf , Hellersdorf , Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf became part of the newly formed Berlin-Marzahn district. There was no conflict with the western occupying powers because of this reorganization: On April 6, 1979, after an inquiry to the US embassy in Bonn , the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that the three western powers were of the opinion that the formation of a ninth urban district in eastern Germany Berlin would not impair the responsibility of the four powers for the whole of Berlin and would represent a purely administrative measure. It would be different if the new city district extended beyond the previous borders of Berlin.
On May 1, 1980, a separate coat of arms was presented to the public for the new city district, created by the Berlin graphic artist Dietrich Dorfstecher :
In the center of the green and red shield there is a silver “M” for Marzahn. Above, five ears of corn symbolize agriculture and the associated districts of Marzahn, Biesdorf, Kaulsdorf, Mahlsdorf and Hellersdorf (which only became a separate district afterwards). Below is a silver-colored gear wheel for Marzahn's industrial development.
On March 31, 1982, decided to East Berlin magistrate the reconstruction of since 1977 under monument protection standing Brandenburg Anger village Marzahn as a monument of urban planning and architecture. The measure also included nostalgic additions to the ensemble and lasted until 1991.
Because the former Gut Hellersdorf on the right side of the Wuhle had grown into another large housing estate, on June 1, 1986 Hellersdorf was spun off from the Marzahn district. The new, now tenth East Berlin district comprised the districts of Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf.
On May 9, 1987, on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Berlin on the Kienberg, the Berlin Garden Show (today: Gardens of the World ) was opened according to plans by Gottfried Funeck .
Marzahn from 1990
As a result of the first free local elections in the GDR on May 6, 1990, the social democrat Andreas Röhl took up his post as district mayor on June 1, 1990 .
The completion of the leisure forum on June 30, 1990 marked the end of the Marzahner Promenade project , which was designed according to plans by Heinz Graffunder , Wolf-Rüdiger Eisentraut and Helmut Stiegl. The forum comprised a department store at the Marzahn S-Bahn station, a shopping promenade and leisure facilities (swimming pool, sauna, library and event rooms).
In June 1999 the Senate set up a district management for the Marzahn North-West area . As one of now 17 “areas with special development needs” in Berlin, the quarter received special funding.
From 2000, with the construction of the Landsberger Tor residential area on the site of the former LPG between Landsberger Allee and Eisenacher Strasse, a closed new residential area was created in Marzahn for the first time since the fall of the Wall . The last open space designs were completed in the following year. The fifth largest shopping center in Berlin, the Eastgate, was completed on Marzahner Promenade in 2005 .
As part of a further administrative reorganization of Berlin, Marzahn became part of the new Marzahn-Hellersdorf district on January 1, 2001 . This was preceded by a search for a name in order to create a new identity and possibly avoid the cumbersome double name.
The previous coat of arms has now been modified in accordance with the binding provisions of the Berlin Senate , but uses the previous symbolism:
The "M" has been replaced by a silver wavy band, the primary color now dominating green as a symbol of the numerous parks and natural areas. The five ears of corn and the cogwheel have been redesigned, but are still reminiscent of agriculture and industry in the district (see navigation bar).
From the end of 2003 to mid-2005, the Ahrensfelder Terrassen demolition project in Marzahn North was carried out as part of the eastern urban redevelopment . Eleven-storey prefabricated buildings became terrace houses of different heights with a maximum of six storeys. This reduced the number of apartments in the buildings concerned from 1670 to 447. This new attraction has now become a model project for sustainable urban redevelopment and is also popular with foreign construction experts.
Residents
Like other former districts of East Berlin, Marzahn has a very low proportion of people with a migration background and foreigners; especially compared to the former West Berlin and West German cities. This is mainly due to the fact that there was no significant immigration in the former GDR due to the closed borders and the political situation as in the Federal Republic . In addition, Marzahn in particular still has a very negative and xenophobic image within the population; which keeps more newcomers away. However, in recent years there has been an increased influx of young people, families and migrants who are attracted by the cheap living space, the numerous green spaces and the security (Marzahn is one of the safest Berlin districts despite its bad image).
The largest population groups in 2010 came from the following areas of origin:
- Germany : 87,128 (84.5% of the population)
- former Soviet Union : 9,391 (7.2% of the population)
- Vietnam : 2,200 (1.7% of the population)
- Poland : 1,017 (0.7% of the population)
- Turkey : 318 (0.2% of the population; lowest Turkish share of a Berlin district)
- Arab states : 275 (0.2% of the population; lowest Arab share of a Berlin district)
Attractions
- Angerdorf Alt-Marzahn with the village church , the district museum in the former village school and the Marzahn post mill built in 1994 .
