Swiss troops in Dutch service

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From 1568 to 1829 31 Swiss troops were in the Dutch service , an estimated total of around 80,000 men.

They were used in three phases of the history of the Netherlands : for the first time from the 16th to the 18th century (from 1581 in the army ( Dutch Staatse Leger ) of the Republic of the United Netherlands , also called States General), in the 18th century in Africa and Asia for the Dutch East India Company and in the 19th century in the army of the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that came into being after the Vienna Congress in 1815 .

Swiss troops in foreign service were the pay service of commanded, whole troop bodies abroad, regulated by the authorities of the Swiss Confederation by international treaties .

These treaties contained a chapter regulating military affairs: the so-called surrender (or private surrender if one of the contracting parties was a private military contractor).

Overview of Swiss troops in Dutch service

States General
1581–1692
# ned designation year
Prince Wilhelm I of Orange 1544–1584
governor 1572–1584
1 Free Corps 1568 1568
Governor Moritz of Orange 1584–1625
2 Free Corps 1598 1598-k. A.
Governor Friedrich Heinrich of Orange 1625–1647
Governor Wilhelm II of Orange 1647–1650
Governor Wilhelm III. of Orange 1672–1702
3 Life Guard «Guardes Switzers» 1672-k. A.
4th Wattenwyl Regiment 1676-1686
King Wilhelm III. of Orange 1689–1702
King of England, Scotland and Ireland
Queen Maria II. 1689–1694
Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.
5 Free Company Zurich 1 (Edlibach) 1692
6th Free Company Zurich 2 (Holzhab) 1692
7th Free Company Zurich 3 1692
8th Free Company Basel (Sequin) 1692
9 Free Company Glarus (Paravicini) 1692
10 Free Company Bern 1 (Erlach) 1692
11 Free Company Bern 2 (Morlot) 1692
States General
1693–1796
# ned designation year
12 Defensive Battalion Lochmann 1693
13 Capol Regiment 1693-1797
14th Mülinen Regiment 1693-1717
15th Lochmann Regiment 1693-1714
16 Tscharner regiment
from 1772 Zwitzers regiment No. 3		 1694-1796
17th Regiment Muralt
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 5		 1697-1796
18th Sacconay Regiment 1694-1714
19th Regiment Albemarle
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 1		 1701-1796
20th Diesbach regiment 1711-1714
21st Free Company Lullin 1746-1748
Governor William IV of Orange 1747–1751
22nd Budé regiment 1748-1749
23 Graffenried Regiment 1748-1749
24 Chambrier Regiment 1748-1749
25th Regiment Stürler
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 2		 1748-1796
26th Swiss Guard Regiment 1749-1796
Dutch East India Company
1602–1798
# ned designation year
Governor William V of Orange 1751–1795
27 Meuron Colonial Regiment 1781-1796
Kingdom of the United Netherlands
1815-1831 (1839)
King Wilhelm I of the Netherlands 1815–1840
28 Ziegler Regiment 1814-1829
29 Kirchberger Regiment 1814-1829
30th Regiment spokesman 1814-1829
31 Regiment on the Maur 1814-1829

The "Lower Land", won through marriage, lost through intolerance

The division of the Duchy of Burgundy in the Treaty of Senlis 1493

The House of Burgundy , a sideline of the French kings from the House of Valois , had created a domain on both sides of the Franco-German border from numerous territories until the late Middle Ages . Its economic prosperity made them at times the most powerful princes in Europe.

In the western part of the dukes of Burgundy were the French king and the eastern region of the Holy Roman Emperor loan fee .

The ambition of Duke Charles the Bold to create an independent kingdom from it culminated in the Burgundian Wars and led to his death in the Battle of Nancy in 1477 . The inheritance of Charles , who had died without male heirs , fell to Maria his daughter, who thus became the most sought-after marriage party in Europe.

The race made Maximilian I , a Habsburg. His marriage to Maria in Ghent in 1477 made him iure uxoris Duke of Burgundy and the Duchy part of the Habsburg family .

It was the beginning of the Habsburg's rise to world power , but it also triggered the War of the Burgundian Succession . It ended in 1492 with the Treaty of Senlis , which awarded the northern part of the Duchy of Burgundy Habsburg. During his reign from 1500–1558, Emperor Charles V united these “Low Countries” with Belgium and Luxembourg.

His strict Catholic son, Philip II , met the resistance of the Calvinist northern provinces in 1568 through his religious intolerance and absolutist attitude, which broke away from Habsburg as the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (also known as the States General) in the Eighty Years War in 1579 .

The States General assert themselves

The seven northern provinces ( states general)

The Spanish-Habsburg governors in the Netherlands were able to bloodily suppress the first upsurges of the Dutch uprising .

But then, starting from the largest and most powerful province of Holland, the Dutch governors from the House of Orange succeeded , one after the other, Wilhelm I , Moritz , Friedrich Heinrich and Wilhelm II in fighting for separation from the Spanish Habsburgs .

The independence of the States General, which left the Roman-German Empire at the same time, had to be recognized by Philip II in 1648 in the Peace of Münster within the framework of the Westphalian Peace Congress .

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded in 1602 and the Dutch West India Company (WIC) founded in 1621 were also important for its success .

(The VOC was the Dutch answer to the British East India Company (BEIC). It was created in 1600 by a charter from Queen Elizabeth I and endowed with the most extensive rights, privileges, monopolies and its own army, with the purpose - to put it simply - to be able to exploit the colonies in Asia unrestrainedly.)

The control of the spice trade from rear India to Europe by the VOC and the attacks on the Spanish silver transports as well as the slave trade by the WIC flushed considerable funds into the coffers of the States General.

Only unofficial troops from the Confederation were involved.

Name,
duration of use		 (1 ned ) Freikorps 1568 not regular 1568
Year,
contractual partner		 1568, private capitulation of Swiss captains with Wilhelm I.
Stock,
formation		 Two Swiss troops.
Origin squad,
troop		 k. A.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 The two captains Claes Hatstaet and Veyt Schoner, both presumably from Basel, are named.
Use,
events		 Deployment with Prince Wilhelm I of Orange, in the initial phase of the Eighty Years War against the Spanish troops, together with two other regiments.
Name,
duration of use		 (2 ned ) Freikorps 1598 not regular 1598 – k. A.
Year,
contractual partner		 1598, decision of the States General. Private capitulation of the Zurich resident Hans Krieg?
Stock,
formation		 Freikorps, consisting of 4 companies of 150 men, in addition a 5th company with 250 men in 1600.
Origin squad,
troop		 From Swiss troops abdicated in France.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Hans Krieg von Bellikon commanded the initially 4 companies with the captains Guillaume du Puy, Hans Krieg himself, Hans Meyer von Zürich, Hans von Saxen (Sax, Sachs) from Unterwalden and later Johann Bernhard Sandino from Zürich.
Use,
events		 The troops were gathered in Dordrecht and were deployed in the second series of battles in the Battle of Nieuwpoort, which was victorious for the States General in 1600.

As early as 1605, the Commissioner of the States General, Pieter van Brederode, sought financial and military aid from the Reformed cantons of Bern, Zurich, Basel and Schaffhausen. He was denied it, but at least allowed to deny the Spanish and Italian troops from Milan the passage through Switzerland to the north.

However, contacts were maintained. In 1653, Mayor Stokar von Schaffhausen - commuting between The Hague and London - successfully brokered peace between the States General and Oliver Cromwell .

But in 1666, and again two years later, the Reformed cantons again rejected a request to recruit two Swiss regiments for Dutch services, referring to the French treaty. The French ambassador in Switzerland could distribute pensions, his Dutch opponent could only come up with arguments! Almost in despair, he reported the testimony of a Catholic federal representative home:

" Dat hy ook voor den Duyvel are wild, as the hem maar gel gaf
(German: he would also like to advertise the devil if he would give him more money)."

The reformed cantons are unsettled

But in 1672, when the French King Louis XIV attacked the Netherlands with a huge army, the mood in the Reformed cantons began to change. Ludwig's aggressive policy had also moved closer to the Swiss Confederation: without regard to the federal demarches, he had incorporated the neutral Free County of Burgundy, had illegally occupied Strasbourg, which had long been friends with the Swiss, placed the Hüningen fortress in front of the Basel's noses and Geneva of Savoy from threatened. The Swiss were slowly becoming suspicious.

William III. could stop the French at the waterline. He had flooded large parts of the country. He acquired a Swiss bodyguard and in 1672 sent his general representative, Abraham de Malapert, to the Diet of all Confederates and deposited a protest there against the use of Swiss troops in the French attacking army.

Bern then forbade his Erlach regiment and other companies evacuated from its area from participating in the attack on the Netherlands.

