Swiss troops in the service of Savoy

Offensive and defensive treaty between Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy and the Catholic federal cantons from 1577 (Turin State Archives)

Thirty-five Swiss troops in the service of Savoy served the dukes and later the kings of the House of Savoy from 1582 to 1848 on their eventful rise from Piedmont via the Kingdom of Sicily to that of Sardinia-Piedmont .

Even before that, before the existence of the Old Confederation (first statute in 1315 in Brunnen) and before the first “federal” surrender was completed in 1582, the Counts, and subsequently the Dukes of Savoy, were at least eight military units - by definition not yet “Swiss” troops - Involved by (later) federal allies.

Swiss troops in foreign service was the name of the paid service of commanded, whole troop bodies abroad, regulated by the authorities of the Swiss Confederation by international treaties .

These treaties contained a chapter regulating military affairs: the so-called surrender (or private surrender if one of the contracting parties was a private military contractor).

Overview of the Swiss troops in the Savoyard service

County of Savoy
# _sav	designation	year
Count Thomas I. 1189-1233
Count Amadeus IV. 1233–1253
1	Auxiliary Corps Lausanne	1240
2	Auxiliary Corps Viennois	1243 1342
Count Peter II. 1263-1268
3	Habsburg auxiliary corps	1265

Duchy of Savoy before 1582
Count Amadeus V _{«the Great»} 1285–1323
Count Eduard 1323-1329
Count Aymon 1329-1343

Count Amadeus VII. 1363-1391
4th	Auxiliary Corps Sion	1388
Count Amadeus VIII. 1391–1433 Duke 1416
5	Auxiliary Corps Bresse	1428
Duke Ludwig 1440–1465
6th	Auxiliary Corps Dauphin	1454
Duke Philibert I 1472–1482
Duke Charles I 1472–1482
7th	Auxiliary Corps Saluzzo	1484
Duke Charles III. 1504-1553
8th	Auxiliary Corps Montferrat	1515
Duke Emanuel Philibert 1553-1580
9	Swiss Guard Company	1579-1798 1799-1802 1814-1832

Duchy of Savoy after 1582
# _sav	designation	year
Duke Karl Emanuel I 1580–1630
10	Lussi regiment	1582
11	Lussi regiment	1593 1595 1597
12	Stocker Regiment	1609-1610
13	Amrhyn Regiment	1616-1618
14th	Regiment Kalbermatten	1616-1618
15th	Erlach Regiment	1617-1618
16	Socin Regiment	1625
17th	Mageran's Regiment	1627-1636 1650-1655
Duke Karl Emanuel II. 1638–1675
18th	Free Company Schumacher	1650-1699
19th	Platmann Free Company	1650-1699
20th	Free Company Stocker	1650-1699
21st	Free company Kalbermatten	1661-1695
22nd	Free Company Quartery	1668-1695
23	Stockalper Free Company	1668-1695
Duke Viktor Amadeus II. 1675–1720 / 1730–1732 King of Sicily 1713–1720 King of Sardinia 1720–1730
24	Battalion Oberkan	1691-1694
25th	Sacconay Regiment	1694-1696
26th	Andorno Regiment	1694-1699
27	Battalion Reding	1694-1706
28	Reding Regiment 1743 Walliser Regiment 1774 Walliser Brigade	1699-1799
29	Regiment "La Reyne"	1704-1706
30th	Regiment Alt	1704-1706
31	Company Théodore Marquis	1704-1705
0-1	Schmid Regiment Lombach Regiment Frid Regiment	1704-1705

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
# _sav	designation	year
King Charles Emanuel III. 1737-1773
32	Regiment du Pâquier	1733-1737
33	Kyd Regiment	1733-1737
34	Guibert Regiment	1733-1774
35	Regiment Roguin Berner Regiment 1774 Berner Brigade	1733-1798
36	Donatz Regiment	1733-1737
37	Regiment basement	1742-1749
38	Reydt Regiment	1742-1774
39	Battalion Meyer	1744-1792
King Viktor Amadeus III 1773-1796
40	Schmid regiment	1791-1797
41	Regiment Peyer In the yard	1793-1798
42	Bachmann Regiment	1793-1798
43	Carpenter Regiment	1793-1798
King Victor Emanuel I 1802–1821
0-2	Graubünden regiment	1814-1815
King Karl Albert 1831–1849
44	Free company Ott 1. compagnia svizzera regolare, Cacciatori (German: Jäger)	1848

Dukes of Savoy
Emanuel Philibert
1553-1580
Charles Emanuel I
1580-1630
Viktor Amadeus I
1630-1637
Christina of France
1637–1667
Charles Emanuel II.
1638–1675
Maria Johanna of Savoy
1675–1684
Viktor Amadeus II.
1675-1720

Kings of Sardinia-Piedmont
Viktor Amadeus II.
1720-1730
Charles Emanuel III.
1730-1773
Viktor Amadeus III.
1773-1796
Charles Emanuel IV.
1796–1802
Victor Emanuel I
1802-1821
Karl Felix
1821-1831
Karl Albert
1831–1849
Victor Emmanuel II.
1849–1861

From Count in the Alps to King of Italy

The county of Savoy
in the 13th century

Ducal Palace in Chambery
Royal Palace in Turin (ca.1850)

Savoy in 1713,
after the Treaty of Utrecht

The unification of Italy
in the 19th century

At the beginning of the 13th century , Count Thomas I of Savoy controlled three important pass crossings over the Graian and Valais Alps in the Western Alps : the Mont Cenis Pass , the Small and the Great St. Bernhard Pass and the valleys leading to these Alpine crossings. The foreland, in the northwest around Lake Geneva and in the Viennois (today: Bas Dauphiné ), in the southeast parts of the western edge of the Piedmont Plain , bordering the Aosta and Susa valleys , were also part of his dominion.

In the second half of the 19th century , a good six hundred years and thirty-one successors later, the ancestral Savoy had been lost to France, Duke Victor Emanuel III. however rose to king of united Italy.

In between was the checkered history of the rise of a small country in the field of force of the great European powers, in which everything was lost several times and even more was regained.

Chambéry , acquired by Thomas I in 1232 and made capital by Amadeus V in 1295, was the first center of power of the dynasty of the Counts of Savoy . In the middle of the 14th century Amadeus VI. the emphasis of interests away from the northeast on the expansion of the Italian possessions around Turin . A fundamental strategic decision, as it turned out. His son, Amadeus VII. Established access to the Mediterranean in 1388 with the conquest of eastern Provence, later the county of Nice .

The 15th century began promisingly and ended in the Italian Wars , which would lead to the first setback for the Dukes of Savoy.

In 1416 , during a personal visit to Chambéry, the Roman-German King Sigismund awarded Count Amadeus VIII the title of duke. His son Ludwig already called himself Duke of Piedmont .

But in the 16th century , the arrogant and fickle ally Charles III. in northern Italy between the fronts of the epic conflicts between France and the Habsburg crown. France overran the two cities of Chambéry and Turin in 1536. Almost simultaneously, troops from Bern and Friborg expelled Savoy from Vaud and the city of Geneva in the north. In the middle of the 16th century, the Duchy of Savoy was largely under French occupation and the areas around Geneva and north of Lake Geneva were lost to the Confederates.

But his son and successor Emanuel Philibert became the outstanding general of his time in imperial service. He inflicted a crushing defeat on France at the Battle of Saint-Quentin and in 1559, in the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, regained his duchy and its independence.

He also moved his residence from the modest Chambéry to the cosmopolitan Turin . The city in Piedmont became the new center of power for the House of Savoy.

But his son Karl Emanuel I already jeopardized what he had won in the 17th century through unrealistic plans for conquest, his obsessive anger at Calvinist Geneva and in the Mantuan War of Succession through his tactical fickleness. Cardinal Richelieu put an end to the hustle and bustle and in 1630 had the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont again militarily occupied. It was not until a year later that Karl Emanuel's son and successor Viktor Amadeus I was able to limit the damage in the Peace of Cherasco .

After his death in 1637, his widow Christina of France took over the government in place of his then underage son Karl Emanuel II , which she exercised until the end of her life, even when he was of legal age. She had to cope with a four-year war of succession within the family , which she managed thanks to French support. Charles Emanuel II abolished the mercenary system and replaced it with a standing army equipped with cavalry , infantry and uniforms. He was also the builder of the ducal and later royal palace in Turin.

His wife, Maria Johanna von Savoyen , also ran the affairs of state for their underage son Viktor Amadeus II after his death . He disempowered her when he was 18 and fought unsuccessfully with France in the Palatinate War of Succession and the War of Spanish Succession . In 1706 at the Battle of Turin , however, he was able to maintain his capital, but only thanks to the help of his cousin Prinz Eugen , the outstanding general of his time in the service of the Austrian emperor.

The 18th century began with a high point and ended in collapse: in the peace treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Viktor Amadeus II was lucky. The Kingdom of Sicily was awarded to him. The Duke Viktor Amadeus II of Savoy had become king. Seven years later he exchanged (!) Sicily for the Habsburg Kingdom of Sardinia. The headquarters remained in Turin, but the House of Savoy was now called the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont .

From now on, the royal crown floated over the coat of arms of the Savoy dukes .
After the French Revolution , however, Piedmont, conquered by General Joubert's revolutionary army , went again to France, which proclaimed the Piedmontese Republic in 1798 . King Charles Emanuel IV fled to Sardinia. His attempt at recapture failed. The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont became a French department in 1802, at the beginning of the 19th century , as the Subalpine Republic .

It was only after the fall of Napoleon in 1814 that Victor Emanuel I received the holdings on the mainland back, and a year later the Congress of Vienna also received the Republic of Genoa , which was incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont as the Duchy of Genoa. However, he had to accept that the home country, Savoy, would remain with France. His extremely reactionary attitude soon isolated him so that he had to abdicate in 1824 in favor of his also conservative brother Karl Felix .

When he died childless, a distant cousin from the Savoyard branch line Savoyen-Carignan , Karl Albert , came to the Sardinian-Piedmontese throne. In 1837 he introduced a civil code based on the Civil Code and in 1848 approved the constitution of a constitutional monarchy .

A year later he abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Victor Emanuel II.

After 600 years, King Viktor Emanuel II was the 31st successor to Count Thomas I from the 13th century.

Flag of
Kingdom of Italy
Republic of Italy flag

He was declared King of United Italy in 1861 .

It was not until the middle of the 20th century , almost 100 years later after the Second World War , that a referendum ended the Savoyard monarchy and made Italy a parliamentary republic in 1946 .

The members of the House of Savoy had to leave the country and with them their emblem on the tricolor disappeared . It was not until 2002 that a constitutional amendment allowed them to return as ordinary citizens.

As a powerful neighbor, the protector of Bern

When the last Zähringer, Duke Berchtold V, died in 1218 without a male heir, the young, free imperial city of Bern suddenly found itself surrounded by Kyburgian territory. Ulrich von Kyburg , married to Anna, von Berchtold's sister, succeeded in inheriting the Zähringen areas on the left bank of the Rhine in western Switzerland, determined to maintain them and even expand them.

In the face of the Kyburg threat in 1230, Bern turned to the powerful neighboring Ghibellines (supporters of the imperial party), Count Thomas I of Savoy, and promptly received his active protection.

When his sons and successors needed military support, Bern did not refuse them. Sources are accessible from four excerpts: during a controversial bishopric election in Lausanne and when the Counts fought with arms with the Dauphin of Viennois , with Count Rudolf IV of Habsburg or with the Valais.

It was the first known auxiliary corps from the area of what would become the Confederation at all , but before it was even born, that were sent by sovereign authorities to help a foreign prince (the contemporary extracts of the Uri, Schwyzer and Unterwaldner 1231 and 1240, however, were feudal military successes for Emperor Friedrich II.).

Name, duration of use	(1 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Lausanne 1240
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Peter of Savoy.
Stock, formation	1,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern and Murten.
Owner, commander, namesake	Peter von Bubenberg?
Use, events	Emperor Friedrich II had awarded the church in Köniz and its branches, which also included Bern, to the Teutonic Order . According to the old law, however, this fiefdom was claimed by the Augustinians of Bern, who knew that Bishop Boniface of Lausanne, to whose diocese Köniz belonged, was behind them. The Berne Council, however, apparently welcomed the move. There was a dispute with the bishop, which escalated. Boniface was even beaten up by the mayor Peter von Bubenberg and robbed of his clothes and his horse. Boniface, also for other reasons, finally resigned and in 1240 the new bishop of Lausanne was elected. The cathedral chapter did not come to an agreement. A Savoyard majority, led by Heimo von Faucigny and his son-in-law Peter von Savoyen , elected his brother Philipp with 16 votes . The anti-Savoy minority of the Counts of Gruyères and Geneva appointed the cantor of the church, John of Cossonay , as bishop with 8 votes . The papal delegates, the Bishop of Besançon and the Archbishop of Langres , confirmed the minority candidate, which prompted Faucigny to intervene militarily, considering the minority's electoral act before the papal decision to elect the majority to be a violation of the law. Lausanne 18th century An interim armistice only lasted until Cossonay and his followers moved into the suburbs of Lausanne. Faucigny then occupied the upper town and requested support. Peter of Savoy advanced with 6,000 men and the Bernese and Murten with 1,000 men and the ensuing battle claimed 30 dead and 300 wounded before an armistice was reached. A papal three-person arbitration commission with instructions to decide for Philip was dispatched, and no sources report on its work. In any case, John of Cossonay remained Bishop of Lausanne. But the matter seems to have ended well in the end. In 1241, Cossonay lifted Bubenberg's excommunication, which Bonifaz had pronounced for eternity on him and his relatives because of his beating, and forgave him for insulting his predecessor. Philip became Bishop of Valence and in 1246 Bishop of Lyon. In 1243, the Könizer affair was settled in favor of the Teutonic Order. In 1244 Cossonay made a peace with the brothers Amadeus and Peter of Savoy.

Name, duration of use	(2 _sav ) auxiliary corps Viennois 1243/1342
Year, contractual partner	Amadeus IV asked for help in 1243 and Aymon of Savoy in 1332.
Stock, formation	1243: 800 men; 1342: 4,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.	The historical Viennois (today: Bas-Dauphiné)
Owner, commander, namesake	k. A.
Use, events	Already after Pope Gregory IX's ban beam in 1239 . against Emperor Frederick II , and even more so during the so-called interregnum , many powerful local princes took the opportunity to expand their territories and legal claims at the expense of the crown and weaker competitors. So did the Counts of Savoy. In 1243, a feud between Count Amadeus IV of Savoy and the neighboring Dauphin von Viennois led to an outward march of an auxiliary corps from Bern to support him. It crossed the Vaud, united with the Amadeus troops at Geneva and advanced with them down the Rhone. At the end of August the campaign ended with a ceasefire. He made it possible for the Bernese troops to return home in time for the harvest. Counts Eduard and Aymon also called on the Bernese for help in the dispute with the Dauphins of Viennois about the overlordship over Geneva. In 1342 the Venner Niklaus von Diesbach advanced "in large numbers" to Chambéry , Lyon and St. Germain . The Monthoux Castle has even won twice.

Name, duration of use	(3 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Habsburg 1265
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Peter II of Savoy.
Stock, formation	500 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	k. A.
Use, events	Bernese sign 14th century In 1250, the year Emperor Friedrich II died, Hartmann von Kyburg the Younger came of age. He took over the Kyburgian property west of the Reuss from his uncle Hartmann the Elder : the former Zähringian legacy from 1218 in western Switzerland. The imperial city of Bern , which again came into the focus of Kyburgian ambitions, joined in a formal protective alliance with Count Peter II of Savoy in 1255 (1269, 1286 and later renewed several times) . When ten years later both Hartmann, the younger , still very young, and his uncle, the older , the last Kyburger, both without male offspring, died shortly after one another, Count Rudolf IV of Habsburg immediately laid his hand on the Kyburg inheritance and moved forward with troops in Eastern Switzerland, the Kyburgian ancestral lands. Peter II, as the brother of Margarethe, the widow of Hartmann the Elder , was in England at this time and was thus at a disadvantage. But he took up the fight and was supported in 1265 by a Bernese auxiliary corps. The war ended with a settlement in 1267. However, this put Bern between the fronts of the rivals Savoy and Habsburg. It was therefore in a doubly difficult situation in 1273, when Count Rudolf IV was elected Roman-German King. After the battle at Schosshalde , the original Bernese banner, a black bear on a silver background, was finally given the Habsburg colors yellow and red in 1289!