- The four meter high figure of Christ by Hans Perathoner from 1930 in the Catholic Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord .
- Gardens of the world with gardens from different countries, regions and cultures: China , Japan , Bali , Orient , Korea , Italy as well as topics such as perennial garden and monastery garden .
- Cable car Gardens of the World - Berlin
- Wave park in the Wuhletal: landscape around the Wuhle river , which lies along the boundary between Marzahn, Hellersdorf and Ahrensfelde in a partially renatured natural area.
- Largest clock in Europe, integrated into the high-rise building Die Pyramide on Landsberger Allee (a light clock on the outer facade).
- The ORWOhaus , music factory and creative community. Known in Berlin as the “loudest record in town”. A unique project so far. Old industrial building, is developing into a contact point for Berlin musicians.
- Alte Börse Marzahn , historical building ensemble , art and culture center.
- Eastgate : fifth largest shopping center in Berlin.
- Großsiedlung Marzahn: largest, best-known and most ambitious settlement in the former GDR, as a document of GDR urban planning of cultural and historical importance. A privately operated museum apartment can be viewed in one of the buildings.
- Ahrensfeld Terraces : (see above)
- The oak park and the climbing rock Ahrensfelde belong to a large nature reserve on the border with Brandenburg.
traffic
Marzahn is crossed by several main streets, of which Landsberger Allee is the oldest. In the north-south direction, the Rhinstrasse , the Märkische Allee and the Blumberger Damm should be mentioned. The Rhinstrasse leads from Alt-Hohenschönhausen to Friedrichsfelde and in its middle section forms the border between Marzahn and Lichtenberg . The Märkische Allee leads from the Alt-Friedrichsfelde street parallel to the Berlin outer ring and the Wriezener Bahn to Ahrensfelde and touches the Marzahn development to the west. It has been part of Bundesstrasse 158 since 1990 . The Blumberger Damm leads east from Alt-Biesdorf to the new building area as far as Wuhletalstraße, which continues eastwards. Originally this should be tied through to Falkenberger Chaussee . In the east-west direction there are several shorter main roads, due to the preferred extension of the district in north-south direction. Most of the streets run between Märkischer Allee and Blumberger Damm. Another connection is the Raoul-Wallenberg-Strasse / Allee der Kosmonauten , which leads from Märkische Allee first to the east to Landsberger Allee, then to the east past the Marzahn village center and continues in a multi-winding course towards the southwest. The road ends as a dead end behind the Rhinstrasse intersection in Lichtenberg.
The district is accessed by several local public transport lines. The oldest connection is the Wriezener Bahn , which was opened in 1898. While the Marzahn and Ahrensfelde stations went into operation, the other stations followed with the opening of the S-Bahn to Ahrensfelde in the years 1976 to 1982. In the extreme south-west there is the S-Bahn station Friedrichsfelde Ost is another S-Bahn station. The S7 line mainly serves the district, plus the S5 and S75 with stops in the district. The only regional train stop is in Ahrensfelde to the RB25.
The only bus connection for a long time was the A37 coming from Lichtenberg train station via Marzahner Chaussee. After the Second World War, the line was given a changed route via Biesdorf , while the Marzahner Chaussee was served by the A43 line ( Friedrichsfelde - Bürknersfelde underground station ). In 1956 the line was switched to trolleybus operation and extended to Bürknersfelde on the border with Hohenschönhausen . From 1960 the line continued to the intersection of Leninallee and Dimitroffstraße . In 1973 it was shut down as the last Berlin trolleybus line and from then on it was again served by buses.
In the course of the Tatra program (procurement of Tatra trams ), tram lines were built to develop the district with the construction of the new building areas in Marzahn . Two routes were planned. The southern one should lead over the Allee der Kosmonauten and S-Bahn station Springpfuhl , the northern one over the Leninallee (today Landsberger Allee) and the S-Bahn station Marzahn. At the Marzahner Promenade , both routes should unite and continue to Ahrensfelde. The route was changed in this section during the work and a branch over the Leninallee to the newly built Marzahn depot was planned. The first section went into operation in 1979, and others followed in 1980, 1982 and 1986. In 1991, the program was completed with the extension from the Marzahn depot to Hellersdorf . The routes are served by lines M6, M8, 16 and 18, which provide a direct connection from Hellersdorf or Ahrensfelde in the direction of Alexanderplatz . The tram is supplemented by several bus lines in the district, which mainly act as feeders but also provide connections to the neighboring districts.