Name,
duration of use		 (3 ned ) Life Guard «Guardes Zwitzers» 1672 – k. A.
Year,
contractual partner		 1672, partly employed as domestics. Support from Burgrave Friedrich von Dohna, who is widely related to the governors from the House of Orange and who has been accepted into the citizenship of the city of Bern.
Stock,
formation		 A company of up to 100 halberdiers.
Origin squad,
troop		 Mostly from Bern.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1672, Burgrave Friedrich von Dohna .
Use,
events		 In 1752, the "Cent Suisse" (German: Hundertschweizer) bodyguard still seems to have existed.
and display information about the image
Life guard «Cent Suisse» 1752

In 1673 Wilhelm III. to the counteroffensive. During this war, Bern tolerated the raising of a regiment for the States General in its area for the first time. This conflict between France and the Netherlands ended in the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678 .

Name,
duration of use		 (4 ned ) Wattenwyl Regiment 1776–1786
Year,
contractual partner		 1676, private capitulation of David von Wattenwyl with the States General for a period of 10 years, tolerated by Bern and Zurich.
Musketeer with forked musket, sword and bandolier with powder horn, the burning fuse in his left hand
Gun drill on the Lunte
Jacob de Gheyn 1664
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies with 200 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 From Bern and Zurich.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Colonel David von Wattenwyl .
Use,
events

The regiment distinguished itself in 1678 in the battle of St. Denis , the bloodiest of the whole war, with great losses.

The battle ended in a draw, but opened the door to peace.

The regiment was dismissed in accordance with the contract in 1686.

As a result, the Orange Army Reform , a measure taken by the States General after initial defeats against the Spanish Tercios , had a major impact on the Bernese military system.

The Dutch had been the end of the 16th century about half of their troops with firearms equipped and led early on the line infantry and as linear tactics the Pelotonfeuer one.

They were also among the first to replace the matchlocks with flintlocks (first with the grenadiers , who then only had to carry the fuse for the grenades).

Repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

The disagreement between Louis XIV and the Reformed cantons continued to grow. In 1685 the king repealed the Edict of Nantes , which triggered a mass exodus of the Huguenots, including to Switzerland. A considerable number of Swiss officers left the French service with their units as a result.

Several times he had also offended the cantons when they were promoted to high command posts of the Swiss troops and used them against the surrenders, for example offensively against the Netherlands. When in Paris in 1687 the King treated the delegation of the cantons, which wanted to settle the matter with Geneva, rather rudely, the measure seemed full.

Diplomatic relations with Wilhelm III. were subsequently knotted ever closer. This had meanwhile made a career in England.

There the Stuarts dynasty fought a decade-long power struggle with the English parliament, which after the so-called Glorious Revolution (German: Glorreich Revolution) 1689 with the Bill of Rights (German: Bill of Rights ) and the expulsion of the last male Stuart on the Throne, James II , ended.

(The Bill of Rights is the basis for today's parliamentary system of government in the United Kingdom . As a result, the British Queen is no longer the sole bearer of state sovereignty , but only together with Parliament .)

Twelve years earlier, his daughter, Maria II , had her cousin Wilhelm III. of Orange , the governor , captain-general and admiral of the United Netherlands , married the most prominent leader of the Reformed denomination at the time. He was the strong man whom high-ranking figures in Parliament called to the aid and who prevailed militarily with an invasion of England. Wilhelm and Maria recognized the Bill of Rights, in contrast to Jacob, who had to flee to France to see Louis XIV .

In his place, the couple were crowned equal monarchs of the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey in 1689 .

A year earlier, Louis XIV had torn the Palatinate War of Succession from the fence. His attempt to reinstall the Stuarts on the British Isles failed. William brought the uprisings in Scotland and Ireland under control and again turned to the Reformed Confederates.

His envoy, Cox, reached an offensive and defensive alliance with 24 articles with the cantons of Bern, Zurich, Glarus, Appenzell reformed and the city of St. Gallen, which provided for the promotion of 2 regiments for England. Their draft did not come about, but the States General were expressly included in this alliance.

The States General win the aid of the reformed cantons

The delegate of the States General in Switzerland, Pieter Valckenier , was a skilled diplomat. Above all, he was able to win over the Reformed pastors for his cause. In 1693 in Zurich, which had already recalled its troops from France, in Bern and in Graubünden he obtained permission to advertise for the States General.

But a year earlier, 3 free companies from Zurich, 1 each from Basel and Glarus, and 2 from Bern had moved to the Netherlands.

In addition to the Netherlands, this war was fought primarily in Germany, but it spread to Italy, Spain, the colonies and a pirate war on the high seas. It ended with the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 5 ned ) Freikompanie Zurich 1 (Edlibach) 1692
( 6 ned ) Freikompanie Zürich 2 (Holzhalb) 1692
( 7 ned ) Freikompanie Zürich 3 1692
( 8 ned ) Freikompanie Basel (Sequin) 1692
( 9 ned ) Freikompanie Glarus (Paravicini) 1692
( 10 ned ) Freikompanie Bern 1 (Erlach) 1692
( 11 ned ) Freikompanie Bern 2 (Morlot) 1692
Year,
contractual partner		 1692, private capitulations of the captains with King England - Governor General Wilhelm III., Without the approval of the federal authorities.
Stock,
formation		 One company each.
Origin squad,
troop		 From Zurich, Basel, Glarus and Bern.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Of the 3 free companies from Zurich, 2 captains are known: Edlibach and Holzhab, otherwise Jacques Sequin (Seguist, Ziguin) from Basel, Paravicini from Glarus, Hans Rudolf von Erlach and Samuel Morlot (Morloth), both from Bern.
Use,
events		 These free companies were set up without the consent of their cantonal governments. They were secretly moved via Germany to the Republic of the United Provinces.

The free companies Edlibach, Holzhab and Paravicini later joined the Lochmann regiment, the free companies Erlach and Morlot were reduced from 300 men to 200 men and merged with the Mülinen regiment, Sequins 300 men were released in 1697.

Name,
duration of use 		( 12 ned ) Lochmann defensive battalion 1693
Year,
contractual partner		 1693, surrender of Zurich with the envoy of the States General Pieter Valckenier .
Stock,
formation		 1 battalion of 4 companies of 200 men, each with a captain and an additional 4 officers.

The Zurich Council issued special instructions to the captains to lead a Christian way of life, to properly care for their soldiers and not to give them any "non-Christian disgraceful supplications".

Origin squad,
troop		 From Zurich.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich Lochmann with Major Felix Werdmüller.
Use,
events		 The battalion was only intended to serve the defense, protection and protection of the Dutch provinces on this side of the sea, and should not be used at sea.
Name,
duration of use 		( 13 ned ) Regiment Capol 1 1693–1797
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 4
Year,
contractual partner		 1693, the officers Colonel Hercules von Capol , Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf Anton Saluz, Oberstwachtmeister Conradin Beeli von Belfort and State Commander Johann Anton Buol from the three leagues signed a surrender with the envoy of the States General Pieter Valckenier for the promotion of a regiment on foot for England and the Netherlands who u. a. contained the following provisions:

“ The regiment should consist of 1,600 men, including 2 battalions in 4 companies, each company with 200 effective men, including the officers, are to be formed. For this, “your wealthy people” (the States General) pay 1,800 French francs a month. Each company should have: 1 captain, 1 captain-lieutenant, 1 sub-lieutenant, 1 Fendrich, 6 cadets, 4 sergeants, 4 Unterofficiers, as Furier, Vorfendrich, Capitan d'Armes and Provos, 1 model clerk, 1 surgeon, 4 satellites , 6 corporals, 6 Gefreyte, 4 drum beaters, 159 common servants, including 1 piper, makes a total of 200 men. The captains are to give the weapons and clothes to the soldiers. In the judiciary, the regiment should be held like the pundits in all other places. Every company is allowed to have one markadenter in the field. "

An official approval of the Dutch-English troop recruitment seems - probably out of consideration for the allied France - not expressly given, but this was tolerated.

On the other hand, Graubünden withdrew its troops in French service the following year and in 1695 did not renew the treaty with France.

Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 1,600 men with 2 battalions of 4 companies of 200 men (1696) and 2,400 men (1748).

After the reduction in 1715 to 600 men, the numbers of the regiment were increased again to 1,800 men in 1741 in 3 battalions with 4 companies: by six newly recruited companies in Graubünden.