Name, duration of use	(4 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Sion 1383
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Amadeus VII of Savoy.
Stock, formation	1,000 men and 100 long spits.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern, Vaud and Friborg.
Owner, commander, namesake	k. A.
Use, events	With military support from Bern, Count Amadeus VII recaptured Sion and reinstated Bishop Eduard (of Savoy), who had been driven out by the Valais.


Count Amadeus V visits Bern in 1310 ( Diebold Schilling the Elder )		King Sigismund visits Bern 1414 (Diebold Schilling the Elder)

The relationship between Bern and Savoy continued for the next two centuries and the protective alliance was regularly renewed.

In 1310, Count Amadeus V , the Great , paid a personal visit to Bern and in 1384 during the Burgdorf War , 4,000 men from Count Amadeus VII reinforced the Bernese troops during the siege of the city at the entrance to the Emmental.

In 1414, when the Roman-German King and later Emperor Sigismund stayed on his return journey from Italy, first in Freiburg and then for several days in Bern, he was accompanied by Count Amadeus VIII , with whom he obviously got along well.

Bern went to great lengths to receive it. It was an opportunity for agreements against Habsburg, a visit with considerable effects, as was to be seen next year with the conquest of Aargau by Bern.

Two years later, Sigismund Amadeus VIII awarded the title of duke.

When Savoy was later besieged by France's King Charles VII , Bern's troops were back on the scene.

Name, duration of use	(5 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Bresse 1428
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Amadeus VIII of Savoy.
Stock, formation	Auxiliary corps of 3,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	Schultheiss Rudolf Hofmeister and Venner Ulrich von Geisenstein.	Landscape of Bresse around 1600
Use, events	The Bresse region , owned by Savoy since 1272 and located northeast of Lyon on the border with the Kingdom of France, was repeatedly conquered by the French crown. In 1428 it was a troop under Count Jean von Armagnac who made such an attempt and asked Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy in Bern for military assistance. The Bernese Auxiliary Corps had already advanced south beyond Geneva when the peace treaty between the adversaries allowed them to march back to Bern without being involved in the fight.

Name, duration of use	(6 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Dauphin 1454
Year, contractual partner	Duke Louis of Savoy sent his son Amadeus IX. with a request for help to Bern.
Stock, formation	Auxiliary corps of 3,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	Schultheiss Rudolf von Ringoltingen from Bern and Venner Niklaus von Scharnachtal from Oberhofen.
Use, events	There was a lot of disagreement between Louis of Savoy and France's Charles VII. Under Ludwig and his Cypriot wife, nepotism, corruption, intrigue and arbitrariness had spread in Savoy and brought the court into serious disrepute, not only among the Savoyards. Chancellor Jacques de Valpergue z. B. was put into a sack by Ludwig's youngest son, Philip II , with a stone around his neck and drowned in Lake Geneva. The Estates General rebelled and the Savoy nobility planned an overthrow. Ludwig arrested the conspirators, relentlessly banished them, declared them outlawed and confiscated their property. In 1451 Ludwig married his daughter Charlotte to the Dauphin, the future King Ludwig XI. who opposed his father, King Charles VII, without his permission. A serious faux pas. In 1454, King Charles finally threatened war against Savoy in order to remedy the grievances. This was the reason for Ludwig to call in troops in Bern. Wilhelm von Touteville, Cardinal von Rouen, from Pope Nicholas V on a peace mission between France's Charles VII and England's Henry VI. sent, made a stop in Geneva. He managed to bring Charles VII and Louis of Savoy to a table in Lyon and negotiate a peace. Ludwig had kept the Bernese troops, which had marched out with the large Bernese banner, in reserve during the negotiations at Geneva, so that they did not exert a little pressure on the king and then dismissed them again when the peace was made. After six weeks, the Bernese were back home without a fight. (Charles VII himself had undertaken in the friendship treaty of Montil-les-Tours at the end of November 1453 to “never cause trouble” to the Confederates, to give them support and to grant them free passage. His request that an official Swiss troop of 1 ' However, the daily statutes in Bern had refused to raise 000 men.)

After Bern in the family-internal War of Succession of Savoy after the untimely death of Amadeus IX. Intervened several times in favor of his sons who were still underage, in 1478 it won the cantons of Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Glarus and the cities of Freiburg and Solothurn for an eternal alliance with Savoy. The contract with Duke Philibert I signed the Bernese mayor Adrian I von Bubenberg in Chambéry on behalf of the Confederates. It was subsequently confirmed on a regular basis, sometimes with lavish celebrations, and served as the basis for all subsequent agreements with Savoy. In 1512 it even resulted in a mutual offensive and defensive alliance for 25 years of the Eight Old Places with Savoy. Karl I made 1487 and Karl III. 1515 availed of this agreement.

Name, duration of use	(7 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Saluzzo 1487
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Duke Karl I.
Stock, formation	Auxiliary corps made up of 1,200 federal mercenaries, then reinforced by 1,200 Valais and 2,000 Bern, Solothurn and Basler.
Origin squad, troop	Entire Confederation and Valais, Bern, Solothurn and Basel.
Owner, commander, namesake	Franz von Greyerz, the Bernese under Gilian von Rümligen, Schultheiss von Murten.
Use, events	Lodovico II, the Margrave of Saluzzo, had refused to personally take the oath of fief to Savoy, which caused Charles I to take military action against him. Most of the permanent places were captured, even the city of Saluzzo after several months of siege. The Federal Auxiliary Corps was among the Savoy troops. When Lodovico declared his Savoy rule, Saluzzo, to be a French fiefdom, King Charles VIII intervened and negotiated an armistice between Saluzzo and Savoy in Pont de Beauvoisin. Before the negotiations were over, Lodovico took up arms again. In 1488, Charles I finally conquered the entire margraviate. He only spared the castle of Rivello and left it intact as a refuge for his monserratory relatives. Charles VIII intervened again and handed over the rule of Saluzzo to French nobles for neutral administration. The affair ended in 1490 with the death of Charles I.

Name, duration of use	(8 _sav ) Auxiliary Corps Montferrat 1515
Year, contractual partner	Request for help from Charles II of Savoy to the cantons of Bern and Friborg.
Stock, formation	Auxiliary corps of 3,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern and Freiburg.
Owner, commander, namesake	Bartholomäus May, Herr von Strättligen, Toffen and Blumenstein.
Use, events	Charles III got in trouble with Margrave Theodor II of Montferrat and deployed the Bernese troops against him. Since the pay was not paid, they marched through the Margraviate of Montferrat , pillaging and pillaging . They had already taken a few places when they were called back first to the main federal army in Vercelli and later home by the authorities in Bern and Friborg, who had meanwhile negotiated a comparison between Savoy and Montferrat. Duke Charles III. then acted as an important mediator of the Eternal Direction , which the Confederates negotiated with France's King Francis I in Geneva in 1515 after the catastrophic defeat of Marignano and concluded solemnly in Freiburg in 1516.

The protégé Bern becomes a competitor

When, in 1517, a federal delegation on a diplomatic mission was able to dissuade Francis I from intervening in the riot-hit Savoy, Duke Charles II honored Bern and Freiburg with an official visit at the end of the year to express his gratitude personally. Official federal delegations were also present in Chambéry at his wedding to the Portuguese Infanta in 1521, and at the christening of his eldest son two years later.

But the tide turned in 1528 when nobles from Savoy and Vaud, under Charles' leadership, founded the spoonbill directed against Geneva and affected the city in all possible ways.

Two years earlier, in 1526, Bern and Friborg had allied themselves with the up-and-coming city of Geneva, in agreement with Duke Charles. You now followed the activities and attacks of the Spoonbill against the Rhone city with great attention.

After their attempts to let the matter end peacefully remained fruitless, a force of 7,000 Bernese under Schultheiss Johann von Erlach, 2,000 Freiburgers led by Ulli Schneuwly, 400 Solothurners and 18 pieces of artillery set out through Vaud in 1530 to Geneva. Several castles and fortresses were plundered and destroyed along the way.

Another 3,000 Bernese volunteers joined and Lausanne and Morges were already taken when Charles III. sent a delegation to Bern with a request for an armistice. It was granted to him by the Grand Council of Bern, on the intercession of the ten other cantons. Whereupon the delegates from Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Glarus, Basel, Schaffhausen, Appenzell, the city of St. Gallen and Valais, with negotiating power from Bern, in St. Julien with those of Duke Charles III. negotiated a ceasefire with conditions that were then ratified by all parties involved in accordance with the contract in Payerne.

Chillon Castle today

After Geneva introduced the Reformation in 1533 and the Bishop of Geneva, Jean de La Beaume, deprived of his rights and therefore left the city in 1534, Charles III believed the moment, all the more since Friborg and Valais did not agree with this process to act as come.

He left Castle Peney to the bishop, reactivated the spoon-bunch, blocked Geneva and declared the Treaty of St. Julien to be null and void due to a breach of contract by Geneva, whereupon a hectic mutual but fruitless diplomacy began.

In 1536, Bern finally declared war on Savoy and the sack master and later mayor of Bern, Hans Franz Nägeli, conquered Vaud with 7,000 men, destroyed the castles of the members of the Spoonbill and freed the Geneva pastor, who had been trapped in the dungeon of Chillon Castle for 6 years , François Bonivard .

Despite various demarches from France and even from Emperor Charles V , Bern, referring to Article 4 of the Agreement of St. Julien of 1530, claimed its conquests and renewed its alliance with Geneva in 1558.

Two years later, in 1560, Charles II's successor, Emanuel Philibert , succeeded in renewing the treaty of 1512 with the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Solothurn. Zurich, Bern, Glarus, Basel, Freiburg, Schaffhausen, Appenzell, Graubünden, Valais and Biel refused to give their consent.

When Freiburg and the Valais also renewed the treaty with Savoy in 1563, a delegation from Bern, with the two mayors Hans Franz Nägeli and Hans Steiger , also signed a modern-looking peace agreement in Lausanne a year later. This was guaranteed by the other federal locations, Spain and France, represented by their ambassadors in the Confederation. After an agreement on the Duke's position in Geneva was finally reached in 1570, Bern also renewed the friendship treaty of 1512, which had been revised in a few points.

But just seven years later, in 1577, the Catholic cantons (renewed in 1581, excluding Solothurn) entered into an extension of this friendship treaty into a "helpful and protective" alliance with Duke Emanuel Philibert, who took advantage of the split in faith among the Confederates. They committed themselves to the provision of up to 12,000 men against the assurance of Savoyard support in the event of a threatened war in the cantons through money or riflemen, on foot or on horseback. It was an affront to use Genevans as “other subjects of the Duke”, who was expressly referred to as “Lord of Geneva and Baron in Vaud”, until his claims had been settled amicably or legally, was an affront first class against Bern!

The fact that Emanuel Philibert recruited "only" a few hundred Swiss mercenaries for his personal bodyguard in 1579, as part of this offensive and defensive alliance and based on the model of the French "Hundertschweizer" (Italian: Cento Svizzeri della Guardia ), did not calm the situation in any way .

In the same year, Bern and Solothurn agreed with France's Henry III , represented by his ambassador to the Confederation, Nicolas de Harlay, sieur de Sancy, a protective alliance for Geneva.

Name,
duration of use

(9 _sav ) Swiss Guard Company 1579–1798, 1799–1802, 1814–1832

Year,
contractual partner

1577, offensive and defensive treaty between Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy and the Catholic cantons and, in 1579, surrender with Walter Amrhyn (renewed 1609, 1615).

Stock,
formation

1 company with 3 officers and 70 men, modeled on the French "Hundertschweizer" .

The stock fluctuated considerably over the course of time, and the company was expanded several times to become a guard regiment:

year	1577	1597	1701	1774	1814		period	1609-1618	1630-1639	1644-1650	1651-1652
man	73	175	125	112	50		Companies	5	4th	4th	4th

The captain had 2 officers, 1 staff (with a doctor, auditor, field chaplain, etc.), 5 non-commissioned officers, 4 drums, 1 whistler, 1 orderly at his disposal and the guardsmen (halberdiers).

The uniform consisted of a scarlet skirt with a collar, lapels, vest and trousers in royal blue.

Origin squad,
troop

From the Catholic cantons.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

The first in command was Walther Amrhyn from Lucerne.

From 1599 the captain of the Swiss Guard was in the rank of colonel with the following order of command:

year	Surname	origin
1599-1614	Heinrich Püntener	Uri
1614-1628	Johann Joachim Püntener	Son of the above
1628-1648	Heinrich Püntener	younger brother of the above
1648-1665	Ludwig Amrhyn	Lucerne
1665-1671	Jost Amrhyn	younger brother of the above
1671-1700	Johann Anton Schmid	Uri
1700-1709	Jost Anton Schmid	second son of the above
1709-1730	Mark Rudolf Kyd	Schwyz
1730-1735	Jodocus Anton Schmid	Uri
1735-1740	Konrad Heinrich Ab Yberg	Schwyz
1740-1774	Franz Joseph Friedrich Kyd	Schwyz
1774-1782	Eugen Alexander von Sury	Solothurn
1782-1792	Gregor de Kalbermatten	Valais
1792-1803	Fidel Uttinger	train
1814-1829	Joseph François Marie Belmont	Valais
1829-1831	Gregor de Kalbermatten	Valais

Another source gives a partially different list of commanders.

Use,
events

The Duke of Savoy also followed the trend of the leading princes of the time and afforded a Swiss Guard.

This bodyguard, modeled on the French " Hundertschweizer ", was primarily entrusted with protecting the outside areas of the Duke's mansions and with representational tasks. It was occasionally used for combat missions.

During the War of Succession in Montferrat, it was expanded to form the Amrhyn Guard Regiment and then dismantled again to a company after the end of the war in 1618.

When in 1639, during the war of the family's internal succession, Prince Thomas approached with 10,000 Spanish troops, only the guard regiment with Jost Amrhyn and 900 men and a French garrison team were in the citadel in Turin.

The increase in troops for the guard company had been approved by the council in Lucerne after lengthy deliberations, with the condition that the Duchess Christina pay at least the pensions to the private individuals (councilors!) Of the outstanding payments. Which the Duchess did with money borrowed from Amrhyn and another wealthy Lucerne man.

In the previous year, 70 people from Lucerne deserted in full gear because of insufficient nutrition and lack of pay. Later even 300 men went over to the German troops, who were paying Spanish wages. The rest of the Swiss were overrun. Duchess Christina - also Amrhyn with the rest of 45 men of his team - had to retreat to the citadel defended by 3,000 French. She put the blame on Amrhyn. It came to a rift.

When she escaped from the citadel one night with the order of the guards to arrest Amrhyn after her departure, Amrhyn also crept away with the porters of her litter and joined his troops in Duke Thomas' camp.

Christina was finally able to get along with the help of her brother, the French King Louis XIII. , with a comparison with the opponents, claim.

Amrhyn was first hired as a council member by the Lucerne council as a punishment, but was soon given amnesty. As early as 1644, he supplemented the guard with the recruitment of other companies for the "Swiss Guard Regiment". Six years later this was disbanded and reduced to the Swiss Guard Company.

The three free companies Schumacher , Platmann and Stocker emerged from the 1650 dismissed companies (see below).

When the French revolutionary troops invaded in 1798 and were released from the oath of allegiance to the Sardinian king, the Swiss Guard changed to the service of the short-lived Piedmontese republic as a gendarmerie on foot . In 1799, after its end, again briefly with the king, it landed in 1800 in the Subalpine Republic, a subsidiary of France, where it was dissolved in 1801.

In 1814 it was rebuilt by Viktor Emanuel I , with 50 men guarding the interior of the royal palace. In 1832 it was finally abolished by King Karl Albert in favor of a life guard made up of veteran Piedmontese NCOs.