Culture and sport
- In 1953, the composer Leo Spies set a monument for the new LPG with the song New Order (text: Arnold Bormann ) .
- Numerous sports clubs are based in Marzahn, the largest being the BSC Marzahn .
Others
- The former stand-up comedian Ilka Bessin , who made the district known throughout Germany as Cindy from Marzahn , does not come from Marzahn, but from Luckenwalde in Brandenburg and lives in Berlin-Wilmersdorf .
See also
- List of streets and squares in Berlin-Marzahn
- List of cultural monuments in Berlin-Marzahn
- Pond Friedrichsfelde north
literature
- District Office Marzahn of Berlin (ed.): Biesdorf and Marzahn - From the history of two villages. A reader. Berlin 2000.
- Jascha Philipp Braun: Large housing estate in divided Berlin. The Märkisches Viertel and Marzahn as examples of late modern urban planning . Koethen 2019.
- Hans-Jürgen Rach: The villages in Berlin. A handbook of the former rural communities in the urban area of Berlin. 2nd Edition. Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-345-00243-4 .
Web links
- History of the village of Marzahn at the Marzahn-Hellersdorf district office
- info-marzahn-hellersdorf.de - Information site about the Marzahn district with many pictures
Individual evidence
- ↑ Reinhard E. Fischer : The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin. Age - origin - meaning. Berlin 2005, p. 114.
- ↑ Marzahn-Nord on the official website of the city of Berlin , accessed on May 8, 2015
- ↑ Marzahn-Mitte on the official website of the city of Berlin , accessed on May 8, 2015
- ↑ Murtzaner Ring. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- ↑ Ute Brucker-Boroujerdi, Wolfgang Wippermann: The 'gypsy camp' in Berlin-Marzahn. In: Pogrom - Journal for Threatened Peoples. 1987, pp. 77-80.
- ↑ Ute Brucker-Boroujerdi, Wolfgang Wippermann: National Socialist Forced Camps in Berlin III. The "Gypsy Camp" Marzahn. In: Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): Berlin-Forschungen II. Colloquium-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-7678-0708-4 , pp. 189–201 (individual publications of the Historical Commission in Berlin, 61; publications of the section for the History of Berlin, 4).
- ^ Reimar Gilsenbach : Marzahn - Hitler's first camp for foreign races. A forgotten chapter of Nazi crimes. In: Pogrom - Journal for Threatened Peoples. 1986, pp. 15-17.
- ^ History of the village of Marzahn on the website of the Marzahn-Hellersdorf district office
- ↑ Berlin.de ( Memento from February 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Art in Marzahn ( Memento from April 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 7 kB). accessed on May 15, 2015.
- ↑ Better living without Nazis at the place of diversity Marzahn-Hellersdorf - Democracy Festival on September 2nd. on Alice-Salomon-Platz. District Office Marzahn-Hellersdorf, August 15, 2011, accessed on January 15, 2017 (press release).
- ↑ Birgitt Eltzel: Interview: The middle class is under pressure . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 2, 2012
- ^ Website of the Office for Statistics Berlin-Brandenburg
- ↑ Gardens of the World on the website of the Grün-Berlin -Group
- ↑ The Oak Park ( Memento from October 19, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) - Directions, pictures and further information about the Oak Park in Marzahn
- ↑ Printed matter 16/1527. Answer of the Federal Government to the small question of the MPs Dr. Dagmar Enkelmann, Dorothee Menzner and the Die Linke parliamentary group - Printed matter 16/1329 - Status and evaluation of the plans for bypassing Bundesstraße 158 . May 18, 2006, p. 3 ( bundestag.de [PDF; 87 kB ]).
- ^ Bernhard Strowitzki: S-Bahn Berlin. Story (s) for on the go . GVE, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89218-073-3 , p. 153 .
- ^ Bernhard Strowitzki: S-Bahn Berlin. Story (s) for on the go . GVE, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89218-073-3 , p. 155-157 .
- ^ Karl-Heinz Gärtner: The last trip of the O 37 . In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter . Volume 3, 2003, pp. 78 .
- ↑ Michael Günther: 25 years ago: Tatra-Bahnen to Marzahn. New tram lines in the north-east of Berlin . In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter . Issue 4 & 5, 2004, pp. 90-101, 130-141 .