Origin squad,
troop		 About half from Graubünden, the rest from Bern, Zurich, Glarus, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and other only partially Reformed places such as Neuchâtel, St. Gallen, Freiburg and Lucerne.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1693, Hercules von Capol from Flims; 1706, Christoffel Schmid von Grüneck from Ilanz; 1730, Daniel Reydt; 1735, Rudolf Anton von Salis ; 1745, Johann Baptista von Planta from Zuoz; 1759, Heinrich spokesman von Bernegg ; 1763, Johann Christoph Friedrich Schmidt.
Use,
events		 After a deployment in Milan in 1693/94 in the service of Spain, allied with England, the regiment finally moved to the Netherlands in 1695 (with a renewed surrender with Valckenier).

During the War of the Spanish Succession the regiment took part in the following battles: Kaiserswerth (1702), Lüttich (1702), Bonn (1703), Huy (1703), Ramillies (1706), Menin (1706), where Colonel Capol was killed, Oudenaarde ( 1708), Gent (1708), Malplaquet (1709) and Douay (1710).

Despite the surrender condition, never to be used at sea or overseas, a battalion of the regiment was embarked in 1715 with the expeditionary corps of Jacques François de Goumoens to crush the Jacobins to England and Scotland.

After the following decades of monotonous garrison service, the Schmidt Capol regiment was unable (or willingly?) To fight effectively when the French revolutionary troops attacked in 1793 and belonged to the battle of Tourcoing , where Schmidt was wounded, and a year later in Fleurus to the losers.

It went down with the Dutch army and was disbanded in 1797.

Name,
duration of use 		( 14 ned ) Mülinen Regiment 1693–1717
First regiment in Bern
Year,
contractual partner		 1693, private capitulation of Albrecht von Mülinen with the envoy of the States General Pieter Valckenier for the recruitment of 2 regiments on foot for England and the Netherlands, one of which was recruited. Initially tolerated by Bern and not officially approved until 1700.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,000 men in 2 battalions with 5 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 3 companies from Neuchâtel, 2 from Bern (including Vaud and Aargau), and 1 each from Vaud, Schaffhausen and Appenzell Ausserrhoden .
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1693, Albrecht von Mülinen ; 1697, Niklaus Tscharner ; 1707, Gabriel May von Hünigen; 1716, Jacques François de Goumoëns from Orbe.

The officers, like their Graubünden comrades, had resigned from French service for the Netherlands.

Use,
events		 1693–1694 the regiment was in Breda .

During the War of the Spanish Succession , the regiment took part in the following battles: Lüttich (1702), Bonn (1703), Huy (1703), Schellenberg (1704), Höchstädt (1704), Trarbach (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenaarde (1708) , Ghent (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Douay (1710), Bouchain (1711) and Le Quesnoy (1712), where the regiment was captured by the French.

In the costly battle of Malplaquet in 1709, the regiment under Gabriel May von Hünigen clashed with that of Hans Rudolf May von Rued, who was fighting under the French flag.

In 1717 parts of the Goumoëns regiment were attached to the Second Regiment of Bern (Stürler) . Five companies marched back from Maastricht via Basel to Bern with captains Tschiffeli, Berzer, S. and Fr. von Graffenried and Lauterburger .

Name,
duration of use 		( 15 ned ) Lochmann
Regiment 1693–1714 Zurich regiment
Year,
contractual partner		 1693, surrender of Zurich with the envoy of the States General Pieter Valckenier.
Stock,
formation		 The Lochmann defensive garrison battalion for the fortresses in Brabant was supplemented with an offensive battalion to 1 regiment of 1,600 men in 2 battalions with 4 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 The team came from the canton of Zurich and eastern Switzerland.

The first four company commanders were Hans Heinrich Lochmann, Hans Felix Werdmüller, HH Schneeberger, F. Schlatter, all four experienced Zurich officers from the troops withdrawn from Zurich from France around 1690.

Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1693, Heinrich Lochmann; 1702, Johann Caspar Hirzel his son-in-law; 1708, Johann Friedrich Graf zu Dohna de Ferrassières; 1712, Abraham Tscharner.

When Colonel Lochmann died in 1702, two candidates applied for successors: Lieutenant Colonel Hirzel from the Sacconay Regiment and Captain Schlatter from the Lochmann Regiment, the latter being arrested because of a brawl. He was, however, a pious man with protection and was elected by the Zurich government. However, when he arrived in the Netherlands, Hirzel immediately had him put under lock and key. He was only released again when he submitted his departure in return for monetary compensation.

Use,
events		 The regiment was in garrison service in Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht, Breda, and Hellevoetsluis.

In 1695 a battalion of the regiment was involved in the siege of Namur .

In 1698 two companies were relocated to Friesland.

In 1714 the regiment was dissolved and companies were distributed to the other Swiss regiments and large parts to the Albemarle regiment .

Name,
duration of use 		( 16 ned ) Tscharner regiment 1694–1796
Second regiment of Bern
from 1772 Zwitzer regiment No. 3
Year,
contractual partner		 1694, private capitulation of Niklaus Tscharner with the envoy of the States General Pieter Valckenier . Initially tolerated by Bern and not officially approved until 1700.
Vinzenz Stürler as Brigadier General
Charles Stürler, Lieutenant (1764)
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,000 men in 2 battalions with 5 companies of 200 men.

After the reduction in 1715 to 2 battalions with 1,000 men, the regiment's holdings were increased again to 1,800 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies in 1741 by four newly formed companies in Bern.

Origin squad,
troop		 From the cantons of Bern (2,800–3,000 men over time from Unteraargau), Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen and Appenzell Ausserrhoden, as well as some free companies ( Erlach , Morlot ).

With Jean-Louis Charles de Montmollin, 60 men from Stein a / R joined the regiment in 1697.

In 1714, 1717 and 1749 it took parts of the dissolved regiments.

Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1694, Niklaus Tscharner from Bern; 1697, Jean-Louis Charles de Montmollin; 1702, Vinzenz Stürler from Bern; 1722, Jacques François de Goumoëns from Orbe; 1729, Georges de Goumoëns from Goumoens-la-Ville; 1737, Johann Rudolf Stürler from Bern; 1755, Beat Ludwig Stürler; 1773, Beat Ludwig von Wattenwyl; 1775, Charles Stürler; 1777, Gabriel Stürler; 1788, Nicolas Théodor de Goumoëns from Orbe.
Use,
events

During the War of the Spanish Succession , the Stürler Tscharner regiment took part in the following battles: Kaiserswerth (1702), Huy (1702), Lüttich (1702), Bonn (1703), Schellenberg (1704), Höchstädt (1704), Trarbach (1704), Ramillies ( 1706), Oudenaarde (1708), Tournai (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Douay (1710), Béthune (1710), Saint-Venant (1710), Aire-sur-la-Lys (1710), Bouchain (1711) and Bouchain (1712), where the regiment was captured by the French.

Despite capitulating to the contrary, Jacques François de Goumoens, with his express consent, was transferred to England and Scotland with an expeditionary corps to crush the Jacobins in 1715 and 1719: for the first time with two battalions each from the regiments Stürler Tscharner and Albemarle, as well as one from each Schmidt Capol and Chambrier Muralt , the second time with the Goumoëns Tscharner regiment .

After the following decades of monotonous garrison service, the Goumoëns Tscharner regiment was unable (or willingly?) To fight effectively when the French revolutionary troops attacked in 1793 and belonged to the battle of Tourcoing , where Goumoëns was wounded, and a year later in Fleurus to the losers.

It went down with the Dutch army and was disbanded in 1796.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 17 ned ) Muralt Regiment 1697–1796
Third regiment of Bern
from 1772 Zwitzer regiment No. 5
Year,
contractual partner		 1697, private capitulation of Wilhelm von Muralt with the envoy of the States General, Pieter Valckenier. Initially tolerated by Bern and not officially approved until 1700.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 1,200 men in 2 battalions with 3 companies of 200 men.

After the reduction in 1715 to 600 men, the numbers of the regiment were increased again to 1,800 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies in 1741: by exchanging the four Basel and two Neuchâtel companies with six Bern companies from the Hirzel Albemarle regiment , as well as two Bern companies from the Stürler Tscharner regiment and two newly excavated in Bern.

Origin squad,
troop		 From the cantons of Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Bern, and Vaud, as well as (especially from 1728) Graubünden.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1697, Wilhelm von Muralt of Bern; 1698, Jean-Louis Charles de Montmollin of Neuchâtel; 1702, Daniel de Chambrier of Neuchâtel; 1728, Samuël Constant de Rebecque of Lausanne; 1756 Karl Anton Stürler of Bern; 1764, Gottlieb May; 1765 Friedrich May.
Use,
events		 During the War of the Spanish Succession the regiment took part in the following battles: Kaiserswerth (1702), Huy (1702), where Colonel Montmollin was killed, Liège (1702), Bonn (1703), Schellenberg (1704), Höchstädt (1704), Trarbach ( 1704), Ramillies (1706), Menin (1706), Oudenaarde (1708), Tournai (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Béthune (1710), Saint-Venant (1710), Aire-sur-la-Lys (1710) and Bouchain (1711).