Finally in business with the (Catholic) confederates

Ludwig Pfyffer from Altishofen

In 1582, at the instigation of the Lucerne mayor Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen , the so-called "Swiss King " and passionate Huguenot and Calvinist hater - " the rotten city of Geneva and its godless servants " - the situation escalated further.

They closed in 1582 with the successor of the Duke, his son Charles Emmanuel I , the first federal surrender to the Duchy of Savoy from.

Pfyffer and others further fueled the mood against Geneva. For example Pope Clement VIII with his statement about this metropolis of the hated Calvinism : " quel maledetto nido d'heresia " (German: this cursed nest of disbelief).

The energetic young duke felt himself in a secure position in the face of the heated internal federal situation and, despite his father's friendship treaty of 1570 with Bern, had the first Swiss troops in the Savoyard service in 1582 .

Their stationing in Chablais and Faucigny , in the border area to Freiburg and Bern, gave rise to fears.

The affair, however, had a different, happier outcome.

Thanks to the Diet, reason ultimately prevailed, and a federal cohesion that existed despite all religious differences ultimately prevented the threatening military confrontation.

Name, duration of use	(10 _sav ) Lussi Regiment 1582
Year, contractual partner	1582, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy with the Catholic cantons.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,500 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Johann Kaspar Lussi from Unterwalden.
Use, events	The regiment was formed by Duke Karl Emanuel I, with the support of Ludwig Pfyffer. In doing so, Pfyffer effectively suspended the Confederations' internal alliance agreements. The Duke provocatively stationed the regiment in the border area with the Freiburg and Bern area, in the Chablais and in the Faucigny. But the reaction of the other federal places to the Diet, in particular of Zurich, was seconded by the ambassador of the French King Henry III. in Switzerland, Henri Clausse, sieur de Fleury, was so violent that the 5 towns were forced to recall the Lussi regiment immediately! Despite the conflict-ridden religious split, the cohesion that existed among the confederates initially defused this critical situation.

The open war between Savoy and Geneva continued, interrupted by short-lived armistices, but nonetheless continued.

In 1589, after several unsuccessful attempts at de-escalation, the measure was full for Bern. It declared war on Savoy and advanced with 10,000 men led by Schultheiss Hans von Wattenwyl together with the councilors Ludwig von Erlach, Hans Jakob von Diesbach, Ulrich von Bonstetten and Rudolf Sager, the Venner Peter von Werth and the Vice Venner Hans Anton Tillier, Hans Weyermann and Michael Ougsburger in Savoy.

This campaign ended in 1589 with the peace treaty of Nyon, which Geneva did not join. In 1598, however, Geneva in Vervins was also included in a peace treaty, the open points of which were resolved in Lyon in 1601, with the mediation of King Henry IV .

In the meantime the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden had already brought Swiss troops back to Duke Karl Emanuel I.

Name, duration of use	(11 _sav ) Lussi Regiment 1593, 1595, 1597
Year, contractual partner	1582, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy with the Catholic cantons.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 3,000 men in 7 companies of 250 men and a depot company of 550 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the 4 Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalten.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Kaspar Lussi from Unterwalden.
Use, events	Lussi led his regiment three times to Savoy to defend important positions of the duke. The offensive actions against French or Geneva troops in Chablais, Faucigny or in Gex and the surrounding area were forbidden to him.

The Escalade 1602

The still smoldering internal federal crisis was brought to an unexpected turn of events.

In 1602 a surprising night Savoyard attack on Geneva - the so-called Escalade - failed completely and in 1611 the duke attempted an attack on Vaud.

In view of the resolute assembled army of Bern with support from the other Protestant towns, he broke off the attack.

The hostilities between the two adversaries finally ended in 1617 after Savoy came under pressure from the army of the Spanish governor of Lombardy, Pedro Álvarez de Toledo , after a 3-year dispute over succession problems in the Duchy of Mantua .

Bern regained, Vaud lost

Now Bern finally also accepted an offensive and defensive alliance with Savoy: with 22 articles, for the life of the Duke, his successor and an additional four years.

The negotiations between Jakob Vaques, the envoy of King James I of England in Bern, and later also Jean Baptiste Gabaléon, special envoy of Duke Karl Emanuel I, with the delegates of the Grand Council of the Republic and the City of Bern had lasted three years. But they led to the independence of Geneva and the final recognition of the Bernese Vaud by the duke.

After careful consideration, Bern brought a Swiss troop to the duke on this basis to fight the Spanish aggressors. The inner Swiss cantons and the Valais had already approved troops for him beforehand.

Name, duration of use	(12 _sav ) Stocker Regiment 1609–1610
Year, contractual partner	1582, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy with the Catholic cantons.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 3,000 men in 7 companies of 250 men and a depot company of 550 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the 5 Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalten and Zug.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Johann Jakob Stocker from the Canton of Zug.
Use, events	While deployed in northern Italy, Stocker died in the malaria-infested Vercelli in 1610 and the regiment was disbanded.

Name, duration of use	(13 _sav ) Amrhyn Regiment 1616-1618
Year, contractual partner	1582, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy with the Catholic cantons.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 3,000 men in 7 companies of 250 men and a depot company of 550 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the 5 Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalten and Zug.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Walther Amrhyn from Lucerne.
Use, events	In action in Northern Italy against the Spanish troops. Under the commandant of the Guards Regiment, Colonel Gaspard de Genevois, Margrave de Lullin and Baron de la Bastie, with the Kalbermatten and von Erlach regiments, the regiment formed a corps in the combined troops of France and Savoy: 8,000 Swiss among the two French generals , the dukes of Rohan and Candale, and the Savoy army led by Count Guido Biandrate di San Giorgio. The campaign was ended by the Armistice of Pavia brokered by Cardinal Ludovisi. The regiment was disbanded at the end of the war in early 1618.

Name, duration of use	(14 _sav ) Regiment Kalbermatten 1616–1618 / 1660
Year, contractual partner	1616, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy with (Bern and) the Valais.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 2,000 men in 5 companies of 300 men and a depot company of 500 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the Valais.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Nikolaus Kalbermatten from Sion.
Use, events	In action in Northern Italy against the Spanish troops. Under the commandant of the Guards Regiment, Colonel Gaspard de Genevois, Margrave de Lullin and Baron de la Bastie, the regiment formed a corps with the Amrhyn and von Erlach regiments in the combined troops of France and Savoy: 8,000 Swiss among the two French generals , the dukes of Rohan and Candale, and the Savoy army led by Count Guido Biandrate di San Giorgio. The campaign was ended by the Armistice of Pavia brokered by Cardinal Ludovisi. The regiment was reduced to 2 companies at the end of the war in 1618 and dissolved in 1660. Three free companies were formed from those released (1661 Kalbermatten ; 1668 Quartery and Stockalper ).

Name, duration of use	(15 _sav ) Erlach regiment 1617–1618
Year, contractual partner	1617, surrender of Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy, represented by his special envoy Jean Baptiste Gabaléon, with Bern.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 3,000 men in 6 companies of 325 men and a depot company of 400 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the canton of Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Anton von Erlach, with the lieutenant colonel and commander of the depot company, Niklaus von Mülinen, as well as the captains Rudolf von Erlach, Hans Rudolf von Wattenwyl, Niklaus Diesbach, Hans Rudolf Wagner, Peter Zehender, Jakob von Greyerz and Abraham Jenner.
Use, events	In action in Northern Italy, according to the contract at Bern's expense, against the Spanish troops. Under the commandant of the Guards Regiment, Colonel Gaspard de Genevois, Margrave de Lullin and Baron de la Bastie, the regiment formed a corps with the Amrhyn and Kalbermatten regiments in the combined troops of France and Savoy: 8,000 Swiss among the two French generals, the dukes of Rohan and Candale, and the Savoy army led by Count Guido Biandrate di San Giorgio. The campaign was ended by the Armistice of Pavia brokered by Cardinal Ludovisi . At the end of the war, the regiment was disbanded at the beginning of 1618 after special honors by the Duke. On December 21, Duke Karl Emanuel I thanked the officers personally for their services, presented each of them with a gold chain and a gold medallion with his or her likeness, and paid the entire regiment twice the monthly salary. The regiment then set off from Turin via Chambéry, Rumilli, Thonon, across Lake Geneva and Morges on its way home to Bern.

Name, duration of use	(16 _sav ) Socin regiment 1625
Year, contractual partner	k. A.
Stock, formation	1 regiment.
Origin squad, troop	From Basel and Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	Emanuel Socin from Basel.
Use, events	Apart from the entry of a line in the list of the Savoyard and Sardinian regiments of the early modern period , under the chapter Switzerland, there was no source to be found about this regiment.

Name, duration of use	(17 _sav ) Mageran Regiment 1627-1636, 1650-1655
Year, contractual partner	1626, Michael Mageran with Duke Karl Emanuel I.
Stock, formation	1 regiment.
Origin squad, troop	From the Valais.
Owner, commander, namesake	Owner (and first in command until 1629?): Michael Mageran from Leuk in Valais, the richest Valais of his time.
Use, events	Apart from an entry in the list of the Savoy and Sardinian regiments of the early modern period , little is known about the regiment . Some sources give names of officers: Lieutenant Colonel: Niklaus Schiner from Ernen (1637) and Antoine du Fay from Monthey (1653); Officer: Jean Antoine Vantéry from Treistorrent (1637–1639); Ensign: Jean (de) Monthey (1630); Field preacher: Joseph Anton Heimen from Leuk; Captains: Johannes Maderan from Leuk (brother), Hans Gabriel Werra from Visp (1627), Heinrich in Albon from Visp (1627), Franz Allet from Leuk, Franz Grölly from Sion (1650).

Duke Viktor Amadeus I renewed his father's contract with Bern in 1637 for a period of 20 years, with the addition that if a contract partner did not terminate the contract, he would become "permanent". He died that same year.

After his death in 1637, there was a family dispute between his widow Christina , sister of the French King Louis XIII, with the brothers of her deceased husband, Cardinal Moritz and Prince Thomas Franz . The dispute over the guardianship of the underage heir to the throne Hyazinth († 1638) and, after his death, his brother Karl Emanuel II escalated to war. Prince Thomas Franz, the commander of the Spanish troops in Flanders, even besieged Turin, Christina's residence, with 10,000 men in 1639. With the help of her brother, however, she was ultimately able to prevail. She did not give up the regency when Charles Emanuel II came of age.

Name, duration of use	(18 _sav ) Freikompanie Schumacher not regular 1650–1699
Year, contractual partner	1650, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the disbanded guard regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	1650, Captain Jost? Schumacher from Lucerne; 1652, Captain Johann Ludwig Peyer from Schaffhausen; 1655 Captain Franz Josef Friedrich Kyd from Schwyz.
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services. So also the Free Company Schumacher / Peyer / Kyd. The Free Company was finally incorporated into the Reding Regiment in 1696 .

Name, duration of use	(19 _sav ) Freikompanie Platmann not regular 1650–1699
Year, contractual partner	1650, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the disbanded guard regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	1650, Captain Platmann (Blattmann?); 1655, captain Müller; 1655 Captain Schmidt.
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services. So also the free company Platmann / Müller / Schmidt. The Free Company was finally incorporated into the Reding Regiment in 1696 .

Name, duration of use	(20 _sav ) _{Free Company} Stocker not regular 1650–1699
Year, contractual partner	1650, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the train and the disbanded guard regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	Franz Friedrich Stocker from Hirzfelden Canton Zug; 1693 Franz Joseph Friedrich Stocker (his son, 1696 major in the Andorno regiment, 1699–1712 major in the Savoy Swiss Guard).
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services. So did the Free Company Stocker, in the citadel of Turin . The Free Company Stocker, whose captaincy for its own compatriots the canton Zug vigorously tried several times, was finally integrated into the Regiment Reding in 1696 .

Name, duration of use	(21 _sav ) _Free company Kalbermatten not regular 1661–1695
Year, contractual partner	1661, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the disbanded Kalbermatten regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	1661, Captain Kalbermatten.
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services, for example in fortresses. So also this free company. The Kalbermatten Free Company was finally incorporated into the Andorno Regiment in 1695 .

Name, duration of use	(22 _sav ) Free Company Quartery not regular 1668–1695
Year, contractual partner	1668, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the disbanded Kalbermatten regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	1668, Captain Gaspard Antoine Quartery.
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services, for example in fortresses. So also this free company. The Quartery Free Company was finally incorporated into the Andorno Regiment in 1695 .

Name, duration of use	(23 _sav ) _{Free Company} Stockalper not regular 1668–1695
Year, contractual partner	1668, private surrender.
Stock, formation	1 company of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From the disbanded guard regiment.
Owner, commander, namesake	1668 Captain Stockalper; 1675 Captain Berthod.
Use, events	Since the Swiss troops could not be used offensively against France, they very often performed garrison services, for example in fortresses. So also this free company. The Free Company Stockalper / Berthod was finally incorporated into the Andorno Regiment in 1695 .

Ravaged by wars of succession, Savoy becomes a kingdom

In 1684, Duke Viktor Amadeus II, through his special envoy Benoit de Cite, Marquis de Greissy and Conte de Pecot, solemnly renewed the treaty with Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Freiburg in the court church in Lucerne. The Catholic parts of Glarus and Appenzell, as well as the prince abbot of St. Gallen with delegations in the cathedral of Turin joined this, won for it by the Savoyard special envoy Octavien de Solara, Count von Govon, 1686 Solothurn. Shortly afterwards, the Palatinate War of Succession broke out.

War of the Palatinate Succession 1668–1697

Instigated by France's Louis XIV , it was mainly fought in Germany, but spread to the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, the colonies and a pirate war on the high seas.

When Duke Viktor Amadeus II joined the anti-French Augsburg Alliance in 1690 , Marshal Cantinat's French troops broke into Savoy.

The Savoy Army expanded its holdings, including with new Swiss troops, some of them from England's William III. financed.

The Savoy armed forces were then almost wiped out in the Battle of Marsaglia in 1693 and then forced into years of guerrilla warfare, especially with their militia troops. But Louis XIV's move to give some fortresses back to Savoy prompted Viktor Amadeus II to switch to the pro-French side.

This allowed France to deploy the troops that had become free in Italy in Flanders, which accelerated the peace treaty in Rijswijk in 1797. Grosso modo he confirmed the conquests of Louis XIV and tied Savoy back to France.

Name, duration of use	(24 _sav ) Oberkan battalion 1691–1694
Year, contractual partner	1690, private capitulation of Colonel Heinrich Oberkan from Zurich with King Wilhelm III. by England, tolerated by the federal authorities. In the 17th century, Swiss mercenaries were already serving in the armies of Holland and England. The capitulation of the confederates with France in 1480, and above all its financial possibilities, prevented an official military rapprochement between William III for a long time. and the confederates. The Protestant cantons in particular followed the plight of their fellow believers in the Netherlands with concern. But it took a number of unfriendly acts by France z. B. the offensive use of his Swiss troops despite different surrender provisions, and finally the repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 with the expulsion of the Huguenots and the French attack on the Electoral Palatinate in 1688, until the mood in the Swiss Confederation turned. Initially, private capitulations, such as that of Oberkan, were tolerated unofficially, but Swiss troops were soon recruited for other countries with the authorization of the authorities. In 1690 the Protestant cantons of Zurich, Bern, Glarus, Schaffhausen and Appenzell Ausserrhoden and the city of St. Gallen closed with England's King Wilhelm III. signed a contract for two Swiss regiments, in which the Dutch States General were expressly included, but which was not yet followed by any direct English advertising.
Stock, formation	1 battalion of 800 men in 4 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	Two sources mention a short-lived “religious” regiment “di Svizzeri” (German: consisting of Swiss) in the Savoyard service in 1690–1691. Was it the basis for the Oberkan battalion?
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Heinrich Oberkan from Zurich. He had quit French service and enlisted in England.
Use, events	The battalion in English pay was made available to Duke Viktor Amadeus II of Savoy. It fought in the Palatinate War of Succession in Piedmont. When Colonel Oberkan died in 1664, his battalion was absorbed into the Sacconay regiment .