Despite the surrender condition, never to be used at sea or overseas, a battalion of the regiment was embarked in 1715 with the expeditionary corps of Jacques François de Goumoens to crush the Jacobins to England and Scotland.

After long decades of monotonous occupation service in changing garrisons, the May Mülinen Regiment was unable (or willingly?) To fight effectively when the French revolutionary troops attacked in 1793 and belonged to the Battle of Tourcoing , where May was wounded, and a year later in Fleurus to the losers.

It went down with the Dutch army and was disbanded in 1796.

After the peace treaty in Rijswijck, the States General kept all five Swiss regiments in service, dismissed a Bündner battalion, reduced the remaining companies by 50 men, took over a regiment that had previously been in the Savoyard service, expanded their armed forces and appointed a colonel general.

Bern legalized its Dutch regiments, which had been "dismembered" by the Colonel General

The city ​​and republic of Bern officially approved his regiments in Dutch service in 1700 and, although the Dutch did not treat them with care, put on a good face for the bad game.

Meanwhile, with the Dutch nobleman, Milord Albemarle , a colonel general of the Swiss and Graubünden troops had been installed. He proposed to the King of England and the States General that he be promoted to colonel , lieutenant colonel , major and captain , unless the cantons were entitled to do so, gave leave of absence and released the officers, received reports from the regimental commanders, carried out inspections, etc. Swiss company with flag assigned as bodyguard and permanently one of twelve Swiss halberdiers.

Unfortunately, he (and his successors) also had the bad habit of splitting up the regiments, reassigning them and subordinating them to new commanders instead of forming uniform troops from the recruits from different cantons, as can be seen in the following excerpt:

Detached Bernese companies from 1707–1715
(exemplary example)
1707 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715
May Mülinen 3 4th 6th 7th 9 7th 12 12
Stürler Tscharner 4th 4th 5 3 7th 7th 11 11
Métrail Sacconay 1 3 2 2 4th 4th 2 -
Chambrier Muralt 1 1 1 1 1 - - -
Name,
duration of use 		( 18 ned ) Sacconay Regiment 1694-1714
Year,
contractual partner		 In 1696, with a new private surrender by Jean de Sacconay to the States General, the regiment paid by England and had been in the Savoyard service since 1694 moved from Italy to the Netherlands. Recognized and checked by Bern in 1700.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 1,600 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 Many officers came from Vaud and the Free State of Graubünden, the crew from Bern, Vaud, Basel, Graubünden and Zurich.

One company each was owned by the brothers Caspar and Salomon Hirzel from Zurich.

Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1694, Colonel Jean de Sacconay from Lausanne; 1706, Antoine de Métral from Vaud.
Trarbach 1704
Use,
events		 During the War of the Spanish Succession , the regiment took part in the following battles: Kaiserswerth (1702), Huy (1702), Bonn (1703), Limbourg (1703), Schellenberg (1704), Höchstädt (1704), Trarbach (1704), Ramillies (1706) , Oudenaarde (1708), Gent (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Douay (1710) and again Douay (1712), where the regiment was taken prisoner by the French.

Disbanded in 1714, his units were distributed among the other Swiss regiments and that of Albemarle.

Name,
duration of use 		( 19 ned ) Regiment Albemarle 1701–1796
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 1
Year,
contractual partner		 k. A.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 1,200 men in 6 companies.

After the reduction in 1715 to 2 battalions with 1,000 men, the regiment's holdings were increased again to 1,800 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies in 1741 by four newly formed companies in Zurich.

Origin squad,
troop		 Of the 6 companies, 3 came from the Lochmann, Muralt and Sacconay regiments, mainly with soldiers from Zurich and half a company from Schaffhausen, as well as three new companies from Zurich, Graubünden and Bern.

In 1741 it became a pure Zurich regiment through the reallocation of all members of the Bern canton to the Stürler Tscharner regiment.

Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1701, Milord Albemarle (Dutch nobleman, born Arnold Joost van Keppel , raised as a favorite of King Wilhelm III of Orange-Nassau as Earl of Albemarle and awarded the Order of the Garter ); 1718, Johann Felix Werdmüller; 1726, Salomon Hirzel; 1755, Hans Konrad Escher (from the lynx); 1786, Hans Ludwig Hirzel; 1794, Gerold Lochmann.
Use,
events		 During the War of the Spanish Succession , the regiment took part in the following battles: Bonn (1703), Schellenberg (1704), Höchstädt (1704), Trarbach (1704), Ramillies (1706), Gent (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Béthune (1710) , Saint-Venant (1710), Aire-sur-la-Lys (1710) and Denain (1712), where 4,000 men died, including the regimental commander Stocker. Albemarle and his regiment were captured by the French.

In 1715 two battalions of the regiment were embarked with the expeditionary force of Jacques François de Goumoens to crush the Jacobins to England and Scotland.

In 1745 the regiment was again transferred to England and Scotland. It supported the English government troops who bloodily put down the last uprising of the Stuart supporters in the Battle of Culloden in 1746 .

Prince Charles Edward Stuart , known as Bonnie Prince Charlie , had his last roster of 5,000 men in Culloden Moor . The brunt of the struggle was borne by the Camerons , MacLeans , Chattans, and MacLachlans . Equipped only with shields and swords, they suffered terrible losses and were defeated by the vastly outnumbered government troops and their artillery fire. Prince Charles was able to flee to France. The winners raged cruelly and mercilessly in the Highlands for some time. The Stuart followers were finally and thoroughly dealt with.

After the following decades of monotonous garrison service, the Hirzel Albemarle regiment was unable (or willing?) To defend the Geertruidenberg fortress during the attack of the French revolutionary troops in 1793 and was also part of the battle of Tourcoing , where Hirzel was wounded One year later in Fleurus to the losers.

The regiment went under with the Dutch army in 1795.

After his release, the regiment is said to have marched back from Bergen-op-Zoom via Putten, Antwerp, Leuven, Namur, Belfort, Basel, Olten, Lenzburg and Baden to Zurich in 1797.

The wars of succession are also fought in the Netherlands

In 1701 European peace was over. The struggle for the succession to the Spanish royal throne unloaded itself in the bloody thirteen years of the Spanish War of Succession . He also reached the States General, which joined the anti-French coalition, brought their troops back to war strength and reinforced them with another Swiss force.

Name,
duration of use 		( 20 ned ) Diesbach Regiment 1711–1714
Year,
contractual partner		 1711, Fridéric de Diesbach's private capitulation with the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 1,200 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 6 companies from 6 cantons.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1711, Jean Fridéric von Diesbach (Steinbrugg), from the Freiburg branch of the Diesbach family.
Use,
events		 The regiment took part in the Milan Wars, in the campaigns to Spain and on the Rhine, but was disbanded after the Peace of Utrecht in 1714.
Battle of Höchstädt 1704

The Swiss regiments were normally used as garrisons for the fortress, but also took part in offensive actions.

In 1704 1 battalion each from the Lochmann Regiment, under Johann Caspar Hirzel, and from the Stürler Tscharner Regiment , under his regiment commander Vinzenz Stürler , fought in the victorious battle of Höchstädt in the left wing of Marlborough .

In 1706 the regiments Stürler Tscharner , Capol and Albemarle (led by Felix Werdmüller) were involved in the battle of Ramillies . Werdmüller's action against the village of Tavières opened the crucial gap for Marlborough's cavalry and decided the battle.

The Métral Sacconay regiment belonged to the besiegers of Ath in 1707 .

In the meetings of Oudenaarde and Lille in 1708 , Swiss regiments fought on both sides, still without a face-to-face encounter.

In 1709 the Swiss Confederates' lack of foreign policy took tragic revenge. In the longest and bloodiest fight in Malplaquet there was a direct encounter. The Dutch regiments Chambrier Muralt , Schmid von Grüneck Capol , Hirzel Lochmann , May Mülinen (Gabriel), Stürler Tscharner and Métral Sacconay had two battalions of the Swiss Guards (the companies Chandieu, Zurlauben, Pfyffer, Machet, Stuppa, Salis) and on the French side opposite the regiments Brändle, Villars-Chandieu, Greder and May (Hans Rudolf). In the first attack there was a direct encounter between the May and Brändle regiments on the French side against their compatriots in the May and Stürler regiments on the Dutch side. The attack with the bare bayonet between the two Bern regiments of Hans Rudolf and Gabriel von May cost hundreds of dead. The Swiss regiments lost a total of 8,000 men in Malplaquet. The loss sparked heated discussions in the daily articles about foreign services and measures against direct encounters. Nevertheless, there was a direct encounter between Swiss troops in Bailén in 1808 - and for the last time.