Name, duration of use	(25 _sav ) Sacconay Regiment 1694–1706 / 1714
Year, contractual partner	1694, surrender of Colonel Jean de Sacconay from Lausanne with William III., Recognized by the federal authorities.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,600 men.
Origin squad, troop	Many officers came from Vaud and the Free State of Graubünden, the crew from Bern, Vaud, Basel, Graubünden and Zurich. One company each was owned by the brothers Caspar and Salomon Hirzel from Zurich.	Savoy and Piedmont around 1700
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Jean de Sacconay from Lausanne. He had resigned from the French service and enlisted in Holland, where Wilhelm entrusted him with advertising; 1707 Colonel Antoine de Mestral from Vaud.
Use, events	After his death in 1694, the Oberkan battalion was given British pay with another battalion expanded to a regiment and made available to Duke Viktor Amadeus II of Savoy. It fought in the Palatinate War of Succession in Piedmont. Two years later, in 1696, the regiment changed to Dutch service. There it was dissolved in 1714 and its units distributed to the other Swiss regiments and that of Albemarle.

Name, duration of use	(26 _sav ) Andorno Regiment 1693–1698
Year, contractual partner	k. A.
Stock, formation	1 regiment consisting of 2 companies, increased to 3 companies the following year, increased to 2 battalions in 1695 and reduced again to 1 battalion with 7 companies in 1796.
Origin squad, troop	Deserters from French service and from the Swiss free companies Kalbermatten , Quartery and Berthod .
Owner, commander, namesake	Bihron di Parella, son of the Marquis of Andorno, Carlo Emilio San Martino di Parella.
Use, events	The Andorno Valley lies on the border with Savoy in the north-west of Piedmont. It was raised to a margraviate by Duke Karl Emanuel I for his illegitimate son, Emanuel Philibert, at the beginning of the 17th century and in 1674 passed to the Counts of San Martino di Parella. From the entry in the list of the Savoyard and Sardinian regiments of the early modern period , we know of its existence as a Swiss force, but nothing about its origin and operations. Another source gives us some adventurous details. Bihron di Parella, the son of the Count and Field Marshal of the Duke of Savoy, Carlo Emilio San Martino di Parella, is said to have formed a regiment in 1693, also with dodgy contemporaries. The handsome young man, as a lover, borrowed the money for this from a noble lady of a more mature age. He broke off the affair as soon as the regiment was complete and owed the cheated lady the money. Later the city council of Aosta (where the regiment was probably stationed) complained to the duke that the regiment's colonel (the colonel's first company) had killed two citizens, committed two robberies and set a bridge on fire in just ten days. The farmers in the fields and their wives are no longer safe from them. The officers did not intervene and would have attracted attention by cheating. He feared very much from the soldiers' speeches that in the event of an attack by the French, the troops would not defend them, but would even turn their weapons against them. A pretty wild soldierka, then. In any case, the regiment was dissolved in 1698 as "not in conformity with the treaty" and some of its companies were incorporated into the Reding Regiment .

Name, duration of use	(27 _sav ) Reding Battalion 1694–1704
Year, contractual partner	1684, surrender of Duke Viktor Amadeus II of Savoy with the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Friborg.
Stock, formation	1 battalion of 800 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Catholic Central Switzerland.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Hans Franz Reding von Biberegg from Schwyz.
Use, events	The battalion was overrun in 1704 while defending Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley, captured and, after an exchange of prisoners, incorporated into the La Reyne regiment . The capture of the fortress of Bard enabled the French troops to advance rapidly into Piedmont. Reding himself had received the battalion from his own resources during the siege and, personally disappointed, "punished" by the Duke by not paying for giving up Fort Bard, switched to French service.

Name,
duration of use

(28 _sav ) Reding Regiment , 1743 Walliser Regiment , 1774 Walliser Brigade 1699–1798

Year,
contractual partner

1684, surrender of Duke Viktor Amadeus II of Savoy, with the Catholic cantons (1706, 1709, 1731, 1741, 1748, 1759 (postdated by the king to 1706) and renewed in 1786).

For the first time this surrender was unrestricted , the troops could now be used offensively and on ships.

Stock,
formation

1699, 1 regiment of 2,400 men in 3 battalions of 800 men with 4 companies of 200 men each;

Ordinance flag Kalbermatten (reconstruction)

1704, reduced to 1 company (in the corps with 1 company of the German Schulenburg Regiment); 1706, again 1 battalion; 1709, increased to 9 companies; 1711, 1 regiment with 10 companies in 3 battalions; 1716, 1 regiment with 4 battalions, 2 of them in Sicily; 1724, 1 regiment with 2 battalions with 5 companies each; 1728, 1 regiment with 16 companies in 3 battalions; 1737, 1 regiment with 3 battalions of 3 companies each, after the admission of 3 Valais free companies, which, formed in 1733, had been stationed in Sardinia since then; 1741, 1 regiment with 4 battalions; 1748, 1 regiment with 3 battalions of 4 companies each; 1774, reduced to 1 battalion; 1786, 1 regiment with 2 battalions of 5 companies each; 1786, 1 regiment of 12 companies in 2 battalions; 1788, 1 regiment with 3 battalions of 4 companies each;

1791, target population of 1,249 men, organization analogous to the Schmid regiment (below).

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Uniform 1791:

Origin squad,
troop

From the free companies Kyd _Schumacher , Schmid _Platmann , Stocker , the disbanded Andorno regiment , Catholic _Central Switzerland and Graubünden.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

1699, (1669 owner) Colonel Josef Anton Reding from Schwyz; 1706, Colonel Franz Josef Friedrich Kyd;
1709, (1709 owner) Colonel Karl dulcimer ; 1731, Colonel Jean-Simon de Belmont;
1731, (1731 owner) Colonel Johannes Rietmann ;
1744, (1744 owner) Colonel Bruno von Kalbermatten;
1762, (1762 owner) Colonel Melchior-François Soutter;
1768, (1774 owner) Colonel Gregor von Kalbermatten;
1774, (1782 owner) Colonel Louis-Eugène de Courten; 1782, Colonel Josef Franz Ab Yberg; 1793, Colonel Franz Anton Bühler;
1795, (1795 owner) Colonel Anton Prosper von Streng;
1798, (1798 owner) Colonel Joseph-François-Martin de Belmont.

Use,
events

The regiment was raised for the War of the Spanish Succession :

In 1704 while defending Ivrea, the regiment was captured by the French. With members of the regiment who managed to escape, at least one company could be formed with Swiss mercenaries from the Aygoin mixed regiment, which was abolished at the same time. She temporarily formed a corps with a company from the German Schulenburg Regiment.
In 1706, after months of siege and the battle of Turin , Colonel Kyd evidently rebuilt the Reding regiment from the "La Reyne" regiment and the remnants of the rest of the Swiss troops (more advantageous anciency than "La Reyne" for the officers ?!), initially consisting of a battalion;
In 1708 Kyd was in action in Piedmont (Perosa) and Sicily (Messina) against the Franco-Spanish allies;
1716, after the Peace of Utrecht , dulcimer operated with two battalions each in Piedmont and Sicily against Spain, only to be reduced to 2 battalions after the end of the war.

The regiment was also used again in the Polish-Austrian War of Succession :

In 1733 it was involved in the successful siege of the Habsburg fortress Pizzighettone by the Franco-Savoyard troops in the trenches, which forced the imperial troops to retreat to Mantua;
In 1734 the regiment took part in the sieges of Novara and Tortona and were in the battle of Parma under French command in the 4th, the Piedmontese, two battalions of Rietmann behind 3 French lines in the order of battle. Also in Guastalla , where King Charles Emanuel III. The regiment Rietmann _Reding, surprised by the Austrian attack in his nightgown, had to take Reissaus first ;
In 1735 Rietmann fought with the Piedmontese army east of Lake Garda and moved with them to winter quarters in the area of Cremona and Brescia. In the same year Rietmann was appointed governor of Como , where his regiment was placed in garrison .

In the War of the Austrian Succession against France and Spain, Rietmann was initially in command:

In 1742 he left the citadel of Turin to fight with the 1st and 2nd battalions in the campaign in the Po Valley. The 3rd battalion in the fortress Fenestrelle and the 4th battalion in Cuneo, however, were involved in defensive battles against the Spanish invaders in Savoy, which dragged on over the cold winter;
In 1743 during the fighting at Chateau Dauphin together with the 2nd Battalion, the 1st Battalion recorded considerable losses. The regiment was also one of the successful defenders of the positions in Pietralunga. The Franco-Spanish troops were thrown back and, together with two other Swiss regiments (de Diesbach _Roguin and Guibert), were pursued and decimated as they retreated .
In 1744 it suffered great losses from the fallen, deserters and prisoners against the army of the Spanish Infante Philip in the defensive defense of the Piedmontese fortifications at Villefranche-sur-Mer and the fortress of Mont Alban together with the regiments of Keller and Roy _Roguin and other troops.
In the middle of the year it had to withdraw with the same Swiss regiments from the positions claimed in Pietralunga the previous year and with the new commander Kalbermatten it belonged to the Piedmontese troops that had to leave the position on Monte Cavallo (near Casteldelfino) to the enemy.
In the autumn, the 1st and 2nd battalions were among the defenders of Cuneo and the other two were in the second line of the right wing in the relief corps under the personal command of King Charles Emanuel III. which was defeated by the French in the battle of Madonna del Olmo;
In 1745 it was one of the losers in the battles of Moncastel and Bassignano, where it freed the Guibert regiment from an encirclement by counter-attacking from behind;
In 1746 the regiment fought together with the Guibert regiments and 2 battalions of Roy _Roguin in the corps of General Leutrum in the conquest of Asti (with 9 French battalions and one lieutenant general as prisoners) and Tortona, as well as in the relief of the besieged citadel of Alexandria;
In 1746 1 battalion took part in the campaign in Provence from autumn to the next spring, while 2 battalions were deployed in the Susa Valley in the field fortifications on the heights of Monte Assietta;
In 1747 these two battalions 2 and 3 made a decisive contribution to the victory on the Assietta Pass at 2,500 m above sea level;
The Kalbermatten _Reding regiment was the best combat unit in the Savoy army in this war;
In 1774, after several inventory reductions after the end of the war, it was downgraded to a battalion during the general reorganization of the Sardinian-Piedmontese army.

In the First Coalition War , with Savoy in the anti-French coalition, from 1792–1796 against France and from 1796 against the Austro-Russian alliance, the regiment was again upgraded to three battalions with 4 companies each of 175 men:

Sardinia 1888

In 1792, after the French revolutionary troops overran Nice all too easily, the Directory in Paris planned a double action against the counterrevolutionary Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont: in the north over the Alps into Piedmont and in the south the invasion of Sardinia.
On the southern border with France west of Nice there were only weak Savoy troops, including Regiment de Courten _Reding , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel von Streng. Despite sustained resistance, they were unable to hold the passes and were unable to prevent the advance of Masséna's troops, outnumbered, into Sospel . A successful counterattack on the Col de Braus could not be exploited because of inferior strength;
In spring 1793, the Valais Regiment de Courten _{Reding was} stationed with a battalion in Sassari and a detachment in Maddalena in the north and the second battalion in Cagliari in the south, with the local militia involved in the defense of the island on the front lines.
The French attempted invasion of Cagliari with the extensive bombardment of the city by a French flotilla and then a marine infantry landing operation ended in disaster for the French, also thanks to a huge mistral storm with subsequent heavy rains.
The attack on Maddalena in the north, despite the use of artillery by a certain Lieutenant Colonel Napoleone Buonaparte (!), Also went completely wrong under similar circumstances. Napoleon himself narrowly escaped capture.
Towards the end of the year, Napoleon was more fortunate in Toulon when his tactical measures made the French recapture of the Huguenot stronghold possible. Streng _Reding's regiment was among the Allied support troops who had to evacuate the city .

Like the other Swiss regiments in the Savoyard service, it was subordinated to the French high command in Italy in 1798 and finally ended up in French service in the 1st Helvetic Legion in Italy.

War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714

Savoy became one of the hardest hit scenes of the War of the Spanish Succession after Duke Viktor Amadeus II switched from the pro to the anti-French coalition in 1703.

At the same time, Savoy delivered Prince Eugene to his allies Austria, England and Holland, the most outstanding general of his time.

After the Sacconay regiment left the Dutch service in 1696, the duchy tried to strengthen its armed forces with additional Swiss troops in addition to the Swiss Guard, the battalion and the Reding regiment. Which only partially succeeded in the short term.

The French army advanced faster than it took some enlisted troops to form. The advancing troops were partially intercepted in Vercelli. Anyone who got through was quickly used up. Not all regiments made it to combat strength.

Name, duration of use	(29 _sav ) Regiment «La Reyne» 1704–1706
Year, contractual partner	k. A .; 1704, private surrender of Lieutenant Colonel Vinzenz Tscharner with Queen Anne of England?
Stock, formation	1 regiment with 2 battalions.
Origin squad, troop	Berner and from the prisoner exchange of the Reding battalion .
Owner, commander, namesake	The English Queen Anne , who financed the regiment and made it available to Savoy. 1704, Lieutenant Colonel Vinzenz Tscharner from Bern and, in his place, the "Colonella" (1st company in the 1st Battalion and owned by the Colonel), Lieutenant Captain Johannes Rietmann ; 1706, Colonel Franz Josef Friedrich Kyd?
Use, events	The troop is on a Savoy troop list. A source reports on the use of the La Reyne regiment: 1704: Garrison service in the fortress "La Verrua" in Turin; 1705: participated in the defense of the besieged Nice; 1706: apparently after the months of siege and the battle of Turin , Colonel Kyd rebuilt the Regiment "La Reyne" and the remnants of the remaining Swiss troops into the Regiment Reding (better ancestry than "La Reyne"?). For example, Johannes Rietmann was promoted to major in the dulcimer regiment seven years later. For continuation see Regiment Reding .

Name, duration of use	(30 _sav ) Alt regiment 1704–1706
Year, contractual partner	k. A.
Stock, formation	1 battalion.
Origin squad, troop	Catholic Freiburg.
Owner, commander, namesake	1703, Colonel Jean-Jacques-Joseph d'Alt de Tieffenthal; 1704, Colonel Joseph Protais d'Alt de Tieffenthal.
Use, events	The troops were integrated into the Kydt _Reding regiment after operations at the siege of the fortress of Turin, against their capitulation and despite the protests of the Freiburg government .

Name, duration of use	(31 _sav ) Company Théodore Marquis 1704–1705
Year, contractual partner	k. A.
Stock, formation	1 company of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	Valais.
Owner, commander, namesake	Théodore Marquis.
Use, events	The troop is on a Savoy troop list, but no sources were available about the use of the Théodore Marquis company. It seems to have been abolished in 1705.

Name, duration of use	(0-1 _sav ) regiment Schmid , regiment Lombach , regiment Frid 1704-1705
Year, contractual partner	Alliance treaty 1684 with the Catholic cantons, 1637 with Bern.
Stock, formation	1 regiment each.
Origin squad, troop	Swiss and "Germans". French deserters and Huguenots too?
Owner, commander, namesake	The Colonels: 1704, Anton Lombach from Bern; 1704, Jost Anton Schmid from Uri; 1704, Johann Heinrich Fridt.
Use, events	The Lombach and Schmid regiments, like the Alt and La Reyne regiments, were only in formation in Vercelli in 1704 when they were surprised by the French breakthrough at Bard and probably practically eliminated. Their names appear on a Savoy troop list, but no other sources are available about them. It seems that they did not materialize or dissolved, or that their remains were incorporated into the Reding Regiment by Colonel Kyd . A source from the State Archives in Turin quotes on the Fridt Regiment: " Memoria della Capitulazione accordata da SAR al Sig.r Frid per la levata di un Reggimento Suizzero, ed Allemano composto di uno, o di due Battaglioni. 4. 8.bre 1703. (in German translation: Memorandum for a surrender SAR (German: His Royal Highness, in this case Viktor Amadeus II ) to Mr. Frid (Johann Heinrich Fridt?) To advertise a Swiss or German regiment, consisting from one or two battalions, October 4, 1703. " Obviously it is not clear whether it is a Swiss or rather a German troop, at best a mixture of both countries. There was also no information from her about the mission.