1712 was pretty disastrous for the Swiss troops. Milord Albemarle was surprised at Denain , lost half of his 8,000 men and had to go into captivity with the rest. These included his regiment, the Bündner regiment and the battalion of the Dohna Lochmann regiment , where Dohna himself had sunk and drowned in a swamp. As a result, the permanent places Douay, le Quesnay and Bouchain and their crews, the regiments Métral Sacconay , May Mülinen and Stürler Tscharner fell into the hands of the French.

Preamble to the military surrender of the Dutch States General to the Republic of Bern on January 8, 1714 (Bern State Archives)
Franz Ludwig de Pesme de St. Saphorin

This war ended in 1713 with the Peace of Utrecht , which heralded a longer period of peace for the States General.

Bern had already entered into an offensive and defensive alliance with the States General the year before, and Graubünden a year later.

In 1714, afterwards Franz Ludwig de Pesme de St. Saphorin concluded a surrender for Bern with the authorized representatives of the States General, Messrs Broekhuisen, Van Alphen, Heinsius, Coningh, Ploofs, Van Amstel, de Burum, Steenbergen and Steenhuisen, at 32 Articles off. There were plans for 24 Bern companies in Dutch service, the appointment of the regimental staff by the Dutch government, the captains by Bern, the subaltern officers by the captain and company strengths of 150 and 200 men in peace or war.

However, Colonel-General Albemarle autocratically swirled further with his (dis) organizational system in the following year and even reduced the companies to 100 men, contrary to the contract. When he finished in 1715 there were still 32 companies of 100 men: 6 from Zurich, 16 from Bern, 2 each from Basel and Neuchâtel and 6 from Graubünden, divided into 4 regiments:

  1. Regiment Felix Werdmüller Albemarle , led by Colonel Salomon Hirzel , with 10 companies: the supreme company of the dissolved Métral Sacconay regiment , 2 Basler, 1 of the dissolved May Mülinen regiment , 6 of the Zurich offensive battalion Tscharner Lochmann . The Tscharner Lochmann defensive battalion had been dismissed, albeit with disapproval. It should have gone home with weapons and flying flags. The captains eager for money, however, had taken the weapons from him and sold them and left the soldiers to their fate without travel money. In response to their complaint, they had to reluctantly do this after all;
  2. Regiment Vinzenz Stürler Tscharner with 10 companies;
  3. Regiment Daniel de Chambrier Muralt with 6 companies, 4 Bernese and 2 Neuchâtel, as well
  4. Regiment Christoph Schmidt Capol with the 6 Bündner companies.

The garrison services in the peace phase until 1742, the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession , were only interrupted in 1715 and 1719 by Jacques François de Goumoens' expeditionary corps to England and Scotland to crush the Jacobins: for the first time with two battalions each from the Stürler Tscharner and regiments Albemarle, as well as one each from Schmidt Capol and Chambrier Muralt , the second time with the Goumoëns Tscharner regiment .

As early as 1741, the four Swiss regiments had been increased to 3 battalions with 4 companies of 150 men, a total of 1,800 men. The States General once again had 48 companies in 12 battalions, a total of 7,200 Swiss troops.

The Netherlands were reluctantly compelled by old treaties to enter the war and invade the Austrian Netherlands. The Dutch leadership of the Swiss troops stood out in the decisive phases primarily through incompetence. The Constant Muralt regiments in Ypres in 1744 and the Hirzel Albemarle regiment , led by Lieutenant Colonel Keller, in Tournai excelled in defense. But in 1745 the regiments Constant Muralt , Stürler Tscharner and Salis Capol had to stand idly in the enemy artillery fire for the longest time in the battle of Fontenoy . The garrisons of Brussels, Nivelles and Bergen op Zoom occupied by the Swiss regiments were surrendered by the Dutch high command without a fight. In the process, 2,191 of the 5,681 men of the Stürler Tscharner and Constant Muralt regiments were taken prisoner in Brussels . About half of the officers and a good third of the crew served a three-year captivity “en prison de France” (German: in French captivity) until the peace agreement finally ended their suffering. The Dutch Army's operations in the War of the Austrian Succession were by no means a famous chapter in Dutch military history.

Name,
duration of use 		( 21 ned ) Freikompanie Lullin 1746–1748
Year,
contractual partner		 1746, Charles Lullin's private surrender to the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 company of 150 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 From Geneva.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Charles Lullin from Geneva (born 1715, grandson of the mayor of Geneva, Jean Lullin, later lieutenant colonel in the Chambrier Muralt regiment ).
Use,
events		 The Lullin Free Company was dissolved in 1648.

In 1747, one year before the peace treaty in Aachen , the Special Plenipotentiary of the States General, Onno Zwier van Haren , asked the Reformed cantons to increase the number of existing Swiss troops and to raise additional Swiss troops.

The cantons approved the increase of the existing companies to 200 men and the four existing regiments to 2,400 men each, as well as the conclusion of surrenders for four new regiments and a Swiss guard regiment.

The Swiss troops as a commodity?

But after the end of the war, three regiments were dissolved again in 1749 and the number of companies in the six remaining regiments was reduced to a hundred men. The company owners were at least compensated for the dismantling by a gratuity paid out between 1751 and 1785 for “50 hommes non existans”. The Dutch mercantile spirit evidently viewed mercenaries as purely trading goods, whose stocks could be adapted to demand at short notice. But only because foreigners such as Germans, Lorraine, Alsatians, Scandinavians, Bohemians, Moravians and other Eastern Europeans were also considered “Swiss”.

Name,
duration of use 		( 22 ned ) Budé Regiment 1748–1749
Year,
contractual partner		 1748, private capitulation of Jacob de Budé with Onno Zwier van Haren for the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies of 200 men each.
Origin squad,
troop		 From the Reformed cantons, especially Glarus, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Thurgau (through Heinrich Escher in Arbon and Bischofszell).
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Jacob de Budé from Geneva.
Use,
events		 The regiment was disbanded in 1749.

Most of the soldiers went to the (new!) Stürler regiment . Colonel Budé joined the Swiss Guards Regiment .

Name,
duration of use 		( 23 ned ) Graffenried Regiment 1748–1749
Year,
contractual partner		 1748, surrender of Bern with Onno Zwier van Haren for the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies of 200 men each.

Of the twelve companies, eight were run by city citizens and four by canton citizens of Bern.

Origin squad,
troop		 Mainly in the canton of Bern.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Abraham von Graffenried of Bern.
Use,
events		 The regiment was disbanded in 1749. The crew was moved to the other regiments when it was dissolved and some of them returned to Switzerland.
Name,
duration of use 		( 24 ned ) Chambrier Regiment 1748–1749
Year,
contractual partner		 1748, private capitulation of Samuel de Chambrier with Onno Zwier van Haren for the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies of 200 men each.
Origin squad,
troop		 From all reformed cantons.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 Samuel de Chambrier from Neuchâtel.
Use,
events		 The regiment was disbanded in 1749. The crew was moved to the Stürler Regiment when it was dissolved .
Name,
duration of use 		( 25 ned ) Regiment Stürler 1748–1796
from 1772 Regiment Zwitzers No. 2
also called “Regiment of the Small Cantons” and from 1787 “Prinsenregiment”.
Year,
contractual partner		 1748, private capitulations of the individual company owners with Onno Zwier van Haren for the States General.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies each of 200 men (1748), 1,200 men (1750), 2,244 men (1785), 1,800 men (1793).
Origin squad,
troop		 The crew (partly from the Budé , Graffenried and Chambrier regiments ) from Bern, Aargau, Vaud. The officers and soldiers also came from Glarus, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Thurgau, Germany and anywhere else.

The names of the company commanders from Appenzell are known:

  • 1st company: 1748, Louis Bouquet; 1784, JC Schoch;
  • 2nd company: 1748, Johann Albrecht Steiger (black) from Bern; 1768, B. Thörig; 1786, JU Kürsteiner;
  • 3rd company: 1748, J. Meyer; 1777, JC Mittelholzer, afterwards J. Alder; 1779-1795, B. Thörig junior;
  • 4th company: 1748, Bartholome Sturzenegger from Gais; 1763, G. Zürcher, afterwards G. Scheuss (Schiess); 1778, A. Nänni; 1779-1785, JC Mösli.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1748, Karl Anton Stürler from Bern; 1756, Louis Bouquet von Rolle; 1784, Barthole Marti von Glarus; 1786, Hans Friedrich Stocker von Neunforn (Schaffhausen).
Use,
events		 The Swiss regiments spent the decades up to 1793 as garrisons alternating from one garrison to another.

Their situation became delicate when, in 1787, a dispute between the heir Prince Wilhelm V and the states of the republican so-called Patriot Party degenerated into an armed civil war. On the one hand, the inheritance holder was their commander-in-chief; on the other hand, they were paid by the provinces, his enemies. They remained strictly neutral until the defeat of the patriots.

The defense of the Walcheren peninsula earned the Stürler regiment the nickname "Prinsenregiment" (German: Prinzenregiment).

The invasion of the French Revolutionary Army in 1796 marked the end of the regiment.

  • Grenadier officer of the guard
    orange sash and pistol
    saber instead of the sword

  • Drummers and grenadiers
    (match case for grenades on the chest strap)

  • Grenadier of the Swiss Guard 1750

  • Colonel ( spontaneously ), grenadier and fusilier of the Swiss Guard 1750

  • Grenadier caps of the Guard 1750

The companies in the five remaining line regiments from then on consisted of mostly 100 men and consisted of 5 officers (1 captain each / mostly company owner, lieutenant captain, lieutenant, ensign) and 10 non-commissioned officers (4 sergeants, 3 corporals, 3 privates). The rest of the crew consisted of 4 satellites (particularly reliable soldiers to guard the captain and the company treasury), 2 drummers, 1 whistler, 1 profos (responsible for cleanliness in and around the quarters, keeping rabble and executing the penalties pronounced by officers), 10 Grenadiers (specially selected, robust and courageous elite soldiers) and 64 fusiliers. The company staff also included 1 company clerk (for the inventory and pay lists and the correspondence) and 1 field clerk (sanitary and medical care).

From 1708, for the first time, there were 24 grenadiers and 2 carpenters in bear hats in each company. The regiment's battalions now had a grenadier company, detached and paid for by the parent companies from their grenadier detachments. It did not belong to a single company owner. The elite unit of 75 men had 1 lieutenant, lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, 3 sergeants, 6 corporals, 2 drummers, 1 Pfeiffer and 60 grenadiers (in 6 corporal groups).

The weapons of the officers of the fusiliers were the sword and the spontaneous , that of the grenadiers the saber and the rifle with bayonet . The soldiers were armed with the rifle and the fusiliers with the pallasch , the grenadiers with the saber.

The 5 line regiments had a total of 60 fusilier and 10 grenadier companies (750 grenadiers) with a total target of 6,800 men.

The guards regiment with a regimental staff consisting of 1 colonel, 1 colonel commander, 2 lieutenant colonels, 2 majors, 1 quartermaster, 2 adjutants, 1 field preacher, 1 surgeon major, 1 drum major and 1 high-ranking professional was divided into 2 battalions, but with only 4 Companies.

Their composition consisted of 5 officers: 1 captain, 1 captain commander (both with the rank and salary of a lieutenant colonel), 1 first and 1 second lieutenant (both with the rank and salary of a captain), an ensign (with the rank and salary of a first lieutenant). They led 12 non-commissioned officers (5 sergeants, 4 corporals, 3 corporals), 1 company staff (1 secretary, 1 field clerk), 4 servants, 3 drummers, 1 whistler, 1 musician, 12 grenadiers and 58 fusiliers.

The two grenadier companies - detached as in the line regiments - had a nominal number of 61 men: 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, 1 sub-lieutenant, 2 sergeants, 4 corporals, 3 drummers, a Pfeiffer and 48 grenadiers (in 4 corporal units).

The guards regiment therefore had a target population of 800 men.

The uniform of the Swiss regiments was royal blue with red facings.

Name,
duration of use 		( 26 ned ) Swiss Guard Regiment 1749–1796
Year,
contractual partner		 1748, Surrender of Bern, Zurich, Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, Glarus and Appenzell reformed with Onno Zwier van Haren for the States General.

Due to discrepancies in the formation of the guard regiment, Bern did not approve advertising in its territory until 1761, which amounted to an official recognition of the troops.

Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 2 battalions of 4 companies each of 200 and from 1752 100 men, so originally 1,600 men.

In 1761, Bern once again provided the 3 companies of Steiger, Lerber and d'Aubonne, each with 200 men. The first two were reserved for city citizens, the third could also be owned by a canton citizen.

Origin squad,
troop		 Initially, each company of the 6 existing regiments had to provide (and pay) 9 to 13 men. Later from all reformed cantons.
Owner,
commander,
namesake

Honorary colonels of the regiment were:

  • 1749–1751, Prince Wilhelm IV of Orange
  • 1751–1795, Prince Wilhelm V of Orange

both captains general of the Army of the States General.

The colonels were: 1749, Friedrich May von Kiesen; 1776, Franz August Sandoz from Neuchâtel; 1793, Friedrich Ludwig Hess from Zurich.

Commanding colonels were: 1748–1750, Alexander von Wattenwyl from Bern; 1758–1766, Beat Ludwig Steiger from Bern; 1770–1776, Franz August Sandoz from Neuchâtel; 1776–1786 David Ludwig d'Aubonne from Vaud; 1790–1793 Friedrich Ludwig Hess from Zurich.

Lieutenant Colonel were: 1748–1758, Beat Ludwig Steiger from Bern; 1766–1770, Franz August Sandoz from Neuchâtel and Albert Weiss von Molens from Bern; 1770–1774 Geronimus Lerber from Bern; 1770–1776 David Ludwig d'Aubonne from Vaud; 1770–1779 Georges Louis Polier de Vernand from Lausanne (Vaud); 1776–1790 Friedrich Ludwig Hess from Zurich.

The fate of the captain commander of the May company was tragic (since 1786): Lieutenant Colonel Franz Viktor von Steiger was killed in a landslide in Arth in 1795.

Use,
events		 After long years of occupation in changing garrisons, the guard regiment was able to distinguish itself in the attack of the French revolutionary troops in 1794 in the siege and conquest of Landrecies , but was then also one of the losers in Fleurus .

It was disbanded in 1796.

and display information about the image
Swiss Guard 1752, with the " Hautboisten " leading the way

Focus on pepper, nutmeg and England

Mauritius, Hollandia, Amsterdam and the small speed sailor Duyfken (German: Pigeon) ventured the first Dutch sea voyage to Asia from the island of Texel in North Holland in 1595 . Only three of the four ships and 87 of the 249 crew members returned in 1597. Nevertheless, the trip was a success, because with it the Dutch opened up the trade route to the east. They soon outpaced the Portuguese, who had already sailed this route earlier, and secured supremacy on the spice route from back India to Europe.

The Portuguese spice route

1602 founded Johan van Oldenbarnevelt the V ereenigde O East India C ompagnie (German: United East India Company) abbreviated VOC and received from the States the trade monopoly to the east of the Cape of Good Hope . As a national trading company, empowered to conclude alliances in the name of the republic, to wage war and to administer occupied territories, it had also eliminated competition between the various trading masters. With branches in Java, the Moluccas, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Makassar, West Timor and, after the Shogun had closed the borders of Japan in 1641 as the only European, on the island of Dejima in the bay of Nagasaki , the VOC developed into a power factor . Their ships, richly laden with textiles, spices, coffee, tea, tobacco, opium, tropical woods, iron, copper, silver, gold, porcelain, dyes, shells and many other goods filled the coffers of the Dutch merchants.

The VOC's main competitor was the British East India Company (BEIC). It was created two years earlier through a charter from Queen Elizabeth I and endowed with extensive rights, privileges, monopolies and its own army, with the purpose - to put it simply - to be able to exploit the colonies in Asia without restraint.

The VOC had survived three naval wars with England when the fourth put it on the defensive in 1780 . It was the time when she hired a Swiss troop for the land war.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 27 ned ) Meuron Colonial Regiment
Year,
contractual partner		 1781, private capitulation of Charles Daniel de Meuron from Neuchâtel with the Dutch East India Company, initiated by the Dutch ally against England, France.
Neuchâtel approved of advertising on its territory but did not participate in the surrender.
Charles Daniel de Meuron
The Meuron regiment in India
Stock,
formation		 1 marine regiment of 1,100 men in 10 companies of 104 men.

The uniform was blue with yellow facings and included a helmet with a black horse tail.

Origin squad,
troop		 Two-thirds of them are Reformed Swiss and one-third of them are Germans (for a team list, see “The Regiment de Meuron” under web links).
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1781, Charles Daniel de Meuron from Neuchâtel; 1786, Pierre-Frédéric de Meuron, his brother.
Use,
events

France, as a colonial power linked to the Netherlands against England, commissioned one of its highest Swiss officers to raise a regiment for the VOC. De Meuron, colonel in the French Swiss Guard, had his regiment equipped by his brother, Captain Pierre-Frédéric de Meuron, and assembled on the Île d'Oléron .