The last refuge of Viktor Amadeus II, the citadel of Turin, turned out to be a key strategic position in the fighting on Italian soil . Even in the decisive and greatest battle of the war in 1706, it could not be conquered by France. It even had to withdraw its practically annihilated troops, including the Spanish Swiss regiments Capol , Betschart and Amrhyn , from Italy.

The subsequent peace treaties of Utrecht in 1713 and Rastatt and Baden in 1714, however, gave Savoy the Kingdom of Sicily and brought Viktor Amadeus II the royal dignity!

Despite victorious battles, Prince Eugene was unable to prevent the Bourbons from taking over the Spanish throne. However, Spain had to give up territories to the Austrian Habsburgs. They received the Spanish Netherlands , the Duchy of Milan , the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sardinia .

In 1730 the Habsburgs and Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia after heavy fighting on the Mediterranean island. The House of Savoy was now called the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Polish-Austrian War of Succession 1733–1738

Charles Emanuel III. , since 1730 King of Sardinia-Piedmont, on the French side and with a covetous view of the Austrian possessions in Italy, strengthened his armed forces for the Polish-Austrian War of Succession by increasing the number of the existing Rietmann _Reding regiment and hiring another five Swiss regiments .

Name, duration of use	(32 _sav ) Regiment du Pâquier 1733–1737
Year, contractual partner	1733, private capitulation of Jean Jacques du Pâquier from Neuchâtel with Duke Karl Emanuel III. of Savoy.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,200 men in 2 battalions of 4 companies each with 150 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Neuchâtel.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Jean Jacques du Pâquier from Neuchâtel.
Use, events	The regiment never made it to the target level and was poorly equipped both materially and personally. It does not appear in the battle orders of the 1734 and 1735 campaigns and was disbanded in 1737.

Name, duration of use	(33 _sav ) Kyd Regiment 1733-1737
Year, contractual partner	1733, surrender of King Karl Emanuel III. of Savoy with Schwyz.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,200 men in 2 battalions of 4 companies each with 150 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Catholic Central Switzerland.
Owner, commander, namesake	Franz Friedrich Kyd from Schwyz; 1736 Franz Joseph Friedrich Kyd, his son.
Use, events	The regiment had great recruiting difficulties. Even when it was stationed on the island of Sardinia, where the conditions were excellent, it was never fully stocked. On the contrary, when it was moved to the mainland, it even lost large parts to desertion. It also does not appear in the battle orders of the 1834 and 1835 campaigns. Colonel Kyd sought the annulment of his surrender, which he was granted in 1737. He marched back with the rest of the regiment through the Aosta Valley to Switzerland.

Name,
duration of use

(34 _sav ) Guibert Regiment 1733–1774

Year,
contractual partner

1733, private capitulation of Alexandre Guibert de Sissac from Neuchâtel with Duke Karl Emanuel III. of Savoy (renewed in 1737, 1741, 1751, 1755).

Stock,
formation

1 regiment of 1,200 men in 2 battalions of 4 companies each with 150 men.

In 1742 the target number was increased to 2,100 men in 3 battalions of 4 companies each with 175 men, in 1749 10 of 16 companies were dismissed and in 1754 the regiment was reduced to 1½ battalion of 700 men with 6 companies of 125 men.

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

From the Lucerne area.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Colonel Alexandre Guibert de Sissac, Huguenot from the Guyenne , naturalized in Geneva and Neuchâtel; 1746 Beat Kaspar Uttinger from Zug; 1753 Louis François Fatio from Geneva.

Use,
events

Ordinance flag Guibert / Uttinger
(reconstruction)

The regiment was assembled in Turin in 1734 and was initially used in garrison service. In the French-Spanish-Savoyard campaigns on the Italian theater of the Polish Succession War , it was only located west of Lake Garda in autumn of next year and supported the French approach on its east side. It spent the winter in the area of Cremona - Brescia. In 1737 it was not dismissed, but the surrender was renewed.

In the War of the Austrian Succession , the Savoy troops, including the Swiss regiments, operated with the Austrian troops under Field Marshal Maria Theresa , Count Traun , in Italy against the Spanish army, from which the Neapolitan part, because of a threat to Naples by an English fleet, had withdrawn:

In 1742 the regiment was involved in the successful sieges and gains of Modena and Mirandola in the Po Valley in the first half of the year and in the autumn again engaged in counter-attacks from La Salle against the Spanish invasion in the Aosta Valley ;

In 1743, in the Varaita Valley, it was one of the successful defenders of the positions in Pietralunga (near Pontechianale). In its positions on Monte Battagliola, it prevented an enemy evasion maneuver that cost the Spanish attackers 500 casualties. The Franco-Spanish troops were thrown back by the Savoyard army and, as they withdrew, were pursued and further decimated by the Guibert and Rietmann _Reding regiments ;

Mont Alban fortress near Villefranche-sur-Mer

Back in the south in spring 1744, it belonged to the Savoy forces that were able to halt the first onslaught of the army of the Spanish Infante Philip on the Piedmontese fortifications at Villefranche-sur-Mer and the fortress of Mont Alban. His grenadiers were involved in the successful recapture of the positions at Col de Villefranche. In the middle of the year, back in the Varaita valley, after successfully defending the already partially lost positions on Monte Cavallo, losing 166 men before the last French attack, it had to leave the field. In the autumn the 3rd battalion was locked in the besieged Cuneo, while the other two battalions were involved in the defeat at Madonna del Olmo, the relief forces brought in personally by the king;
In 1745, at the Battle of Bassignano, the regiment, standing in the center in the first line, was surrounded by a superior force. It was able to fight its way free with losses of around 500 men, but lost the seriously wounded Lieutenant General Guibert through capture. He passed away the next year from a thighbone bullet;
In 1746, the Uttinger _Guibert regiment , together with the Kalbermatten _Reding regiments and 2 battalions from Roy _Roguin , fought in General Leutrum's corps in the conquest of Asti (with 9 French battalions and one lieutenant general as prisoners) and Valence. The 1st Battalion then took part in the advance into Provence, while the other two with Leutrum participated in the siege of Tortona and in the relief of the besieged citadel of Alexandria.

In 1774 the Fatio _Guibert regiment was dissolved: its companies were divided into other Savoy regiments of foreigners, five into the Chablais regiment and one into the Grisons-Carignan regiment.

Name,
duration of use

(35 _sav ) Roguin Regiment , Bern Regiment, 1774 Bern Brigade , not regular until 1739 1733–1798

Year,
contractual partner

1733, private capitulation by Albert Ludwig Roguin from Yverdon. He closed it without the permission of the "gracious gentlemen" and atoned for going into exile.

1738, capitulation for 12 years by King Karl Emanuel III. of Savoy with Bern for the Diesbach regiment.

1744, the surrender should be renewed every 12 years (effective: 1751, 1763, 1786, 1788) and the royal blue uniform was introduced.

Stock,
formation

1 regiment of 1,800 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies of 150 men each.

Order flag of Diesbach
(reconstruction)

1739 reduced by a third to 1,200 men in 2 battalions, enlarged again to 1,800 men in 3 battalions in 1742, in 1750 the battalions reduced to 500 men by reducing the company from 150 to 125 men, in 1786 with 2 battalions each 5 companies expanded, added in 1792 with soldiers who had recently been discharged from French Swiss regiments;

1788 1 regiment of 1,800 men with a staff of 20 officers, 12 companies in 3 battalions, from which 2 grenadier and 1 hunter companies, as well as 20 men and 5 NCOs for a field artillery detachment with 6 guns were withdrawn.

1791, organization analogous to the Schmid regiment (below).

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Uniform 1794:

Origin squad,
troop

From Bern and later from all over the world.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

1734 Colonel Albert Ludwig Roguin from Yverdon; 1739 Colonel Rudolf von Diesbach; 1744 Colonel Augustin Gabriel Roguin from Yverdon, cousin of the regimental founder, was killed in the fighting at Pietralunga while defending the Mont Passet position and buried on the battlefield; 1744 Colonel Pierre Antoine Louis Roy from Romainmôtier; 1760 Colonel Samuel Tscharner from Bern; 1786 Colonel David Friedrich Tschiffeli from Bern; 1787 Colonel Georges de Rochemondet of Nyon; 1794 Colonel Rudolf Stettler of Bern; 1798 Colonel Franz Friedrich von Ernst.

Use,
events

The regiment was used in the French-Spanish-Savoyard campaigns in 1734 and 1735 on the Italian theater of the Polish War of Succession .

In the War of the Austrian Succession , the Savoy troops, including the Swiss regiments, operated with the Austrian troops under Field Marshal Maria Theresa , Count Traun , in Italy against the Spanish army, from which the Neapolitan part, because of a threat to Naples by an English fleet, had withdrawn:

In 1742 the 1st and 2nd Battalions participated in the successful sieges and takeovers of Modena and Mirandola, while the 3rd was in action in Savoy;
In 1743 the whole regiment under Lieutenant Colonel August Gabriel Roguin took up an artillery position on the right Spanish wing in hand-to-hand combat with the bayonet lowered and the loss of 139 men at the Battle of Campo Santo. In this most costly slaughter of the campaign, Spain claimed victory but temporarily withdrew from northern Italy. Later that year the regiment was among the successful defenders of the positions in Pietralunga. The Franco-Spanish troops were thrown back and, together with two other Swiss regiments (Rietmann _Reding and Guibert), were pursued and decimated as they withdrew .
In 1744 the same three regiments had to leave the fortifications of Pietralunga (near Pontechianale) to the French after a hard fight. The Roguin _Roguin regiment lost 360 men (18% of its inventory) and the regiment commander Roguin. While defending the Mont Passet position, he was killed in hand-to-hand combat, spontaneous in hand, by a bullet from a French grenadier and was buried on the battlefield. Afterwards the regiment was part of the relief army, through King Karl Emanuel III. personally led in support of the besieged city of Cuneo, which was defeated in the battle of Madonna dell'Olmo. However, the French victor was so decimated that he broke off the siege of Cuneo.
In 1745 the 2nd Battalion belonged to the defenders of Tortona and the 3rd Battalion suffered terrible losses, together with the Guibert Regiment for 6 months (September 1744 to February 1745) in the citadel of Alexandria. In autumn the 1st Battalion was among the losers in the Bassignano and Moncastel battles;
In 1746 the 1st Battalion, together with the regiments Kalbermatten _Reding and Guibert in the corps of General Leutrum , played in the conquest of Asti (with 9 French battalions and a Lieutenant General as prisoners) and Valence, as well as in the relief of the besieged citadel of Alexandria a role. Later the 2nd and 3rd Battalion, together with that of Meyer, again with Leutrum, participated in the second conquest of Asti.
In 1747 the 1st and 2nd Battalion in the south were in action in the Ligurian Campaign and the 3rd Battalion with the Kalbermatten _Reding regiment was one of the decisive troops in the victory on the Assietta Pass at 2,500 m above sea level;
The regiments of Diesbach / Roguin / Roy _Roguin and Rietmann / Kalbermatten _Reding were the most powerful troop units of the Savoy army in this war.
In 1774, during the general wave of promotions, the regimental commander Samuel Tscharner (skipping the rank of major general) received the rank of lieutenant general and from then on stood with his regiment on the right wing of the royal army.

Military accommodation from World War I at the Little St. Bernard Pass

In the First Coalition War from 1794-1796 it was part of the army corps of the king's brother, the Duke of Montferrat, Moritz Josef Maria von Savoyen, on a secondary theater of the war in the Duchy of Aosta. The mission was on the passes to France and the adjacent valleys and consisted mostly of marches, outpost skirmishes and now and then a coup.

It was in use in the Graian Alps on the Little St. Bernard Pass and in the Aosta Valley , then on the border to the Cottian Alps on the Mont Cenis Pass and in the Susa Valley , or in the Ligurian Alps near Ceva in the Tanaro Valley at the transition from Cuneo to ans Mediterranean to Savona .

In 1794, an inglorious incident is reported: in a position on the Kleiner Sankt Bernhard Pass, Captain Marc Antoine Begoz from the Bern regiment Rochemondet _Roguin is said to have been bribed and surrendered to a French grenadier unit without a fight. The Sardinian artillery detachment attached to him was slaughtered. This breakthrough enabled a French attack on the unprotected flank of the position of Lieutenant Colonel Stettler, which was equipped with a battery of 20 guns, and had to withdraw. The Sardinian reserve, on the approach to a liquor store, which they plundered, was then overrun by the French. The attackers now had the passport in possession and were able to advance into the Aosta Valley.
In 1795, the same Stettler, now regimental commander, succeeded in an otherwise completely unsuccessful attack plan of General Montafia's high command, a decisive attack on a ditch system when the French Spinarda position in the Ligurian Alps was successfully taken.

In 1798, after the rapid conquest of Piedmont by General Joubert's French troops, the regiment was placed under French command.

In 1800 it formed the bulk of the 2nd Helvetic Legion .

Name, duration of use	(36 _sav ) Donatz Regiment 1733–1737
Year, contractual partner	1733, surrender of King Karl Emanuel III. of Savoy with Konradin Donatz and Graubünden.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,800 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies of 150 men each.
Origin squad, troop	From Graubünden, Switzerland and other countries.
Owner, commander, namesake	Colonel Konradin Donatz from Graubünden.
Use, events	The regiment was used in the French-Spanish-Savoyard campaigns in 1734 and 1735 on the Italian theater of the Polish War of Succession . Apparently with success, after the end of the war Donatz was promoted to brigadier and, when his regiment was dissolved for economic reasons, to major general in 1737. The released regimental members were integrated into national troops: the soldiers from Sardinia-Piedmont in the fusilier regiment, the French in the Desportes regiment, the Italians in the Lombardia regiment and the Swiss, Graubünden and Germans in the Rhebinder and Schulenburg regiments, both from German nationals.

War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748

In the Austrian War of Succession , King Karl Emanuel III faced himself . 1742, financially supported by the English crown, to the Austrian side of Queen Maria Theresa . He strengthened the numbers of his existing troops and put more units into his service, including from Switzerland.

After an initial offensive action with which he was able to drive a Spanish army out of northern Italy, he had to concentrate on the delayed fight in his "Alpine fortress" in view of the resource-wise superiority of the Franco-Spanish opponent. Supported by imposing fortress structures like those of Bard , Exilles or Fenestrelle and numerous field fortifications, he then waged a tough mountain war.

Bard Fortress

The fortress of Exilles

Fenestrelle fortress

His mission was aimed at increasing the area in Lombardy, which he was granted in the Peace of Aachen in 1748.

The development of the target levels of Swiss troops during the war:

	1740		1743		1744		1747		1749
Unit / regiment	Bat	man	Bat	man	Bat	man	Bat	man	Bat	man
Swiss guard	-	112	-	112	-	112	-	112	-	112
Rietmann / Kalbermatten _Reding	3	1,800	3	2'100	4th	2,800	4th	2,800	2	1,400
Guibert / Uttinger	2	1,800	3	2'100	3	2'100	3	2'100	2	1,400	Disbanded as the Fatio Regiment in 1774
by Diesbach / Roy _Roguin	2	1,800	3	2'100	3	2'100	3	2'100	2	1,400
basement, cellar	-	-	2	1,400	2	1,400	2	1,400	-	-	Disbanded in 1749
Reydt / from Salis	-	-	3	2'100	3	2'100	3	2'100	2	1,400	In 1774 it was incorporated into Savoyard units
Meyer	-	-	-	-	1	700	1	700	1	700	1751 reduced to 500 men
Total	7th	4,312	11	9,912	16	11,312	16	11,312	9	6'412

According to a Réglement d'Exercise et de Maneuvre (German: Exercise and Maneuver Regulations ) of 1709, the combat tactics of the Swiss regiments in the Savoyard service at that time was linear tactics .