A smallpox epidemic killed 380 members of the regiment there. The ranks were filled with convicts from prisons in the region, which severely strained the discipline of the troops.

The crossing to South Africa was not a good star either. The ships of King Louis XIV , the le Fier and l'Hermione left late in September 1782 in adverse winds and the captain had loaded goods. The guns and the crew of the regiment were exposed to the weather on deck. 102 men did not survive the four-month crossing to Cape Town. They died of scurvy . De Meuron's complaints against the captain with the Dutch governor in South Africa, who did not want to spoil it with France, came to nothing.

In South Africa de Meuron had little time to bring his artillery back to its shine and the crew, partly through draconian measures, before his regiment was moved to Sri Lanka. In the following year it took part in the French defensive battles around the English Fort St. David (see web links) on the Indian Coromandel coast .

After returning to Sri Lanka, a longer stay in South Africa followed, where de Meuron split more and more with the Netherlands, in 1786 handed over the regimental command to his brother Pierre-Frédéric and withdrew to Switzerland. Many members of the regiment had deserted in the meantime and had been hired as auxiliary workers on the Boer farms . In order to avoid a complete collapse, the regiment was transferred back to Sri Lanka, leaving behind a small depot unit.

Nine years later the situation escalated: the regiment's surrender was due for renewal at the end of 1795, the VOC was badly in arrears with payments and insolvent. England took the initiative, guaranteed the outstanding payments from the VOC and persuaded de Meuron to transfer to English services for a considerable sum.

His unsuspecting brother Pierre-Frédéric was involved in violent defensive battles against an English invasion of the island in Sri Lanka when he was surprised by the order to reassign the regiment (well hidden in an Edam cheese!). He let the Dutch governor of the island release him from his job before he moved to the British in India.

" His Majesty's Regiment de Meuron " was in British and British service until 1814.

1795 - "annus horribilis"

Annus horribilis (German: year of horror)

1795 was a disaster year for the Netherlands.

Not only was the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , abbreviated VOC ) bankrupt and had stopped paying wages to the Meuron colonial regiment.

United Kingdom of the Netherlands

France, with General Pichegru , had overran the Dutch army, occupied Amsterdam and proclaimed the Batavian Republic .

The Prince of Orange, William V , had fled to England with his family and placed the Dutch colonies under British protection, the previous enemy of the Dutch.

Last year, the lost battle of Tourcoing - the Dutch army had 3,000 dead and the loss of 40 guns - initiated the withdrawal of the Allied forces from Flanders , which became a reality a month later after the defeat in the Battle of Fleurus . The Dutch army, and with it the Swiss regiments, had almost disbanded due to deserters and looters, and the field had been cleared. The way for the attack of the French revolutionary army via the canals frozen by the cold winter and the conquest of the Netherlands without notable resistance had become clear and was accomplished by 1795.

As a subsidiary republic of France, the Batavian Republic was imposed significant financial war burdens and the previous federation of provinces was transformed into a centrally governed unitary state.

In 1806 Napoleon put an end to it, transformed it into the Kingdom of Holland and installed his brother Louis Bonaparte (Dutch: Lodewijk Napoleon) as king. Four years later, however, because of “insufficient attention to French interests”, he already dismissed him and integrated the Netherlands into the French state within a few months.

Only the fall of Napoleon in 1815 brought the return to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The Congress of Vienna reinstates the Orange

After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 created the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands from the Kingdom of Holland (and largely with its structures) together with the former Austrian Netherlands (today: Belgium) . William VI. , Prince of Orange, the son of William V, who fled to England in 1795, was installed as King William I of the Netherlands.

With the aim of quickly rebuilding a Dutch army, the latter concluded surrender with federal cantons for four Swiss regiments as early as 1814. The federal treaty of 1815, albeit not yet in force at the time, allowed the cantons to independently conclude military surrenders with foreign states.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 28 ned ) Regiment Ziegler 1814–1829
Swiss regiment no. 29 in Royal Dutch service
Year,
contractual partner		 1814, capitulations of the cantons of Zurich, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Aargau and Thurgau for 25 years with Elie van der Hoeven, authorized representative of King Wilhelm I of the Netherlands.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 2 battalions with 10 companies (8 fusilier and 2 wing companies) of 100 men, a total of 2,028 men with the staff.
Origin squad,
troop		 From the cantons of Zurich, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Aargau and Thurgau
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1814, Jakob Christoph Ziegler from Zurich.
Use,
events		 During the only campaign of the Dutch army, the campaign to Waterloo in 1815 , the Swiss regiments were garrisoned in Maastricht .

They later led a quiet garrison life until their release in 1829.

The Ziegler Regiment had a number of veteran officers and NCOs from French service in its ranks. Under their regime, 20 to 30 deserters ran away at times a day!

Name,
duration of use		 ( 29 ned ) Kirchberger Regiment 1814–1829
Swiss Regiment No. 30 in the Royal Dutch Service
«Jung-Jenner»
Year,
contractual partner		 1814, the canton of Bern surrendered for 25 years with Elie van der Hoeven, agent of King Wilhelm I of the Netherlands.
Uniforms of Swiss regiments No. 29–32 in royal Dutch service 1815–1829
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 2 battalions with 10 companies (8 fusilier and 2 wing companies) of 100 men, a total of 2,028 men with the staff.
Origin squad,
troop		 From Bern.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1814, Gabriel Sigmund Kirchberger; 1816, Johann Ludwig Nikolaus von Jenner.

In 1827 Johann Nikolaus Ludwig von Jenner advanced to major general and commander-in-chief of the Swiss corps with a total of 10,150 men.

Use,
events		 During the only campaign of the Dutch army, the campaign to Waterloo in 1815 , the Swiss regiments were garrisoned in Maastricht .

They later led a quiet garrison life until their release in 1829.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 30 ned ) Regiment speaker 1814–1829
Swiss regiment No. 31 in the Royal Dutch service
Year,
contractual partner		 1814, capitulations of the cantons of Graubünden, Glarus, Appenzell Ausserrhoden for 25 years with Elie van der Hoeven, authorized representative of King Wilhelm I of the Netherlands.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 2 battalions with 10 companies (8 fusilier and 2 wing companies) of 100 men, a total of 2,028 men with the staff.

When, in addition to the 7 companies of the cantons of Glarus and Appenzell Ausserrhoden, no canton could be found for the remaining 3, Graubünden, although its 10 companies had not yet reached the required number in 1816, allowed the missing units to be advertised on its cantonal territory. Nevertheless, several hundred men were missing from the target population.

In order to avoid incorporation into another association, a special agreement was concluded with the Netherlands in 1823 for 1 regiment with regimental steb and 1,590 men in 2 battalions each with a small and large staff and 6 companies of 128 men. Of these, Graubünden had to provide 7 companies or around 900 men.

Origin squad,
troop		 From the cantons of Graubünden, Glarus and Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1814, Jakob spokesman for Bernegg zu Clus-Maienfeld; 1829, Jakob Schmid from Glarus.
Use,
events		 During the only campaign of the Dutch army, the campaign to Waterloo in 1815 , the Swiss regiments were garrisoned in Maastricht .

They later led a quiet garrison life until their release in 1829.

Name,
duration of use		 ( 31 ned ) Regiment Auf Der Maur 1814–1829
Swiss Regiment No. 32 in Royal Dutch service
Year,
contractual partner		 1814, the surrender of 25 years by the German-speaking Catholic cantons with Elie van der Hoeven, authorized representative of King Wilhelm I of the Netherlands.
Stock,
formation		 1 regiment with 4 battalions of 10 companies of 100, with the staff 4028 men.
Origin squad,
troop		 From the cantons of Friborg, Solothurn, Lucerne, Zug, Unterwalden, Schwyz, Uri and St. Gallen.
Owner,
commander,
namesake		 1814, Alois Auf der Maur from Schwyz, 1821 dismissed for fraud, forgery and embezzlement; 1821, replaced by Johann Baptist Ludwig Göldlin von Tiefenau from Lucerne.
Use,
events		 During the only campaign of the Dutch army, the campaign to Waterloo in 1815 , the Swiss regiments were garrisoned in Maastricht .

They later led a quiet garrison life until their release in 1829.

The only shameful incident was the dismissal of the regimental commander Auf der Maur in 1821.

In 1829, shortly before the Belgian Revolution , the king sacked his four Swiss regiments prematurely at the urging of the southern (Belgian) provinces (to?).

A large number of members of the regiment entered the service of the Dutch National Army. The rest of them went back home and soon mostly in Neapolitan military service .