Formation of the infantry company in 4 lines (1741–1750) (H = captain, L = lieutenant, F = ensign, U = senior non-commissioned officer, K = corporal, s = soldier):

^^ front ^^
LFH
U Ksssssssssss U sssssssssss U sssssssssssK U		line 1
KssssssssssKssssssssssssKssssssssssK		Line 2
KssssssssssKssssssssssssKssssssssssK		Line 3
U KssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssK U		Line 4
U	U

In the fire fight , the battalion formed in 3 lines and in 13 detachments (12 from fusiliers and 1 from the grenadiers). The grenadiers formed the center and in front of it stood the united flags. The battalion formed 2 wings to the left and right of the center, each consisting of 6 fusilier detachments. The 1st battalion carried the supreme flag and an orderly flag, the 2nd battalion two orderly flags.

Below is the right wing with six detachments (consisting of 2 companies) of a Swiss battalion in a fire fight as an example. The left wing was formed identically. The detachment commanders were placed in the front right, the higher non-commissioned officers formed the anchor points of the formation and the fire was commanded by drum signals (H = captain, L = lieutenant, U = senior non-commissioned officer, K = corporal, s = soldier, t = drum):

^^ front ^^
L K <14s> U	K <18s> K U	K <14s> K H	L K <14s> U	K <18s> K U	K <14s> K H	line 1
U K <14s> K	K <18s> K	K <14s> K U	U K <14s> K	K <18s> K	K <14s> K U	Line 2
U K <14s> K	K <18s> K	K <14s> K U	U K <14s> K	K <18s> K	K <14s> K U	Line 3
U		U	U		U
	L.			L tttt
6th	5	4th	3	2	1
Detachments

Company 2			Company 1

The battalion's fire in the attack came from the outside in. The two outer detachments on the right opened fire, the two on the outside left followed, etc. (M = major, senior officers, F = ensign):

^^ Direction of attack ^^
						M.

12	11	10	9	8th	7th	FF	6th	5	4th	3	2	1

2		4th		6th		volley	5		3		1
Left wing						center	Right wing

The goal was continuous fire along the front of the battalion advancing. The firing of a detachment took place through all 3 lines simultaneously: the 1st line kneeling, the 2nd and 3rd line standing. It stopped and, after the salvos of the 5 other detachments, must have caught up with the battalion line ready to fire again.

To reload his musket, the soldier bit off the folded end of the paper cartridge with his teeth, kept the slightly under-caliber bullet it contained in his mouth (the black powder used led to deposits in the barrel) and first filled the powder pan . Then he poured the rest of the powder into the barrel, pushed the paper into the cartridge, let the bullet slide into the barrel and stuffed it firmly onto the powder charge with the ramrod . After supplying the ramrod and cocking the tap , he was ready to fire again. As a typical rate of fire, 3–4 rounds per minute were realistic.

Today's studies of battles in linear tactics at that time showed, however, that the average hit rate was below 10%.

Linear tactics : a battalion in the attack 1745
Higher officers with spontaneous advance, Colonel on horseback

The Swiss troops had developed the ability to use this linear tactic in mountain warfare, and especially in defending positions.

Name,
duration of use

(37 _sav ) Keller Regiment 1742–1749

Year,
contractual partner

1742, surrender of Lucerne, by Schultheiss Ludwig Schumacher, with King Karl Emanuel III. of Sardinia-Piedmont, represented by Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero di Roasio, Margrave of Orméa, His Majesty's Foreign and Interior Minister, for a contract of 10 years.

Stock,
formation

1 regiment of 1,400 men in 2 battalions with 4 companies of 175 men each.

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

From Catholic Central Switzerland and later deserters from all over the world.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Colonel Johann Martin Franz Anton Keller, with Lieutenant Colonel Anton Schumacher, mayor's nephew, both from Lucerne.

Use,
events

Basement regiment: soldier with musket , officer with spontaneous sound
Colonel Johann Martin Franz Anton Keller
Ordinance flag basement
(reconstruction)
Supreme flag of the Swiss regiments in the service of the House of Savoy

The 2nd Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Schumacher, was in the security service in Sardinia the whole time. Schumacher got caught between the fronts of the provincial governors' corrupt intrigues and intrigues and was even imprisoned in 1747.

In 1743, together with three other Swiss regiments and the Meyer battalion, the 1st battalion led by Keller was involved in the successful defense of the positions of Pietralunga (near Pontechianale).
In 1744, against the army of the Spanish Infante Philip in the defensive defense of the fortifications at Villefranche-sur-Mer and the fortress of Mont Alban together with the regiments Kalbermatten _Reding and Guibert and other troops, the 1st Battalion got into a critical position and lost two Third of its stock and had to surrender. The Savoy commander, Victor Amédée François Philippe de Savoie, Marquis de Suze, the king's brother, was captured with Colonel Keller. Lieutenant Colonel Schumacher left Sardinia and temporarily took command of the 1st Battalion;

(On the other hand, the four Swiss regiments of Sury , Dunant , Alt-Reding and Jung-Reding also took part in the attack in Spanish services, but without meeting them directly!).

In 1745 his remains were in the unsuccessfully besieged Ceva and in the following two years again in garrison service on Savoyard territory;

The hapless Keller regiment was disbanded in 1749 and the sacked were incorporated into Sardinian-Piedmontese troops.

In the canton of Glarus, this led to a shameful aftermath. The Landsgemeinde was used to associating the approval of advertisements and subsequent recruiting for every “farmer, so 16 years old and above” with a “demurrage” (6 Batzen, later even half a guilder), an actual extortion and ultimately a So human trafficking.

Since this blessing of the "dear Landlüt" ceased with the above incorporation, a scapegoat was sought and found in Major Hans Heinrich Schindler (see Regiment Keller ). He was absurdly accused of selling the two Protestant Glarus companies to the King of Sardinia-Piedmont and forced by the rural community to pay every Protestant farmer "16 years and older" a crown thaler. After all: half of them refused to accept it.

Name,
duration of use

(38 _sav ) Reydt Regiment 1742–1774

Year,
contractual partner

1742, surrender of Johannes Reydt and Graubünden with King Karl Emanuel III. of Sardinia-Piedmont, represented by Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero di Roasio, Margrave of Orméa, His Majesty's Foreign and Interior Minister.

1744, the surrender should be renewed every 12 years and the royal blue uniform was introduced.

Stock,
formation

1 regiment of 2,100 men in 3 battalions with 4 companies of 175 men each.

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

From Graubünden and the Swiss Confederation.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Commanders: 1742, Colonel Johannes Reydt from Chur; 1746, (1742 major, 1745 lieutenant colonel) Colonel Thomas von Salis-Haldenstein from Graubünden; 1752, Colonel Jakob Ulrich spokesman for Bernegg from Graubünden; 1772, Colonel Otto Schwartz from Graubünden; 1773, (1760 major, 1771 lieutenant colonel) Jean-Baptiste Roquette from Como, naturalized in Valtellina;
Commander of the Grisons-Carignan Brigade: 1774, Ludwig Viktor, Prince of Carignan .

Use,
events

Ordinance flag Reydt / von Salis
(reconstruction)

the regiment was formed in 1642 in the citadel of Turin and was used in Savoy that same year;
In 1743 it was involved in the successful defense of the positions of Pietralunga (near Pontechianale), which forced the French to retreat via the Col de St. Veran and the Spaniards via the Col de Langel, after heavy losses;
In 1744 the 1st and 2nd Battalions were among the losers of Madonna dell'Olmo;
In 1744/45 the same battalions, together with a battalion of the Roy _Roguin regiment, enclosed in the citadel of Alexandria for 6 months (September 1744 to February 1745), suffered terrible losses;
In 1746 the 1st Battalion took part in the advance into Provence;
In 1747 the regiment was again in action in the south, on the Ligurian coast;
In 1748, at the end of the war, its number was reduced by 1/3 to 1,350 men in 6 companies;
In 1774 the regiment took up the 2 companies of the Schindler _Meyer battalion and 1 company of the Fatio _Guibert regiment and in turn merged with the Grisons-Cardignan brigade, which was mixed with Sardinian-Piedmontese units.

So in 1774 the regiment became Savoy.

(In 1798 this Valais regiment, commanded by Colonel Belly from Belfort, was the only one to survive, but had great difficulty in maintaining a population of only 150 men. During the Austro-Russian occupation of Turin, it was used exclusively for transporting prisoners of the French In 1800 most of them were taken prisoner themselves in La Rochelle. The rest entered French service in Piedmont.)

Name,
duration of use

(39 _sav ) Battalion Meyer 1744–1774

Year,
contractual partner

1744, private capitulation of Colonel Adrian Meyer from Herisau with King Karl Emanuel III. of Sardinia-Piedmont, represented by Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero di Roasio, Marquis d'Orméa, His Majesty's Foreign and Interior Minister. The contract had a term of 4 years (extended in 1752 for 6 and in 1758 for 8 years) and was officially approved by the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden _Protestant and Glarus _Protestant .

Stock,
formation

1 battalion of 700 men with 4 companies of 175 men.

Uniform 1744:

skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

Protestants from Appenzell, Glarus and the Rhine Valley.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Lieutenant Colonel Adrian Meyer from Herisau (1747 Colonel, 1754 Brigadier, 1761 Major General, 1771 Lieutenant General and 2nd Commandant of Sardinia, drowned in 1774 while crossing from Cagliari to Nice), with Major Hans Heinrich Schindler (1747 Lieutenant Colonel, 1755 Colonel , 1762 Brigadier, 1771 Major General); 1774 Lieutenant General Hans Heinrich Schindler from Glarus (1774 farewell).

Use,
events

Ordinance flag Meyer
(reconstruction)

The battalion had been raised as garrison garrison, but was deployed in the first line of combat troops in the War of the Austrian Succession from 1746:

1744 garrison service in Piedmont;
In 1745, during the nightly surprise French attack on the Savoyard Joussaud at the entrance to the Troncea valley, the battalion with 151 men lost over a quarter of its population;
1746, after the successful siege of Valence, it was with the conquest of Asti that 7,000 enemy prisoners were taken;
In 1747 it was one of the winners on the Assietta Pass at 2,500 m above sea level;
In 1751 it had to reduce its companies to 125 men, which corresponded to a total of 500 men in the battalion.

Stationed in Sardinia after the Peace of Aachen in 1848, Meyer became deputy commandant of the island there in 1771. When his departure had been approved three years later, he drowned on the crossing from Cagliari to Nice near the island of Elba.

Lieutenant General Schindler briefly took command. The battalion was reduced to two companies in 1774 before he resigned and the battalion was integrated into the Grisons Schwarz _{Reydt regiment} and this into the "Grisons Carignan" brigade mixed with Sardinian units. The brigade was under the command of Ludwig Viktor, Prince of Carignan .

1789 were the two companies with their captains, Major Jacob Schmid from Näfels and Captain Johann Jakob Loppacher from Herisau as "Centurie" Schmid spun back out of this brigade and 1790, each with a new company from Glarus _protestant and Appenzell Outer Rhodes _Protestant expanded to the battalion.

In the following year, Major Schmid received approval to recruit another battalion (see Schmid Regiment ).

Swept away by the French Revolution

The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 triggered a coalition of the shaken monarchies of Europe against the young French Republic , which was also joined by Sardinia-Piedmont: King Viktor Amadeus III. also joined her. Public finances were already strained, and the tax burden and inflation were high. But his obligation to provide 50,000 men still triggered advertisements from foreign troops.

It is estimated that in France in 1792, after the introduction of general conscription, over 190 companies of Swiss troops were dismissed and around 7,000 men had returned to Switzerland. Bern could afford to make its von Wattenwyl regiment its own standing force. The other places are different. The border cantons of Basel and Solothurn, for example, had trade relations with France but were reluctant to approve advertising. But the central Swiss cantons and Graubünden, with their cheese and cattle exports and food imports (e.g. rice) to and from the southern neighbor, were receptive to the demand from Savoy. This although the already existing regiments in Naples, Spain and Holland had to be maintained at the same time.

Swiss troops present at the beginning of the war in 1792:

112	man	Swiss Guard Company
1'200	man	Valais Regiment Belmont _Reding
1'200	man	Bern Regiment de Rochemondet _Roguin
2,512	man	Swiss troops in total

The four Swiss regiments were recruited:

1,249	man	Glarus-Appenzell Schmid regiment
1,249	man	Peyer Regiment in the courtyard
1,249	man	Bachman St. Gall Regiment
1,249	man	Lucerne Regiment Zimmermann
4996	man	Swiss troops in total

Target number of Swiss troops in 1793:

7508	man	Swiss troops in total

Name,
duration of use

(40 _sav ) Glarus-Appenzell Schmid Regiment 1791–1797

Year,
contractual partner

1791 and 1792, private capitulation of the reformed cantons Glarus and Appenzell Ausserrhoden with King Viktor Amadeus III. from Sardinia-Piedmont, duration 15 years.

Stock,
formation

1 regiment with a target stock of 1,249 men with 1 (peace stock) or 2 battalions (war stock) as well as 1 depot company, 1 hunter company and sniper and artillery detachments. The battalion consisted of 4 fusilier companies, from which 1 grenadier and 1 hunter company were withdrawn.

The staff consisted of a colonel (owner), possibly 1 second, commanding colonel, lieutenant colonel, regimental major, regimental auxiliary major (led the 1st battalion in battle), battalion major, battalion auxiliary major (led the 2nd battalion in battle), several ensigns , Quartermaster, chaplain, major surgeon, drum major, profos, two adjutants, two gunsmiths and some orderlies.

The regiment rarely operated as a whole, but mostly operated individually in battalions. The 1st battalion was usually commanded by the regimental major and the 2nd battalion by the lieutenant colonel.

The battalion was divided into 2 "Centuries", consisting of 2 companies. Their leadership in the fight lay with the auxiliary majors or experienced captains.

The command of the 4 companies of the 1st battalion (those of the colonel, the lieutenant colonel, the regiment major and the battalion major) were taken over by lieutenant captains in battle.

The fusilier company consisted of 1 captain, lieutenant and sub-lieutenant, field woman, 2 sergeants (plus 2 surplus), 4 corporals (plus 4 surplus), 2 pipers and tambours, 1 carpenter, frater, minor professional, advertising officer and 106 fusiliers.

The grenadier company consisted of the same officers, but 1 sergeant (plus 2 surplus), 4 corporals (plus 2 surplus), 2 pipers and tambours and 55 grenadiers.

The standard armament was the smooth-barreled musket model 1782 with bayonet, a heavy saber 63 cm in length and six 4-pounder cannons (Sachsen type) for the artillery detachments.

Uniform 1791 of the Schmid Regiment:
skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

The 1st battalion carried the supreme flag and an orderly flag, the 2nd battalion two orderly flags.

1792–1796, during the First Coalition War , the regiment's grenadiers were part of the 5th Grenadier Battalion and the Jäger Company of the 1st Jäger Battalion.

1797, reduction to 1 battalion with 611 men:

Staff: 9 men: Colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, auxiliary major, quartermaster, sub-lieutenant, field chaplain, surgeon major, drum major;
Fusilier company: 88 men: captain, lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, sergeant, sergeant and surplus (2), fourier, tambour, whistler, corporal (4) and surplus (2), brother, carpenter, small professors, fusiliers (67) , Ordinances (3);
Grenadier company: 74 men: captain-lieutenant, lieutenant, sergeant (2), tambours (2), whistler (2), corporals and surplus (6), grenadiers (60).
Classifications and reallocations:
- The Colonel Company had an additional field woman instead of the carpenter, was without a piper, delivered a piper and 11 fusiliers to the grenadier company;
- The lieutenant colonel company had a gunsmith instead of the carpenter, had no piper and delivered 9 fusiliers to the grenadier company;
- The 1st and 2nd fusilier company each assigned a drummer and a sergeant as platoon leader to the grenadier company, the remaining 4 fusilier companies each assigned 10 fusiliers, the 3rd fusilier company a piper and all fusilier companies each assigned a corporal.
- The majors company had only 66 fusiliers.

Origin squad,
troop

From the “Centurie” Schmid, which emerged from the Meyer battalion , and the cantons of Glarus and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Appenzell Innerrhoden strictly prohibited advertising).

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Colonel Jakob Schmid from Mollis, with the Glarus captains Johann Melchior Zwicky, Johann Peter Tschudi, Johann Peter Zwicky, from Appenzell Ausserrhoden Lieutenant Colonel Johann Jakob Loppacher, the captains Leonhard Sturzenegger, Jeremias Oberteufer and Johann Ludwig Merz. The grenadier companies were led by the captain-lieutenants Martin Mathias Pfister and Konrad Schindler.

Use,
events

In 1791, the two cantons allowed the 2 companies of the "Centurie" Schmid to be increased with 2 companies to form a battalion and in 1792 to a regiment of 924 men (peacetime) with 8 companies in 2 battalions.

The regiment was stationed in Sardinia. When 6 companies were embarked on the mainland in 1796, a storm drove them to Corsica, where they were captured by the English and forcibly divided into English units.

Colonel Schmid left his regiment and returned to Glarus. To escape the wrath of the injured returnees, he fled to Turin, where he died two years later. The Glarus authorities confiscated his property.

The remaining 2 companies were dismissed in 1797.

Name,
duration of use

(41 _sav ) Bündner _Regiment Peyer in the courtyard 1792–1798

Year,
contractual partner

1792, private capitulation of Pierre Fatio from Geneva with King Viktor Amadeus III. of Sardinia-Piedmont, canceled due to unsuccessful advertising.

1793, private capitulation of Johann Theodor von Castelberg from Disentis with King Viktor Amadeus III. from Sardinia-Piedmont, at the instigation of Johann Konrad Peyer in the courtyard, major in the aborted Fatio regiment, with a term of 12 years.

Stock,
formation

1793, 1 regiment of 1,249 men, target organization as in the Schmid regiment (above).

Uniform 1792:
skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

Mainly Graubündner and Swiss from the regiments released in France.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Owner: Johann Theodor von Castelberg;
Commander: Colonel Johann Konrad Peyer in the courtyard from Schaffhausen.

Use,
events

The regiment formed its first battalion in Casale in September 1793 , which was later followed by the second.

The regiment was used in the First Coalition War from 1794–1796 in the Susa Valley. During the mountain war against France it closed the Colle di Tenda and suffered from deprivation, diseases and desertions almost more than from the fighting.

In 1797, after the separate peace of Turin and due to its losses, it was reduced to a battalion with 6 companies and in 1798, after the rapid conquest of Piedmont by the French troops of General Joubert, it was placed under French command.

In 1800 it formed part of the 1st Helvetic Legion.

Name,
duration of use

(42 _sav ) St. Gallen regiment Bachmann 1793–1798

Year,
contractual partner

1793, an extensive and detailed private capitulation with 76 articles (to be read at Foerster) by Franz Niklaus von Bachmann an der Letz from Näfels with King Viktor Amadeus III. of Sardinia-Piedmont, represented by its war secretary Jean-Baptiste Louis Fontana de Cravanzana, with a term of 12 years.

1797 supplemented with 13 additional articles to reduce it to 1 battalion.

Stock,
formation

1793, 1 regiment of 1,249 men, organization as in the Schmid regiment (above).

Uniform 1793:
skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

From the Prince Abbey of St. Gallen, the Swiss Confederation and abroad (the soldiers were also allowed to be "Germans").

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Lieutenant General Bachmann in 1817 in French (!) Uniform

Commander: Colonel (with rank of major general) Niklaus Leodegar Franz Ignaz von Bachmann an der Letz from Näfels, owner of the regiment and the 1st Glarus company;
Staff: Lieutenant Colonel (rank of Colonel) Wilhelm von Barthes, owner of the 2nd St. Gallen Company;
- Regimental majors Fridolin Josef Anton Freuler (commander of the 2nd Glarus Company, † 1794), from 1794: Josef Andreas von Sartory (rank lieutenant colonel, commander of the 1st St. Gallen Company);
- Regimental auxiliary major: Kaspar Joseph von Müller;
- Battalion major: Leodegar von Müller († 1796), from 1796: Fridolin Josef von Hauser;
- Battalion auxiliary major: Merian (rank of captain-lieutenant);
- Small staff: Quartermaster Philippo Merlo (rank lieutenant), Feldprediger Holweger, surgeon major Chiora, adjutants Wiedenmeyer and Züst, drum major Petermann;
Company commanders:
- 1st regimental company = 1st Glarus company: Colonel Bachmann;
- 2nd regimental company = 2nd Glarus company: Fridolin Josef Anton Freuler († 1794), from 1794: Major Balthasar Müller, April 1798: Kaspar Josef Müller;
- 3rd regimental company = 3rd Glarus company: Major Leodegar von Müller (1793– † 1796), from 1796: Fridolin Josef Bachmann, from 1797: Franz Brunold;
- 4th regiment company = 4th Glarner company: from 1793: Battalion major Fridolin Josef von Hauser;
- 5th regimental company = 2nd St. Gallen company: from 1793: battalion major Josef Anton
- 6th regimental company = 1st St. Gallen company: Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Barthes;
- 7th regimental company = 3rd St. Gallen company: from 1793: Josef Müller-Friedberg (owner);
- 8th regimental company = 4th St. Gallen company: from 1793: Kaspar Josef Anton von Brendlé (owner);

Use,
events

The St. Gallen regiment Bachmann was formed in Alexandria.

In the First Coalition War from 1794-1796 it was part of the army corps of the king's brother, the Duke of Montferrat, Moritz Josef Maria von Savoyen, on a secondary theater of the war in the Duchy of Aosta. The mission was on the passes to France and the adjacent valleys and consisted mostly of marches, outpost skirmishes and now and then a coup. The army corps managed to maintain this eye of the needle until the separate peace of Turin in 1797.

The regiment was then reduced to 1 battalion and stationed in Turin, engaged in fighting revolutionary troublemakers in Piedmont.

After the peace regulations allowed the French troops free passage through Savoy again, it was surprised by the French superiority in Novara in 1798 during the rapid advance of General Joubert into Piedmont and placed under French command.

In 1799 it formed part of the 1st Helvetic Legion.

Bachmann himself was sent back to Glarus as a suspect and placed under the control of the French canton governor.

Name,
duration of use

(43 _sav ) Lucerne _Regiment Zimmermann 1793–1798

Year,
contractual partner

1793, private surrender of Christian Emanuel Zimmermann with King Viktor Amadeus III. from Sardinia-Piedmont, with a term of 12 years.

Stock,
formation

1793, 1 regiment of 1,249 men, organization as in the Schmid regiment (above).

Uniform 1793:
skirt	collar	Breast valves	Envelopes	Lining	Buttons	vest	trousers	Neck tie

Origin squad,
troop

From the canton of Lucerne and from the dismissed French regiments.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Owner and Commanding Officer: Colonel Christian Emanuel Zimmermann von Hilferdingen in the Canton of Lucerne;
Lieutenant Colonel: Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyer;
Majors: Ignaz Benedikt Thomas Peyer from Lucerne and Ludwig Anton Dominik von Reding-Biberegg from Schwyz;
Fusilier companies: the Lucerne captains Heinrich Ludwig Rudolf Pfyffer von Wyer, Beat Franz Anton Felber, Karl Josef Pfyffer von Altishofen and Joseph Rüttiman;
Grenadier companies: the Lucerne captain-lieutenant Emanuel Ludwig Alexander Zimmermann, son of the colonel, and Jakob Josef Peyer.

Use,
events

The Lucerne Regiment was formed in Casale in 1793 with the 1st battalion and only in 1785 with the 2nd battalion.

In the First Coalition War from 1794-1796 it was part of the army corps of the king's brother, the Duke of Montferrat, Moritz Josef Maria von Savoyen, on a secondary theater of the war in the Duchy of Aosta. The mission was on the passes to France and the adjacent valleys and consisted mostly of marches, outpost skirmishes and now and then a coup.

An incident is reported in May 1794 in Fort Mirabouc on a secondary crossing from Briançon to Pinerolo. Its commander, a Major Messmer, with a detachment from the Bachmann and Zimmermann regiments of 70 men, 30 wounded and 2 cannons, vacated the position after a "symbolic" resistance and was stopped in a bottleneck. Major Reding was able to clear up the situation with the 11th Grenadier Battalion quickly, but had Messmer shot dead by a peloton on site for treason.

The army corps managed to maintain this bottleneck until the separate peace of Turin in 1796.

The Lucerne Zimmermann Regiment suffered the same fate as the previous five: in 1797 it was reduced to a battalion with 6 companies and in 1798 it was placed under the French occupation command.

In 1800 it also formed part of the 1st Helvetic Legion.

The use of the Swiss regiments in the First Coalition War from 1794-1796 was in the mountain war on the passes from France to Savoy and in the Alps from Nice to Piedmont and the adjacent valleys. It mostly consisted of marches and outpost skirmishes with varying degrees of success. With Austrian support, Savoy was initially able to hold out for four years.

The collapse occurred when the young general Bonaparte broke through the Piedmontese positions from the south and King Viktor Amadeus III. forced to secede from the Austrian party and to a separate peace. He was interned in Rome and when he died in 1796 he left behind a Savoy, largely destroyed by years of fighting, and an empty treasury.

After the provisions of the separate peace treaty of Turin in 1796 allowed France to pass through Savoy again, the French corps Joubert conquered Piedmont in a quick advance in 1798 and forced his successor, Charles Emanuel IV. , To abdicate and flee to Cagliari in Sardinia.

Joubert disbanded the Savoyard army in 1798 and in Switzerland the Helvetic Directory , incapable of delivering the local troop contingents demanded by the French occupying power , found a compromise with their commander in chief, General Masséna : the 5 Savoyard Swiss regiments became the 1st Helvetic Legion in 1799 (under Belmont) and 2nd Helvetic Legion (under von Ernst) as 2 half-brigades of 3 battalions in French service.

As occupation troops of fortresses in Northern Italy, they fell into Austro-Russian captivity and were disbanded in 1800.

Saved by the Congress of Vienna

Karl Emanuel IV's attempt at reconquest during Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended miserably in the battle of Marengo after his return . It was only after Napoleon's fall in 1814 that King Viktor Emanuel I received his mainland territory back from the Congress of Vienna, along with the Republic of Genoa . He incorporated it as a duchy into the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.

In 1814, Graubünden concluded one last surrender with him.

Name, duration of use	(0-2 _sav ) Graubünden regiment 1814–1815
Year, contractual partner	1814, private capitulation of Hans-Rudolf Christ von Sanz with King Viktor Emanuel I of Sardinia-Piedmont, for a period of 20 years. Approved by Graubünden in 1815.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,200 men in 2 battalions with 4 fusilier companies of 150 men each, from which 2 grenadier companies were withdrawn.
Origin squad, troop	Officers from Switzerland or Graubünden. The soldiers were also allowed to be "Germans".
Owner, commander, namesake	Lieutenant Colonel Hans-Rudolf Christ von Sanz.
Use, events	The advertisement was a failure. The financial offer on the terms of the national Piedmontese troops was not competitive and not equal to the competing offers. The formation of the regiment did not materialize and was officially abandoned in 1816.

The Hundertschweizer bodyguard was released after a 3-year French section as a gendarmerie on foot in 1801, and was rebuilt in 1814 under Victor Emanuel I with 50 men to guard the interior of the royal palace. It was finally abolished in 1832 by King Karl Albert in favor of a life guard made up of veteran Piedmontese NCOs.

Viva l'Italia!

In the revolutionary year of 1848, the spirit of new beginnings in Italy wafted through Europe and also reached Switzerland. The unification of Italy aroused the enthusiasm of Swiss adventurous contemporaries who moved to the southern neighboring country to become part of this historical process.

The end of the life guards would have meant the end of the Swiss troops in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont had it not been for this last anecdote with a free company of such volunteers:

Name, duration of use	(44 _sav ) Freikompanie Ott , 1. compagnia svizzera regolare, Cacciatori , not regular 1848
Year, contractual partner	k. A.
Stock, formation	1 company of 127 men with 2 officers and 17 NCOs.
Origin squad, troop	Volunteers mainly from French-speaking Switzerland, Ticino, Germans, Napoleonic veterans and mostly people from the service in Naples, Rome, Holland, Algiers and all over the world, veterans between 60 and 70 years old.
Owner, commander, namesake	Captain Hans Ott from Langnau called himself " Bernese Militia ".
Use, events	Italy before the first war of independence In 1848, during the first Italian War of Independence, Hans Ott had unsuccessfully applied for an officer position among the Lombard volunteers for King Karl Albert. In Milan, which was evacuated by the Austrian troops, he happened to meet a company of voluntary Swiss veterans on the cathedral square, already in Lombard service, whose captain had run away. Ott quickly made himself his successor and, after organizing, equipping, armed and somewhat disciplined them, he entered service as the 1st compagnia svizzera regolare, Cacciatori (German: Jäger), as he called his unit. In the corps of the Sardinian General Durando , he and his company occupied the mountain area west of Lake Garda for weeks without coming into serious contact with the enemy. His biggest problem was the lack of discipline in his troops, which had suffered even more with the addition of 24 Swiss who had been dismissed from the Vatican. When an armistice enabled the withdrawal of the Sardinian troops from Lombardy in the same year, the Sardinian volunteer corps had so many Austrian defectors in its ranks that the new commander General Griffini, not sure whether the armistice also applied to them, decided to march back to Piedmont via the Camonica valley, the Valtellina and Switzerland. On August 20, 1848, after their captain had been promoted to Lombard infantry major, the Free Company Ott crossed the Swiss border at Brusio and went home.

With this rather curious episode, the story of the Swiss troops in the Savoyard service finally came to an end.

bibliography

Beat Emmanuel May (by Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe. Tome VII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788, OCLC 831443818 .
Alberto Ferrero della Marmora: Note sulla vita e sulle geste militari di Carlo Emilio San Martino di Parella , fratelli Bocca librai di SM, stamperia dell'Unione, Torino 1863, OCLC 898559758 .
Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz , Neuchâtel 1927, OCLC 881576910 .
Moritz von Wattenwyl: The Swiss in foreign military service . Separately printed from the Berner Tagblatt, Bern 1930, OCLC 72379925 .
Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan, Ulrich Wille: Loyalty and honor, history of the Swiss in foreign service . (Translated by Walter Sandoz). Les editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940, OCLC 610616869 .
Heinrich Rossi: Michael Mageran, the Stockalper von Leuk , Buchdruckerei Oberwallis, Naters 1946, OCLC 79381459 .
Max Friedrich Schafroth: Les troupes suisses au service du Royaume de Sardaigne , traduction par R. Petitmermet, publisher unknown, Torino 1968, OCLC 601710231 .
Hubert Foerster: The Bachmann Regiment in the service of Sardinia 1793–1798 , series of publications by the Federal Military Library and the Historical Service, No. 37, Bern 2009, OCLC 663784399 .

Individual evidence

↑ This information is largely based on Swiss secondary literature. Francesco Bona's research in Savoyard flags (Italian), based mainly on the Turin State Archives, shows that it sometimes deviates from the Savoyard sources. They also suggest that a number of other Swiss troops, especially unofficial ones, have moved into Savoyard military service.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r This force was in action before the Old Confederation existed. Its beginning is generally equated with the first recorded assembly of 1315 in Brunnen . This military unit from the pre-federal era is therefore not (yet) an actual “Swiss” force in the sense of our definition. It is still listed for the sake of completeness.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Troop not regular, d. H. without official approval.

↑ Victor Amadeus I duca di Savoia. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

↑ Cristina di Francia duchessa di Savoia detta Madama Reale. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

↑ Victor Amadeus II duca di Savoia, re di Sicilia, re di Sardegna. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

^ María Giovanna Battista di Savoia-Nemours duchessa di Savoia. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

↑ Victor Amadeus II duca di Savoia, re di Sicilia, re di Sardegna. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Beat Emmanuel May (from Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe . Tome VII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788.

^ Beat Emmanuel May (by Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe . Tome II, Chapitre II, Section I, Cantons d'Uri, de Schweiz et d'Unterwalden , JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788.

↑ Article: From the Lausanne bishops' dispute to the first Savoy protectorate over Bern (1240-1255) , Archives of the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern, Volume 15, Issue 2, 1897-1899.

↑ ^a ^b Wolfgang Friedrich von Mülinen : History of the Swiss mercenaries up to the establishment of the first standing guard (1497). Dissertation to obtain a doctorate, University of Bern, Verlag von Huber & Comp, Bern, 1887.

↑ ^a ^b Diebold Schilling: Official Berner Chronik , Volume 1, Page 32: Hie santen die von Bernn dem Graven von Safoy five hundred man zuo hilff (illustrated), Bern 1478–1483.

↑ 1415 used Sigismund at the Council of Constance the scandal with the Habsburg Duke Friedrich IV. , Who the antipope John XXIII. illegally helped to escape in order to trigger the agreed plan: Bern conquered the Aargau and kept it, albeit against Sigismund's will. He saved his face by pledging the Mittelland corridor between Zofingen and Brugg for 5,000 gold guilders. A pledge that the king never redeemed. In 1774 the son of Duke Friedrich, Sigismund von Tirol, also formally recognized the change of ownership of Aargau in Bern's hands in the "Eternal Direction" .
↑ Annelies Hüssy: Hofmeister, Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Christian Müller: Ringoltingen, Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Annelies Hüssy: Scharnachtal, Niklaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Karl F. Wälchli: Bubenberg, Adrian I. von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan, Ulrich Wille: Loyalty and honor, history of the Swiss in foreign service. (Translated by Walter Sandoz). Les editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940.
↑ Ursula Birchler: Greyerz, Franz I. von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Franziska Hälg-Steffen: Rümligen from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Heinrich Leo, Geschichte Italiens, Third Volume, Friedrich Perthes, Hamburg 1829.
↑ Hans Braun: May, Bartholomäus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Catherine Santschi: Bunch of spoons. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Johann von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Barbara Rolle: Schneuwly, Ulli. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b
The terms of the armistice between St. Julien and Savoy on October 10, 1530 read (short version in today's language):
1. The three cantons immediately withdraw their troops from the territory of the Duke of Savoy and release them;
2. The Duke of Savoy pays the three cantons for the cost of their expeditionary force 21,000 gold thalers, currently worth 168,000 French pounds, in 3 installments every 6 months, which are distributed among the 3 cantons according to their proportional troop strength;
3. Bern and Friborg clear their conquests in Vaud and give them back;
4. A meeting will be convened in Payerne in mid-November, at which the mediating cantons with Bern, Friborg and Solothurn will clarify the Duke's rights in Geneva and finally settle his differences with the city over the past 10 years:
5. If Duke Charles III. If this contract is breached, the Vaud will become the property of Berne and Friborg in full from the moment of breach of the contract, forever. If, however, Bern or Friborg, or the city of Geneva, do not comply with this treaty, they have to dissolve the alliance with the city of Geneva, which Duke Charles III decrees. and repay the amounts received as compensation to this prince.
^ Christian Müller: Nägeli, Hans Franz. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .
^ Hans Braun: Steiger, Hans (Johannes). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑
Article of the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of October 30, 1564 (short version in today's language):
1. Bern hands over to the Duke of Savoy, permanently, all areas south of Lake Geneva and the Rhone conquered in 1536;
2. The Duke renounced, permanently and also on behalf of his successors, the Vaud and the other areas conquered by Bern in 1536;
3. The alliance treaty between Bern and Geneva is frozen at the status of 1558;
4. The Duke's legal claims in Geneva are settled peacefully by an arbitration tribunal appointed by both sides;
5. All legal and judicial acts of the Bernese authorities in the returned areas remain in full force;
6. In the future, both parties will withdraw all pensions, annuities, tithes and rents in the other's territory, even those of churches and monasteries on their own territory. The article does not apply to the areas conquered and partially restored by Bern;
7. The cities, communities and lordships retain their rights, privileges and immunities that they had before the conquest by Bern in 1536;
8. All tariffs remain unchanged and may not be increased;
9. The Duke, as the feudal lord of the Counts of Gruyère, renounced, permanently and in the name of his successors, on all goods and domains of the House of Gruyère and accepted and guaranteed the separation of property between Friborg and Bern, which was concluded in 1555;
10. The partition treaty between Bern and Friborg of 1536 regarding the territories conquered in Savoy remains in full force;
11. All noble and non-noble subjects should be allowed to change to the rule of the other party without being hindered or punished by confiscating their property or change. On the other hand, the feudal services which they owed the abandoned rulership, and the annuities, tithes and rents on their landed property, should continue to be rendered as before;
12. No party may cede, sell or dispose of a city or a domain to a third rule;
13. Neither party may build new fortresses or camps on the border with the other;
14. Neither party may draft or conclude a co-citizenship contract with another city without the consent of the other;
15. A demarcation line will be drawn along the middle of Lake Geneva. The area north of it belongs to Bern, that south to Savoy;
16. Every kind of mutual trade and traffic should be forever open and free, without the slightest hindrance from new taxes;
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Oskar Erismann: Swiss in Savoy-Sardinian service from the end of the 16th century , sheets for Bernese history, art and antiquity, volume 12, issue 2, Bern 1916.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz , fourth volume, Neuchâtel 1927.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa M.-N. Gysin: Les troupes suisses dans le royaume de Sardaigne , Revue Militaire Suisse, Volume 59, Issues 7 & 11, 1914,
↑ ^a ^b Martin Merki: Amrhyn, Walther. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p
Federico Bona: Brief history of the Swiss troops in Savoyard service (Italian), in Savoy flags (Italian),
informative Italian website with for example:
- a picture of the treaty of the Catholic cantons from 1579,
- many illustrations of the standards and uniforms of the Savoy troops
- and a list of Swiss officers in the service of Savoy.
↑ August Püntener: Püntener, Johann Joachim. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Markus Lischer: Amrhyn, Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Mark Lischer: Amrhyn, Josef. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Urs Kälin: Schmid, Johann Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Urs Kälin: Schmid, Jost Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Josef Wiget: Kyd, Franz Josef Friedrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Sury, Eugen Georg Alexander von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Bernhard Truffer: Kalbermatten, Gregor von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Renato Morosoli: Uttinger, Fidel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Bernhard Andenmatten: Belmont, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Federico Bona has Short history of Swiss troops in Savoyard services (Italian) on a manuscript by William of Kalbermatten in the State Archives of the Canton of Valais out with the following list of Guard Commanders:

year	Surname	origin
1579-1600	Hans Pfyffer (Ilgen-Pfyffer)	Lucerne
1610-1612	NN Stulz, with commandant "en seconde" Johann Caspar Lussy	Ennetbürgen and Stans, Nidwalden
1612-1620	Johann Caspar Lussy	Nidwalden
1620-1627	NN Walter	Lucerne
1627-1636	NN Püntener	Uri
1636-1641	Ludwig Am Rhyn	Lucerne
1641-1654	Ludwig Seedorf	Uri
1654-1665	Ludwig Dupré, with Commander "en seconde" Jost Am Rhyn	Freiburg
1665-1676	Jost Am Rhyn, with Commander "en seconde" Johann Anton Schmid	Lucerne
1676-1687	Johann Anton Schmid	Uri
1687-1700	(Johann Anton?) Schmid	Uri
1700-1711	Jost Anton Schmid	Uri
1711-1727	NN Pfyffer	Lucerne
1727-1737	NN Am Rhyn	Lucerne
1737-1751	Conrad Heinrich Ab Yberg	Schwyz
1751-1764	Conrad Heinrich Ab Yberg, with commandant "en seconde" Franz Joseph Kydt	Schwyz
1764-1774	Franz Joseph Kydt	Schwyz
1774-1783	Eugène Alexandre de Sury	Solothurn
1783-1790	Grégoire de Kalbermatten, with commandant "en seconde" Fidel Uttinger	Valais
1790-1802	Fidel Uttinger	train
1802-1814	Napoleon's guard lifted
1814-1829	Joseph François Marie Bellmont	Schwyz
1829-1831	Grégoire de Kalbermatten	Valais

↑ Guerre du Montferrat (1613-1617) , In: Database data.bnf.fr of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French national library ), accessed on December 9, 2018.

↑ ^a ^b Fabian Hodel: Lussi (Lussy). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Renato Morosoli: Stocker, Johann Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Philipp Kalbermatter: Kalbermatten (Kalbermatter), Nikolaus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g List of the Savoyard and Sardinian regiments of the early modern period # Switzerland

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Federico Bona: Coats of arms of Swiss officers in the service of the House of Savoy (Italian)

^ Samuel Schüpbach-Guggenbühl: Socin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Philip Kalbermatter: Mageran, Michael. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Hans Anton von Roten: Michael Mageran von Leuk Landeshauptmann 1631–1638 , in the article Die Landeshauptmänner von Wallis 1616–1682 , Geschichtsforschender Verein Oberwallis, Brig 1970.

^ Bernhard Truffer: Schiner. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Maurice Terrettaz: Fay, Antoine (you). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Renato Morosoli: Stocker (train). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Moritz von Wattenwyl: The Swiss in foreign military service. Separate print from the Berner Tagblatt , Bern 1930.

↑ Lucienne Hubler: Sacconay, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Mestral, de (Mont). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Alberto Ferrero della Marmora: Note sulla vita e sulle geste militari di Carlo Emilio San Martino di Parella , fratelli Bocca librai di SM, stamperia dell'Unione, Torino 1863.

^ Franz Auf der Maur, Josef Wiget: Reding, Johann Franz. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Giovanni Cerino-Badone: An Army inside the Army. The Swiss regiments of the Sabaudian army 1741–1750 , conference contribution, conference: Schweizer Solddienst. New Works-New Aspects , Société d'Histoire et de Prospectives Militaires together with the Swiss Association for Military History and Science, Zurich 2009.

^ Franz Auf der Maur, Josef Wiget: Reding, Josef Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Hans Braun: Hackbrett, Karl. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b Wolfgang Göldi: Rietmann, Johannes. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Bernhard Truffer: Kalbermatten, Bruno von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Louiselle de Riedmatten: Courten, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Franz Auf der Maur: Ab Yberg (Ab Iberg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Erich Trösch: Streng, Anton Prosper von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Batalla de Madonna del Olmo , Museo Histórico Militar de Valencia, Servicio de Documentación, Historia, In: STUDYLIB , accessed on December 9, 2018.

↑ As a result of this success, Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general at the end of the year and to commander in chief of the Italian army the next year .

^ ^A ^b Hans Ulrich Wipf: Johannes Rietmann , in: Schaffhauser Contributions to History, Biographies , Volume IV., Volume 58, 1981. (PDF)

^ Walter Troxler: Alt (d ', from). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Abbé Jean-François Girard: Histoire abrégée des officiers suisses qui se sont distingués aux services étrangers dans des grades supérieurs: rangée par ordre alphabétique sur des mémoires & ouvrages autentiques, depuis le commencement du XVIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours généalogiques sur chaque famille. Tome 1, chez B. Louis Piller imprimeur, Friborg 1781. Old in the Google book search.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Members of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and of the Austrian homeland, Prussia, Poland, Sweden, Norwegians and Danes were considered to be "Germans". Italians were tolerated. Subjects of Sardinia-Piedmont and France, with the exception of the German-Alsatians and German-Lorraine, were forbidden

↑ Hans Braun: Lombach. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Urs Kälin: Schmid, Jost Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Renato Morosoli: Uttinger, Beat Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Olivier Fatio: Fatio (Fazio). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Gilbert Marion: Roguin (de). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Marie-Hélène Guex: Roy, Antoine. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Hans Braun: Tscharner, Samuel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Hans Braun: Tschiffeli, David Friedrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Hans Braun: Stettler, Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Sébastien Rial: Ernst, Franz Friedrich Samuel von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ María del Carmen Melendreras Gimeno: Las campañas de Italia durante los años 1743-1748 , Universidad de Murcia, pages 14-18, 1987, Google Books.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Napoleon's Bloody Nose 1796 (English, with instructive maps)

↑ Martin Bundi: Donatz, Conradin von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Andrea Merlotti: Ormea, Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero, marchese di. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 79: Nursio – Ottolini Visconti. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2013, pp. 562-567., Accessed December 9, 2018.

↑ Mark Lischer: Keller, Johann Martin Franz Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Mark Lischer: Schumacher, Anton Leonz Irene. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ This flag waved over the «Colonella». That was the name of the first company in the regiment's first battalion. It was owned by the regimental commander. As a rule, he handed over management to a captain-lieutenant.

↑ Max Hilfiker: Reydt. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Max Hilfiker: Schwartz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Thomas Fuchs: Meyer, Adrian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Schindler (GL). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Hubert Foerster: The four new Swiss regiments in the service of Sardinia-Piedmont 1790/93 , in Figurina Helvetica , newsletter of the Swiss friends of the tin figure, issue 2010.

↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Schmid, Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Ursus Brunold: Castelberg, Johann Theodor von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Peter Scheck: Peyer in the courtyard. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ ^a ^b Hubert Foerster: The Bachmann Regiment in the service of Sardinia 1793–1798 , series of publications by the Federal Military Library and the Historical Service, No. 37, Bern 2009.

^ Hans Laupper: Bachmann, Franz Niklaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ René Zeller: The forgotten general . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , March 16, 1915.

^ Hans Laupper: Biography Bachmann , homepage of the General Bachmann Society. Accessed: June 21, 2020.

^ Gregor Egloff: Zimmermann, Christian Emanuel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Richard Abplanalp: Pfyffer, Karl (von Altishofen). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Fabio Zavalloni: Griffini, Saverio. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 59: Graziano – Grossi Gondi. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2002., accessed 9 December 2018.

[1] This information is largely based on Swiss secondary literature. Francesco Bona's research in Savoyard flags (Italian), based mainly on the Turin State Archives, shows that it sometimes deviates from the Savoyard sources. They also suggest that a number of other Swiss troops, especially unofficial ones, have moved into Savoyard military service.

[Alte_Eidgenossenschaft-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r This force was in action before the Old Confederation existed. Its beginning is generally equated with the first recorded assembly of 1315 in Brunnen . This military unit from the pre-federal era is therefore not (yet) an actual “Swiss” force in the sense of our definition. It is still listed for the sake of completeness.

[nicht_regulär-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Troop not regular, d. H. without official approval.

[4] Victor Amadeus I duca di Savoia. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

[5] Cristina di Francia duchessa di Savoia detta Madama Reale. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

[6] Victor Amadeus II duca di Savoia, re di Sicilia, re di Sardegna. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

[7] María Giovanna Battista di Savoia-Nemours duchessa di Savoia. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

[8] Victor Amadeus II duca di Savoia, re di Sicilia, re di Sardegna. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI)., Accessed on December 15, 2018.

[May-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Beat Emmanuel May (from Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe . Tome VII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788.

[10] Beat Emmanuel May (by Romainmôtier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les differents services de l'Europe . Tome II, Chapitre II, Section I, Cantons d'Uri, de Schweiz et d'Unterwalden , JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788.

[11] Article: From the Lausanne bishops' dispute to the first Savoy protectorate over Bern (1240-1255) , Archives of the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern, Volume 15, Issue 2, 1897-1899.

[Mülinen-12] Wolfgang Friedrich von Mülinen : History of the Swiss mercenaries up to the establishment of the first standing guard (1497). Dissertation to obtain a doctorate, University of Bern, Verlag von Huber & Comp, Bern, 1887.

[Schilling-13] Diebold Schilling: Official Berner Chronik , Volume 1, Page 32: Hie santen die von Bernn dem Graven von Safoy five hundred man zuo hilff (illustrated), Bern 1478–1483.

Swiss troops in the service of Savoy

contents

Overview of the Swiss troops in the Savoyard service

From Count in the Alps to King of Italy

As a powerful neighbor, the protector of Bern

The protégé Bern becomes a competitor

Finally in business with the (Catholic) confederates

Bern regained, Vaud lost

Ravaged by wars of succession, Savoy becomes a kingdom

War of the Palatinate Succession 1668–1697

War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714

Polish-Austrian War of Succession 1733–1738

War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748

Swept away by the French Revolution

Saved by the Congress of Vienna

Viva l'Italia!

bibliography

See also

Individual evidence