Troop members who did not enter into other foreign services received 1/2 (officers) or 2/3 (NCOs and soldiers) of their wages until the expiry of their contract.

Remarks

  1. ↑ under Capol there is an entry under the Flims line:
    Hercules von Capol (also from Cappol or Kapool), 1642–1706, son of Benedict, doctor. Married to Elsbeth Sprecher von Bernegg from Luzein. 1684 owner of Girsberg Castle in Guntalingen. Officer in the French and Spanish service (as Colonel Hércules Cappol from 1693). Mentioned in the files of the Imperial County of Hohenems (Vorarlberg) around 1695 in the matter of "Storer's claim for money in Feldkirch von Hohenems, in order to be able to pay Colonel Capol again before his departure for the Netherlands". 1702 Bündner regiment in Holland. 1706 Brigadier at the Battle of Ramillies and killed during the siege of Meenen during the War of the Spanish Succession under the leadership of the Duke of Marlborough. It is thanks to Hercules that the three-confederate state consented to the recruitment of a regiment for the Netherlands in 1693. The colonel had a loyal companion in the person of his cousin Captain-Lieutenant Christoffel Schmid von Grünegg from Illanz.

literature

  • Beat Emmanuel May (by Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe. Tome VIII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788, OCLC 832583553 .
  • Karl Müller von Friedberg : Chronological representation of the federal surrender of troops to foreign powers. Huber St. Gallen 1793, digitized , OCLC 716940663 .
  • Moritz von Wattenwyl: The Swiss in foreign military service. Separately printed from the Berner Tagblatt , Bern 1930, OCLC 72379925 .
  • Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan , Ulrich Wille : Loyalty and honor, history of the Swiss in foreign service (translated by Walter Sandoz). Les éditions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940, OCLC 610616869 .
  • Robert Murray Bakker (Albach): The Swiss Regiments in Dutch Service 1693-1797 , article in the yearbook of the Swiss Society for Family Research, 1989, pp. 57-104, reproduced in texts on the history of Untervaz , Untervazer Burgenverein, Untervaz, 2012.
  • Jürg A. Meier: VIVAT HOLLANDIA - On the history of the Swiss in Dutch service 1740 - 1795, grip arms and uniforms , Swiss Society for Military History Study Trips GMS 29, Wettingen 2008, OCLC 276838307 .
  • Marc Höchner: Self-testimonies from Swiss mercenary officers in the 18th century (=  rule and social systems in the early modern times , volume 18). V & R Unipress, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8471-0321-9 (Diss. University of Friborg, 2013, 284 pages), OCLC 897105963 .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Coat of arms of William IV , Prince of Orange and Nassau , heir to the Republic of the United Netherlands from 1747–1751.
  2. ↑ Dutch: V ereenigde O ost-Indische C ompagnie or VOC for short.
  3. ↑ before the first surrender with Zurich
  4. ^ After the first surrender with Zurich
  5. ^ A b Frederik Jan Gustaaf ten Raa and François de Bas: Het Staatsche leger 1568–1795 , Part 2, De Koninklijke Militaire Academie, Breda 1913.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Robert Murray Bakker (Albach): The Swiss regiments in Dutch service 1693-1797 , article in the yearbook of the Swiss Society for Family Research, 1989, p. 57– 104, reproduced in texts on the history of Untervaz , Untervazer Burgenverein, Untervaz, 2012.
  7. ^ Roland E. Hofer: Stokar, Johann Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Oskar Erismann: Swiss in Dutch service , sheets for Bern history, art and antiquity, XII. Volume 4, printed and published by Gustav Grunau, Bern 1923.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Beat Emmanuel May (from Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe . Tome VIII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788.
  10. ↑ a b Sébastien Rial: Dohna, Friedrich von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  11. ^ A b Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz , fourth volume, Neuchâtel 1927.
  12. ^ Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands : Search result under CAPOL
  13. ^ Daniel Saluz: Saluz, Rudolf Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  14. ^ Adolf Collenberg: Beeli, Conradin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  15. ^ Silvio Färber: Buol, Johann Anton (von Strassberg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  16. ↑ Constanz Jecklin, A song on the Bündner Regiment in Dutch service 1695 , Bündnerisches Wochenblatt, issue 12, Chur 1926.
  17. ↑ Martin Bundi: Capol, Hercules. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  18. ↑ Martin Bundi: Schmid von Grüneck, Christoffel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  19. ↑ Max Hilfiker: Reydt. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  20. ↑ Hansjürg Gredig: Planta, Johann Baptista von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  21. ^ Daniel spokesman: spokesman (from spokesman, spokesman from Bernegg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  22. ^ A b c d e Daniel Bregnard: Goumoens, Jacques François de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  23. ^ Christian Müller: Mülinen, Albrecht von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  24. ^ A b Hans Braun: Tscharner, Niklaus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  25. ↑ Hans Braun: May, Gabriel von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  26. ^ Damien Bregnard: Goumoëns, Jean François de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  27. ↑ Hans Braun: May, Hans Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  28. ↑ a b Bernhard Rieder: Werdmüller, Hans Felix. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  29. ^ Katja Hürlimann: Lochmann, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  30. ^ Katja Hürlimann: Hirzel, Hans Caspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  31. ↑ Hans Braun: Tscharner (von). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  32. ↑ a b Myriam Volorio Perriard: Montmollin, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  33. ↑ Hans Braun: Stürler, Vinzenz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  34. ^ Damien Bregnard: Goumoëns, Jacques François de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  35. ^ Damien Bregnard: Goumoëns, Georges de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  36. ^ Hans Braun: Stürler, Johann Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  37. ^ Damien Bregnard: Goumoëns, Nicolas Théodor de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  38. ↑ Martin Illi: Muralt (from). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  39. ↑ Vincent Perret: Chambrier, Daniel de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  40. ↑ Benoît de Montmollin: Constant, Samuël (de Rebecque). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  41. ^ A b Hans Braun: Stürler, Karl. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  42. ^ A b Hans Braun: May, Friedrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  43. ^ Katja Hürlimann: Hirzel, Hans Caspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  44. ↑ a b Katja Hürlimann: Hirzel, Salomon. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  45. ↑ Lucienne Hubler: Sacconay, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  46. ^ Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Mestral, de (Mont). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  47. ↑ Martin Lassner: Escher, Hans Conrad von (from the lynx). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  48. ^ Katja Hürlimann: Hirzel, Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  49. ↑ Benoît de Diesbach Belleroche: Fridéric de Diesbach (Steinbrugg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  50. ↑ Hervé de Weck: Battle of Malplaquet. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  51. ↑ Article: The catastrophe for the two Bern regiments in Brussels 1746 , Berner Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Heimatkunde, Volume 45, 1983
  52. ↑ Martine Piguet: Lullin Jean. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  53. ↑ Vincent Perret: Budé, Jacob de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  54. ↑ Hans Braun: Graffenried, Abraham von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  55. ↑ German: Prince Regiment
  56. ^ Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Marti, Bartholome. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  57. ^ Katja Hürlimann: Hess, Friedrich Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  58. ^ Hans Braun: Steiger, Beat Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  59. ↑ Vincent Perret: Aubonne, David Louis d '. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  60. ↑ Emmanuel Abetel: Polier, Georges Louis (de Vernand). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  61. ↑ Markus Lutz : Nekrologiger memorable Swiss from the eighteenth century , with Heinrich Remigius Sauerländer, Aarau 1812, In: Google Books .
  62. ↑ Patrick Kaufmann: Two eyewitness reports from the Goldau landslide come to light , In: ARTH-online News , September 10, 2001.
  63. ↑ Cyrille Gigandet: Meuron, Charles Daniel de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  64. ^ Cyrille Gigandet: Meuron, Pierre-Frédéric dee. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  65. ↑ Ronald Schenkel: Revenant in Red Uniform - The Unusual Path of the Swiss Mercenary Regiment de Meuron to Immortality , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 24.9.2005.
  66. ^ Renato Morosoli: Federal treaty . In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  67. ↑ It was not until the constitution of 1848 that military surrenders were prohibited.
  68. ^ Christian Bärtschi: Ziegler, Jakob Christoph. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  69. ^ Hans Braun: Kirchberger (Kilchberger). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  70. ↑ Hans Braun: Jenner, Johann Ludwig Nikolaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  71. ^ Daniel spokesman: Spokesman, Jakob (von Bernegg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  72. ↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Schmid, Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  73. ↑ Mark Lischer: Göldlin, Johann Baptist Ludwig (from Tiefenau). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  74. ↑ Karin Marti-Weissenbach: May, Beat Emmanuel (from Romainmôtier). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  75. ↑ Olivier Meuwly: Valliere, Paul de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .