State crisis in Egypt 2013/2014 (Mahlab cabinet)
Since the military coup of July 3 , the putschist leader, military councilor Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi , who had overthrown the first democratically elected President of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi , denied his own ambitions, and installed an anti-Islamist, unelected transitional government, which Follow supporters of the ousted president. The ruthless repression of the military-backed transitional government led to a destabilization of the situation in Egypt. In spring 2014 Egypt was considered bankrupt, almost ungovernable and increasingly insecure.
End of February 2014, the stepped beblawi cabinet of the military-supported interim government back surprisingly, while military chief Sisi maintained its role as unofficial ruler of Egypt, is brought into a clear favorite position for his own presidential candidacy and a new transitional cabinet headed by a confidant Hosni Mubarak applicable Ibrahim Mahlab installed as interim prime minister. The leadership and composition of the Mahlab cabinet, sworn in on March 1, 2014, is seen as an indication of a restoration of the old political elite of the ousted long-term ruler Mubarak.
The unrest in Egypt since the state crisis in Egypt in 2013/2014 continued under the military-backed transitional government of the Mahlab cabinet. According to independent estimates, more than 2,500 Egyptians were killed, over 17,000 wounded and more than 16,000 arrested in demonstrations and clashes by the military in the first eight months after Morsi was overthrown. In addition, hundreds were killed in terrorist attacks. These numbers exceeded even Egypt's darkest period in terms of human rights violations since the military coup in Egypt in 1952, and reflect an unprecedented use of violence in Egypt's recent political history. The military-backed transitional government declared the Muslim Brotherhood , which has meanwhile been banned by the new rulers and declared a terrorist organization, responsible for the increasing number of attacks on security forces by the military since the fall of Morsi , although radical Islamic splinter groups have repeatedly admitted to the acts and the Muslim Brotherhood the allegations of the Rejected military regimes.
The prosecution of opponents of the regime and journalists expanded and there was a wave of politicized and internationally sharply criticized mass trials. A few days after more than 500 opponents of the regime were sentenced to death in a mass sentence after a brief court session in Minya, the de facto ruler Sisi officially announced his resignation as army chief, defense minister and vice-prime minister in late March 2014 in order to run for the upcoming presidential elections .
prehistory
Symptoms of crisis during the Beblawi government
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During the reign of the Beblawi cabinet, the state crisis in Egypt escalated. Protests by opponents of the coup, especially supporters of the ousted president, have continued since the coup. There were bloody clashes and mass killings in which well over a thousand people, largely civilian opponents of the coup and members of the Muslim Brotherhood , were shot by the security forces.
Among other things, there were mass killings of demonstrators by security forces on July 27, 2013 in Nasr Street in Cairo (according to independent sources 95 or 109 protesters killed, 1 police officer killed), on August 14, 2013 when the Muslim Brotherhood sit-ins were broken up on Nahda and Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo (according to independent sources up to or over 1000 and 1400 protesters respectively killed, 9 police officers killed), on August 16, 2013 in Cairo (at least 120 dead, 2 police officers killed) and on October 6, 2013 during the dissolution of the marches from Dokki and Ramses Square to Tahrir Square in Cairo (at least 57 protesters killed). Some of the most serious acts of violence in Egypt since the violent breakup of the two pro-Morsi sit-ins on August 14, 2013, which Human Rights Watch called "the most serious murderous incident in recent Egyptian history," occurred on January 25 2014 , the third anniversary of the 2011 popular uprising, when, according to independent sources, 108 people, mostly Muslim Brotherhood, were killed. The rulers were accused of impunity for crimes against Morsi supporters . After the resignation of the Beblawi cabinet, the first and so far only court ruling was issued in March 2014 in connection with the uprisings in Cairo in summer 2013 and their suppression in often brutal security forces, in which at least 1,400 people were killed, some of them systematic shootings. It was served as a prison sentence against a police officer found guilty of killing 37 prisoners on remand while in police custody.
In mid-August 2013 , the military-backed interim government imposed a three-month state of emergency , which granted authorities and emergency services special rights in dealing with protests and gatherings and made it difficult for the media to work in the country while simultaneously carrying out propaganda campaigns against the Muslim Brotherhood . The Vice President Mohammed el-Baradei resigned in protest against state power and evaded arrest by fleeing abroad. Even after the state of emergency ended, freedom of the press was restricted by restrictive legislation , while the military-backed transitional government led a state campaign against foreign media . According to independent censuses, more than 21,000 people - mostly Morsi supporters - were arrested, the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, and thousands of Muslims arrested. All organizations of the Muslim Brotherhood were banned, their assets were confiscated and the organization was finally declared a terrorist organization by the transitional government. Even before mid-January 2014, the death toll since the military coup had reached 2,665 people according to independent censuses. The US government, which initially justified the coup, froze parts of its military aid to Egypt for the time being in October 2013 .
The Beblawi interim government was accused of failing to effectively counter the skyrocketing terrorist attacks in the country, for which the military-backed government had blamed extremists with ties to Morsi and his Muslim Brotherhood, even though experts considered the Muslim Brotherhood to be responsible for terrorist attacks as unlikely. The ousted President Morsi has been held in an undisclosed location since the coup on July 3 until the start of his trial on November 4, 2013 and brought to justice together with other leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood on threats of life imprisonment or the death penalty . Serious charges and allegations of torture were made regarding the conditions of detention during the Beblawi government .
Despite billions in financial aid from the Gulf states of Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates , the economic crisis in Egypt got out of hand during the reign of the Beblawi cabinet. The aggravation of political uncertainty and growing instability in Egypt caused by the power struggle between the transitional government set up by the military and the Muslim Brotherhood after the coup was also reflected in significant losses in the tourism industry, which is important for the country's economy . Massive strikes hit numerous areas of Egypt.
At the end of February 2014, the Beblawi cabinet surprisingly resigned.
Formation of a new transitional government
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On February 25, 2014, Interim President Mansur Ibrahim appointed Mahlab as the new Prime Minister, who was entrusted with the formation of a new government. Mahlab was Minister of Housing in the Beblawi cabinet. He is also considered a Mubarak confidante who, before Mubarak was overthrown, was a member of the influential Political Committee of the then state party NDP, which was dissolved in 2011 and which was led by Mubarak's son, Gamal Mubarak, and has a reputation for benefiting the regime's favorites to have distributed. Under Mubarak he was a member of the upper house of the Egyptian parliament. The Western media interpreted Mahlab's appointment as a sign of a restoration of the “old political guard of the overthrown dictator Husni Mubarak”.
In his first press conference shortly after his appointment as prime minister, Ibrahim Mahlab announced that the members of his cabinet, which was still to be formed, would be “holy warriors” in the service of the Egyptians and named stabilizing the security situation as the top priority: “We will work together on the To fully restore security in Egypt and to destroy terror in every corner of the country ”, Mahlab said on February 25th,“ Security and stability throughout the country and the destruction of terrorism will pave the way for investments ”.
After the resignation of Interim Prime Minister Hasem al-Beblawi, the designated head of government Mahlab then relied mainly on resigned ministers to form a new military-backed transitional government. His government, the sixth since the overthrow of President Mubarak in February 2011, was reappointed Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim, Planning Minister Ashraf al-Arabi , Minister for Oil Sherif Ismail and Army Chief Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi as Defense Minister the government office would have to resign before an official submission of his presidential candidacy.
Military-backed transitional government - Mahlab cabinet
The unrest in Egypt continued under the military-backed transitional government of the Mahlab cabinet and shortly before the presidential elections. Since the overthrow of the elected President Morsi by the military at the beginning of July 2013, attacks on security forces have increased, for which the military-backed transitional government blamed the Muslim Brotherhood, which has now been banned by the new rulers, although radical Islamic splinter groups have repeatedly admitted to the acts and the Muslim Brotherhood rejected the allegations of the military regime. Before the first round of the presidential elections, scheduled for the end of May, when the previous coup leader and military chief Sisi, who already held de facto power in Egypt as army chief and defense minister, was the most promising candidate, the Muslim Brotherhood, banned by the military regime, regularly demonstrated against a "republic of fear “Under Sisi.
Swearing-in and composition of the Mahlab cabinet
| Ministers in the Mahlab cabinet who retained their post from the Beblawi cabinet |
Ministers in the Mahlab cabinet who have been newly appointed |
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On March 1, 2014, the cabinet of the new military-backed transitional government was officially sworn in. In the cabinet reshuffle, twelve of the ministries were reduced to six by merging. The new cabinet of Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab, which now comprises 31 ministers, consisted of 20 heads of department mainly from ministers from the previous transitional government headed by Hasem al-Beblawi and thus remained almost unchanged.
The occupation of the key ministries remained largely untouched. The ministers who resigned from the transitional government were mainly liberal and left-wing personalities who were accepted by the military in Beblawi's government after the military coup against the government of Mohammed Morsi in July 2013 in order to put it on a broader basis. The newly added ministers of the Mahlab cabinet, on the other hand, were recruited more from the business elite from the time of the long-term ruler Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011.
The new head of government Mahlab himself belonged to the Egyptian business elite, as did numerous other personalities in the new government. Mahlab, who was one of Mubarak's followers, had to give way to his predecessor Beblawi from the Social Democratic Party, which was interpreted as a narrowing of the circle of power.
Overall, the new government was seen as more than ever composed of old forces close to Mubarak. Many of the highly respected personalities across the camps were not accepted into the new cabinet, such as the former Research Minister Hossam Eissa , who had taken on the role of Vice Prime Minister, or the Labor Minister Kamal Abu-Eita and the Finance Minister Ahmed Galal . Former Vice Prime Minister Ziad Bahaa Al-Din also left the executive branch. All ministers of the National Salvation Front (NSF), an alliance of liberal and socialist parties, were removed from the government with one exception.
Army chief Sisi, who is considered powerful, also retained his position as defense minister in the new cabinet. Only eleven ministers were newly appointed. Observers had previously linked the resignation of the government to Sisi's ambitions for a candidacy in the upcoming presidential election, for which he would have to resign from his government office as defense minister and his military functions. On the other hand, there was also increasing speculation that Sisi had decided against running for the presidency and was striving to consolidate his position within the military hierarchy. The previous week, Interim President Mansur had passed a decree that gave the Defense Minister more influence, with the Defense Minister now chairing the Supreme Military Council (SCAF) as the most powerful institution in Egypt, while the President, who was previously also chairman of the Supreme Military Council by law , only the appointment of leading posts in the individual army units is incumbent.
The minister of the interior, Mohammed Ibrahim, who was heavily criticized by human rights activists, remained in office. In his office he is responsible for the ongoing police violence during operations by the security forces, in which at least 1,400 demonstrators have been killed in protests by Islamists and other government opponents since the fall of Morsi. He is also seen as the driving force behind the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi by the military.
Reactions
International
- The change of government was seen internationally as castling with the aim of Sisi's candidacy, who then took over the Ministry of Defense. Many critics claimed that a counterrevolution was taking place in Egypt under the leadership of military chief Sisi.
Egypt
- The constitutional party Hala Shukrallahs sharply criticized the exclusion of the NSF from the government. Like other liberal and left-wing parties, she called for the removal of Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim.
- From the ranks of the Revolutionary Socialists (Arabic: الاشتراكيون الثوريون) it was claimed that the government reshuffle was a reaction by the military to the ongoing wave of strikes in the country and gave the ruling generals an opportunity to get rid of too liberal government members. Union -affiliated circles attacked the new labor minister Nahed Al-Ashri for her proximity to the business side. She was already employed in the ministry under Mubarak and had acted as a mediator in labor disputes. In the new government she replaced the socialist labor minister Kamal Abu Eita , who is considered a figurehead of the independent trade unions co-opted by the government.
- Farid Zahran , the deputy chairman of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party , saw the reason for replacing the transitional government at the beginning of March that all those ministers "belonging to the new democratic forces" had been removed. With the expulsion of these ministers, the restoration of the regime of President Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011, had been systematically advanced. He criticized the fact that “the ropes” of the old Mubarak regime had fought the “small influence” of the democratic forces “hardly involved in decision-making” after the coup “from day one” since Morsi's overthrow by the military. After the coup there was a continuous counterrevolutionary development through the establishment of a regime in the form of the military, security apparatus, oligarchs close to Mubarak and other supporters. Commenting on the cabinet reshuffle, Zahran said, “The regime thinks that now that it has finished off the Muslim Brotherhood, it can take action against all other adversaries. It doesn't need any democratic forces or any broad alliance. The reshuffle of the cabinet is just another step on the way back to tyranny. "If the people who have been politically active since the 2011 uprising remain active, the Sisi regime will not prevail, according to Zahran:" If the people stay active, then will the return of tyranny will fail. "
- The party leader of the Strong Egypt party , Abdel Moneim Abul Futuh , who had been among the supporters of the protests against President Morsi, but whose party members had received prison sentences when they posted posters calling for people to vote against the constitution in the constitutional referendum, described after the cabinet reshuffle the climate in Egypt under Sisi was feared by state repression : “There is fear. The Egyptians are afraid to speak their mind. They fear that their houses will be stormed and arrested. ”He does not believe that a harmonized system can solve the misery of Egypt. He feared further uprisings that could prevent an orderly transition in Egypt. The "anger of the people" will increase and there will be "a new revolution against oppression."
- Rifai Nasrallah , the founder of the most popular advertising campaign for Sisi, Kammel Gamilak (German: “Fulfill your mission!”), Which promoted the Sisi presidency and claims to have collected 24 million signatures for the Nasrallah, spoke up after the cabinet reshuffle , in which Sisi retained his post as defense minister, for a leadership of Egypt by Sisi: “Field Marshal al-Sisi created an atmosphere of love in the country. He sacrifices himself for the people. He is a secret service man who saw where the country is going with Mursi. The people trust him that he can lead Egypt. "
Individual voices
- Emad El-Din Shahin , professor of public order at the American University in Cairo and editor-in-chief of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics , warned in the Guardian in view of the "cabinet of warriors" announced by Mahlab that the Egyptian crisis with "brutality, torture, Rape ”will continue if military rule is not ended. Mahlab's new cabinet confirms that “the country is falling apart under a corrupt and authoritarian state”. The country now needs international help. While at least 3,000 people have been killed, 16,000 injured and 22,000 imprisoned, including dozens of journalists, according to human rights groups since the military coup in July 2013, according to El-Din Shahin, the "brutal" approach has not achieved its goal, a growing wave of protests to end. Hundreds of thousands of Egyptians take to the streets every week and new protests led by young people have intensified after the reestablishment of the police state since the coup in July 2013 and called for the restoration of democracy. “Police brutality, mass imprisonment, torture and rape” have become commonplace and provoked counter-violence. Angry dissidents set fire to several police vehicles and killed a dozen police officers. The reshuffle of the Beblawie cabinet into the Mahlab cabinet indicates a postponement of the anti-Muslim Brotherhood alliance , in which the new cabinet stands for proximity to the former Mubarak regime and support for Sisi's expected presidential candidacy. However, a Sisi presidency would offer little chance of increasing stability for Egypt, as the collapse of security continues unabated, the economy is spiraling out of control and the country's infrastructure is deteriorating. Energy bottlenecks, power outages and rapidly rising food prices would have reached a level not reached in years, despite generous "handouts" from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.
Postponement of the Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Alliance
According to observers, the new formation of a government with the Mahlab cabinet shows a shift in the alliance ruling Egypt from a “secular anti-Muslim Brotherhood opposition”, which provided backing for the military coup, to “allies of the Mubarak regime, its business cronies and oligarchs needed to support Sisi's anticipated presidential candidacy ”(Emad El-Din Shahin).
According to HA Hellyer of the Royal United Services Institute , a UK think tank for defense and security studies, liberal-secular anti-Morsi activists supported the military for the 2013 coup against Morsi. But at this point in time, given the complex state structure of Egypt, it was not possible to predict with certainty whether they would also have supported the crackdown on the interior ministry and the re-establishment of the police state since the coup in July 2013, since the interior ministry and the military often run parallel, but did not necessarily have the same interests. At the end of 2013, however, the regime's actions against secular activists in circles of the 2011 revolutionaries were understood as a clear sign of a shift in the focus of power in the direction of the security apparatus deeply rooted in the state. Ahmed al-Hawary , spokesman for the secular-liberal National Salvation Front as well as a member of the Dustour party and co -creator of the so-called Coalition of June 30 (or “Front of June 30”), founded in opposition to Mohammed Morsi , had the coalition between pro -democratic secularists and the military at the end of November 2013 as an “extremely fragile alliance”.
2014 presidential election
Postponement of the presidential election before the general election
On January 26, 2014, after the resignation of the Beblawi cabinet and before the Mahlab cabinet was sworn in, Interim President Adli Mansur announced without a date that the presidential election would go against the schedule announced by military chief Sisi as a so-called political "roadmap" after the military coup before the general election is brought forward. The new constitution of the military-backed transitional government, which was adopted by referendum in mid-January, had placed it in the hands of interim president Mansur to determine the order of the new elections.
Observers assessed the bringing forward of the presidential election to the parliamentary election by the military-backed transitional government as not just a technical change in the date, but pointed out that the changed sequence of elections was suitable to consolidate the power of military chief Sisi and the political goals of the so-called “Arab Spring “To counteract. The so-called democracy movement had previously insisted that the parliamentary election be held before the presidential election in order to strengthen the parliament's position vis-à-vis the head of state to be determined in the presidential election. This was to prevent the President from enacting important laws by decree or influencing the outcome of the parliamentary elections before the parliamentary elections.
Supporters of President Morsi, who was overthrown during the military coup, rejected both candidates.
Election law and election date
During the interim administration of the Beblawi cabinet, no dates for holding elections had been announced. On January 26, interim president Mansur announced, in addition to bringing the presidential elections forward to parliamentary elections, that he would instruct the electoral commission to prepare for the elections and initiate everything else.
The new constitution, adopted by referendum in mid-January 2014, stipulated that the first election must take place three months after the constitution came into force and the second election no later than six months after the first election. According to the constitution, the holding of the election of the President was set for mid or late April 2014 at the latest.
After a delay of several weeks, Mansur passed a law for the presidential election on March 8, 2014, announcing that the election commission could then take the necessary steps to hold the election. The April 2014 date set by the provisions of the new constitution for the presidential election has been questioned by the significant delay in the creation of the electoral law. The reason for the delay was considered to be strong differences of opinion in the legal commission entered into with the formulation of the electoral law. Among other things, the question was hotly debated whether the decisions of the election commission should be contestable. The version enacted by Mansur and made law said that the decisions of the electoral commission will be legally incontestable. Judicial appeals against the election result were therefore not permitted. The enactment of the law enabled the electoral commission to set a date for the presidential election. Media reports criticized the fact that while the transitional government was paving the way for presidential elections with the electoral law, the presidential favorite, Army Chief Sisi, was pushing for the restoration of the Mubarak state and critics already feared a new revolution.
The electoral law requires, among other things, that a total of 25,000 certified signatures from supporting citizens from at least 15 of the 27 provinces must be submitted in order to participate in the presidential candidacy, with at least 1,000 signatures from each of these 15 provinces. Alternatively, if there is a parliament, the support of 20 members of parliament is sufficient instead of the signatures of 25,000 citizens. As further conditions for a presidential candidacy, the electoral law stipulated that candidates must be at least 40 years of age, hold Egyptian citizenship and have a university degree. Furthermore, according to the law, neither the candidate nor his wife nor his parents are allowed to have citizenship other than Egyptian citizenship. Candidates should continue to enjoy full political rights, belong to no banned organization or party, have not been convicted of any criminal or dishonorable misdemeanor, and ultimately have no physical or mental illness that could prevent them from performing their basic duties as president.
In mid-March 2014, interim president Mansur announced in an interview with the state-affiliated newspaper al-Ahram : “In two and a half months, Egypt will have a new president.” The presidential elections originally planned for April 17th were postponed to the period before April 17th July narrowed. An official explanation for this postponement has not been given. With the interim president Adli Mansur, there was still no officially elected man, but a figure appointed by the military at the head of Egypt. The presidential election should take place at the end of May.
On March 30, 2014, the electoral commission announced May 26 and 27, 2014 as the date of the first round of the presidential election. The formal registration of candidates was set for the period from March 31 to April 20. The three-week election campaign should begin on May 2nd with the official presentation of the list of candidates by the election commission and officially on May 3rd. The results of the first round of elections should be announced by June 5th at the latest. In the event of a runoff, a possible second round of voting will follow on June 16 and 17. Their results or the final result should in turn be known by June 26th. The parliamentary elections are to follow at a later date and, according to the official interpretation, complete the “democratic transition”.
Sisis and Sabahis are running for president
With the exception of the first democratically elected President of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the military, Egyptian heads of state have come from or been installed by the military since the military coup against the monarchy in 1952 .
The assertion of the coup leader Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi, after he overthrew Morsi on July 3, 2013, that “I have no ambitions for the presidency”, met with doubts from the very beginning. Long before the official announcement of Sisi's presidential application on March 26, 2014, it had already been expected after Sisi had repeatedly indicated its willingness to do so. The military chief, who had become head of military intelligence under Mubarak, was seen as the clear favorite in the elections that were not yet precisely timed. Sisi overthrew the country's first freely elected president, Mohammed Morsi, in July 2013. He also played a decisive role in the subsequent installation of a transitional government and the persecution of Morsi supporters and is considered the driving force behind the military coup.
Sisi had been the unofficial or "secret ruler" since the fall of President Morsi in the summer of 2013 and at the time of the candidacy was seen as the "real strong man" of Egypt. An important test for him was the referendum on the revised constitution in January 2014 , in which the constitution was adopted with an extremely high majority, albeit with a turnout of only 39 percent of those eligible to vote.
While 23 candidates applied for the successor to the ousted Husni Mubarak in the 2012 presidential election and the electoral commission had approved 13 of these candidates as candidates from all political directions, in 2014 only the left-wing politician Hamdin Sabahi competed against Sisi , who won the 2012 presidential election third place, but in 2014 he was given no real chances against the clear favorite Sisi. Observers saw the low number of candidates in the 2014 election as a further sign of increasing democratic deficits in Egypt. A Sisi presidency was seen as tantamount to a return to ancient times in Egypt, when the military had a strong influence. Especially since the judiciary had taken massive action against the Muslim Brotherhood and other dissidents after the fall of Morsi by the military chief Sisi, and at the same time a real personality cult had developed around Sisi, which was celebrated as the “savior of the nation” in state and private media.
Speculation and contradicting information about Sisi's candidacy in advance
Shortly after the resignation of the Beblawi cabinet, some media reported at the end of January 2014 that Sisi would run as a presidential candidate. After media reports in early February 2014 that Army Chief Sisi had declared his intention to run for the presidential elections had been denied by the military on February 6 and this caused confusion, Sisi announced on March 4 that he would run for the office of president . Nevertheless, according to media reports, it remained unclear whether the military chief Sisi, who had been acting as ruler in Egypt since the fall of Morsi, would run for office. The media also reported that Sisi had not commented on it herself. However, an exchange between several generals in mid-March was interpreted in the media as a measure by Sisi to install commanders loyal to him in key positions in the armed forces before his presumed retirement from the military for the purpose of running for president.
Speculation about Sisi's candidacy intensified after the Supreme Military Council (SCAF) issued a statement in January authorizing Sisi to run for the presidential election.
After leaving the public in the dark for months, Sisi finally confirmed the months of speculation about his presidential aspirations with a speech on state television on March 26th.
Official announcement of Sisi's candidacy
On the evening of March 26, 2014, Sisi announced in a pre-recorded speech on state television that he was running for the post of head of state, which is constitutionally restricted to civilians, in the upcoming presidential elections and declared that he would retire from active military service, resign from his post as army chief and resign as Minister of Defense and Vice-Prime Minister.
In his TV speech, he narrowed Sisi hopes for himself and said that he would be able to work “no miracles” as president, but that he would do everything to bring security, stability and hope to the country. He said: "I am giving up the uniform to defend the nation." The country is threatened by terrorists and faces "a very difficult task". He announced that he would continue his fight “for an Egypt without terrorism”. The country's economic, political and social problems must be tackled with “strength and courage”.
On March 27, 2014, Chief of Staff Sidki Sobhi succeeded Sisi at the top of the army and as defense minister and was sworn in for both offices.
Domestic reactions and positions
- The Muslim Brotherhood and related groups in Egypt strictly rejected a Sisi presidency and continued to regard President Morsi, who was overthrown by the military under Sisi, as the legitimate head of state of Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood has sharply criticized Sisi's candidacy. Leading member Ibrahim Munir said there would be "no stability or security" in Egypt under Sisi. Regarding the hundreds of dead in the crackdown on the security forces since the fall of Morsi, Munir said: “He led a coup to become president. He's a man who's been killing every day since the coup ”.
- Several groups of the so-called “revolutionary youth” had already refused to approve the vote on the draft constitution in January 2014, for which Sisi publicly campaigned.
- The youth movement of April 6th had clearly distanced itself from Sisi on March 5th. She declared her opposition to Sisi's candidacy and argued that this would only serve to deepen the division in Egypt.
- With the announcement of his presidential candidacy, Sisi sparked nationwide protests in which at least five people were killed on March 28, according to official figures, after at least one person was killed in violent clashes on March 26 after Sisi's official candidacy. The Muslim Brotherhood had called for mass protests with the appeal “There is blood on Sisi's hands”. On March 28, protests against the candidacy of the former army chief Sisi took place in several cities in Egypt. There were sometimes violent clashes in which, according to official information, four people were killed.
- The daily Al-Shorouk reported that the family of President Anwar al-Sadat , who was assassinated in 1981, had given their signatures for Field Marshal Sisi's candidacy, 25,000 of which had to be submitted for each candidate.
International reactions and positions
After the election dates were announced, observers doubted whether the conditions for free and fair elections were guaranteed in Egypt.
- African Union - The Charter of the African Union (AU) prohibits a Sisi presidency. According to Article 25, Paragraph 4 of the Charter, perpetrators who have carried out an unconstitutional change of government may not be allowed to participate in elections to restore democratic order, nor may they hold a position of responsibility in the political institutions of their state. Egypt had already been suspended from membership of the AU in July 2013 because of the military coup in summer 2013. The AU reaffirmed the suspension in January 2014.
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- On April 10, 2014, EU chief diplomat Catherine Ashton , who was visiting Cairo, and Egyptian interim foreign minister Nabil Fahmi announced that the European Union and Egypt had signed an agreement of principle for the observation of the presidential election on May 26 and 27 have suitable. The EU intended to send observers to an election in Egypt for the first time. The EU mission will be in the country “at the invitation of the Egyptian government”. The diplomats' joint statement also stated that both sides were expected to see the elections "transparently and credibly". The concrete form of the observer mission will be determined shortly. According to the joint declaration, the observers should be able to “move freely around the country” and be given access to all important interlocutors.
- At the time of Ashton's visit to Cairo, the previous army chief and defense minister Sisi was the only serious candidate for the presidency.
- Deutsche Welle's Middle East expert Loay Mudhoon criticized at the beginning of the ballot on May 26th that the EU had to forego the sending of election observers because the democratic transformation of Egypt had become a long way off and the prospects of an improvement in the country appeared poor and the EU should in no way legitimize the military coup of July 2013.
Individual voices
- Maha Azzam, Egypt expert at the British research institute Chatham House , did not expect any actual democratic elections: “There is no real opposition. The leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood are in jail. The media are aligned, both the state and the private support Al-Sisi. ”Already the result of the constitutional referendum at the end of January 2014 with an official final result of 98 percent of the votes for the constitution placed it under the“ typical results of dictatorships ” . With regard to the future stability of Egypt under Sisi, she was skeptical: “There is no guarantee that the military can ensure stability in Egypt. In the past nine months we have seen rather a lack of stability. ”The military-backed transitional government has not proven that a“ strong man ”can control the situation in the country. The security situation is critical and the economic situation with high inflation is bad. At the same time, displeasure with the violations of human rights by the military and police is growing. In view of the thousands of deaths and political prisoners, Azzam assessed the regime under Sisi as "worse" than under Mubarak: "What we have seen so far from al-Sisi is worse than anything we have experienced under the Mubarak regime."
- Andrew Hammond, Middle East expert at the European Council on Foreign Relations , emphasized that there are by no means only supporters of Sisi in the population: “Al-Sisi is not as popular as it is always portrayed, it is a manipulation of the Egyptian media. “In his estimation, Sisi's victory in actually free elections is by no means certain. Sisi has no political vision, in the end Sisi is a revenant of Mubarak: “He never really said what he stands for, except for order and cracking down on the Muslim Brotherhood. I think it boils down to a return to the politics of the dictator Husni Mubarak, who was overthrown in 2011. That means a neoliberal vision for Egypt, coupled with a fascist approach to security policy. "
Discussions about other possible candidates
- As a sign that Sisi was not without controversy within the army, a campaign was interpreted in March 2014 with which the former chief of staff Sami Enan brought himself into play as a possible presidential candidate by distributing posters showing him in civilian clothes and with for months the lettering "President 2014" showed. Enan was retired by then President Muhammad Morsi in August 2012 and was popular with many Egyptians because he was said to have made sure that the army did not shoot at the demonstrators during the weeks of the popular uprising in early 2011.
- In mid-March 2014, recordings were made known in which the former general, former prime minister and supporter of the takeover by the military, Ahmad Schafiq , can be heard calling the promise of free elections by the military government a "farce" and a "comedy show" declares that he will not run for election because he knows that the election has been set in favor of Field Marshal Sisi. Shafik's remarks were taken as indications of dissent within Egypt's business and military elite. They sparked astonishment in Egypt, as Shafiq belonged to the same military elite as Sisi, and the questioning of Sisi's presidential candidacy in pro-military and anti-Islamist circles represented by both Shafiq and Sisi was almost " heretical " ( New York Times ). In a statement dated March 13, 2014, Shafiq confirmed that the recorded comments were his. While he had said in the recorded conversation that he would be ready to run for the presidency again if Sisi did not, Shafiq, who has been living in the United Arab Emirates since his 2012 election, which he lost to Morsi, said in his statement on March 13 that, in order to avoid splitting the election, he wholeheartedly supported “the most powerful candidate, his Excellency Field Marshal Abdel Fatah Sisi, who was closest to winning the presidential election”.
- The former Islamist presidential candidate Abdel Moneim Abul Futuh decided against a candidacy on the grounds that the electoral law presented by Mansur does not allow the result to be contested. When he left, he emphasized that it was impossible to run in an environment in which the opposition is portrayed as treason.
- In addition to Ahmad Schafiq and Abdel Moneim Abul Futuh, labor lawyer Khaled Ali prematurely abandoned his candidacy application.
- Hamdin Sabahi , a Nasserist leftist who finished third in the 2012 presidential election behind Islamist Mohammed Morsi and ex-minister of the old Hosni Mubarak regime, Ahmed Shafik, was over at the time Sisi's candidacy was officially announced March 2014 the only candidate who announced his intention to run. Sabahi said he would run regardless of Sisi's candidacy.
- Sabahi was a leader of the opposition before the 2011 popular uprising and is considered an icon of the revolutionary youth. He has also been described as a left-wing revolutionary human rights activist. The left-wing politician later supported the overthrow of Morsi and the crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood. The left-wing Nassist movement Egyptian Popular Current , led by Sabahi, had announced a coalition with the Tamarod group for the upcoming parliamentary elections . While the candidacy of the former military chief Sisi was linked to the issues of security and stability, and the content of his speeches suggested that Sisi, as president, was hoping to restore the economy, which was hoping for new impetus and foreign investment after the political turmoil after the fall of Mubarak , and the reputation of state institutions would put the fulfillment of human rights above the fulfillment of human rights, Sabahi campaigned for votes with central topics such as freedom, the fight against corruption and social justice. Before the 2014 presidential election, Sabahi presented himself as a man of the revolution that brought down the former ruler Husni Mubarak in early 2011. In March 2014, Sabahi said in an interview with the Reuters news agency that he doubted that democracy would move into Egypt with Sisi.
- In survey results, Sabahi lagged significantly behind Sisi. Given the popularity of Sisi, he was not given any serious chances of getting into the runoff election. The Egypt expert Maha Azzam assessed him as a "symbolic" opponent with no real chance of victory. Most secular parties had long since joined Sisi's politics, regardless of concerns about a return to the military dictatorship. On April 1, it became known that the Cairo Attorney General Hisham Barakat was calling for an investigation into Sabahi, against whom a lawyer had previously filed a lawsuit, alleging that Sabahi had received donations from Egyptian businessmen. Sabahi has been criticized from some quarters for having given credibility to the presidential elections, whose free and fair character has been questioned.
- On April 3, 2014, the Fides news agency announced that 34-year-old Seif el-Amir, who works as an advisor on international affairs, would run for the office of Egyptian President. El-Amir, who until then was not known for his political commitment, would have been the first Christian Copt to apply for the office of state president, which the Egyptian constitution under Hosni Mubarak allowed only Muslims to do. In order to stand for election, el-Amir needed 25,000 signatures from all 27 provinces of the country by April 20.
- According to the Egyptian media, the only female applicant, the television presenter and former presidential candidate Bothaina Kamel , failed because of the conditions imposed by the electoral commission by not being able to submit the necessary 25,000 signatures on time.
- The lawyer Mortada Mansur , known in connection with scandals and as the extravagant football club chairman of the Zamalek Sporting Club , justified his decision to withdraw his candidacy at short notice after a short and bizarre election campaign with an "intervention of God", who had told him in a night vision that Sisi was chosen to be president.
Protests against Sisi's candidacy on March 28th
On March 28, 2014, hundreds of Islamist demonstrators protested in Cairo against Sisi's presidential candidacy and the military-backed government, which had been announced two days earlier. At least four people were killed by unknown perpetrators. Among the dead was the 22 or 23-year-old Egyptian photojournalist Majada Ashraf (also: Mayada Ashraf) of the newspaper Al-Dustur , who wanted to report on the protests in the Cairo district of Ain Shams and is said to have photographed supporters of Mursi and security officials met. According to the news portal Ahram Online , she was shot in the head while recording serious clashes between protesters, security forces and armed civilians. Reports from the crime scene suggested that Aschraf was shot dead by security forces, although their latest report was that the Muslim Brotherhood protests "exchanged sharp shots and shotguns" with the security forces. An eyewitness said a security officer shot the journalist in the head. A protester told AFP news agency that police shot the crowd with live ammunition. According to forensic results, she was shot from close range. The fact that, according to eyewitness reports, Islamist demonstrators recovered the body of the journalist who had been shot, which is also to be shown on a video shown by the news channel Masr Alarabia , was interpreted as a possible indication that the fatal shots had come from the police or other armed men Often petty criminals and plainclothes secret service employees with firearms participated in the crackdown on protests against the military-backed transitional government and thereby cooperated with the police. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry blamed the Muslim Brotherhood for all four dead. Security forces arrested five people believed to have been involved in the shooting or death of Mayada Ashraf. Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood accuse the government of having murdered the journalist and four other demonstrators. From March 28th, a photo was repeatedly shared on various social media sites that the killed Mayada Ashraf had posted on Facebook in mid-December 2013 and shows her as a young journalist holding up her camera with one hand and one with the other Banner that reads “The camera is still in our hands, Hosseini. We continue!". With the photo, Mayada Ashraf had remembered the Egyptian journalist Al-Hosseini Abu Deif, who also died while accompanying a demonstration by the Muslim Brotherhood. The police and their snipers were blamed for their deaths on social media, and in particular among Mayada's friends. According to the organization Reporters Without Borders (ROG), journalists in Egypt have been systematically targeted since the overthrow of President Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013, particularly when reporting on meetings or demonstrations. Aschraf was the sixth journalist to be killed in connection with his work since July 3, according to the ROG. Egypt was ranked 159th out of 180 countries on the ROG press freedom ranking .
Another woman who was killed in the demonstrations in response to Sisi's departure from the military, which enabled Sisi to run for the presidential elections, was the Coptic Christian Mary Sameh George, who was stabbed to death in Ain Shams.
Police arrested dozens of supporters of the ousted Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in various cities. According to the state-run Mena news agency, demonstrators fired shotgun ammunition in Cairo's working-class district of Helwan and Fajum and the security forces used tear gas. The security forces said they were pelted with Molotov cocktails and stones by demonstrators. In Fajum, the police are said to have put an end to riots between the warring political camps.
In Alexandria and Cairo, according to Mena, security forces used tear gas and broke up the protests.
Meanwhile, in Alexandria and Cairo, dozens of Sisi's supporters celebrated the presidential candidacy of Field Marshal Sisi and waved the Egyptian flag and posters with his likeness. The Tamarod campaign had called on Sisi's supporters to a loyalty rally in Tahrir Square in Cairo to "thank the citizen Abdel Fattah al-Sisi for complying with the people's wishes".
In the port city of Port Said, the angry crowd set fire to a portrait of Sisi. In the province of Beheira, Morsi's followers formed a human chain several kilometers long.
- Gallery: Pro Mursi Friday protest march in Cairo after Sisi's announcement of his presidential candidacy (March 28, 2014):
Also women and children next to the forbidden R4bia flag
Old woman with R4bia greeting
Mursi picture on the neck of a protester
Young men with R4bia greeting
R4bia hand sign and flag
Anti-Sisi campaigns on social media
Since the fall of President Morsi, the Sisi military had exerted an influence on Egyptian politics and sharply divided public opinion. His supporters see him as a “savior” and “hero” who can end the turmoil in the country since 2011 and ensure stability, while his opponents point to extensive human rights violations and ruthless crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood.
Observers rated the mockery of Sisi as one of the last effective ways for the Muslim Brotherhood, criminalized by the military-backed regime, to attack the authority of Sisi despite the co-ordinated media. It was also suggested that opponents of Sisi resorted to social media campaigns as these remained the only area of expression in the face of the crackdown by military-backed regimes against demonstrations. Human rights groups had warned that the crackdown by the military-backed regime against dissenting opinions threatened political activists, human rights defenders and an independent press alike.
Opponents of Sisi's launched an internet campaign against his presidential candidacy, which led to calls from the pro-Sisi camp to ban social media in Egypt.
Run-up: Pro-Sisi mass campaigns
Weeks and months before Sisi's candidacy was finalized at the end of March 2014, a campaign that observers regarded as remarkable was promoting Sisi as head of state. All over Cairo, pictures and posters of Sisi were put up with text like: “Egypt needs you” or “Continue your work”. Long before Sisi announced his resignation from the army and his candidacy for the office of president at the end of March 2014, hardly any other serious presidential candidate was considered possible. A campaign was launched on Facebook to collect signatures for a candidacy from Sisi, which is said to have garnered 20 million signatures. In the months before Sisi's candidacy was officially announced, there were also pro-Sisi hashtags such as “I will vote for Sisis” and “Complete your good deed”, which reflected the rapidly increasing popularity of Sisi among many Egyptians.
Anti-Sisi campaign Intikhbo al-ars
While the leading presidential candidate Sisi seemed to be supported by millions of Egyptians, a hashtag # انتخبوا_العرص ("Intikhbo al-ars"), roughly from Arabic as, appeared on social media such as Twitter and Facebook in Egypt and the Arab world "Votes for the pimp" can be translated. The term “pimp, lude, seducer to vice” is regarded in Egyptian culture as extremely vulgar and one of the worst insults, but also conveys the meanings “boastful” and “gang boss”. English-speaking users also use the literal translation of the hashtag #elect_the_pimp, which in turn has been translated into German, French and other languages.
The slogan "Vote for the Luden" was tweeted hundreds of thousands of times on social media and featured as graffiti on Egyptian streets at anti-Sisi gatherings and under Sisi portraits. The hashtag became one of the main slogans of the ongoing anti-coup demonstrations in Egypt and was written on walls, banknotes and public transport. Video footage recorded by activists from the Friday March 28 protests in Egypt showed demonstrators chanting, "Vote for the Luden, a President for Egypt!" He was also reported from Germany by a large public advertising space.
The hashtag “Intikhbo al-ars” is said to have been shared several million times within a few hours. A screenshot from the hashtag analysis tool Keyhole was distributed, which was supposed to show that over 100 million page views have already taken place and that one billion page views of the hashtag are possible within a week. Access to Keyhole appeared to be unavailable, while social media reported that it had been blocked by authorities. According to Keyhole, tens of thousands of Twitter reports on the hashtag were made within a few days of its creation. 23 percent of the page views came from abroad.
Alleged creators of the hashtag stated on their Facebook page that the hashtag was intended as an attack against the coup leader, who was responsible for the killing of thousands of civilians and the overthrow of a democratically elected president, in order to then, contrary to his numerous promises, gain power himself through candidacy to pursue the presidential election. In their opinion, the offensive hashtag alludes to Sisi's deception against the president who appointed him and against the violation of his oath of office.
The "Intikhbo al-ars" campaign quickly sparked a dispute on social media, however, with Sisi's supporters offering a series of counter hashtags such as "I will vote for Sisi" or "I will vote for Sisi" behind Sisi's candidacy didn't get the same level of coverage as the anti-Sisi hashtag. Influential TV presenters on pro-government news channels called on the military-backed transitional government to respond to the Twitter hashtag "Vote for the Luden" by banning Twitter in Egypt and referred to a similar decision by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . The Egyptian journalist and popular CBC TV host Khairy Ramadan described the "Intikhbo al-ars" hashtag as a kind of "character assassination" by the Muslim Brotherhood supporters against Sisi. Ramadan claimed that the hashtag “Intikhbo al-ars” came into circulation after the hashtag “I will vote for Sisi” and therefore became the number one hashtag because it is supported by the “terrorist Muslim Brotherhood”. The Muslim Brotherhood “terrorists”, according to Ramadan, are using a similar character assassination tactic to the one used previously against President Morsi, who was overthrown by Sisi, but now in a “more professional and dirty way”. Ramadan called on Sisi's and Hamdin Sabahi's election campaigns to engage social media experts to counter what he believed was Ismalist-led character assassination.
A first report by BBC Arabic on March 30, 2014, after a spokesman for the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior said that the use of the hashtag, which was offensive to the presidential candidate Sisi, is being followed closely by the Ministry of the Interior on social networks and those who use it intensively are arrested was withdrawn as incorrect in a version updated on April 1 by the BBC.
Prohibition of candidacies for members and former members of the Muslim Brotherhood
On April 15, 2014, a court in Alexandria ordered the authorities to reject all candidacies from members and former members of the Muslim Brotherhood in the upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections.
The movement, whose political arm had won the parliamentary and presidential elections with a large majority after the fall of Mubarak in February 2011 and which had been classified as a “terrorist organization” by the military-backed regime in December 2013, was banned from standing in the upcoming parliamentary elections. At this point in time the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood was already dead or in prison after the regime's severe wave of persecution. While most secular parties had long followed Sisi's line, regardless of concerns about the return of the military dictatorship, the Muslim Brotherhood, despite being pushed underground by the regime, was seen as the only serious challenge facing Sisi's election as president.
The court ruling followed the decision of a petition calling for the exclusion of all Muslim Brotherhood from the elections. Lawyer Tarek Mahmud, who represented the initiators of the petition, argued that it was "illogical to accept such candidacies after the government has classified the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization". He continued: "We have submitted videos, photos and documents showing acts of terrorism by the Muslim Brotherhood, which makes it illogical for them to lead the country or represent its people in the elections."
Official candidacies of Sisi and Sabahi
On April 14, 2014, Sisi officially submitted his presidential candidacy. A campaign spokesman for Sisis said that Sisi's lawyer Bahaa Abu Schuka had submitted the required signatures and the results of medical examinations to the electoral commission. According to the spokesman, Sisi already had more than 460,000 signatures to show at this point, which means that the legally required number of 25,000 certified signatures has been met.
At the same time, six weeks before the presidential election and six days before the deadline for submitting the signatures, Sisi's only challenger Hamdin Sabahi had not yet submitted his signatures. One day before the registration deadline, Sabahi made his candidacy official on April 19, 2014 and submitted the necessary documents to the electoral commission. According to official information, Sabahi submitted 31,555 signatures.
After the application period had expired, the election commission announced that no other applicants had submitted the necessary documents besides Sisi and Sabahi.
Allegations of unfair application and election conditions
The transitional government installed by Sisi in July 2013 presented the presidential elections as evidence that Egypt was on the way to democracy. Interim Foreign Minister Nabil Fahmi spoke of a “very important step” and called the election process “extremely free and fair”. By contrast, there were concerns among human rights activists and opposition politicians about the there are concerns about the integrity of the poll. By the most conservative estimate at least 16,000 mainly Islamist dissidents have been arrested in an ongoing crackdown on dissent. At least three high-profile candidates from the 2012 presidential campaign have boycotted the race, complaining about the absence of free expression in Egypt, while the ousted president Mohamed Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood was banned by court order this week from taking part.
While the Egyptian media blamed the increasingly disastrous economic and political situation in Egypt since the revolution of 2011 for the low number of presidential applicants, as the future head of state would have to tackle unpopular reforms that inevitably led to a loss of popularity to stimulate the weak economy Oppositionists predominantly the lack of the conditions for a fair election as the most important reason for not running. For their criticism that the conditions are not fair, it was cited that Egypt's most influential state institutions, especially the army, openly expressed their support for Sisi. A large part of the business elite also supported Sisi, as did the state media, which acted as propaganda tools. Sisi was allowed to announce his candidacy in a prime-time address on state television, while Sabahi was only allowed a brief comment in a documentary produced by the state about his career, which analysts saw as an indication of the coming conditions of the election campaign. The weekly broadcast of the popular satirist and Sisi critic Bassem Jussef for the election campaign period was also banned from broadcasting on the grounds that it did not want to influence the voters. Dozens of activists who campaigned against the new constitution in January were arrested while putting up campaign posters, while other colleagues pretended to be ignored by most media networks. Candidates withdrawing from running said they feared a similar scenario in the presidential election.
At least three prominent candidates from the 2012 presidential election campaign boycotted the 2014 presidential election complaining about the lack of freedom of expression in Egypt, while the Muslim Brotherhood, an organization closely related to the ousted President Morsi, was barred from participating in the presidential elections.
Sabahi and his team complained about intimidation attempts during the collection of the signatures and accused the authorities of taking sides with the former military chief Sisi.
Presidential campaign
On May 3, 2014, the three-week election campaign for the presidential elections, which had already been scheduled for May 26 and 27, 2014, officially began. It was the first election of a head of state since the military overthrew President Mohammed Morsi, who was elected in Egypt's first free elections in 2012, in July 2013.
In the run-up to the election campaign, the Muslim Brotherhood, which was banned by the military regime, demonstrated regularly against what it saw as the "republic of fear" established by presidential candidate Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi. A wave of mass trials and harsh general court judgments before the start of the election campaign, some of which caused international outrage, was taken as an expression of will by the former military chief Sisis to show severity before the elections.
At the beginning of the election campaign, given the tense security situation, it was expected that the number of public appearances Sisi would make during the election campaign would be limited. During the election campaign, Sisi never appeared in public, but limited himself to TV interviews carefully edited by his PR staff and invited selected audiences to a luxury hotel owned by the military in Cairo. In contrast, Sabahi went on a campaign tour of Egyptian cities and villages.
Despite the lack of a street election campaign, Sisi was seen from the start as the clear favorite over his only challenger, the left-wing Hamdin Sabahi, and his election victory was practically "settled". In polls at the beginning of the election campaign, Sabahi lagged far behind Sisi, who had long been the secret ruler of the country. The state media ignored Sabahi's election campaign. The private media also largely supported Sisi.
At the time of the coup and until shortly before the start of the presidential election campaign in 2014, Sisi had been the commander-in-chief of the army, which had been cracking down on the Muslim Brotherhood since the 2013 coup, which included President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military and who was from Egypt at the time of the campaign Power apparatus the process for high treason and incitement to violence was brought. For the election campaign, Sisi ran as a civilian as required by law, but continued to carry the title of field marshal , which he had given himself as head of the military junta at the end of January 2014.
Since the Muslim Brotherhood, who had won all elections after the overthrow of Mubarak and up to the military coup in the summer of 2013 and whose supporters continued to number several million Egyptians according to senior officers in the police and military, were excluded from the 2014 elections, the 2014 presidential elections apply Many do not consider them “real elections” even before the start of voting.
The ultra-religious Salafists pledged their support for Sisi on the weekend before the start of the election campaign.
| Support from Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi |
Support from Hamdin Sabahi |
Participation without the support of a specific candidate |
Boycott the elections | Excluded from participation due to prohibition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sisi in the election campaign
At the official announcement of his candidacy, Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi had declared that he would not conduct a “normal election campaign”. Public mass appearances were apparently not planned for security reasons.
In his election campaign, Sisis used the slogan "Long live Egypt" to promote economic growth and the "fight against terror". Sisi had not submitted an election manifesto at the start of the election campaign. Instead, on May 5th and 6th, Sisi answered questions from reporters in a total of four-hour interviews, in which he spoke of an election program developed “with scientists”.
On May 5, 2014, Sisi presented himself at the start of his election campaign in his first television interview since the fall of Mohammed Morsi. He announced to the two moderators of the extremely "Sisi-related private broadcasters CBC and ONTV" that he would ensure security and stability, jobs, health care and food security and categorically rejected a reconciliation with the Muslim Brotherhood.
His statements on the Muslim Brotherhood caused a stir internationally when he announced that there would be no more Muslim Brotherhood under his government and that other groups should also hold back.
As a reason for the fact that Sisi did not submit an election manifesto until the beginning of the presidential election, people around him said that it “would only spark discussions and divide people”.
- Justification of the candidacy
- After Sisi had pushed against the elected government under President Morsi in the summer of 2013, he had emphasized that he had no ambitions for a political office. In an interview broadcast on two private TV channels, Sisi reiterated: "I couldn't respect myself if I thought that way - that I would make a plan to take power in Egypt". In his first television interview during the election campaign on May 5, 2014, Sisi denied that he had intended from the outset to succeed Morsi, whom he had overthrown, as head of state. Instead, he justified his running in the presidential election with the uncertain situation in Egypt. The country faces "internal and external threats". This is the reason why he has changed his mind and yet is running for the highest office of the state.
- Sisi protested that he did not decide to run for office until the end of February 2014 because the people had urged him to do so.
- Sisi went on to claim that the chaos after the demolition of the two pro-Morsi protest camps on August 14, 2013 and the reactions from abroad had shown the threats Egypt was facing: “Remember what Egypt was like, what the security situation was like and what Afraid how far it went? ”Sisi said. “They saw how the outside world treated us,” Sisi continued, “It was impossible for me to abandon the people”.
- In an interview he stated that two assassination plots for his murder had already been uncovered since July 2013, but did not give any further details of the alleged assassinations.
- Future role of the military
- In the event that he is elected, he assured in the TV interview on May 5 that the army "will play no role in ruling Egypt" but will increase its support for the police in the "fight against terrorism" will. The military will not interfere in the politics of the state. The armed forces have never interfered in politics in the past 30 years and will not do so in the future. He is not a candidate for the military. However, the army will help with “economic development”.
- Sisi made it clear that the security forces would crack down on "terrorists" during his presidency, a term that the military-backed transitional government increasingly used to refer to unarmed Islamist demonstrators, secular activists and critical journalists.
- Future role of the Muslim Brotherhood
- Sisi also announced in his TV interview on May 5, 2014 that there would be “nothing called the Muslim Brotherhood” under his presidency. As head of state, he will "wipe out" the organization.
"If I should be elected President of Egypt, there will be no more Muslim Brotherhood."
- He ruled out a reconciliation with the Muslim Brotherhood, did not support any hopes of rapprochement between the Muslim Brotherhood and the future government in Egypt, rejected a political solution to the conflict that had been going on for months and proclaimed: “We cannot live together”.
- Instead, Sisi left no doubt that he wanted to continue fighting the Muslim Brotherhood as President and to ensure that the Muslim Brotherhood no longer played a role in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood is "at an end" and he will not allow it to return if he takes over the presidency. You will never return. The people rejected the organization and rejected the ideology of the group. The Egyptians would reject a reconciliation with the Muslim Brotherhood.
- Literally, Sisi said of the Muslim Brotherhood, classified as a terrorist organization under his military regime in December 2013:
“It was not I who broke with the Muslim Brotherhood, but the Egyptians. The Egyptian people have already rejected the Brotherhood twice. Once in the summer of last year with the mass protests that ushered in the end for President Morsi. And now the mood is clearly directed against them again. "
- The "Muslim Brotherhood" broke the treaty according to which they were elected by the Egyptians. The organization of the Muslim Brotherhood with its ideology should no longer exist and the Egyptians had passed their judgment. Sisi claimed that all Egyptians oppose reconciliation with the Muslim Brotherhood and that the people would vote for him on the basis that he would destroy the Muslim Brotherhood.
- When a moderator used the term "military rule" in the May 5 interview, Sisi rejected him and said he wanted to be "like Gamal Abdel Nasser," alluding to the most popular Egyptian president among the Egyptian people, who was also called bitter opponent of the Muslim Brotherhood.
- Attitude to the right to demonstrate and anti-coup / anti-government protests
- Sisi said he would not be afraid to create a new anti-terror law. He has no problem with the demonstration laws criticized by the opposition : “I will not allow the country to be destroyed by chaos.” He defended the controversial demonstration law, which had already led to the arrest of thousands of people, as a means against “irresponsible protests and chaos that could destroy the state ”. He described the ongoing campaigns against the military-backed transitional government as "political and religious stupidity". In addition to supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, other groups should hold back in the future. Egypt has no time to lose on its way out of the crisis. Protests and strikes are therefore not acceptable in the near future.
- In the ten months prior to the start of the election campaign, the Egyptian leadership had frequently used the demonstration law to arrest activists and leaders of the 2011 uprising against former President Husni Mubarak. The law prohibits all political meetings and demonstrations without prior police permission. Violators face draconian penalties.
- Economic and social issues
- In the television interview, Sisis spoke of infrastructure projects such as the expansion of the Suez Canal or the settlement of a second, artificial Nile valley. In the large-scale reclamation of desert land, 26 new cities and seven airports should be built and every state should have access to water. The basic problem that 90 million Egyptians squeeze into only six percent of the state's territory because the rest of the country consists of desert should be overcome in this way. Sisi wants to finance this project with donations from abroad. He also spoke of investing in "education, health, food security".
- Religious questions
- Regarding the religion of Islam, Sisi assured in the television interview: "However, my views do not mean that I am against the Islamic religion".
- In the television interview, Sisi instead conjured an Egypt in which there was no place for a politicized religion and in which Muslims and Christians lived together despite “cultural peculiarities”. He grew up near the Jewish quarter in Cairo's old town, looked into the synagogue and "heard the church bells strike" on Sundays.
- Formation of a Palestinian state
- On May 6, 2014, when asked by a reporter whether he would meet Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu if he won the presidential election, Sisi said that the Israelis must first make concessions to the Palestinians. This includes Israel accepting the formation of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Sabahi in the election campaign
Before the election campaign, Sabahi had made a name for himself with, among other things, left-wing politics and as chairman of the socialist-nationalist Party of Dignity and campaigned for freedom and social justice.
At the start of his election campaign on May 3, 2014 in Asyut, southern Egypt, Sabahi said he wanted to “win the trust of the people to change the politics of corruption and tyranny and poverty”. On May 3, he accused the military-backed transitional government of continuing the “policy under Mubarak”. The media described him as representative of the ideals of the 2011 protest movement.
Sabahi's campaign team complained at the start of the campaign about repeated physical attacks on employees. The campaign assistant in charge of press relations, Hoda Kherbaoui, told the media that Sabahi would withdraw the candidacy "if the state continues to try to interfere," as it was when collecting the necessary signatures for the candidacy when the campaign team was attacked has been.
Ballot
The ballot for the 2014 presidential election was initially set for May 26th and 27th. More than 53.9 million Egyptians were eligible to vote. While the first results were expected to be published on May 28 before the extension of the ballot, the announcement of the official results was planned for June 5. On May 27, the ballot was extended by one day.
The Muslim Brotherhood, the so-called April 6th Youth Movement, classified as a democracy movement, and some smaller left-wing parties called for a boycott of the vote in advance. The strong Egypt party, considered Islamist, and several so-called revolutionary groups also announced an election boycott.
The European Union accompanied the vote with more than 150 election observers who, according to EU spokesman Eberhard Laue, were distributed all over Egypt with the exception of North Sinai, where they were not represented for security reasons. A 140-man EU observer mission had only received official permission from the Egyptian interim authorities immediately before the start of the elections. The ballot was accompanied by a large contingent of police and army. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers secured the presidential election. On the first day, probably only every tenth Egyptian cast their vote, now the vote should be held until Wednesday. Soldiers with assault rifles guarded the polling stations.
On May 26, 2014, the first of the two days of the presidential election, Egypt remained relatively quiet. According to information from local election observers, there were only a few places in Cairo, Alexandria and several provincial cities to protest against the Muslim Brotherhood. The demonstrators called the election a "theater". In front of some polling stations, small, self-made explosive devices detonated that, according to information from security circles, did not injure anyone. Several demonstrations and road blockades were broken up by the police. In Alexandria, police used force against demonstrators at two rallies, according to eyewitness reports. In Al-Sagasig, police shot in the air to drive away pro-Morsi demonstrators. Several students were arrested, according to media reports. Major outbreaks of violence were not reported. The vote on May 26 was thus more peaceful than previous elections in Egypt.
It was easier for illiterate people to vote than in previous elections because, for the first time, photos of the two applicants were also printed on the voting slips in addition to the names of the candidates.
While voter turnout is said to have been low on the first and second election day, according to Al-Jazeera and other reports, the interior ministry of the military-backed transitional government said that around 16 million of the around 53 million had already been cast around 30 percent of the votes.
On the evening of May 27, the presidential elections were extended by a third day by decision of the national election committee due to the low turnout. The Egyptian electoral commission cited a heat wave on May 27th as the reason for the extension of the ballot, which prevented millions of voters with temperatures around 42 ° C from casting their votes. Officially, Sisi's campaign publicly condemned the extension of the ballot. The measure was another in a series of attempts to get more people to vote. The announcement followed an extremely short-term decision by the military-backed interim government around Adli Mansur to make May 27, 2014 an improvised public holiday, which was seen as the first sign of the official authorities' concern about insufficient voter turnout. Election officials also stated that non-voters would be fined 500 Egyptian pounds (around US $ 72).
Sabahi's campaign team reported "serious violations" of the right to vote on the afternoon of May 26th. Among other things, several employees should have been arrested and others should have been denied entry to polling stations.
- Gallery: Second day of the voting for the presidential elections (Cairo, May 27, 2014):
Security forces in front of a polling station
Polling station
A soldier helps at the polling station
A woman voting
A man voting
Ballot box
Election result
Preliminary election results: Sisi's election victory
According to unofficial and preliminary results, which the Egyptian state newspaper Ahram published in its English-language online version on May 29, Sisi received an “overwhelming majority” of the votes cast with over 95 percent. According to this, Sisi was able to win 23.9 million votes for itself, while only around 750,000 of the voters voted for Sabahai. It is estimated that 25.6 million voters of the nearly 54 million registered voters had cast their votes. Official results were expected for the following week.
Reactions and evaluations
The African Union, the Arab League, the European Union and several non-governmental organizations watched the election.
- Democracy International , a US-based organization that had 86 people watching the polls in Egypt at the time of the presidential election, said the decision to extend the vote for a third day had seriously damaged the credibility of the vote. The extension "raises further questions about the independence of the electoral commission, the impartiality of the government and the integrity of the electoral process in Egypt". Democracy International said it had withdrawn its short-term monitors even though other international monitors, including the EU, said they would continue to operate unchanged.
- The European Union's Election Observation Mission (EOM) announced at a press conference on May 29, 2014 that the 2014 Egyptian presidential elections had taken place in a “democratic and free” environment. Mario David, the head of the EOM and representative of Portugal in the European Parliament, said the turnout had reached 46 percent. David told journalists that extending the ballot by one day is not illegal, even if the EOM has never seen the vote extended by one day. David stressed on behalf of EOM that "our job is only to observe, not to issue an opinion." David said the election observation mission had not seen a low turnout and that it found it to be well represented by women. David added that the media provided a "fair" space for coverage for both presidential candidates. The violations reported by Sabahi's official campaign team, which included campaigning during voting, were commented by David as illegal but of no effect on voting. A final report on the results of the election observation mission is scheduled to be issued within six weeks.
- Robert Goebbels, who heads a delegation of six Members of the European Parliament that acts as a separate election observation group alongside EOM, said the election was "free and democratic" but added that it was not necessarily fair. Goebbels went on to say that, among other things, the self-censorship practiced by many press channels had led to the support of a certain candidate.
- The Middle East expert at Deutsche Welle Loay Mudhoon criticized the fact that the ballot did not meet the expectations of a fair political competition based on democratic rules of the game, but rather "strongly on referendums, as they were common in Mubarak's time", recalled the former field marshal and since July 2013 " factual rulers ”Sisi had“ practically already ”been determined as the winner before the election. In view of the developments in the previous ten months, Loay Mudhoon assessed the election result, which was disputed by the Egyptians living abroad with 94 percent of the votes for Sisi at the beginning of the election week, as a not surprising result of the demonization and elimination of the opposition by the military leadership. Contrary to the “liberal-democratic hopes of the January 25th 2011 revolution”, the regime “systematically criminalized, demonized and presented the Muslim Brotherhood as a dark threat to the fatherland through a hysterical media campaign by the regime media”. "The liberal and secular opposition, especially the democracy activists and revolutionaries of the first hour," said Mudhoon, were "brutally persecuted". After the violent disempowerment of Morsi in July 2013, the overthrow of the country's leadership, the repeal of the constitution enforced by the Muslim Brotherhood and the establishment of a commission selected by the military leadership to draft a new constitution, the military leadership around Sisi was said to have been “in an unrepresentative process Without public participation ”,“ a basis tailored to the needs of the military for a militarily controlled 'democracy' on the Nile created ”. Mudhoon also referred to the "alarmingly high number of human rights abuses and increasing cases of systematic torture in the country's prisons" recorded by human rights organizations, as well as the "ad hoc death sentences of arbitrary justice against alleged supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood". As a result of this development, Mudhoon went on to say, the Egyptian electorate had “no serious choice” in the ballot because “the real opposition was either banned or intimidated”.
- The "hopeless Hamdeen Sabahi" led a "hopeless street election campaign against the propaganda machinery of the state media" and - according to Mudhoon - "unwittingly acts as a kind of fig leaf to keep the appearance of democratic elections".
- Contrary to his self-portrayal, Sisi is not a “selfless servant of the masses”, but a “candidate of the army”, the “almost all institutions of the state, above all the politicized judiciary, the notorious interior ministry, the gigantic bureaucracy and the aggressive propaganda appearing mass media "supported. Paradoxically, Sisi's most important groups of supporters include "the puritanical Islamist and actually politically incapable Salafist» only party «", although it is unclear whether it acts like this "out of pure opportunism or under pressure from Saudi Arabia". “The new political order in post-Morsi Egypt” is “financed and supported by anti-democratic forces in the Arab region”. Above all, Saudi Arabia and the conservative Gulf monarchies would support the new regime in Egypt, which would have long been bankrupt without this financial aid from the Arabian Peninsula, “because they are afraid of a possible revolutionary dynamic that could inspire their increasingly dissatisfied youth to demand more freedom ". Added to this is the fear of these donor states of a loss of legitimacy due to the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, since they can be "legitimized Islamic and at the same time democratically".
- Mudhoon saw the “complete restoration of the repressive state that overshadowed Mubarak's police apparatus”, the lack of political experience, a future vision for Egypt and a political program “to resolve the gigantic ones,” as signs that Sisi could not be expected to undergo comprehensive structural reforms Economic Problems of the Country ”.
- Mudhoon viewed the dispatch of election observers as an international mission as a mistake, since it would “only benefit the new rulers from the military and oligarchy”. Since “the democratic transformation of Egypt is a long way off” and “the prospects for an improvement in the situation in the country currently appear poor”, the European Union should in no way legitimize the coup of July 2013.
- While the Egyptian interim president Adli Mansur, appointed by the military, had declared that the state would be neutral in the presidential elections, critics attempted the short-term declaration of May 27, 2014 as a public holiday and the short-term extension of the ballot for a third day to increase voter turnout proposed to increase the credibility of the expected election winner, Sisis, as a low turnout would undermine the argument often used by Sisi's supporters that he enjoys the backing of an overwhelming majority of Egyptians.
- Ahmad Abdallah, a spokesman for the April 6 Movement, argued that the extension of the voting period shows that most voters are indifferent to Sisi: “The Egyptian people have realized,” said Abdallah, “that whoever comes to power through tanks , won't go through elections - that's why they are boycotting it. ”The measures to increase voter turnout seemed like trying to force people to vote.
- The decision to extend the ballot box had administrative and political consequences for international election observers. The EU and the Global Network for Rights and Development announced that they would continue to observe the election as normal, while other election observation groups said they were still discussing it.
- While Egyptian state media spoke of a "landslide" (Ahram Online) victory for Sisi based on the preliminary election results, according to which Sisi had clearly won the presidential candidacy with around 96 percent, the pro-Morsi coalition called the National Alliance to Support Legitimacy ( NASL) in a press release on a “third revolutionary wave” with which the Egyptians were supposed to demonstrate nationwide against the military coup. The alliance claimed that the “low turnout” in the presidential election demonstrated the will of the Egyptian people to reject the “military coup” that led to the overthrow of Morsi. In the previous week, the Pro-Mursi Alliance had declared the voting by Egyptians abroad, which had taken place from May 15 to 18, to be irrelevant due to "low participation". The alliance continued to regard Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the military coup and since then imprisoned by the military regime and subjected to numerous charges - including murder and espionage - as the legitimate president of Egypt and described him as a "kidnapped president".
- Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll from the Science and Politics Foundation (SWP) judged the evaluation of the Egyptian presidential elections by EU observers as “more than questionable”. "Above all, however, the EU has sided with the repression in Egypt by sending them and is thus losing influence," criticize the two experts. The EU legitimized Sisi's repressive regime and, through the EU election observers, made the questionable claim that the newly elected president had the people behind him.
- Brozus and Roll stated that the EU mission had encountered obstacles from the start, was about to be canceled and could ultimately only be carried out to a limited extent. This also meant that the EU representatives were unable to gain a comprehensive picture of the situation. All the more astonishing is the positive tenor of the EU mission's first statement after the election. The Egyptian leadership is thus certified "implementation within the framework of the law". The EU representatives had emphasized that there was “broad support” among the Egyptian population for the so-called roadmap of the transition leadership in Cairo, although they did not provide any evidence for this and the political context of the election was described as repressive. The EU representatives considered the spontaneous extension of the election by one day to be legal, although this decision by the election commission was controversial even among Egyptian lawyers. Even more problematic is the indication of the voter turnout by the EU observers on the basis of a mere reproduction of the official election commission statement of 47.3 percent instead of naming their own evaluation of the voter participation. According to the SWP experts, the EU representatives should have raised the issue that this official figure for voter turnout appears suspiciously high in view of the empty polling stations. In addition, the EU representatives had given no indication that the population had been asked to vote under threat of punishment. Although there is a provision in Egyptian law on compulsory voting, this has never been applied before, whereby the situation at this election illustrates "the desperate efforts of the Egyptian authorities" to "increase voter turnout in order to give the new president as much legitimacy as possible" . The summary statement by a member of the EU mission to the press that the election was “democratic, peaceful, free but not necessarily fair” was described by Brozus and Roll as “sheer mockery” in view of the political climate. From the perspective of its Egyptian critics, the mission "completely discredited" itself. Even if the final report of the EU mission were to find clearer words about the inadequacy of the elections, the impression would remain that “the EU is taking the side of the repression in Egypt by not only politically not boycotting a thoroughly undemocratic process , but downright supported ”.
- The real problem of the EU observation mission, however, does not lie in its "questionable assessment", but in the political decision to carry out the mission, with which "this unfair and unfree electoral process has been given a considerable degree of external legitimacy". From the point of view of the regime, the external legitimacy by the EU is of particular importance, since “the lack of internal legitimacy is at least partially offset”. "The supply of legitimation for the Egyptian regime" had been increased by the fact that "the mission had an explicitly political component", in that not only technical election observation specialists had participated, but also a delegation of MEPs. Therefore, the Egyptian state media could have rated the EU mission as “support for the political process”.
- In their analysis, Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll come to the conclusion that the EU is apparently striving for “a short-term stabilization of the situation” rather than long-term stability. The EU “does not seem to believe” in a successful democratic transformation of Egypt, but is sending “a signal to the ruling elites that the political process they are directing is accepted”. In doing so, she repels opponents of the regime, "such as the activists who brought Mubarak down three years ago and who were then - rightly - celebrated by the EU as protagonists of civil society's claim to self-determination." In addition, it damages their long-term influence in the event that Sisi cannot govern successfully due to a lack of social support and therefore either the state repression is pushed forward so that it can no longer be ignored by the EU in the long term, or the dissatisfaction in the Egyptian one Population lead to new mass protests and a renewed coup, so that the EU will have considerable difficulties justifying its support for the directed political process under Sisi.
Action against Hamas
Hamas banned in Egypt
On March 4, 2014, an express court in Cairo banned the radical Islamic Palestinian organization Hamas, which ruled the neighboring Gaza Strip , and ordered its property to be confiscated. The authorities of the military-backed Egyptian interim government saw in the Palestinian Hamas a security risk. They accused Hamas of supporting Islamist insurgents with links to the Al Qaeda terrorist network in Sinai, who had carried out attacks against Egyptian security forces in recent months.
Hamas denied the allegations. The Hamas -Politiker Bassem Naim said the Egyptian ban Aim, "to strangle the resistance" and favors "Israeli occupation policy." The Hamas spokesman in Beirut, Osama Hamdan, described the court ruling as a political action by the government in Cairo and a blow to the cause of the Palestinians. He stressed that Hamas had only maintained political relations in Cairo and that its offices had been set up in consultation with the Egyptian government.
Blocking of border traffic with Gaza Strip
Traffic at the Rafah border crossing between Egypt and the impoverished Gaza Strip has been restricted since the military came to power in Egypt in July 2013, which further increased the isolation of the Gaza Strip, which is cordoned off by Israel, with its 1.7 million inhabitants. In early 2014, the military-backed transitional government in Egypt closed it completely. The Egyptian army destroyed most of the smugglers' tunnels, through which not only explosives and weapons, but also cheap staple foods and cheap fuel, came from Egypt to the Gaza Strip. Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip, called the lockdown a "crime against humanity". The UN also criticized Egypt for closing the border crossing. After the outgoing UN General Commissioner of the Aid Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), Filippo Grandi, called on the Egyptian government on March 25, 2014 to “do its duty” and to allow the crossing of the Rafah crossing, Egypt opened the crossing on March 29, 2014 March limited for three days for urgent cases.
Backgrounds and ratings
The legal process for a Hamas ban was launched by a group of Egyptian lawyers in 2013 after the military coup against the elected government close to the Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood themselves were declared a terrorist organization by the Egyptian military-backed transitional government in December 2013. Hamas, founded in 1987, emerged from the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and is classified as a "terrorist organization" by Israel, the USA, the EU and other Western countries. One of the Hamas leaders, Mussa Abu Marzuk, lives in Cairo.
After the military coup and the fall of Morsi in July 2013, relations with Hamas deteriorated rapidly. The Egyptian interim government installed by the army raised serious allegations against the militant Palestinian organization. Hamas, the Palestinian resistance organization that has controlled the Gaza Strip since 2006, was accused of supporting acts of violence by the Muslim Brotherhood. In the last few months before its ban, Hamas is said to have had relations with Al-Qaeda-affiliated groups that carried out an increasing number of terrorist attacks against security organs on the Sinai Peninsula.
The Middle East expert Gudrun Harrer suspected in the standard for the ban on the activities of the Palestinian Hamas in Egypt, among other things, a domestic and foreign policy motive of the military-backed Egyptian leadership:
- domestic policy: the construction of the espionage charge against President Mohammed Morsi, who had been overthrown by the military, was based on his alleged cooperation with Hamas for the time before, during and after the so-called revolution of 2011. The military-backed interim government accused Hamas, among other things, of alleged Involving “prison breakouts” during the so-called 2011 revolution, in which many Muslim Brotherhoods were released. Trials were opened against several Hamas members and even President Morsi, who had been ousted by the military, was charged with espionage on behalf of Hamas.
- If both the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood as the original organization and the Palestinian Hamas as an offshoot could equally be criminalized and, among other things, made solely responsible for the destabilization of Sinai contrary to the actual facts, this would be the accusation of a Muslim Brotherhood conspiracy before Egypt according to the reading of the military-backed Egyptian transitional government Said to have been saved in the summer of 2013.
- Foreign policy: Hamas had seized control of the Gaza Strip in 2007 after a brief and bloody battle with the more moderate Fatah from Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Since then, she has ruled the impoverished region isolated from both Israel and Egypt. When Mubarak was overthrown and Morsi was elected president after the popular uprising in Egypt in 2011, Hamas profited and Morsi received Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh in the presidential palace without the Egyptian army intervening. After Morsi was overthrown by the military in July 2013, the strategic situation for Hamas deteriorated significantly. Morsi was imprisoned, the Muslim Brotherhood had been banned since September 2013 and the army made preparations to prevent Islamist forces from regaining their strength.
- In the struggle for control of the Gaza Strip, a movement called “Tamarrud” (rebellion) formed - also with outside help - which, like its Egyptian model of the same name ( Tamarod ), aims to overthrow the Muslim Brotherhood. At the same time, there was a massive increase in Egyptian activities to end border transfers through tunnel systems on the Gaza border. To weaken Hamas, the Egyptian army destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels between Sinai and the Gaza Strip, through which food, vehicles and weapons were smuggled into the Gaza Strip and which in previous years became an important supply artery for the sealed off Gaza Strip and a source of income for Hamas. The border crossing in Rafah, which was open practically without restrictions during the reign of the Muslim Brotherhood, was only passable to a limited extent.
UNHRC Declaration on the Human Rights Situation in Egypt
On March 7, 2014, a group of 27 countries issued a declaration at the 25th session of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva expressing concerns about the large-scale violence used by the military-backed Egyptian transitional government against opposition protesters.
In the joint declaration, the 27 countries, including Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, Switzerland, Turkey and the USA, called for the Egyptian authorities to hold those responsible for the abuse accountable. The declaration literally states: “We express our concern about the restrictions on the right to peaceful assembly, freedom of expression and association, as well as the disproportionate use of lethal force by security forces against demonstrators, resulting in large numbers of deaths and injuries The joint statement stressed the need for justice for the killings of protesters and security forces since June 30, 2013 and since the installation of the military-backed government.
Meaning and valuations
It was the first reprimand by the international body UNHRC since the bloody crackdown on dissenting opinions in Egypt began in 2013 and hundreds of protesters broke up the sit-in on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Square in Cairo on August 14, 2013 had killed.
The Human Rights Watch -Leiterin in Geneva, Julie de Rivero, said: "For the first time UN member states have used the forum of the Human Rights Council to put the abuse in the spotlight who go to Egypt on." Knew the Egyptian authorities now, de Rivero said, "that the international community will not ignore their crackdown on dissent and the impunity of repeated, unlawful killings of demonstrators."
Apron
The joint statement followed a call by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), Navanethem Pillay , on March 6, 2014, to Egypt to respect human rights, in particular to protect against arbitrary arrest and the right to fair trials and freedom of expression and to respect peaceful assembly.
The declaration was preceded by a call on March 3, 2014 by a coalition of 15 international non-governmental organizations, which called on the UNHRC to take a fundamental position at the 25th session on the serious and rapid deterioration in the human rights situation. In an open letter to UN member states, non-governmental organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , called on the UN body to address the "grave human rights situation in Egypt" by adopting a resolution on Egypt. The coalition said the human rights situation in Egypt was marked by "repeated use of excessive force, including lethal force, by the security forces, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of demonstrators". In addition, the coalition spoke of "increasingly severe restrictions on the right to freedom of association, freedom of assembly and expression, as well as academic freedom" and cited "arbitrary arrest [s]".
Prosecution of opponents of the regime and journalists and politicized mass trials
According to media reports, Egyptian representatives of the human rights organization Human Rights Watch (HRW) noted a massive increase in arrests since the military overthrew Morsi on July 3, 2013, in which they saw "primarily an attack on freedom of expression". The group most at risk at the time of the Mahlab cabinet was the Muslim Brotherhood. But other critics of the military-backed transitional government such as labor rights groups or left activists and journalists also came into the focus of the persecution. While Egypt's 42 official prisons were overcrowded, reports from released inmates suggested that there must be many secret prisons that people were moved to on a daily basis. The number of these secret prisons and the number of prisoners held there, some of whom were tortured , remained unknown. Government opponents were also detained irregularly in regular police stations. HRW officials expressed concern about prison conditions in both regular and irregular Egyptian prisons.
The trials against members or supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, which began after the coup in the form of the largest wave of trials in the 85-year history of the Muslim Brotherhood during the military-backed government of the Beblawi cabinet, were viewed by human rights organizations as opaque and politicized trials with the risk of show trials classified. The mass trials during the Mahlab cabinet were largely directed against members of the Muslim Brotherhood. But members of the opposition who were arrested during the various phases of power over the previous three years are waiting for their trials. Many of them were arrested in the course of anti-Muslim Brotherhood demonstrations, but after Morsi was overthrown by the military they were classified as members of the Muslim Brotherhood, which has since been banned by the military regime and declared a terrorist organization. Internationally, the processes were criticized as violating the principles of fair trial. The military government set up by the military, however, rejected the criticism and stressed that all judgments would come after careful examination.
Mass death sentence in the Minya trial on March 24th
On March 24, 2014, 529 people were sentenced to death in the first instance in Minya after just one day of trial in the largest mass trial in Egyptian history. The court found guilty of killing a high-ranking police officer.
Apron
After the military coup in early July 2013, the largest wave of trials against supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in the organization's 85-year history began during the reign of the military-backed Beblawi cabinet. Observers and human rights groups judged the trials to be opaque and politicized and saw them as the danger of show trials. A whole series of trials against the ousted President Mohammed Morsi and the entire leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood continued during the Mahlab cabinet in Cairo. The charges were mostly of inciting violence and guilty of the deaths of protesters and included charges that could result in the death penalty.
At the beginning of March 2014, a court in Cairo found 77 supporters of Morsi guilty of participating in violent protests and sentenced them to three years in prison. According to the court, the convicts took part in a demonstration in Cairo in August 2013, during which dozens of people were killed.
Trial and verdict
Defendant and subject of charge
Among the accused are numerous leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, which has now been banned by the military regime and officially declared a terrorist organization. They have been tried for participating in violent protests. The protests in Minya followed the bloody smashing of the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Nahda protest camps in Cairo on August 14, 2013 , in which the opponents of the coup demonstrated against the overthrow of Morsi by the security forces According to the source, over 600 demonstrators or over 700, over 1000 or over 1400 people - almost exclusively demonstrators - had been killed. The resulting protests in Minya had rioted with fatalities. The prosecution accused the defendants of the murder of a deputy district police commander, attacks on government buildings and pillaging of Christian Coptic churches.
The defendants in this case allegedly stormed two police stations in Adwa and Matay on August 14, 2013, killing one policeman and injuring several. In addition, the attackers are said to have looted weapons depots and freed prisoners.
Most of the defendants were arrested in clashes in Minya province after the Cairo protest camps were stormed on August 14th. They were accused of, among other things, inciting murder, violence, storming a police station and destroying public and private property.
March 22nd: adjournment
While Morsi supporters continued to gather weekly to protest against the military coup, a mass trial of the military-led transitional government began on March 22, 2014 in Minya, a stronghold of the Muslim Brotherhood. During the mass trial, 1,200 people were charged simultaneously with participating in or instigating military demonstrations in the province of Minya against the overthrow of the so far only democratically elected head of government in Egypt, the then President Mohammed Morsi. According to media reports, only 200 of the accused were in custody at the start of the trial, including the chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie . Shortly after the trial began, lawyers accused the court of disregarding defense rights. The defense attorney's motion to change judges for bias was denied. The defendants' lawyers had 24 hours to submit their defense in writing. The trial that began on March 22nd was postponed to March 24th after a few minutes.
March 24th: Judgments for the first tranche
Just two days after the start of the trial, on March 24, 2014, the court sentenced 529 defendants to death in the first instance in a 15-minute trial. According to Ahram Online , the judge sentenced 529 defendants to death for the murder of the deputy district police commander of the Matay district in Minya, Mustafa al Atar. According to the NZZ , the judge pronounced the 529 death sentences “for violence and vandalism against state property and for the murder of a police officer”. The convicts are said to be supporters or supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and President Mohammed Morsi, who was removed from office in a military coup in July 2013. According to the judiciary, 16 people were acquitted.
At the time of the sentencing, only 153 of those sentenced to death were in custody, while the remaining 376 defendants, who were either released from prison, on bail, or on the run, were sentenced in absentia. Less than 70 defendants were in the courtroom during the trial. According to lawyers, of the 529 people sentenced to death, only 22 were declared members of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Due to the high number of over 1200 defendants, the trial was split into two groups. The mass trial in the case of 638 other defendants, including Mohammed Badie, was scheduled for March 25, 2014. According to the usual procedure, the judgments have to be passed on to the Grand Mufti, who has to ratify the death sentences as the highest religious authority before they can be executed. The final session of the court in Minya has been announced for April 28, 2014.
March 25: Postponement of the second installment to April 28
On the morning of March 25, 2014, the Minya Court tried another 683 alleged Morsi supporters. The 683 defendants of the second installment, like the more than 500 defendants of the previous day, faced the mass sentence of the death penalty. However, this second installment of the mass process was postponed until April 28th. At the same time, it was stipulated that the judgments should be issued on April 28, i.e. after two days of hearing for all 683 judgments, disregarding any constitutional principles.
Among the defendants in the second installment were the ideological leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, and the former chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party , Saad al-Katatni . However, at the time of the riots, both are said to have not been present at the crime, but in Cairo,
The March 25, 2014 trial was supposed to be led by the same judge who on March 24 imposed 529 death sentences on alleged sympathizers of the ousted President Muhammad Morsi. Of the defendants, only 60 appeared in court at the start of the trial on March 25. Neither Badia nor any of the other defendants were present in court as they had been kept in prison for security reasons. The trial also took place without lawyers. The defense lawyers boycotted the opening of the proceedings in protest against the scandalous mass death sentence of Judge Saed Jussef Mohammed (according to other sources: Saeed Elgazar) on March 24. The trials of Minya and the surrounding area had been entrusted to Saad Youssef Mohammed, who was known by the nickname "the butcher" because of his harsh sentences against opponents. Adel Ali, of the defendants' group of lawyers, said: "We refrained from appearing because the judge violated criminal procedures and did not allow defense lawyers to present their objections." He added that 77 of the accused were detained. The rest were released on bail or were on the run.
Further course of the judgment of March 24th
The mass death sentences were initially not yet final and an appeal was announced. According to a general assessment, no executions were expected anytime soon, also because the majority of those convicted had been convicted in absentia.
Reactions
The guilty verdict sparked strong criticism and outrage around the world. Both the European Union and the USA protested against the verdict of March 24th, which the Western media dubbed a “scandalous verdict”.
inland
- Egyptian human rights activists spoke in initial reactions to the judgment of March 24, 2014 of a scandalous judgment and condemned it sharply.
- The lawyer Gamal Eid , director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI, German: “Arabisches Netzwerk für Menschenrechteinformationen” or “Arab Institute for Human Rights”), who is considered one of the most prominent civil rights activists in Egypt , described the verdict of March 24, 2014 as “ legal and political catastrophe ”for Egypt and as“ a disaster, a mess and a scandal that will haunt Egypt for many years to come ”. and said: "Even if it is changed in the appeal, this disaster judgment will cast a shadow over the Egyptian judiciary". He went on to say: "Even if they are convicted in absentia, 529 defendants are not sentenced to death after three days" and: "There is no explanation or justification for such a harsh sentence, it has shocked us all." once proved that all of the accused were actually involved in the violent protests: “There are arbitrary arrests and persecution of minorities in Egypt. The guilt of the accused had not yet been proven. Many have been wrongly arrested and have now been wrongly sentenced to death, ”said Eid.
- Nasser Amin, a member of the government-affiliated and semi-governmental National Human Rights Council, described the death sentences as unprecedented. In his opinion, they would not last once the convicts appealed.
- Legal expert Mohammed Sari, director of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies ( Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies ), called the mass death sentence a "legal massacre" and criticized the judge's decision of 24 March to be extremely hard, "excessive and unacceptable": "The verdict forms the case law in Egypt from a tool for justice to an instrument of vengeance. ”Sari called the judgment a disaster, spoke of weaknesses in the process and thought an appeal might be promising. The fact that a verdict was reached in the second session means that the judge neither heard the defense nor examined the evidence. Even a novice law student would never have liked this judgment, Sari said, as it violates the most basic principles of criminology. Sari further ruled: "This is not a judgment, but a massacre".
- Karim Medhat Ennarah, who specializes in criminal law at the human rights organization Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights , said of the March 24 mass death sentence that his organization - unlike a mass execution - had never heard of anything of this magnitude within a judicial system. He described the verdict as "quite ridiculous" as it was impossible to prove that all 500 people played a significant role in the killing of a single police officer, especially after only a brief court session or two. He called the judgment a clearly recognizable "attempt to intimidate and terrorize the opposition, especially the Islamist opposition".
- The Muslim Brotherhood described the judgment of March 24, 2014 on its website as a “new crime of the military coup” and called for the “overthrow of the military government”.
- Tarek Fouda of the Minya Judges Association criticized the verdict, saying that everyone knew they were against the Muslim Brotherhood and the crimes they committed, but that the rule of law and justice must be defended in Egypt. The chairman of the Minya Bar Association said he was also calling for harsh sentences for violent criminals, but the way death sentences were passed in such large numbers and without proper defense contravened all principles of Egyptian law. He found it particularly worrying that the verdict came after just one day of the trial. "The judiciary played a leading role in the uprising against Morsi because he had tried to restrict the independence of the judiciary," continues Fouda, which is why it is not for the same judiciary to forget all its principles when it comes to the supporters of the Silence the Morsi regime.
- Lawyers accused the court of violating defense rights.
- The lawyer Nabil Abdel Salam, who represents some leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, including Mohammed Morsi, said, "This is the fastest process and the number of those convicted is higher than ever in the history of the judiciary".
- Mahmoud Badr , founder of the anti-Mursi campaign Tamarod , contradicted the criticism of the judgment of March 24, 2014 on his Facebook page: “Whoever does not like the court judgment has to stand in front of the mirror and ask himself: would be What would your reaction if the same verdict had been passed against Mubarak and 528 loyalists of his regime? "
- The Egyptian interim government emphasized in a statement that “the Egyptian judiciary is completely independent and in no way influenced by the executive branch”. The verdict was made "by an independent court after careful investigation of the case" and was "only the first judgment in the court proceedings", which includes appeal to higher courts.
- The Egyptian Foreign Ministry sought to highlight the conditional nature of the judgments, which was perceived as embarrassment over the March 24 mass death sentence: "The law allows the judgment to be appealed," the Foreign Ministry said in a statement with red, bold and underlined font with. In the statement, the State Department claimed that the decision "would be overturned once the defendants seek retrial."
- Media: After the mass death sentence of March 24th, judge Mohammed was celebrated on the private, government-related satellite channels in Egypt, while voices were much more thoughtful on state television.
- Ahmed Moussa, moderator at “Sadd al Balad”, said: “I congratulate the Egyptian judiciary on having prevailed against these murderers. The Egyptian judiciary is clean and fair ”. He accused human rights organizations of attacking the Egyptian judiciary in that their job was to defend the human rights of the Muslim Brotherhood and to forget the people. He responded to the criticism of the mass death sentence with the words: "May it be 10,000, 20,000, not 500. We are not sad, we are happy." "Burn them, burn their corpses, burn their clothes," he continued, " The state will win according to the law and not by force. "
- Rania Badawi, presenter of the program “Auf dem Platz”, also welcomed the verdict: “We finally got the justice that we wanted. We are tired of these violent criminals destroying our country with their war. ”After the US State Department raised concerns about the mass death sentence, Badawi rhetorically asked why the US would focus on Egyptian justice while ignoring the rest of the world. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry criticized her for being too lenient, saying that she believed Egyptian diplomacy was "too diplomatic".
- The founder of the Egyptian human rights organization Hafez Abu Saeda emphasized on state television that one could still hope that the convicts would not actually all be executed and that the “Mufti of the Republic [...] had the last word”.
- In response to the statement by a presenter on state television that "all previous trials against Hosni Mubarak, police officers who shot demonstrators and everyone else who was brought to justice in the past two years" had been publicly criticized for " that they drag on for so long and then mild punishments are imposed ”and that“ a judge has acted once according to the wishes of the people and judged quickly and harshly ”, replied a law professor with:“ It just depends on the right balance between To find law and the will of the people ”.
- Social media: Shortly after the mass death sentence on March 24, a campaign was launched on Twitter under the hashtag # Egypt529, in which both liberal and Islamist Egyptians wrote critical comments on the mass death sentence under the ruling military leadership. Particularly "popular" and often "shared" was the caricature of an artist calling himself "Ternz", which shows a steam engine-powered gallows for mass execution, the bodies being unloaded onto a truck labeled "Execution Service Egypt" after the execution.
After the mass death sentence of March 24, 2014, tumultuous scenes occurred in Minya, and a school is said to have been set on fire. Angry people protested in front of the court.
In the following weeks, in protest against the mass death sentence of March 24, 2014, there were numerous protests by students at universities, in which several students were killed.
foreign countries
- The Middle East Vice Director of Amnesty International , Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui, said of the judgment of March 24, 2014: "This is a mass death sentence in a dimension that we have never seen before, neither in Egypt nor anywhere else in the world". She added: "Instead of providing relief to victims of human rights abuses, the judiciary has become part of the machinery of oppression." Addressing the international community, she said, "This has never happened in the world. The international community needs to respond urgently. "
- The human rights organization Human Rights Watch (HRW) saw Egypt on its way back into conditions that had long been believed to have been overcome. The HRW Germany director, Wenzel Michalski, said, "Sentencing people to death because they hold a different political opinion is a throwback to the old Mubarak times, maybe even worse". On April 4, HRW wrote a letter to US Secretary of State John Kerry about the mass death sentence of March 24 and the trial of three employees of Al-Jazeera-International and called on the US government to refer, among other things, to the trial against three employees of the Al-Jazeera International television station and the 529 death sentences not to top up their military aid to Egypt as the prerequisite for "steps to support a democratic transition" after the imprisonment of more than 16,000 people and the killing of over 1000 protesters have not been there since the military took power in July 2013. HRW wrote in the letter that the Egyptian leadership must end the use of live ammunition against demonstrators and release all detainees "who are only being held because they have exercised their right to freedom of expression and assembly".
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United States - The United States showed incomprehension after the March 24 ruling.
- State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said in Washington: "It goes against all logic that over 529 defendants can be convicted within two days according to international standards". Politically motivated imprisonment and convictions would only make a transition to democracy in Egypt more difficult.
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European Union - On the evening of March 24th, EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said in Brussels that the death penalty could not be justified. The death penalty is cruel and inhuman. On March 25, Ashton urged the Egyptian authorities to respect the rights of defense lawyers. This is the only way to preserve the “credibility of Egypt in the transition to democracy”.
- The chairwoman of the European Parliament's Human Rights Committee, Barbara Lochbihler , described the verdict in the mass trial on March 24th as a “catastrophic signal”. She criticized the guilty verdicts "the strongest". Immediately before the presidential elections in the spring, they sent the message "that anyone who is not with the regime can expect criminal prosecution".
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Germany - Federal Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) sharply criticized the mass death sentence of March 24th during his stay in Ethiopia on March 25th. He described the news of the mass death sentence as "extremely worrying" and criticized it as a violation of international rule of law standards. Steinmeier said literally: "The judgments and court proceedings contradict international standards of the rule of law and human rights principles, to which Egypt has also committed itself." He called for the judgments to be overturned by the competent Egyptian authorities. The defendants must be given a fair trial. He also called for further mass proceedings to be suspended. Steinmeier criticized that the judgments deepened the political division in Egypt. He said: "In order to prevent the destabilization of Egypt, an inclusive political process and the beginning of a policy of national understanding and reconciliation are urgently needed". -
UN - The UN Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) sharply criticized the judgment of March 24th. The spokesman for the UN Human Rights Office, Rupert Colville, said on March 25 in Geneva that the death sentences were a violation of international human rights . Death sentences would have to meet the highest standards of fair trial. The rights of the accused, however, were grossly disregarded in a "process full of procedural errors". What each individual accused is accused of remains unclear because the charges were not read out in court. In addition, the death penalty was pronounced for offenses that are not particularly serious crimes. Colville said membership of any political group or participation in demonstrations did not warrant the death penalty under international law. The astonishingly high number of death sentences in the mass death sentence is unprecedented in recent history.
In Germany, opposition politicians and human rights activists initially criticized the mass death sentence of March 24, 2014.
- The chairman of the left-wing parliamentary group in the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Bundestag, Stefan Liebich , spoke of a "testimony to unbelievable arbitrariness and blatant lack of democracy in Egypt". Egypt threatens “already a relapse into old Mubarak patterns, in which the rule of law and democracy did not apply”. His party rejects "military coups as well as sham trials against unwelcome political opponents". All Egyptians should have "the right to fair negotiations". “Many of the defendants,” Liebich continued, “belonged to the Morsi government. One can view this government and its supporters extremely critically, but it was democratically elected and was illegally put out of office by the military. "
- The Greens' foreign policy spokesman, Omid Nouripour , said that despite all antipathy towards the Muslim Brotherhood, such arbitrary mass judgments were unacceptable and had nothing to do with the rule of law. The verdict of March 24 reminds him "of the darkest military rule under Mubarak". The judgments also showed that you were on the wrong track if you believed that everything would get better after the removal of Mohammed Morsi. The federal government must now consider what kind of cooperation is possible with this "system".
- The Greens MP Franziska Brantner called for "all bilateral projects of police and military cooperation between Germany and Egypt planned for this year" to be suspended or put on hold. The federal government, so Brantner further, must now “disclose what strategy it is pursuing with regard to Egypt. Together with the EU, it must also make it clear to the leadership in Cairo that direct financial aid and other forms of cooperation are subject to conditions ”. With such procedures, explained Brantner, “there will be no peace, no reconciliation and also no democracy in Egypt; a process of national understanding must finally be initiated ”.
- The SPD's foreign policy spokesman, Rolf Mützenich , described the judgment of March 24th as clearly politically motivated. He criticized: "The judiciary is being misused here for political purposes." This "mass judgment" is out of all proportion. He suspects that the judges acted opportunistically in view of the upcoming presidential elections and the possible victory of military chief Sisi.
- Amnesty International considered the verdict “grotesque and the trial grossly unfair”. Ruth Jüttner, Middle East expert at Amnesty International Germany , said, “The death sentences are an outrageous injustice. They must be lifted immediately. ”The short negotiation period violates all international legal standards. In addition, the judiciary is selective. The human rights violations of the Mubarak government and the military rule were not cleared up, and those responsible for the deaths of hundreds of pro-Morsi demonstrators were not brought to justice. With the imposition of death sentences in a single trial and on this scale, Egypt dwarfs most other countries in the world. “Egypt's courts are not only too hasty in punishing Morsi supporters,” Jüttner continued, “they also ignore serious human rights violations by security forces. With thousands of Morsi supporters in jail, there has not yet been an adequate investigation into the deaths of hundreds of demonstrators. Only one police officer faces a prison sentence after the death of 37 prisoners. ”Without an independent and impartial trial, the question arises“ whether the criminal justice system in Egypt has anything to do with justice. The Egyptian authorities should impose a moratorium on executions and abolish them in the long term, ”said Jüttner.
- The chairman of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group, Volker Kauder , who at the end of February / beginning of March 2014, after a meeting with military chief Sisi, expressed himself optimistically about the future of Egypt, in the West sought trust in the Egyptian military chief Sisi and not the past, but the Having described the future as the starting point of European foreign policy with Egypt, said of the death sentences associated with the mass sentence: “They can trigger a new spiral of violence in Egypt, which further complicates the reconciliation of society. Every state has the right to defend itself against terror. In doing so, however, he must observe the rule of law and must not proceed in a disproportionate manner. ”The judgment suggests that the principles have not been observed.
Press reviews
- Stuttgarter Zeitung : “But it [the mass judgment of Minya] reveals a mentality and disposition that marks a low point in Egyptian judicial history. The majority of public prosecutors and judges on the Nile are now using any means when it comes to enforcing the post-Morsi state authority against the Muslim Brotherhood and those who think differently. "
- The Nordwest-Zeitung ( Oldenburg ) saw the death sentences as symptoms of the Egyptian conditions, which were marked by the almost complete absence of democrats and the predominance of clientele politics: “The judiciary is not independent, but traditionally a stooge of the respective rulers. Anyone who wants to keep their job as an Egyptian civil servant would do well to adapt quickly. But the powerful are the military, wealthy landowners and religious leaders - and that has not changed in 150 years, whoever controlled the state. In view of this, it is completely naive to believe that a western democracy could establish itself on the Nile in the near future. "
- Südwest Presse ( Ulm ): “Short process and everyone off to the gallows - the bizarre mass judgment of Minia is not yet legally binding, and maybe it will never be. […] There is no doubt that the killers from Minia should be held responsible. The Islamist riots in the poorest province of Egypt were among the worst breaches of civilizational taboos the country has suffered. But these perpetrators also have the right to a fair trial - and not just to be kicked at the executioner. "
- Neues Deutschland ( Berlin ): "With the death sentences, Egypt's generals also want to blatantly tell the world: The so-called Arab Spring was not the end, but at most an industrial accident of the Egyptian military rule." The newspaper fears that "nobody contradicts. Even the intellectual elite of the country do not even seem to find any more words. "
- Aachener Zeitung : “Political upheavals like the Arab Spring are never linear; and three years are at best the blink of an eye on such events. The success of revolutions can really only be judged from the end. The problem is that we don't yet know where that end is. A look at Eastern Europe, which has been struggling for more democracy since the fall of the Iron Curtain, helps. [...] Nevertheless, hardly anyone would think of wishing the old East-West world order back. It is just as unfair to wipe away the democratization efforts in the Arab region. "
- Märkische Oderzeitung ( Frankfurt / Oder ): “When the Egyptian military put the - at least freely elected - Islamist President Mohammed Morsi out of office in July last year, the international protest was kept within narrow limits. People were prepared to see the coup as a kind of self-defense measure against the path taken by Morsi, which should end with the establishment of an Islamist state of God. In addition, the country threatened to sink into chaos. Now, nine months later, there is arbitrariness and terror in Egypt, exercised by the police and the military, as well as a compliant judiciary. A court that sentences a summary death sentence to 529 defendants in a fast-track trial cannot be described as anything else as a terrorist judiciary. [...] The new rulers of Egypt - or are they just the old ones without the long-term president Mubarak? - have gone exactly the way they blocked the Muslim Brotherhood under different circumstances, without being an iota better, more tolerant or politically cleverer. The country has come no closer to solving its crisis, only closer to the abyss. "
Meaning and valuations
The summary trial opened in Minya on March 22, 2014 represents a mass trial that is unique in Egyptian history. The first installment of the trial with the verdict of March 24, 2014 alone was the trial with the highest so far with 529 death sentences Number of death sentences in the legal history of Egypt. The website "deathpenaltyworldwide" lists a total of 709 people in Egypt for the years 1981 to 2000, of which 248 were actually carried out. In 2010, according to human rights organizations, 185 people were sentenced to death and four of them were executed. In 2013, according to an Amnesty report, 109 people had been sentenced to death, but no executions had become known for a long time. Execution of the 529 death sentences passed on March 24 would put Egypt on par with Iran , which, along with the People's Republic of China, carries the highest number of state death sentences. With 1200 people listed in the indictment, the number of defendants also reached a peak.
The proceedings in Minia were carried out with unusual speed. The convictions took place in the second session after a day of trial in camera. The defense attorneys complained that they had not had the opportunity to present their arguments and described the process as a farce. Also, according to Ahram Online , the defense’s arguments were not heard. Accordingly, observers speak of a fast-track procedure. According to legal experts, several provisions of the Egyptian procedural code were violated: neither evidence nor questioning of witnesses was carried out, lawyers were unable to take a position and the media were also excluded from the trial.
In the opinion of experts at home and abroad, it was a mere show trial, the outcome of which was already determined at the beginning of the trial. In the Western media, the March 24 ruling was seen as evidence of the politically motivated case law in Egypt. Commentators described the judgment of March 24th as a sign of a “justice of revenge” (Dietrich Alexander / Die Welt ), a “climate of witch hunt” (Raniah Salloum / Der Spiegel ) and “constitutional farce” (Matthias Beermann / RP Online) . The mass process was also seen as a further sign that the military-backed transitional government wanted to smash the Muslim Brotherhood and leave no room for political reconciliation. With the verdict, the conflict between the military government and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood intensified. Human rights organizations also saw the ruling as an indication that the authorities were stepping up their crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood. The mass judgment was seen as an indication that after around 3,000 cadres of the Muslim Brotherhood had already been arrested in the summer of 2013, the judiciary would now crack down on the opponents of the new leadership set up by the military, particularly against Islamists. In the previous months, dozens of Islamists had been convicted in legally questionable trials, while six police officers were acquitted in Alexandria in February for killing 83 demonstrators during the popular uprising against Hosni Mubarak.
Individual voices
- The correspondent Martin Gehlen suspected in the Tagesspiegel that the rulers of the military-backed government wanted to use the mass judgment as a sign of uncompromising determination that was recognizable abroad. At the summit of the Arab League in Kuwait, which begins on March 25, 2014, after Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, Egypt wants to convince the other member states of the League to outlaw the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and to join the region as an anti-terrorist alliance to merge.
- Amr Schalaani, law professor at the American University in Cairo, assumed that the proceedings would be appealed because of errors in the procedure and deficiencies in the taking of evidence. Regarding the judgment of March 24th, he said it was "a highly embarrassing judgment if the judiciary still has a spark of dignity and wants to protect its reputation internationally". Either the judge is "totally incompetent or he has received instructions from above to make a political judgment". The executive has firm control over the judiciary. The judiciary has not been independent since the 1960s under the then President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In the past few years there had never been any serious attempt to reform the legal system.
- In an interview, ARD correspondent Thomas Aders expressed doubts about the seriousness of the mass death sentence of March 24, which may be a mere recommendation to the Mufti von Minja. Aders assumed that only some of the death sentences of the 529 defendants would be carried out, possibly only for those "really responsible for the attack on the police station in August 2013". In his opinion, it was a political trial, the verdict of which was clear before the evidence was taken and which had the aim of "setting an example against the Muslim Brotherhood". Since the storming of the protest camps in Cairo in August 2013, the repressive measures against the Muslim Brotherhood and against all Islamists in Egypt have steadily increased. The mass death sentence of March 24th and the upcoming verdict of the second installment are apparently the climax in this development and are unprecedented "even for the less squeamish judiciary of Egypt". The mood in Egypt is “completely divided”: “On the streets, most people find the judgment fair. In the popular sense, the Muslim Brotherhood is responsible for all negative developments in the past and present and therefore deserves it, ”said Aders.
- The correspondent Anna Osius reported from Egypt on March 24th for the Tagesschau that unlike human rights activists, “many Egyptians” would describe the mass death sentence as “a just punishment”. According to many Egyptians, the Muslim Brotherhood are terrorists and “death is the only just punishment” for them.
- The correspondent Julia Gerlach also reported that the verdict “corresponds to a logic that is currently widespread in Egypt”. “Many Egyptians including politicians and of course members of the government” see the so-called “security solution”, implemented with extreme severity, as the only way to deal with the ongoing protests of the coup opponents. In order to gain control over the Muslim Brotherhood, perceived as a “danger” and “power-hungry organization” (Julia Gerlach), “many are willing to forget their democratic principles and to restrict the rule of law”. Regardless of the outcome of any appeal proceedings, the signal was sent that the transitional government was ready to restrict the rule of law in order to combat the Islamist opposition and terrorist groups. Gerlach commented in the NZZ that the aim of intimidation aimed at with the mass death sentences seemed to have been achieved. The expected storm of protest against the judgments failed to materialize. One of the aims of the intimidation campaign is presumably to get Sisi's candidacy announced one day later “as smoothly as possible”. "Three years after the beginning of the revolution", according to Gerlach, "Egypt has returned to the starting point".
- The declared supporter of the Egyptian military coup Hamed Abdel-Samad said in an interview with Deutschlandfunk that it was a mistake to interpret the mass death sentence in such a way that the Muslim Brotherhood were victims of the sentence. He sees the mass death sentence as critical because the Muslim Brotherhood are "now the winners of such a sentence", "because they are being pushed back into the role of victims". The mass death sentence thus creates "new martyrs, new legends, the models for new warriors of God, a new generation of Islamists". He believes that the mass death sentence was pronounced “so that the violence could be contained a bit” because, as Abdel-Samad continued, “many people, including within the population, have demanded this after so many terrorist attacks by the Muslim Brotherhood” . The division of society and the paralysis of the country and the economy are the work of the Muslim Brotherhood. The arrest of thousands and the alleged killing of more than 1,400 people while violently cracking down on protests did not harm the Muslim Brotherhood, but rather boosted it, said Abdel-Samad. Abdel-Samad went on to claim that the Muslim Brotherhood is "a terrorist organization" and the Muslim Brotherhood is "terrorists" and "Islamist fascists" who have "carried out several terrorist attacks" and are responsible for "the deaths of hundreds of people" are, "for the death of several Christians, for the burning of several Christian churches and institutions," said Abdel-Samad. The mass death sentences would lead to “the Muslim Brotherhood receiving more sympathy and more drive”. According to Abdel-Samad, “at least 200 who actually participated in acts of violence” were among the 500 sentenced to death.
- With a view to the mass judgment of March 24, some Russian experts took the position that Western judicial standards were not the best solution for Egypt and that many Egyptians would accept tough crackdowns by the military leadership.
- Boris Dolgow from the Center for Arabic and Islamic Studies of the Russian Oriental Studies Institute described the mass death sentence of March 24th as "absolutely proportionate". He argued: “Terrorists were convicted. Civilians, soldiers and police officers were killed in their attacks. It is not about reprisals against innocents, but about judicial measures against criminals. As far as I know, many Egyptians welcome this verdict. ”He also claimed that during the presidency of Mohammed Morsi, who was overthrown by the military, there were“ unprecedented terrorist attacks ”in Cairo and the Sinai Peninsula. Militant groups of the Muslim Brotherhood, Dolgow claims, killed dozens of soldiers. The people now convicted were involved in those attacks, said Dolgow.
- The Russian Middle East expert Yevgeny Satanowski commented negatively on the statement by US State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf that the verdict was shocking and violates international standards: “The standards mentioned by Ms. Harf provide that the whole world must live by the rules that were invented only for the Western powers. But it doesn't work in practice. ”Regarding the EU criticism of the death sentence, Satanowski commented:“ The EU has high moral standards, but it fails in the fight against terrorism and crime in Europe. For the Egyptian leadership, which is only one step away from the Islamic revolution, it would be pointless to hear advice from Brussels. "
- Vladimir Isayev, professor at the Institute for Asia and Africa at Moscow State University, described the mass death sentence of March 24th as a "intimidation measure before the presidential election". A large part of the Egyptian population considers the overthrow of Morsi in July 2013 and the seizure of power by the military chief Sisi to be illegitimate. However, many people in Egypt are prepared to put up with tough crackdowns by the military in order for the situation in the country to stabilize. “The people watch with fear Islamist fighters from Syria and Iraq who are even appearing in central areas of Egypt. Everyone understands that Egypt is not very stable and they fear the Syrian scenario, ”continued Issayev.
- Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution said in a CNN interview with Christiane Amanpour that the March 24 mass death sentence by the Egyptian judiciary and other actions indicated "a kind of bloodlust on a popular level" in Egypt used by "elements of the new regime" to "pay back the Muslim Brotherhood". These elements of the regime would see the Muslim Brotherhood as an existential threat and want to take advantage of the populist moment of vengeance and hope to be able to deliver the decisive blow against the Muslim Brotherhood. Not only would the regime itself act, but would be passionately and enthusiastically supported by millions of Egyptians. A significant proportion of the population that is difficult to determine across the board wants to see the Muslim Brotherhood punished, regardless of whether there are fair trials and whether the people concerned are innocent or guilty. There was a kind of neo-fascist, populist mood under the new political order in Egypt that was calling for bloodshed. In a way, the military is under this public pressure. The US government is also in a delicate situation because it regards Egypt as a close, strategic ally and wants to support it again, but it is difficult to enforce this argument.
- Nathan Brown , a professor at George Washington University and an expert on Egyptian law, described it as "highly unlikely" that the mass death sentence had been ordered directly by a central figure such as the Egyptian army Eche Sisi. "Parts of the judicial apparatus fully support the new repressive order, at least for now," said Brown. "Many felt attacked by Morsi's presidency and they have rallied around what might be called the 'Party of Order', which the military, represented to the security apparatus and the top of the religious establishment ”. In his view, it is more a common mentality than direct coordination. In fact, the court went so far that it could hardly be viewed as serving the regime's interests.
- Middle East expert and journalist Petra Ramsauer described the mass death sentence of March 24th as “another massive setback”. The “quick judgments” are “a gross violation of human rights”. It was "as if Egypt had been catapulted back decades in one fell swoop". The mass death sentence shows “that one of the most important demands of the people who dared this very risky revolution has not yet been remotely fulfilled. It's about "dignity" ". Despite the upcoming presidential elections, Ramsauer questioned whether the period between 2011 and 2014 could even be described as a “democratic interlude” in view of recent events with the mass death sentence on March 24. In fact, only the "head" of the Mubarak system has been removed, while the structures have not changed or have changed very little. She described the situation as the "escalation of an age-old conflict that has undermined the country for decades" and that between the Muslim Brotherhood and the army is being waged "as two states within one state". This conflict, which is now dangerously escalating, reflects a “deep split in Egypt” between “nationalist and Islamist currents” that runs through “many Arab states”. Egypt is "facing economic collapse". “In particular, those”, said Ramsauer, “who are fueling the spiral of violence with brute force and hundreds of death sentences” should understand that “only a dialogue between Islamists and the military” can help to stabilize Egypt again.
- The evangelical journalist and theologian Johannes Gerloff wrote for the magazine pro , which defines itself as a “Christian media magazine”, in view of the mass death sentence that developments in Egypt would in any case have “far-reaching consequences in the entire Arab-Islamic world.” “Quite independently of whether the mass death sentence of the fourth Monday of March 2014 will be revised ”, said Gerloff,“ it has already caused great damage to the anti-Islamist cause far beyond the country on the Nile. ”For the country's Christian community,“ the everything Sisi put on the card, so that when President Morsi was deposed, even the Coptic Pope Tawadros II stood at the side of the field marshal, the actions of their patron could prove to be fatal. "" That Tawadros II has repeatedly emphasized Sisi have a “national duty” to become president in the upcoming elections, ”says Gerloff,“ for his successors to be fearful A boomerang should the field marshal fail with his policy. "
April 28th, mass death sentence in the Minya trial
On April 28, 2014, 683 people were sentenced to death by a court in Minya in what was the largest mass trial in Egyptian history. The trial, which had already been mass-sentenced on March 24, was split into two parts because the indictment concerned more than 1200 people. In a fast-track trial, the judge found the defendants guilty on the second day of the trial and after only 15 minutes of participating in violent protests and of murder.
As with the first mass death sentence on March 24, most of the defendants were not present in court. The convicts, of whom only around 50 were in the courtroom, also included leading members of the Muslim Brotherhood such as its chairman, Mohammed Badie, who is not only the head of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, but of everyone worldwide. Badie himself was not in Minya to deliver the verdict as he was on trial in Cairo for the death of protesters during Morsi's term in office. Only 70 of those found guilty on April 28 are believed to have been held by the judiciary.
The circumstances of the March 24 and April 28 proceedings initially remained unclear. Journalists were excluded from the April 28 meeting. They were not allowed into the courthouse, nor did they have access to the case files.
As with the mass death sentence of March 24th, the one on April 28th was estimated to have only two days of trial, without a hearing of the defense.
According to the public prosecutor's office, both those who were sentenced to death on March 24 and those sentenced to death on April 28 were members of the Muslim Brotherhood who killed two police officers. The 529 suspects sentenced to death on March 24 were charged with lynching a police officer in the city of Matay, Minya province, while the 638 suspects sentenced to death on April 28, including Badie, were charged with another police officer on the same day allegedly killed in the nearby town of Adwa.
The final judgment was set for June 21, 2014 after the Grand Mufti had to make his recommendation. The law can appeal against all the judgments made on March 24th and April 28th.
A few hours after the mass death sentence in Minya, the judicial ban on the April 6th Movement from Cairo became known.
Subject matter
After hundreds of Morsi supporters were killed by security forces on August 14, 2013 when anti-coup protest camps were cracked down on Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya and Nahda Square in Cairo, those convicted on April 28 are said to be in Minya province on the same day demonstrated against the overthrow of Morsi by the military. The defendants are said to have attacked a police station in Minya on August 14, killing one policeman, while two other policemen were seriously injured. Specifically, those convicted on April 28 were found guilty of attacking the police station in Adawa (or: Al-Idwa or Adwa) on August 14, 2013 and killing police officer Mamdouh Kotb Mohamed Kotb. They were also found guilty of violent acts, of rioting, of destroying public and private property, of attacking police officers and of inciting violence.
Different media information
According to the NZZ, the mass death sentence of April 28 is said to have affected the same event as the mass death sentence of March 24, the storming of the Matay police station in Minya province in August 2013, in which a police officer was killed. Indeed, those sentenced to death on March 24, 529, were found guilty by the same judge of murdering the deputy district police commander of the Matay district in Minya, Mustafa al Atar. The ARD Tagesschau stated that those sentenced to death on April 28 had been found guilty of killing a high-ranking police officer in Minya province. The Handelsblatt reported on the basis of news agency reports that the prosecutor had accused the defendants of the murder of a deputy district police commander, attacks on government buildings and pillaging of Christian Coptic churches. The NZZ reported that, according to eyewitnesses, the crowd demonstrating against the bloody repression against Morsi supporters only stormed the police station after some demonstrators had been shot by police officers.
In addition, according to the court, the defendants stole weapons and forcibly freed prisoners in the police station. They were accused of murder, possession of weapons and incitement to violence.
Revision of the mass judgment of March 24th
Also on April 28th, the same court retried the March 24th mass judgment. 37 of the death sentences passed on March 24 were confirmed on April 28. The remaining 492 of the 529 fast-track death sentences on March 24, the first installment of the trial, were reversed on April 28 and commuted to life imprisonment. The decisive factor for the new sentence was the legally required review of the judgment of March 24th by the Grand Mufti of Egypt, the highest Muslim cleric of Egypt from Al-Azhar University, Shawki Ibrahim Allam. Its assessment as the highest religious authority in the country is only advisory and not binding on the courts. According to Saaid Medien of the Egyptian Lawyers' Union, the Mufti "even recommended that 82 defendants be sentenced to death", but the judge "still remained under the Mufti's recommendation" with 37 death sentences.
Judge Said Yussuf
The same judge, Said Yussuf (Sabri), had already caused horror and outrage among human rights activists in the first part of the trial in March 2014 with the blanket death penalty against 529 Morsi supporters. Observers explained the judgments with the structure of the judiciary. The judgments were seen as an attempt by the state to use the judiciary to eliminate political opponents.
The judge is controversial in Egypt, known as the "butcher" and notorious for his harsh sentences against Islamists and activists. On the other hand, he acquitted police officers more frequently, such as in 2013 when he acquitted a police chief and 10 police officers of being responsible for the deaths of 17 protesters during the uprising against Mubarak. Yussuf is said to be bitter because his own son died as a police officer. In the previous two days, the same judge had sentenced dozens of defendants to sentences of several years in prison.
For some observers, Judge Yussuf is symptomatic of the double standard of the Egyptian judiciary, in which the Muslim Brotherhood and coup opponents can always expect maximum penalties, but the security apparatus usually remain unpunished and the trials against people from Mubarak's regime drag on.
The judgments of Yussuf were sometimes perceived as so absurd in Egypt that the thesis was already emerging among Egyptians that the judge was a crypto-Muslim brother who wanted to damage the military-backed Egyptian leadership. On the other hand, it was said that many Egyptians assumed that Judge Yussuf was deliberately allowed to pass the March 24th and April 28th verdicts so that the accused could receive the maximum sentence.
Reactions and reviews
The verdicts came despite an international campaign that saw over 1.5 million people sign a petition, hosted by the online activist organization Avaaz , calling for the verdicts to be amended.
Legal experts discussed whether the verdict was made in consultation with the current rulers, especially since the judiciary and army rulers sometimes have identical goals and could strive for the complete destruction of the Muslim Brotherhood as their most dangerous opponent.
With regard to the times of the state leaders and autocrats, Nasser , Sadat and Mubarak, who wanted to fight the Muslim Brotherhood as a political factor with legal means, but had to set up special courts for this, Western commentators rated it as a novelty even before the mass death sentence on April 28, that after the military coup of 2013, ordinary courts with harsh sentences passed against the Muslim Brotherhood and took the line of those in power.
The death sentence against Mohammed Badie as chairman of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and global head of the Muslim Brotherhood was seen as a particular escalation. If enforced, it would be the first time in a period of over six decades of the Egyptian state's often bloody attempts to suppress the Muslim Brotherhood that a Supreme Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood has been executed. In 1954 the Nasser government sentenced Supreme Leader Hassan el-Houdaibi to death, but the judgment was later changed and he was released. The last death sentence against a senior representative of the Muslim Brotherhood was pronounced in 1966 when a chief ideologist of the organization was executed. Badie is known to be in Cairo at the time of the killing of the policeman found guilty, and not at the scene of the attack on the Adawa Police Station in Minya Province. In addition, all of his public statements from the period leading up to the attack had emphatically called for the renunciation of force. His saying "Our peacefulness is stronger than bullets", which he coined in a speech broadcast on television, had become a slogan at meetings of the Muslim Brotherhood.
inland
In front of the courthouse, which was secured along with the side streets by around 1200 police officers, relatives protested against the judge’s verdict or expressed their dismay. Some insulted the military rulers Sisi and accused him of ruling like a king. Shortly after the verdict on April 28th, there were protest marches initiated by the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo, Minya, Asyut and other cities. Protests erupted at the universities in Alexandria and Minya. Hundreds demonstrated against the proceedings. The police used tear gas and fired warning shots into the air.
- Even before the April 28 verdict was pronounced, Ahmed Mekky, judge and justice minister under Morsi, criticized the trial. He saw the powerful in Egypt as the masterminds behind the scenes: “The government is anything but rational or wise. The judiciary commits suicide with such judgments and damages its reputation all over the world ", said Mekky," The Egyptian judiciary is used by those in power to fight political opponents. "
- The Egyptian Bar Association said it had collected exonerating evidence from individual defense lawyers, which showed that a significant number of the defendants convicted on March 24 and April 28 were not even affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Many were not even near the city of Minya at the time of the incident. For example, relatives said that a lawyer was only added to the list of defendants after the charges were brought after he had an argument with a police officer. However, the defense lawyers should not have brought the evidence in court.
- According to defense lawyers, many of the defendants were not involved in the said assault on the police station, two of them are said to have been abroad and three of them were allegedly dead.
- Many of those accused at the March 24 and April 28 trials in Minya said they were neither present at the attacks nor supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. In some cases, they said they were not even in Minya province and that they were reported to the police by informants who were acting on private matters.
- Sisi's presidential candidate, Hamdin Sabahi, strongly condemned the verdict. Such judgments would severely damage the reputation of Egypt and the Egyptian judiciary. Fahmi said Kerry's criticism did not apply to the Egyptian government. He stressed that he would not comment on the death sentences. However, he is certain that the legal system will pass the right judgment in every process.
- The Egyptian interim foreign minister, Nabil Fahmi , who was in the United States at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, warned against "jumping to conclusions".
- A storm of indignation against the verdict broke out on social networks just minutes after the verdict was pronounced on April 28.
- Hafis Abu Saada, human rights attorney with the Egyptian Council for Human Rights , called the verdict illegal. The court made a real defense impossible for the accused and thus violated fundamental constitutional articles. Death sentences after only a few days of trial are also a scandal.
- Ashraf Omran of the National Alliance against the Coup described the mass death sentence of April 28 as a political judgment, the sole aim of which is to remove the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood completely from the political map of Egypt.
- While the verdict caused unrest in the city of Minya, the trial received little attention elsewhere. The state-run media did not attach much importance to the fact that, according to human rights activists, never before in modern history had so many death sentences been passed in one fell swoop. Some moderators known for their anti-Islamist course, on the other hand, demanded even harsher sentences. In mid-April 2014, an online edition of the state-run daily Al-Ahram published an article by a commentator who wrote that the real scandal was “the outcry over the judgment of an independent judiciary”.
- Some activists had previously launched the Egyptians Against the Death Penalty initiative. Those involved were mainly liberal and left-wing activists who protested massively against the elected government under Morsi before the military coup in June 2013. But they too had little trust in the Egyptian judiciary, especially since the April 6th Movement - like the Muslim Brotherhood before it - was banned on April 28th.
- After the mass death sentences of April 28 against members and sympathizers of their movement, the Muslim Brotherhood called for a new "revolution" in Egypt. Shortly before, only a few hundred demonstrators had taken part in the Islamists' protest marches. The "National Coalition for the Support of Legitimacy", which they founded in 2013, announced protests for April 30th. A statement circulated on the night of April 29th said the cries of those wrongly condemned could be "heard as far as the palaces of the looters".
International
Internationally, the judge's verdict was sharply condemned. Especially in the western capitals it caused horror.
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UN - UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon reacted with concern and declared in New York: "Judgments which clearly do not meet the basic standards of a fair trial undermine the prospect of long-term stability". However, stability in Egypt is fundamental to stability throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
- United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said the rulings were a clear violation of international human rights.
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European Union - The European Union condemned the mass judgments.
- The EU foreign affairs representative, Catherine Ashton , condemned the April 28 mass death sentence, saying the exact allegations against the individual defendants remained unclear, the trials would not meet the basic requirements of a fair trial. The judgments are also inappropriate. The EU appealed to the Egyptian courts to try the defendants on clear allegations of fair and independent investigations. A related statement indicated that the EU was against death sentences in all circumstances and conditions. The position of Egypt in relation to the adaptation to international law is worrying.
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Germany - On April 28, the German government again categorically rejected the death penalty as an instrument of criminal law in view of the judgments. A spokesman for the Federal Foreign Office said the federal government is taking this position aggressively against countries where the death penalty still applies.
- Federal President Joachim Gauck sharply criticized the judgment and the Egyptian judiciary. During his visit to Turkey, Gauck said he was very concerned about the decisions. He spoke out in favor of contacts with the Egyptian interim authorities in order to enable a more moderate judiciary. Gauck said Germany and the EU oppose the death penalty. The judiciary should not take revenge, but must respect the requirements of the rule of law. Because Egypt is currently in a process of transformation.
- Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier demanded that the mass death sentences be lifted. He said: "The death sentences passed hundreds of times today mock everything we understand by the rule of law." The Egyptian authorities risked “a further destabilization of the country and a cementing of the political and social division in the run-up to the presidential elections planned for May”. The Egyptian ambassador in Berlin was therefore asked to speak to the Foreign Office. Steinmeier expressed the "clear expectation that the judgments will be overturned and that the convicted will be given a fair trial".
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France - France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius criticized the death sentences with unusually harsh words. These types of “battle verdicts” are “completely unacceptable”, said Fabius on April 30 before French MPs in Paris. France will therefore make representations to the Egyptian government. “You don't create social peace among the citizens with mass executions,” added Fabius. Peace comes from reconciliation. -
Sweden - The Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt called the mass trials an atrocity and declared: "The world must and will react." -
Turkey - Turkish President Abdullah Gül said in Ankara that the judgments were unacceptable. “Such decisions are unacceptable for the 21st century. That is detrimental to the future of Egypt. But the country needs peace and economic development, ”said Gül. -
United States - US officials condemned the mass judgments, but US government spokesmen made it clear that there would be no political intervention at the moment. Despite the mass death sentence, the delivery of ten Apache helicopters to Egypt and the partial resumption of military aid, which had only been announced the previous week, are adhered to.
- The White House urged the Egyptian government not to hold any further mass trials. The judgment disregards the most basic standards of international law. The political leaders of Egypt must recognize that the suppression of peacefully expressed dissenting opinions is a breeding ground for instability and radicalization.
- The US State Department made a similar statement to the White House.
- US Secretary of State John Kerry had a phone call with Egyptian Foreign Secretary Nabil Fahmi. Kerry said Egypt is going through a critical period of transition. Kerry described the rulings as worrying.
- Sarah Leah Whitson, a spokeswoman for human rights organization Human Rights Watch , said it was "possibly the largest number of death sentences in recent world history." The aim is evidently to stir up "fear and terror" among the opponents of the transitional government.
- The human rights group Amnesty International wrote in an initial response that the trial had "inflicted the death blow" on the credibility of the Egyptian judiciary. The majority of the accused had not even been brought before the judge. Mohamed Elmessiry from Amnesty International , who observed the trials, spoke of the "lack of foundations for a fair negotiation". These trials "killed any credibility of the Egyptian judiciary". Amnesty International also stated that the judgments had again demonstrated the arbitrariness of the Egyptian judiciary and that the death sentences should be annulled. Amnesty International warned against making the judiciary part of the "apparatus of repression".
Germany
- Stefan Liebich , foreign politician of the Left , said on April 28th that the judgments were "eloquent testimony that three years after the revolution the rule of law and democracy do not apply in Egypt".
- The former human rights commissioner of the federal government , Markus Löning (FDP) condemned the death sentences and demanded their lifting. He said on April 30: “The death penalty against hundreds of Egyptians violates the rule of law and is another serious setback for political development. It is with great concern that we Liberals see the harsh crackdown by the Egyptian authorities against the Muslim Brotherhood and their supporters ”. The judgments came about under "scandalous circumstances" and must be overturned. "The impression of revenge on the political opponent through a controlled judiciary is imposed," Löning continues.
Individual and press votes
- According to the legal expert and head of the Arab Institute for the Independence of Justice, Nasser Amin, the judicial apparatus still acted after the revolt of 2011 with the same mentality as under Mubarak: “The judicial apparatus [...] has remained completely unchanged. The same methods still prevail and the same people are still in key positions as in the Mubarak era. ”In his view, many judges acted quite independently, but they could only take action when there are indictments that are currently in mass trials or political Lawsuits would be prepared by prosecutors. However, the state exploits the public prosecutor's offices for politically motivated processes: "In Egypt, the public prosecutor's offices are directly subject to the Ministry of Justice and thus to the government and are, in a certain sense, bound by instructions." At the time of the Mahlab cabinet, this loophole was massively exploited to eliminate the Muslim Brotherhood as a political opponent. “In this chaos phase,” continues Amin, “responsibilities are mixed up like never before. Judges think they have to keep things safe and police officers think they have to bring justice and can shoot people on the street because they think they are guilty. ”In addition, representatives of the Egyptian judiciary rarely communicate with the press. Therefore, many circumstances, as well as the reasons for the judgment and, above all, the evidence remain unclear. In Egypt, the public prosecutor's office has a monopoly on evidence, which leaves a lot of room for manipulation.
- Michelle Dunne of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington said that, strikingly, the court in Minya does not even seem to bother to construct plausible cases.
- Guido Steinberg from the Science and Politics Foundation (SWP) assessed the mass death sentences of April 28 as "threatening gestures to the opposition". This “tries to silence any protests”. It could "no longer be spoken of an independent judiciary". The judiciary, although never free in the past, is at least independent in terms of the proceedings, is now "politically controlled". In view of the line-up of the Egyptian leadership, it was “to be feared that some members of the opposition will be executed”. Steinberg emphasized that the April 6th democracy movement was not only involved in the revolution but also in the protests that led to the military coup in July 2013, which is why its April 28th ban clearly shows “that here all opposition should be eliminated. The country is already a military dictatorship, and it is becoming more authoritarian every day. ”The influence of the West is small, since the regime in Egypt receives its support from the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and also from Saudi Arabia and these supporters Would place “no value on democratization”. Nevertheless, he thinks "that it is now time to express oneself much more clearly here" and to take measures against the Egyptian regime, which is still receiving "considerable support from Germany and the EU". "We really shouldn't support such a brutal regime," demanded Steinberg.
- Stefan Roll, the SWP's Egypt expert, assessed the verdict as radicalizing: "This verdict will lead to further radicalization." The government wanted to dehumanize its political opponents, Roll continued. “They are now only referred to as 'terrorists' or 'murderers'.” According to Roll, “a process of radicalization is already recognizable”. “The number of attacks is increasing. Often it is cheap explosives that are cobbled together in some living room. ”Many people are angry at the police and security apparatus and thus make themselves heard. In contrast, there is no clear evidence of the involvement of the Muslim Brotherhood as an organization in acts of terrorism, according to Roll: "In addition, it is completely out of the question that the court could have made a well-founded judgment in the short time available." the mass death sentences in Egypt have a "blunting effect in western countries too", which should not exist. He criticized that the reactions from Western governments should have been "much more massive". The official declarations from Egypt that the trials would be based on the rule of law and that the Egyptian leadership did not want to interfere in judicial matters should not be accepted succinctly. They lacked any basis, since the current Egyptian system is not a rule of law. The ban on the youth movement on April 6th, which was issued on the same day, shows that the situation has also worsened for the liberal camp in Egypt and that the regime is clearly taking action against opposition in the secular spectrum.
- The prominent publicist and declared supporter of the Egyptian coup under Sisi, Hamed Abdel-Samad , on the other hand, again described the Muslim Brotherhood as terrorists after the mass death sentence of April 28, and claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood were criminals who carried out attacks on churches, tourist areas and police stations would have deserved life imprisonment: “Life would be justified, because they are criminals. They carry out terrorist attacks against churches, police stations or tourist strongholds. ”He rejected the mass death sentence, however, and described it as“ a judicial massacre and not a constitutional judgment ”. It consolidates the "victim role of the brotherhood". Abdel-Samad also declared the Muslim Brotherhood to be responsible for the destabilization of Egypt. Although the army has control over all institutions with access to the secret service, police and ministries, it lacks control over the country. Abdel-Samad explained the harsh judgment by stating that it should create a “basis for negotiations with the Muslim Brotherhood”, while “the government [...] wanted to stop the violent actions”.
- Foreign correspondent Karim El-Gawhary commented on what he said was the “iron” action taken by the Egyptian judiciary against “the Islamists” and the ban on the April 6th Movement on charges of damaging the image of Egypt with a reference to the one-sidedness of the prosecution in Egypt “in favor the ruling caste and the security apparatus ”, with the military and police unmolested for their actions:“ Actually, the Egyptian judiciary itself belongs in the dock. Because it is completely blind to the eyes of the rulers and the security apparatus. To this day, no court has dealt with the bloody dissolution of the protest camps that the riot in Upper Egypt first triggered. According to official information, 623 people were killed, but according to other reports well over a thousand people. No one was held accountable for the 840 dead in the uprising against Mubarak either. "" Only three small police officers received low sentences, "continued El-Gawhary," 183 police officers were acquitted. The trial of Mubarak himself has been dragging on for three years. ”After an original verdict that sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment, the case has been reopened. In contrast, the judiciary was taking action against activists of the “April 6th Movement” and against students: “The Tahrir activists of the April 6th Movement were convicted of violating the restrictive demonstration law. Even journalists have been dragged to court for alleged contacts with the Muslim Brotherhood. After violent clashes at the university, students went to prison for 17 years. Twenty-one young Alexandria women, including seven minors, were sentenced to 11 years in prison last November for taking part in a demonstration for the ousted President Mohammed Morsi. " where the judiciary sends out a political message in the first instance and only activates constitutional mechanisms in the second instance. The Egyptian judiciary, which was the driving force behind the overthrow of Morsi by the military and to which the new constitution had given the right to fill key positions after the military coup, clearly sided with the military regime, even though it was in a political position polarized situation would have to act as a neutral judge.
- In New Germany, Oliver Eberhardt explained the reaction of the USA to want to resume some of its military aid to Egypt despite the mass death sentence, saying that geopolitical considerations were in the foreground for the USA in relation to Egypt. Since Egypt's aircraft are almost completely serviced by US companies, the necessary know-how is not available in Egypt. Without the resumption of military cooperation, the Egyptian Air Force, which is also used in part to suppress mass protests, would therefore shortly no longer have been operational. A failure of the Egyptian air force would in turn have caused problems for Israel that is concerned about the security situation on the Sinai Peninsula.
Other mass trials (Minya)
Before the announcement of Sisi's presidential candidacy on March 26, 2014, the General Prosecutor of Egypt ordered two new mass trials against alleged Islamist persons. In the two trials allegedly taking place in Minya, more than 900 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood are to be brought to justice. The chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, is said to be among the accused in both cases. The date for the start of the process was initially not announced. With the March 26 announcement, the number of defendants in Minya rose to more than 2,000, spread over four trials, including the trial in which the mass death sentence was announced on March 24th. According to information from the judiciary, the two new trials will be chaired by the same judge who passed the death sentences on March 24th.
- The first of the two new proceedings (with 715 defendants) concerns the allegation that the defendants killed six people in attacks on state facilities on August 14, 2013. In addition, they are charged with the attempted murder of 51 others.
- In the second trial (with 204 accused), the accused are supposed to answer for charges of inciting violence.
Al Jazeera Trial / "Marriott Cell" (Cairo)
The trial of 20 Al-Jazeera employees, which began in mid-February at the time of the Beblawi cabinet's transitional government, increasingly became a burden for the military-backed transitional government in March 2014. The much-discussed case with the 20 defendants had triggered a worldwide outcry and fears that the authorities installed by the military would crack down on the press. Institutions like the White House , the European Union and the UN demanded the release of men and the preservation of the freedom of the press.
Further process
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On March 24, 2014, pictures from the Al Jazeera trial (against the alleged “Marriott cell”) were shown around the world when they appeared in court for the third time, showing the three of them being handcuffed into the accused's cage in the courtroom on the day of the trial in Cairo Journalists from the English-language Al Jazeera channel Jazeera International could be seen (the Australian correspondent Peter Greste , the Canadian-Egyptian bureau chief Mohammed Fahmi and the Egyptian producer Baher Mohammed ). The pictures showed them being presented with the indictment alleging falsification of news and support for and membership in a "terrorist organization" because they had contacts with the Muslim Brotherhood, which the military-backed regime classified as a "terrorist organization".
Shortly before the day of the trial on March 24, the Egyptian interim president Adli Mansur wrote a letter to the family of the most prominent defendant, the Australian Peter Greste, in which he wrote: “Without wanting to question that he was under the independent judiciary While his full rights are guaranteed, I want to assure you that, in my capacity as President, I will do everything I can to ensure that the process is brought to a speedy end. In accordance with the law, the family should be reunited soon. "Mansur signed the letter both as" President "and using the designation" Chief of Justice ", referring to his position as head of the Supreme Constitutional Court as the highest judicial authority in the country alluded to. Mansur also wrote a letter to Mohammed Fahmi personally with the promise of a free and expeditious procedure. Observers rated the Mansur action as an attempt to limit the damage. Despite the “obviously politicized trial” (Julia Gerlach / Frankfurter Rundschau), the interim president could only intervene after the verdict had been pronounced and pardon the convicted due to the officially independent judiciary in Egypt. Egyptian journalists also criticize the fact that Mansur wrote only to the relatives of the Australian defendant Greste, but not to those of the Egyptian defendants. They expressed concern that the transitional government might be ready to find a solution to the Greste case in order to ease international pressure, but then not to intervene on behalf of Egyptian journalists.
On March 24, 2014, the same day that the mass death sentence was pronounced on 529 people in Minya, the court in Cairo heard some investigators in the Al Jazeera trial as witnesses whom Peter Greste, Mohammed Fahmi and Baher Mohammed heard at the end of 2013 arrested in Cairo. During a break in the trial, Greste turned from the prosecution to the journalists present and said that he and his co-accused colleagues had received newspapers and magazines to read for the first time in the past few days: "We believe that we owe this to public pressure." If found guilty, Greste could face up to seven years in prison. The court repeatedly refused to allow the accused to be released on bail. The trial of Peter Greste, Mohamed Fahmi and Baher Mohammed, who had been detained for 86 days at the time, was postponed from March 24 to March 31.
As a result, there were demonstrations in front of Egyptian embassies in many cities. As international pressure rose, criticism of the process also came from within the transitional government. In an interview with the British BBC, the Minister for Trade, Munir Fakri Abdel Nour, called the procedure "the absolute mistake". Abdullah al-Shami, who works for the Arabic-speaking Al-Jazeera Canal, had been detained for more than six months at the time without being charged and, according to Al Jazeera, had been on hunger strike since January 23 . Most of the accused were tried in absentia.
The hearing on March 31, 2014 had been awaited with particular anticipation after Interim President Mansur had promised the families von Greste and Fahmiin the previous week that they would work for a quick resolution of the case and after it had been announced that the prosecution would finally present evidence . However, at the fourth hearing on March 31, the public prosecutor in Cairo did not produce any evidence that the accused were members of the Muslim Brotherhood and that they had falsified film material in order to portray the situation in Egypt as chaotic and violent.
A police officer who was supposed to present the relevant video as evidence that Al-Jazeera had forged messages did not appear on this fourth day in a row. The court then ordered an investigation against the police officer. Otherwise the negotiation remained inconclusive.
Peter Greste and the other defendants used the day of the trial to speak on their own behalf. Greste said: "I am a journalist with 30 years of professional experience and only landed in Egypt two weeks before my arrest". The idea that he is associated with the Muslim Brotherhood is "grotesque," Greste said. Judge Mohammed Nagi Schahata refused to release the accused from pre-trial detention on bail. Another part of the trial concerned a complaint by three journalists from the Arab broadcaster Al-Jazeera that they had been tortured during their arrest. Attorney Schaaban Said complained to the judge that the same authority, the Ministry of the Interior, which also ordered the torture of the accused, was commissioned with the medical examination of the ongoing trial. The trial was postponed from March 31 to April 10. By that date, allegations of torture made by some of the defendants should also be resolved.
On May 3, 2014, the trial of the five Al Jazeera journalists and 15 other defendants continued. The well-known accused journalist Greste spoke of a "massive injustice". It is a “clear message” that the defendants must appear in court on World Press Freedom Day . The trial against the employees of the English-language broadcaster Al-Jazeera International was postponed to May 15, 2014.
Reactions and reviews
Institutions
- The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) ranked Egypt third among the countries where journalists' lives were at risk in 2013. In connection with the trial of the 20 Al-Jazeera employees, the CPJ pointed out that, after their research, the Egyptian authorities often used legal harassment and arbitrary arrests as a means to calm down critical journalists.
Individual voices
- In an interview by CNN journalist Christiane Amanpour with the chairman of the Egyptian State Information Service, Salah Abdel Sadek, the charges against the AL Jazeera employees, who had been in custody for three months, were well-known as "politically advanced charges" without clear charges being present without even the “beginning of evidence” being presented in court. Egypt shows continued divisions and is constantly striving towards an authoritarian dictatorship that has not existed since the Nasser era.
- The correspondent Julia Gerlach expressed the assumption that the Al-Jazeera trial and the pictures of Greste in the abandoned cage were used by the regime to threaten the intimidation of foreign journalists, who were “unequivocally informed” through the trial that “they must expect consequences if they did they continue to interview members of the Muslim Brotherhood ”. Despite the adverse circumstances, Gerlach assessed the situation of Greste and Fahmi as a “comparatively privileged position”, as they would at least be tried and they would receive international attention. Less prominent Egyptian journalists have been in custody for much longer without any formal charges, such as the photographer Mahmoud Abu Zaid, who works for the Turkish news agency Anadolu-Press , who was arrested in August 2013 while clearing the Morsi supporters' protest camps . Again, the situation for the so-called "control room procedure" is far worse . Since the mass death sentence in Minya on March 24th, panic had spread, with the vast majority of lawyers, including the journalists' union, unwilling to take on such a case.
Control room process (Cairo)
In the “control room trial” beginning April 1, 2014 in a court in Cairo, numerous leading Muslim Brotherhood of the younger generation are indicted, many of whom have senior members of the Muslim Brotherhood as parents. The subject of charges is their role during the anti-coup protest camps in summer 2013 and the extent to which they are involved in inciting their supporters to commit acts of violence and supplying weapons. On the day the pro-Morsi sitins were broken up and hundreds or more than 1000 demonstrators were killed by the security forces, clashes broke out across the country. Police stations and over 40 churches were seriously damaged.
Together with the alleged leaders, several young journalists who worked for Islamist media and were involved in the media center of the protest camp are also brought to justice.
On April 1, 2014, the trial against the chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, was accompanied by clashes between the police and student Islamists. According to media reports, 45 people were injured in Asyut . Mass protests also broke out in Cairo, Alexandria and Mansura .
Possible mass trials against Al-Azhar students
On April 13, 2014, the public prosecutor's office in the Cairo district of Nasr City referred the cases of 300 students from Al-Azhar Islamic University to a Cairo criminal court for complaints to be examined. The students were accused of participating in protests by supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi between October 2013 and March 2014. There were several violent clashes with the police. According to information from judicial circles, there are 16 different procedures. Among other things, the students are accused of resisting members of the security forces.
Mass trials for the events on “3. Anniversary of the Revolution "
In April 2014, the public prosecutor's office in the Abdien district announced the indictment of 220 demonstrators who took part in street fighting on January 25th. Anniversary of the Revolution ”had been arrested before a criminal court. The demonstrators were accused, among other things, of illicit gun possession. Among them were both Islamists and left-wing revolutionary activists. Anniversary of the Revolution ”protested separately against the military-backed transitional government.
Several years of mass imprisonment for the events of the 40th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War
On April 16, a Cairo court sentenced around 140 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood to several years in prison. 120 of them were sentenced to three years in prison each. According to information from the judiciary, the verdict was related to protests on October 6, 2013 against the overthrow of President Mohammed Morsi by the military. The accused were accused of participating in the protests as hooliganism and illegal gathering. Six of the defendants were acquitted.
Even before October 6, 2013, the Egyptian interim government banned the party closely related to the Muslim Brotherhood as the best-organized political party until 2013, killing at least hundreds of its supporters, thereby pushing the surviving supporters underground.
On October 6, the Muslim Brotherhood called for rallies to demonstrate against the July 3, 2013 military coup. According to a group of 13 international and Egyptian human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , the break up of the rallies on October 6 was at least the fifth mass killing of protesters by security forces since the July 3, 2013 coup , with at least 57 protesters killed on October 6 alone. According to the AFP news agency, the convictions are related to street battles between Islamists, security forces and opponents of Morsi, in which 24 people were killed in Cairo in October 2013.
Multi-year prison sentences for Mursi supporters for protests from February 2014
On April 20, 2014, another 30 defendants were sentenced to three and a half years in prison in Cairo. They were accused of participating in violent pro-Morsi protests in February 2014. The court found her guilty of violent riots, obstruction of traffic and membership in a terrorist group.
Long prison sentences for 13 Mursi supporters
On April 26, 2014, 13 alleged supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi were again sentenced to several years' imprisonment in Cairo. The defendants were found guilty of "disturbance, sabotage and violations of public order" and sentenced to terms of between five and 88 years. They are alleged to have been guilty of violent protests in the cities of Samalut and Minya against the bloody suppression of the pro-Morsi demonstrations in Cairo on August 14, 2013.
Five of them were not present when the verdict was announced. Appeals were still possible against the judgments.
Multi-year prison sentences for Mursi supporters for protests from August 2013 in Minya
On April 27, 2014, the controversial judge Said Yussef Sabri again imprisoned 42 alleged supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi with long sentences of three to 15 years in prison. The convictions were based on violence during the bloody riots in the southern city of Minya in the summer of 2013. The protests in August 2013 were directed against the bloody dissolution of two pro-Morsi camps in Cairo on August 14, 2013 by the security forces of the military regime.
Long-term mass prison sentences for protests from July 2013
In early May, a criminal court in Cairo sentenced 104 defendants to long prison terms in a new mass trial against alleged supporters of the ousted President Morsi. The accused are said to have participated in bloody riots after President Mohammed Morsi was overthrown in July 2013.
102 of the accused were sentenced to ten years in prison. They had been accused of violent acts during protests. The court is said to have found her guilty in connection with fatal clashes between security forces and members of the Muslim Brotherhood in July 2013.
Two other defendants were sentenced to seven years in prison in the express trial.
According to judicial sources, only 35 of the accused Mursi supporters are said to have appeared in court. Most had been convicted in absentia. The decision was not yet final.
Prohibition of the April 6th movement
Process and grounds for judgment
On April 28, 2014 , an express court in Cairo banned the opposition youth movement April 6 , one of the leading protest groups of the 2011 revolt. The organization, which is considered to be pro-democratic, secular, liberal and progressive, has been legally prohibited from all activities. The court also decided to close the movement's control centers. The judgment from Cairo became known a few hours after the mass death sentence in Minya .
The court found the organization guilty of defaming the Egyptian state and maintaining illegal contacts with foreigners. The activists of the group are said to have worked with foreign parties and, according to the judicial authorities, are guilty of espionage and defamation of the Egyptian state. The main evidence for the allegations against the group, stated in the grounds of the verdict, of having damaged Egypt's reputation abroad and spying on behalf of foreign powers, were recordings of activists' telephone calls that a TV presenter close to Mubarak had broadcast a short time before. Since he had obtained these illegally, he was sharply criticized for his broadcast. The same court had already declared the Muslim Brotherhood illegal in 2013.
Political positions of the group
The April 6th movement, which originated from the left spectrum, arose in March 2008 as a support movement for a strike by textile workers in the industrial city of Mahalla al-Kubra, which took place on April 6th, 2008. Tens of thousands of Egyptians joined the group via Facebook.
The leaders of the group then mobilized these supporters in January 2011 for the protests against the then President Husni Mubarak. After the fall of Mubarak in February 2011, in which the group is considered to be significantly involved, it was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in the same year . After the fall of Mubarak, the activists were considered heroes of the nation and the generals who subsequently ruled the country conferred with the activists. The good relations with the military did not last. The activists criticized the military leadership, which in turn agitated against the activists. The activists were accused of being foreign agents.
When Mohammed Morsi was elected president in Egypt's first free elections in 2012, the April 6th movement initially supported him.
Shortly thereafter, however, the April 6th movement also played an important role in the military coup against the elected government in the summer of 2013, which they called the “second revolution”. Much of the April 6th 2013 movement supported the Tamarod campaign, which advocated the fall of the Morsis. After Morsi was overthrown by the military on July 3rd by military chief Sisi, Ahmed Maher, one of the founders of the April 6th movement, stood behind the coup leader. Israa Abdel Fattah, who was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize as a co-founder of the youth movement of April 6, 2011 among other things for promoting the non-violence of the protests, justified the killing by the military of the pro-Morsi demonstrators who she denounced as terrorists.
Maher later described the protests against the Morsi government as a major mistake. About the military regime under Sisi, Maher said: "The brutal regime is back". Finally, the group protested against the interim government set up by the military after Morsi's fall in July 2013. Among other things, the April 6 group, referred to in the western media as the democracy movement, criticized the army for its brutal crackdown on Morsi supporters. As a result, the government took action against the activists with increasing severity. When the military-backed interim government passed a very restrictive demonstration law in November 2013, April 6 activists called for resistance. Many were arrested and Maher and several other leading activists including Mohamed Adel, another leader and founding member of the April 6 Movement, were sentenced to three years in prison on December 22 for unauthorized protests against the Sisi-led military. Interim President Adli Mansur refused to pardon the activists. As a result, the April 6th Movement barely appeared. From time to time she called on people to demonstrate. It was not until April 26, 2014 that several thousand protested in front of the presidential palace.
Reactions and evaluations
- Khaled Al-Masri, the April 6 Movement's media director, spoke of a "black era for the Egyptian judiciary" and announced that the group would appeal the verdict. He replied to the court ruling that the April 6 Movement had no control centers. The April 6th Movement is not about shapes, but about an idea whose supporters cannot be prevented from gathering in different places. On Facebook, the movement stated: “How will the judge ban us if we are not an organization at all? We are a movement, an idea, and we cannot be forbidden ”. The police will also have problems implementing the order to close the offices of the movement, as the activists will mainly meet in street cafes, in universities or at home.
- Malek Adly, a lawyer at the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights , called the group's ban illegal and unconstitutional. In addition, the Cairo express court was not responsible for such cases, which was rather intended to deal with cases that pose an imminent threat. After the coup, he accused the new rulers of abusing the court for political purposes: "The Adli Mansur system has transformed the express court into a bureau of state security," says Adly, "The judiciary has reached its lowest point."
- In her analysis in the Standard, Gudrun Harrer concluded that the condemnation of the April 6th movement “for subversive activities with the help of foreign countries” should not only be understood as a “dispute between the new order and its opponents”, but also as “another piece of revisionism the history of the 2011 revolution ”. In the end, the revolution will only be portrayed as a "foreign conspiracy against the Arabs", as the Coptic Pope Tawadros had done.
Espionage investigation against US President Obama
On May 5, 2014 it became known that the Egyptian attorney general had initiated an investigation against US President Barack Obama and “several European officials” for alleged “espionage activities”. The western politicians were accused of having hired agents to “report on the political situation in Egypt before the presidential election”. Allegedly, they were supposed to forward their reports to intelligence services in Germany, the US, Israel and the UK. It remained open at first. whether a lawsuit is being initiated in the matter.
Arab League Summit
The hope initially cherished, especially in the West, that military chief Sisi, as Egypt's new strong man, could strive for a policy of national reconciliation, has given way since the shooting of hundreds of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood by the security forces in anti-coup demonstrations, the arrest of thousands and the declaration of the Muslim Brotherhood as " terrorist organization ”an assessment of Sisi's political line as a“ politics of confrontation ”. But even within the “Arab world” there were considerable doubts about the actions of the military regime in Cairo. The deep division that the Arab League raged on this issue despite the close political and economic ties of the Gulf States resulting from the Gulf Cooperation Council became clear again at the organization's summit, which began on March 25 in Kuwait. While countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain support the tough course of the Egyptian military chief Sisi, the classification of the Brotherhood as a terrorist group was rejected by a majority in the league.
Reference to coup and state crisis in Egypt
Egypt was heralded as the dominant theme for the Arab League summit that began March 25, 2014 in Kuwait. The power political struggle for supremacy in Egypt increasingly moved into the focus of internal Arab politics. The outcome of the power struggle in Egypt has meanwhile been seen as more important in most Arab countries than the civil war in Syria . The three Gulf Cooperation Council states (GCC) Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar because of Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood, which is also seen as a sharp warning to other Arab League countries such as Kuwait, Morocco and Tunisia in which the Muslim Brotherhood are traditionally influential.
The coup on July 3, 2013 against President Mohammed Morsi, which exacerbated the crisis in Egypt, also had far-reaching consequences for foreign policy within the Arab world. The overthrow of Morsi by the military was only possible with the material support from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, who wanted to prevent the Muslim Brotherhood government from achieving success that could spill over into their countries and call into question the legitimacy of their ruling houses. Subsequently, Saudi Arabia and the Emirates also provided tens of billions of dollars in financial support to the Egyptian apparatus to ensure that the takeover of power by the Egyptian military in the almost bankrupt Egypt did not fail. In the Gulf States, where prosperity and social change increasingly challenged the existing order, in which a ruling family had full control, these ruling families felt challenged by the Muslim Brotherhood with their ideology and tight organization. Analysts concluded that the financially powerful monarchies of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates felt two main threats, one from Iran outgoing Shiite and emanating from the Muslim Brotherhood communities in Arab countries. For both, an Egypt led under Sisi was considered a suitable defense instrument. But while Saudi Arabia supported the Egyptian military with large sums of money, no peace returned to Egypt after the Egyptian military came to power. For many Arab states a key question has become whether the military regime of the generals will be consolidated in Cairo or whether there will be a new revolution supported by an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood.
The Muslim Brotherhood found support not only in Qatar. In the officially neutral Kuwait, too, the Muslim Brotherhood was strongly represented in parliament and in the state, while Tunisia , Morocco and Oman were at least open to contacts with the Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood represent around a third of the population in the various states of the Middle East and North Africa. But after the Muslim Brotherhood parties emerged as winners in democratic elections in the wake of the so-called “Arab Spring” in numerous Middle Eastern countries such as Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt, the “willingness of the old elites” (Henrik Meyer / Friedrich-Ebert Foundation) to actually share power. Instead of taking steps towards a developing democracy, there was soon a threat of falling back into autocratic patterns.
Relation to Sisi's possible presidential candidacy
It has been suggested that the delay in officially announcing a presidential candidacy for Egyptian army chief Sisi may have to do with the fact that, before he officially takes the risk of governance, Sisi expects the Gulf states to provide regular financial support to bankrupt Egypt promise and that above all Saudi Arabia is influencing the USA to recognize the government of the Egyptian generals and thus the military coup. It was also discussed whether Sisi's hesitation can stem from the fact that Saudi Arabia has not yet decided on Sisi as Egypt's leader.
Summit meeting
On March 25, 2014, the two-day Arab League summit began in Kuwait. Egypt asked the participants for support in the fight against "terrorism". After 529 defendants believed to be supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood had been sentenced to death in Egypt the previous day, some delegates in this circle of closest allies also voiced against the broad definition of the term terrorism by the Egyptian leadership. While the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Saudi Arabia were now officially regarded as a “terrorist group” and treated on a par with the al-Qaida terror network , the majority of Arab states rejected this view. In addition to attitudes towards the Syrian civil war, the attitude towards the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt divided the Arab Summit.
Meaning and valuations
The conflicting interests that the Arab states had in the power struggle in Egypt divided the Arab League. Conversely, according to observers, they threatened to intensify the confrontation in Egypt. The military coup against Morsi in July 2013, made possible or favored by the massive financial support of some Gulf states, had not yet led to a consolidation of the Egyptian regime until the summit in March 2014. The rule of the Egyptian military ruler Sisi remained dependent on financial support from Saudi Arabia. In view of the size of Egypt and the desperate state of its economy, the resulting financial burden was also assessed as an "enormous burden" for financially strong Saudi Arabia (Matthias Beermann / RP Online ).
Attacks outside Cairo University (April 2)
procedure
On April 2, 2014, according to the Interior Ministry, three remote-detonated explosive devices detonated in front of the Cairo University campus on Nahda Square in Giza (Greater Cairo) near a police station.
The police chief of the Giza district, Brigadier General Tarik al-Margawi, was killed. Five police officers, some of them senior police officers, were injured.
According to a report on Egyptian state television, the explosives were self-made.
According to the media, 15 students were arrested. After the series of bombs on April 2, 2014, the authorities decided not to close Cairo University, which is the largest university in Egypt.
The until then little known Islamist group Ajnad Misr ("Soldiers of Egypt") confessed to the double attack on Facebook and Twitter on April 3, saying that the attack was a response to a wave of arrests of women and girls.
Apron
terrorist attacks
Since the Egyptian army overthrew the democratically elected President Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013 and the security forces of the military-backed transitional government cracked down on Islamist forces in the country with great severity, more than 1,400 demonstrators have been killed by police officers and soldiers since Morsi's deposition The security situation in Egypt was tense and there had been a large number of attacks by radical opponents of the government deployed by the military, which were often directed against facilities of the security forces.
According to official information from the military-backed transitional government, almost 500 people, mainly soldiers and police officers, have died in attacks across the country since the military coup. For a long time, it was mainly the Sinai Peninsula that was affected, but attacks in Cairo have also increased in recent times. In the Egyptian capital, which has been one of the most stable in the Arab world for decades, on January 24, 2014, the eve of the third anniversary of the uprising against Mubarak, several independent bomb explosions, apparently all against the police, killed at least six people. It was not until the end of March that the security forces were able to defuse two bombs that had been hidden in front of the law school at Cairo University.
Protests at the universities
Student protests in the run-up to April 2nd
According to the media, the explosions on April 2 should apparently hit riot police stationed there.
The riot police had been permanently stationed on the campus in front of Cairo University for months to prevent possible demonstrations by students affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, which is banned by the military-backed regime. Cairo University is considered to be an important center of the protests against the military coup of July 3, 2013, during which there are frequent clashes with security forces. Since the fall of President Mohammed Morsi in July 2013, students had protested against the Egyptian military on several occasions. Several people were killed in clashes around the university.
Putsch opponents protest almost daily at universities against the military-backed transitional government.
Since the student protests flared up again in early March 2014, an increased presence of the security forces has been observed in front of all universities in Egypt. The student uprising extended to Cairo, Alexandria, the Nile Delta and Upper Egypt, among others. Every week there were deaths, injuries, property damage and arrests. In Ain Shams, the main entrance to the Faculty of Computer Technology was destroyed, the dean was attacked, and chants were held for hours against the university administration, the security forces, the interior minister and the ruling military. At the Islamic Al-Azhar University, hundreds of female students protested against the army, the police and the Grand Mufti, who has a reputation for cooperating with the military. At the University of Cairo, the newly installed protective wall was sprayed with anti-military slogans, the flags of Israel and the United Arab Emirates attached to the entrance were burned and a sit-in was held on the lawn.
In the days preceding April 2, 2014, there were multiple clashes between the police and students who support the Muslim Brotherhood in universities. After the mass death sentence of March 24th, the student protests intensified and there were clashes almost every day, which often ended fatally.
On March 25, 2014, hundreds of demonstrators protested the trials at universities in Alexandria and Minya. The police used tear gas and fired warning shots into the air.
On March 26, 2014, hundreds of mostly Islamist students protested against the controversial mass death sentence of March 24. At the University of Cairo, an 18-year-old student died in clashes with security forces over the Minya ruling, in which tear gas was used against the crowd, according to official information.
On March 30, 2014, a student was killed in protests at Cairo's Al-Azhar University. Pro-Morsi protesters and security forces had fought in street battles in front of Al-Azhar University, in which the police used tear gas. The students demonstrated against the March 24th mass death sentence. The demonstrators demanded the readmission of students who had been de-registered for participating in demonstrations for the Muslim Brotherhood or for membership of the Brotherhood. In addition, the protest was directed against the presidential candidacy of the previous army chief Sisi.
On April 1, 2014, students and police officers fought violent street fights that lasted for hours in Cairo. According to media reports, the Pro-Mursi students threw burning fireworks and stones, while the police used tear gas and rubber bullets against the students at Ain Shams University and helicopters. Unrest also broke out in the cities of Alexandria, Mansura and Asyut on April 1st. Dozens of people were injured. According to media reports, the trial against the chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e, was accompanied by clashes between police and Islamist students, with 45 people allegedly injured in Asyut alone. while mass protests also broke out in Cairo, Alexandria and Mansura.
backgrounds
After the military coup in summer 2013, Al-Nahda Square had already been the scene of demonstrations by opponents of the coup, including many students, for the reinstatement of Morsi as president, with the then Nahda anti- coup sit-in . The police then stormed and evacuated the protest camp on August 14 , killing many demonstrators and burning their tents.
The overthrow of Morsi by the military and the bloody smashing of the pro-Mursi camps at the Rābiʿa-al-ʿAdawiyya Mosque and on Al-Nahda Square led to the first student protests in September 2013 against the “military coup against the first freely elected President of Egypt ”. The movement Students Against the Coup (SAC; German: "Students against the coup") was born. While Egypt's Supreme Court ruled in 2010 that the universities should be responsible for their own security from now on and that uniformed police officers had not entered the university since then, security forces stormed after a court order in February 2014 that the security forces were not allowed to enter the university Campus allowed, increasingly often in the interior of the faculties.
The student protests ultimately motivated other activists who had not been active since the fall of Morsi and the persecution of dissidents by the military that followed. With the founding of the newspaper Al-Youm al-Sabei (“The Seventh Day”), for example, an initiative for the release of innocent prisoners arose. According to observers, the university campus became a “political substitute arena”. On the one hand, they formed the last strongholds of the Muslim Brotherhood. On the other hand, liberal groups also fought together with them against increasing state interference by the military in academic freedom, as there were practically no state controls at the universities after the so-called revolution of 2011, student representatives were freely elected and members of the state security were sent away so that the political polarization of society on the campuses of the universities was less pronounced.
At least two dozen students across the country have been killed, many injured and nearly 1,500 arrested since the SAC was founded. While the military -backed interim government continued to publish no official figures on the arrests since the fall of Morsi on July 3, 2013, Al-Youm al-Sabei reported a number of 16,000 people who were detained without trial or legal assistance, some for a few hours, sometimes for months.
Expansion of limited US military aid
After the US suspended most of its military aid to Egypt in October 2013 and made the resumption dependent on a “credible process leading to a democratically elected civilian government”, aid for anti-terrorism operations and border security was exempted from the restriction six months later, on April 22, 2014 (local time), the USA announced that it would again deliver weapons to the military-backed interim government of Egypt and release financial aid.
The US government justified its move by saying that the Egyptian leadership was showing political progress. The process towards a democratically elected civil government still leaves much to be desired. However, according to the US Department of Defense, Egypt fulfills the criteria for US military aid, including that it has proven to be able to fulfill its "obligations under the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty" and thus to continue strategic relations with the US. Through this development, it qualifies for the resumption of support. The US government officially confirmed to the US Congress through US Secretary of State John Kerry that Egypt met the criteria for US military aid.
Since the US government could determine the opinion of Foreign Minister Kerry at this point is not significant developments that the military-supported interim government of Egypt supports a transition to democracy, should in addition to the Apache helicopters for the time being, no further military assistance as the delivery of F-16 - fighter jets to the Egyptian military. Furthermore, Kerry called on the regime in Egypt to ensure "free, fair and transparent elections". However, Kerry urged the military-backed transitional government of Egypt to accelerate this transition and hold "free, fair and transparent elections". The restrictions on freedom of expression should also be lifted. A meeting between Kerry and the Egyptian intelligence chief in Washington was scheduled for April 23.
The US Defense Department announced the long-standing geplanteLieferung ten Apache - attack helicopters to the Egyptian military, which for the use of "fighting terrorism" or in fighting extremists on the Sinai Peninsula, "the security of the US, Egypt and Israel threaten "should be thought. Pentagon spokesman John Kirby said: "We believe that these new helicopters will help the Egyptian government in the fight against extremists who threaten the security of the US, Egypt and Israel." US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel told Egyptian Interim Secretary of Defense Sidki Sobhi the delivery of the ten Apache helicopters. Hagel also informed Sobhi that the military-backed transitional government of Egypt must take steps towards democracy and respect the fundamental rights of all Egyptians. In addition, part of the annual US military aid to Egypt in the amount of 1.3 billion dollars was to be released after a short period of time. This applies above all to means of counter-terrorism and securing the Sinai Peninsula, which serves as a base for terrorist groups.
Despite its criticism of human rights violations in Egypt, the USA armed Egypt, which had been an ally of the US government in the Middle East since the signing of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty in 1979 and whose army has been regularly supported by the US government with billions since then was continued in the fight against terrorism.
Fahmi visits the USA
Shortly after the announcement of the expansion of US military aid on April 22, the Egyptian interim foreign minister, Nabil Fahmi, went on a visit to Washington for the first time since the military overthrew Morsi in July 2013. After the previously significantly cooled relationship between the United States and Egypt, the relationship between the United States and Egypt has now again been described as being on a convergence course.
Reactions and reviews
- At the beginning of April 2014, the human rights organization Human Rights Watch warned the US government not to increase military aid to the Egyptian military government, also with a view to the mass death sentences imposed on March 24, which was also tough on supporters on the grounds of fighting terrorists the Muslim Brotherhood, which has since been banned by the military regime and declared a terrorist organization, was taking action.
The great importance of Egypt as an ally of the USA and the cooperation of Egypt with Israel and the USA in the fight against terrorism was seen as the reason for the expansion of US military aid. Carsten Luther commented at the time that the resumption of military aid was "a clear signal of approval for a policy that is based more and more on violence and repression". With it, the statement made by US President Barack Obamas in August 2013 takes a back seat that the US must be very careful not to support and encourage actions that run counter to its values and ideals. Instead, “pragmatism has returned, which naturally cares less about values than about interests”. An argument that the US had a stronger leverage with military aid to influence the Egyptian rulers is inconclusive, since all criticism from the US of human rights violations, restrictions on freedom of the press and political arrests since the coup has done nothing and since Egypt has fallen Sisi has now entered into a new partnership with Russia for the supply of helicopters, fighter jets and air defense systems, which are paid primarily by Saudi Arabia, which, together with other Gulf states, also transfers direct financial aid in the billions and often provides free petrol and gas.
Upcoming parliamentary elections 2014
The parliamentary elections are expected to take place in autumn 2014. While the military-backed transitional government has been taking massive action against supporters of Morsi's supporters since the military coup in July 2013 and the Muslim Brotherhood, which had won all elections since Mubarak's fall, was banned, liberal politicians feared that due to the weakness of the parties, officials from the Mubarak were banned -Time could come back to power in the upcoming general election.
Exclusion of the Muslim Brotherhood
Members of the Muslim Brotherhood, who won the parliamentary and presidential elections by a long way after Mubarak's overthrow, are banned from running in the 2014 parliamentary elections, according to a court ruling.
Exclusion of NDP leaders
On May 6, 2014, the Urgent Court in Cairo ruled that officials of the National Democratic Party (NDP), the party of former Egyptian ruler Husni Mubarak, were no longer allowed to stand for presidential, parliamentary or local elections. In his verdict, Judge Karim Hasem did not name or number of the leaders affected by the NDP, which was disbanded two months after Mubarak's fall in 2011. On May 6, 2014, the trial court relied on this decision to dissolve the National Democratic Party (NDP) in April 2011. The ban should therefore prevent former NDP members from attempting a political comeback. The NDP had dominated Egyptian politics for around 30 years. Through obvious manipulation, she won numerous elections with very high majorities. Ibrahim Mahlab, who was in office at the time of the court ruling, was also a member of the NDP and a confidante of Mubarak. The court ruling of May 6th was a preliminary decision that still required confirmation from a higher court. However, months or years were expected as the time to confirmation.
Resignation of the cabinet after Sisi's assumption of office as president
One day after Sisi was sworn in as Egyptian President, the military-backed transitional government resigned on June 9, 2014. Interim head of government Ibrahim Mahlab said after the resignation that the new head of state should be given the opportunity to put together a cabinet of his confidence.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Al-Sisi: From putschist to Egyptian president? ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 27, 2014, by Nils Naumann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Former military chief stands for election - Sisi wants to be Egypt's president ( memento from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, March 26, 2013, archived from the original ( memento from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Mursi Trial in Egypt - The Courtroom as a Political Stage ( Memento of November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 4, 2013, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ Crisis hotspots at the EU borders: Europe's difficult neighbors ( Memento from April 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 3, 2014, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/06/brutality-torture-rape-egypt-military-rule - Ibrahim Mahlab's new cabinet confirms that the country is falling apart under a corrupt and authoritarian police state. The world must help us ( Memento of 5 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, March 6, 2014, by Emad El-Din Shahin, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Minister of Construction Mahlab to form the Egyptian government ( Memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt - Egyptians should elect new president at the end of May ( memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) , Blick.ch, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Al Sisi takes on Sabbahi in Egypt - two candidates in the presidential election ( memento from April 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, April 20, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from 21 April 2014 in the Internet Archive ) April 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c Candidates for the Egyptian presidential election have been determined ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF 4 News, 8 p.m.), April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g duel for presidency in Egypt - In the presidential election in Egypt at the end of May there is only one other candidate besides the favored ex-army chief al-Sisi, the left-wing politician Sabahi ( Memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt’s Ruler Eyes Riskier Role: The Presidency ( Memento from April 22, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, January 27, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: Mubarak confidante Mahlab becomes new head of government ( memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt's building minister Mahlab to form government ( memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, February 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Government of the Mubarak elite - Egypt: Sixth cabinet sworn in since 2011. Army chief Al-Sisi remains Minister of Defense ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), Young World, Abroad / Page 6, March 3, 2014, by Sofian Philip Naceur, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt - New government sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), Tageblatt Online, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Al-Sisi remains minister - New government in Egypt sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), merkur-online.de, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Government paves the way for presidential elections - Fear of the next revolution - Egypt's government has passed a law that paves the way for presidential elections. The favorite, Army Chief Sisi, is pushing for the restoration of the state of the ousted ex-President Mubarak. Critics already fear a new revolution ( Memento from March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, March 9, 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento from March 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Audio: Waiting for the next revolution ( Memento from March 14, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from March 14, 2014 on WebCite ), 6'15 min.), Tagesschau.de, 9 March 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (SWR, Cairo).
- ↑ a b c d Egypt's army chief al-Sisi wants to become president ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Elections in Egypt - Sabahi versus al-Sisi: Who will be the next president? ( Memento April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, April 21, 2014, archived from the original . (brü / dpa)
- ↑ Egypt's Unprecedented Instability by the Numbers ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, March 24, 2014, by Michele Dunne and Scott Williamson, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Two dead in an attack on security forces in Egypt ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Timeline of Turmoil in Egypt After Mubarak and Morsi - More than two years after the Egyptian uprising that ushered in Mohamed Morsi as the country's first elected leader, he was deposed by the military. Explore key moments of his rule and the aftermath ( Memento of 25 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, July 2, 2013 (nominal), by Shreeya Sinha and Erin Banco, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Mighty Army Chief - Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi wants to become Egyptian President ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , N24, March 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ General Who Led Takeover of Egypt to Run for President ( Memento of 22 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, March 26, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Clashes in Egypt ( Memento from December 9, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, July 27, 2013 by Elizabeth Arrott, archived from the original .
- ↑ Images from Egypt ( Memento from December 11, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, August 23, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Protests in Cairo ( Memento from December 12, 2013 on WebCite ) (English), Voice Of America, December 11, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Ashton wants to initiate Egyptian dialogue ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, October 2, 2013 (print version: Der Standard, October 3, 2013), by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ^ Unrest at Egypt's universities: dozens of injured people ( memento from October 5, 2013 on WebCite ), ORF.at, September 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Government-led events on Cairo's Tahrir Square ( Memento from February 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, January 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's military chief: How General Sisi secures his power ( Memento from October 17, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, October 17, 2013, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings Set Up a Fact-Finding Committee as a First Step ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt: No Acknowledgment or Justice for Mass Protester Killings ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, December 10, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d 2013 a 'black year' for human rights ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, December 30, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c 976 killed in greater Cairo in two months: Forensics Authority - Death toll includes 627 who died during the dispersal of Rabaa Al-Adaweya sit-in ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ). Daily News Egypt, November 16, 2013, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Human rights spotlight under internationally in Egypt - Coalition of international NGOs calls on UN Human Rights Council to address Egypt's human rights situation ( Memento of 17 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b 265 dead in January: Independent count - Independent statistical database Wiki Thawra reports 108 dead on revolution's third anniversary - nearly double the official count of 66 ( Memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ), Daily News Egypt, February 13, 2014 , by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ 25 January death toll rises to 103: Independent count ( Memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, February 2, 2014, by Ali Omar, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt's hijacked revolution ( Memento from March 3, 2014 on WebCite ), DiePresse.com, January 26, 2014 (print edition: "Die Presse", January 27, 2014), by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from Original .
- ^ After protests in Cairo: Egyptian policeman convicted of manslaughter ( memento of March 18, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle - Mansour extends the state of emergency ( memento from September 19, 2013 on WebCite ), Zeit Online, September 12, 2013, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Muzzle for Egypt's Media ( memento from October 7, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, September 29, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Death and Terror for the Holiday ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Rundschau, January 26, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Conflicts on the Anniversary of the Revolution ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ), Berliner Zeitung, January 26, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ 21,317 arrested since Morsi's ouster: independent count - Detention extended for 11 protesters who violated the Protest Law ( Memento from February 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, January 13, 2014, by Rana Muhammad Taha, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's ousted President Morsi in court ( memento of November 3, 2013 on WebCite ), Reuters Germany, November 3, 2013, by Michael Georgy, archived from the original .
- ^ Conflicts - Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt failed with a complaint against the ban , Tiroler Tageszeitung, November 6, 2013.
- ^ Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood declared a terrorist organization ( Memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, December 26, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Support - US stops military aid to Egypt ( memento October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ USA calls for political reforms - for the time being no US weapons for Egypt ( memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ), tagesschau.de, October 10, 2013.
- ↑ Egypt - Egypt criticizes restrictions on US military aid ( memento of October 11, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, October 10, 2013, by Nils Naumann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Cabinet is reshuffled - Egyptian government resigns ( Memento from February 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, February 24, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from February 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Change of power in Egypt - The way is clear for al-Sisi ( Memento from February 25, 2014 on WebCite ), Berliner Zeitung, February 24, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Maximum security prison in Egypt: Mursi is now in solitary confinement ( memento from November 14, 2013 on WebCite ), RP Online, November 14, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Scandal at the trial of Egypt's ex-President Mursi ( memento from November 5, 2013 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - USA urges democracy in Egypt ( memento from November 4, 2013 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, November 4, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - What comes after the transitional government? ( Memento from February 25, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, February 25, 2014 (O: 00 o'clock), by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Audio: Transitional government resigned ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ), 1'07 min.), Tagesschau.de, February 24, 2014, by Jürgen Stryjak (SWR, Cairo).
- ↑ Video - Egyptian government resigned ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, February 24, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Crisis in Egypt - Sisi's Marionette Cabinet resigns ( Memento from February 24, 2014 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 24, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Sisi 'to remain' Egypt's defense minister ( Memento from April 5, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Arabiya News, Feb. 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt names Ibrahim Mahlab as new prime minister - former housing minister and party member Mubarak pledges to 'crush terrorism' and crack down on rise in violence ( Memento of 6 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, February 25, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt on the Verge of a Social Explosion ( April 4, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , World Socialist Web Site, April 1, 2014, by Jean Shaoul, archived from the original .
- ↑ Federal Foreign Office tightened travel warning for Egypt ( memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, February 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Muslim Brotherhood - Egypt Sentences 683 Morsi Followers to Death - An Egyptian court has sentenced almost 700 Islamists to death, including a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. At the same time, other death sentences were lifted ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Who's who: Egypt's new cabinet - 20 ministers from El-Beblawi's cabinet keep their posts, while 11 ministers are fresh appointees ( Memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ). Ahram Online, March 1, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d New transitional government in Egypt sworn in ( memento from March 2, 2014 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, March 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c The return of Egypt's police state - Many Egyptian liberals supported the removal of the democratically elected Islamist President, Mohamed Morsi, but now the state has widened its crackdown, they are questioning the unholy alliance ( Memento from April 5, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Independent, November 29, 2013, from Alastair Beach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mubarak release enrages 2011 revolutionaries - Veterans of the uprising say freeing of the ousted president is a "slap in the face" ( Memento from April 5, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, August 25, 2013, by Dahlia Kholaif, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Politics - First the President, then Parliament - The election calendar in Egypt is set. Army chief al Sisi takes position ( memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, January 27, 2014, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt first elects the president, then parliament ( memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, January 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Bloody clashes - "This is not the Egypt we want" ( Memento from February 27, 2014 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, January 26, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Schedule for elections in Egypt - first presidential, then parliamentary election ( memento from January 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, January 26, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from January 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Law for Presidential Election passed ( Memento of March 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , WirtschaftsWoche, March 8, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt-President-Elections - Law for presidential elections in Egypt enacted ( Memento from March 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, March 9, 2014 (Der Standard: March 10, 2014), archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt-President-Elections - Law for presidential elections in Egypt passed ( Memento of March 14, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 8, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Candidates for the Egypt election collect signatures ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , April 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Interactive: Egypt votes for president - Millions of Egyptians will elect a new president amid deepening divisions did continue to polarize the country ( Memento of 28 May 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, update of May 25, 2014, by Alaa Bayoumi and Konstantinos Antonopoulos, archived from the original .
- ^ Law for presidential elections in Egypt passed ( Memento from May 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , SZ-Online.de, March 8, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Presidential election law passed ( Memento of May 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , March 8, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Unidentified people shoot soldiers in Cairo - gunmen stormed a checkpoint in the Egyptian capital Cairo and killed six soldiers of the military police. It is the second attack on security forces within three days ( memento from March 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, March 15, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g 529 death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood: Egypt's rulers mercilessly hunt down their critics ( memento of March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 24, 2014, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Power struggle in Egypt: Military chief Sisi exchanges generals - Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi has not yet announced his presidential candidacy, but the Egyptian military chief is apparently making important decisions before his move: He exchanged several generals at once ( Memento from 18 March 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 18, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - court sentenced 529 Muslim Brotherhood to death ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, March 24, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Presidential election will take place at the end of May - The first round of the presidential election in Egypt is to be held on May 26th and 27th. The previous military chief Abdel Fattah al-Sissi is given high chances ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Presidential Election in Egypt - Only One Man Challenges Al-Sisi ( Memento April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , RP Online, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b That is Al-Sisi's only opponent - at the end of May the Egyptian people have a choice between just two candidates. In 2012 there were 13. Hamdin Sabahi was already there at the time and landed in third place ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , 20 minutes, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g rallies also by supporters ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , ORF.at, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g al-Sisi wants to "wipe out" the Muslim Brotherhood - Kampfansage in Egypt ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Badische Zeitung, May 6, 2014, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Egypt - Presidential election in hand of ex-army chief - In the presidential election in Egypt at the end of May, only the left Sabbahi will compete against the popular ex-army chief al-Sisi ( Memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , Badische Zeitung, April 23, 2014, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Election of the head of state - Only two candidates in the polls in Egypt ( Memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , N24, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Al-Sisi wants to become president ( Memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Rundschau, January 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Green light for al-Sisi - Egypt's army chief wants to run for the presidential election ( memento from March 1, 2014 on WebCite ), Der Tagesspiegel, January 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Al-Sisi is a presidential candidate in Egypt ( memento March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), euronews, January 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Al-Sisi wants to ensure stability in Egypt as president ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, January 28, 2014, by Andreas Gorzewski, archived from the original .
- ↑ Army chief Al-Sisi wants to become Egypt's president ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, February 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Army chief Al-Sissi runs for presidential election ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), Handelsblatt, February 6, 2014, archived from the original on February 6, 2014.
- ^ Egypt - Confusion about Sisi's alleged candidacy ( Memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), FAZ.net, February 6, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ Elections - Abdel Fattah al-Sisi causes confusion in Egypt ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ), www.t-online.de, February 6, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from March 4, 2014 on WebCite ) .
- ^ Egypt - Al-Sisi wants to become president ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), Frankfurter Rundschau, March 4, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c upheaval in Egypt - Army chief Al-Sisi wants to become president ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt's El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency - Announcement on state-run TV Confirms months of speculation Regarding the former army chief's presidential hopes ( Memento of 27 March 2014 Webcite ) (English) . Ahram Online, March 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Resignation as Egyptian military chief - Al-Sisi officially wants to become president - Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is already considered the most powerful man in Egypt, but officially he is "only" Minister of Defense and Vice-Prime Minister. That should change now. The Muslim Brotherhood is now concerned about the security of the country ( memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, March 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Military chief - Al-Sissi is running for president in Egypt ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , WirtschaftsWoche, March 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - Army chief Al-Sissi wants to become president ( memento of March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , stern.de, March 27, 2014, archived from the original ( memento of March 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Egypt's Sissi Announces Presidential Run ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, March 26, 2014 by Elizabeth Arrott, archived from the original .
- ↑ Sedki Sobhi sworn in as Egypt's new military chief - Egypt's new armed forces chief and defense minister has been sworn in, a day after Abdul Fattah al-Sisi resigned so he could stand for the presidency ( Memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). BBC News, March 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b I promise we can achieve stability, security and hope: Al-Sisi - Al-Sisi resigns from armed forces; Sedki Sobhi promoted to General and expected to replace him ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (English), Daily News Egypt, March 26, 2014, by Rana Muhammad Taha and Joel Gulhane, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d General al-Sisy, the security guarantor of Egypt - The wait is over: the strong man is running for the presidential election ( Memento of March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, March 27, 2014, by Thomas Pany, archived from the original .
- ↑ 6 April Youth Movement oppose Al-Sisi presidential bid - “Anyone who loves his homeland and loves the Egyptian people cannot ignore or turn his back on the state of division and acute polarization plaguing society,” says movement ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, March 5, 2014, by Joel Gulhane, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Egypt: Dead in protests against military chief Al-Sisi in Cairo - With the announcement of his presidential candidacy, Egypt's military chief Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi triggered nationwide protests. At least four people were killed ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Protests for and against al Sisi - deaths during protests in Egypt ( memento from March 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, March 28, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from March 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b Three bombs detonate near the university in Cairo ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt votes at the end of May ( memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 31, 2014.
- ↑ Thomas Pany: General al-Sisy, the security guarantor of Egypt. In: Telepolis. March 27, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 .
- ^ African Union stands by decision on Egypt suspension. In: Daily News Egypt. January 30, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2019 (American English).
- ↑ EU sends observers to Egypt for presidential election - Ashton agrees with Foreign Minister Fahmi on an agreement in principle ( Memento from April 11, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 11, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Hollywood story crisis. In: Tageblatt Lëtzebuerg. April 11, 2011, accessed June 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b EU sends observers to Egypt's presidential election - Ashton reaches agreement in principle with Foreign Minister Fahmi. In: The Standard. Retrieved June 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - Comment: Egypt has no choice ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 26, 2014, by Loay Mudhoon, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - The masses call - Army chief Sisi can be celebrated as a savior, but is without a program. Ex-military Anan positions himself as a presidential candidate. Egypt cannot find a solution to the country's problems ( memento from March 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 6, 2014, by Rainer Hermann, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Former Egyptian General Calls Promise of Free Elections a 'Farce' ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, March 13, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt News - Revolution and Aftermath ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, [undated], archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Abdel Fatah al-Sisi favorite in Egyptian election as nominations close - Interim government paints election as important step towards democracy but opponents have concerns about integrity of vote ( Memento from 23 April 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, April 20, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Left-wing politician Sabahi runs for presidential election in Egypt ( memento from April 19, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, April 19, 2014, archived from the original
- ↑ Sabahi dares to fight the mighty al-Sisi ( memento from April 19, 2014 on WebCite ) , Swiss radio and television (SRF 4 News, 2.30 p.m.), April 19, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Riots in Egypt - Morsi imposes a state of emergency over three cities ( Memento from November 7, 2013 on WebCite ) Zeit Online, January 28, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ Leftist Popular Current to ally with Rebel in Egyptian elections - The Popular Current wants to form a coalition with the Rebel (tamarod) group in the upcoming parliamentary elections ( Memento of 8 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, October 29, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Charlotte Alfred: 'Vote For The Pimp' Hashtag Prompts Twitter Battle. In: The Huffington Post. HuffPost, March 31, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 (updated April 1, 2014).
- ↑ Cairo's attorney general calls for investigation against al-Sisi rivals - attorney had sued for alleged donations ( memento April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Coptic Christian as possible candidate for presidential election ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Vatican Radio, April 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Lawyer Mortada Mansour says he will run for Egypt's presidency - Former lawyer says his campaign involves jailing striking workers, bringing stability, amending Camp David accords, standing up to Qatar and allowing atheists to practice beliefs in the 'bathroom' only ( Memento vom 23 April 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, April 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Lawyer Mortada Mansour withdraws from presidential race - Outspoken and controversial lawyer says he has pulled out of the presidential race after receiving a sign from God that former army chief Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi will win ( Memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, April 19, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt: Dead in protests in Cairo. In: Die Zeit Online. March 30, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Muslim Brothers in Egypt continue to demonstrate ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egyptian photo reporter shot dead during a protest in Cairo ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , ORF.at, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Egyptian Dostour journalist covering Islamists-police clashes killed ( Memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Who Killed Mayada Ashraf? - The work of journalists in Egypt is becoming more and more dangerous. After the death of a young photo reporter, Egyptian journalists demand more protection for their reporting from the street ( memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 30, 2014, by Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Journalist shot dead covering clashes in Egypt ( Memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Twenty-two year old journalist killed during Friday clashes - Al-Dostour's Mayada Ashraf is the tenth journalist killed in Egypt since 2011 ( Memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) , Daily News Egypt, March 29, 2014, by Ali Omar, archived from the original .
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th Avenue, 11th Floor New York, Ny 10001: Journalist shot dead covering clashes in Egypt. In: cpj.org. Committee to Protect Journalists, March 28, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 . With reference to: مسيرة للإرهابية تطلق الرصاص الحي على الأهالي بعين شمس ( Memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic), Al-Dostor , March 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b Photojournalist killed in rioting in Cairo . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 29, 2014 ( sueddeutsche.de ).
- ↑ Journalist shot dead covering clashes in Egypt ( Memento of 31 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Committee to Protect Journalists, March 28, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: مقتل صحفية بـ "مصر العربية" برصاصة بالرأس (Arabic). YouTube, published by the Masr Alarabia YouTube channel on March 28, 2014.
- ↑ Karim Gawhary: Journalist killed in Egypt: Who shot Mayada Ashraf? - Was it snipers, police officers, Muslim Brotherhood? After the journalist's death, many try to use her tragic end for political purposes . In: The daily newspaper . April 24, 2014 ( taz.de ).
- ↑ Female reporter shot dead while covering anti-Sisi protest ( Memento from 1 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Reporter Without Borders, March 31, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Female reporter shot dead while covering anti-Sisi protest Reporters without borders. In: rsf.org. RSF, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 .
- ^ Egypt - dead in protests against Al-Sisi ( memento from March 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Anti-Government Protests in Cairo ( Memento of March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Voice Of America, March 28, 2014, by Hamada Elrassam, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt Anti-Sisi hashtag sweeps Twitter ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). BBC News, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Sisi mocked in Egypt internet campaign - Presidential hopeful subject of sarcastic 'vote for the pimp' movement on social media, leading to calls for a ban ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). Al Jazeera, March 31, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Egypt before presidential election ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , oe1.ORF.at, April 1, 2014, by Liza Ulitzka, archived from the original .
- ↑ Abdel Fattah al-Sisi: The man who is said to be Egypt's savior. In: Die Welt Online. March 27, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt TV presenters tout Twitter ban over anti-Sisi hashtag ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Arabiya News, March 31, 2014, by Mustapha Ajbaili, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Anti-Sisi hashtag goes viral ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor (MEMO, London), March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Sisi mocked in Egypt internet campaign - Presidential hopeful subject of sarcastic 'vote for the pimp' movement on social media, leading to calls for a ban ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, March 31, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: # انتخبوا _العرص , Twitter, accessed April 2, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Egypt: Campaign against Field Marshal Sisi on social networks - The Egyptian Ministry of the Interior has stated that it is closely following the use of the hashtag, which is offensive to presidential candidate Field Marshal Sisi, on social networks ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Radio Voice of Russia, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Sisi mocked in Egypt internet campaign - Presidential hopeful subject of sarcastic 'vote for the pimp' movement on social media, leading to calls for a ban ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, March 31, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: انتخبوا العرص رئيس لمصر من مسيرة المطرية ٢٨/٣ (Arabic). YouTube, published by the YouTube channel OtherProspect Egy on March 28, 2014.
- ↑ Insulting Hashtag In Egypt Provokes Call For Twitter, YouTube Ban ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English), in: - #WorldBrief with @ASE April 1 ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , live.huffingtonpost .com (Huff Post Live), moderation: Ahmed Shihab-Eldin, April 1, 2014, archived from the original (in: Original ) on April 2, 2014.
- ↑ Anti-Sisi hashtag goes viral. In: Middle East Monitor. March 30, 2014, accessed April 2, 2014 (UK English). March 30, 2014. With reference to: Real-time Tracker: # انتخبوا_العرص , keyhole.co, accessed on April 2, 2014.
- ↑ Anti-Sisi hashtag goes viral ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Middle East Monitor (MEMO, London), March 30, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: انتخبوا العرص , Facebook, accessed April 2, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Sisi mocked in Egypt internet campaign - Presidential hopeful subject of sarcastic 'vote for the pimp' movement on social media, leading to calls for a ban ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, March 31, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: خيرى رمضان يعترف بالمؤامرة على مرسى تعليقا على هاشتاج انتخبوا البرص (طبعا هى مش البرص) ال3رص (Arabic), YouTube, published by the YouTube account محمد زايد on March 28, 2014.
- ↑ الهاشتاغ "المسيء" للسيسي لا يزال يثير جدلا واسعا في مصر ( Memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) (Arabic). BBC Arabic, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Court forbids candidacy - Muslim Brothers are not allowed to run for elections in Egypt - Since the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi by the military, difficult times have dawned for the Muslim Brothers in Egypt. Now a court of the Islamist movement has banned the candidacy in the upcoming parliamentary elections ( memento from April 15, 2014 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, April 15, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Al-Sisi officially submits presidential candidacy in Egypt - previous army chief is the clear favorite in the election ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 14, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Al-Sisi officially submits presidential candidacy in Egypt ( Memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 14, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b The candidacy of Egypt's ex-military chief Sisi officially ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, April 15, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Abdel Fatah al-Sisi resigns from Egypt military to run for presidency - Sisi finally confirms long-awaited candidacy - promising 'stability, safety and hope for Egypt' - and he is widely expected to win ( Memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , (English). The Guardian, March 26, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egyptian referendum: Security tight as polls open for constitutional vote - Polling begins after campaign marked by military regime suppressing opposition to yes vote on new constitution ( Memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , (English). The Guardian, Jan. 14, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Presidential election in Egypt - Only one candidate for al-Sisi - Only one challenger is competing in the upcoming presidential election in Egypt against the favored former army chief al-Sisi: Hamdin Sabahi. He complains that he was intimidated during the election campaign ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 20, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Strong together for Hamdeen Sabbahi - The presidential election in Egypt turns into a duel between the former army chief Sisi and the left-wing politician Sabbahi. Sabbahi's election campaigners are doing everything they can to help him take office ( Memento from May 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 4, 2014, by Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - 42 Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to imprisonment - In Egypt dozens of Muslim Brotherhood were sentenced to imprisonment - more could follow on Monday. Apparently, army chief al-Sissi wants to show hardship before the elections ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Elections - Election campaign for presidential office in Egypt started - The two candidates for the presidential election in Egypt officially opened their election campaign on Saturday ( Memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, May 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Presidential candidate al-Sisi - “The Muslim Brotherhood will not play a role in Egypt” - Al-Sisi, favorite of the presidential election in Egypt, made a name for himself as the savior of the nation in his first election campaign interview. On the subject of the Muslim Brotherhood, he shows no willingness to compromise ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, May 6, 2014, archived from the original
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Al-Sisi wants «no more Muslim Brotherhood» - the favorite of the presidential election in Egypt is profiling itself as the savior of the nation in the election campaign. The country is threatened, because he simply has to run for office, said ex-army chief Al-Sisi ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , 20 minutes, May 5, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - President without election (s) - Everyone knows that Abdel Fattah al Sisi will be the new President of Egypt this week. But there will be no real democracy with the ex-general. The first election day went quietly, even if a few homemade bombs explode ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (update), Der Tagesspiegel, May 26, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt before the presidential election - Al-Sisi sees the Muslim Brotherhood at the end - Abdel Fatah al-Sisi leaves no doubt that he will continue to fight the Muslim Brotherhood as president. At the same time, the ex-defense minister assures that the army will not rule Egypt ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, May 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt Sisi: The Muslim Brotherhood will no longer play a role ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, May 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Al-Sisi wants to "wipe out" the Muslim Brotherhood - The former army chief and presidential candidate Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has announced even tougher crackdowns against the Muslim Brotherhood. In other questions, however, he is vague ( Memento from May 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , Augsburger Allgemeine, May 7, 2014, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt - Egyptian Justice Sentences 102 Mursi Followers to Imprisonment ( Memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , business-panorama.de (AFP report), May 3, 2014, archived from Original .
- ↑ a b c Mr. President Field Marshal - Abdel Fattah al-Sisi doesn't want to be a head of state for all Egyptians ( Memento from May 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, May 7, 2014 (Der Standard, May 8, 2014 ), by Gudrun Harrer, archived from the original .
- ↑ Timeline of Turmoil in Egypt After Mubarak and Morsi ( Memento from January 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, by Shreeya Sinha and Erin Banco, July 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Abdel Fattah al-Sissi - The strong man of Egypt - Security, stability and an end to the Muslim Brotherhood: Abdel Fattah al-Sissi formulated his goals in his first TV interview as a presidential candidate ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, May 6, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt: “There will soon be no more Muslim Brotherhood” - General al-Sisi rejects reconciliation with the Islamists in his first TV interview as a presidential candidate and names campaigns against the military-backed government one "Dummheit" ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, May 6, 2014 (print edition: "Die Presse", May 7, 2014), by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ Debate Egypt - Politics of the Past - The Muslim Brotherhood are doing a macabre dance with the military. The Egyptians did not want them in power for cultural reasons ( memento from May 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, May 2, 2014, by Sarah Eltantawi, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Presidential election in Egypt: Favorite al-Sisi rejects reconciliation with the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, May 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Al-Sisi settles accounts with the Muslim Brotherhood - He is considered popular among Egypt's people and a favorite for the presidential elections. Ex-army chief al-Sisi has now made it clear that he does not rely on the support of the Muslim Brotherhood or that of the army ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 5, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - progress without freedom - Now the Egyptians get what they supposedly want: a leader. But Abdelfattah al-Sisi should not feel too safe. Doubts are growing as to whether the hard hand will benefit the country ( Memento from May 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, May 7, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Egypt's presidential candidate al-Sisi - The general awakens wishes - Egypt will elect a new president at the end of May, the winner seems to have already been determined: Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, former army chief and defense minister of the country. Its content remains vague, al-Sisi only becomes concrete when it comes to the Islamists ( Memento from May 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, May 7, 2014, by Tomas Avenarius, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egyptian presidential candidate Al-Sisi: No more “Muslim Brothers” ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , RIA Novosti, May 6, 2014, archived from the original
- ↑ a b Al-Sisi: Muslim Brothers will no longer play a role in Egypt ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Free Press, May 6, 2014, archived from the original
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Again Morsi supporters sentenced to long prison terms - In Egypt the judiciary continues to take action against the supporters of the ousted President Morsi. 13 of them have been sentenced to several years' imprisonment. There were protests against the Egyptian leadership ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Election in Egypt - Al-Sisi for the Palestinian state - After a success in the presidential election, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi expects concessions from Israel. The formation of a Palestinian state is one of them ( memento from May 8, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, May 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt - Egypt elects new president after Mursi's fall ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Election in Egypt remains relatively peaceful ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , NWZ Online, May 26, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c d e f Egyptian presidential election extended to third day - Critics say extension and last-minute public holiday are Attempts to boost credibility of probable winner Abdel Fatah al-Sisi ( Memento of 27 May 2014 Webcite ) (English) . The Guardian, May 27, 2014 by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt - Egypt chooses: The Great Sisi Festival ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 26, 2014, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Due to low turnout - presidential election in Egypt extended by one day ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (Update), Der Tagesspiegel, May 27, 2014, by Martin Gehlen and Marc Röhlig, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt extends presidential poll by a day - Decision set to boost turnout sought by Sisi who is poised to defeat Sabahi, his only challenger ( Memento of 27 May 2014 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, May 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egyptian election extension harms vote's credibility, says poll observer - US-based Democracy International says decision to extend voting into third day raises questions about integrity of process ( Memento of 30 May 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, May 28, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt election extended by a day after low turnout ( Memento from May 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). BBC News, May 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Voting in Cairo ( Memento from May 27, 2014 on WebCite ) . Voice Of America, May 27, 2014, archived from the original on May 27, 2014.
- ↑ Egypt's preliminary 2014 presidential election results - Unofficial results from Egypt's 27 governorates favor Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi with over 95 percent of the vote ( Memento of 29 May 2014 on Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, May 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll, in: The EU election observation in Egypt was a mistake ( memento from June 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, In short, May 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b European Union Endorses Egypt's presidential vote as democratic - Head of the EU observer mission says Egypt's 2014 presidential poll was 'free and democratic but not Necessarily fair' ( Memento of 29 May 2014 on Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, May 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Pro-Morsi coalition calls for "third revolutionary wave" - While preliminary presidential poll results showing Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi's 96% landslide victory, pro-Morsi alliance calls on Egyptians to protest nationwide against the 'coup' ( Memento from 29. May 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, May 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Election mission - EU observers support Egypt's unfree presidential election - The EU legitimizes al-Sissi's repressive regime. The newly elected president has the population behind him, say the EU election observers. A questionable review ( memento from June 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, June 1, 2014, by Lars Brozus and Stephan Roll, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Court ruling in Cairo: Hamas has to close offices in Egypt ( Memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Court decision - Hamas banned in Egypt ( memento of March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de, March 4, 2014, archived from the original ( memento of March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d Egypt bans Hamas activities ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, March 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt bans the Palestinian movement Hamas , Format.at, March 4, 2014, accessed on March 5, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - Cairo prohibits Hamas activities ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 5, 2014, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Gaza: Border crossing to Egypt open for three days ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, March 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Palestinian Territories - Standstill in the Gaza Strip ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 30, 2014, by Tania Krämer, archived from the original .
- ↑ Border crossing between Gaza and Egypt open for three days - the border at Rafah was completely closed for 50 days ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Ban in Egypt: Now it's Hamas's turn ( memento from March 5, 2014 on WebCite ), derStandard.at, March 4, 2014 (print edition: "Der Standard", March 5, 2014), by Gudrun Harrer , archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Denmark and 26 other countries addresses human rights situation in Egypt at HRC25 - Item 2 - Joint statement ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Permanent Mission To The UN In Geneva - Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark, March 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d U.N. Body criticizes Egyptian Crackdown on Dissent ( Memento of 17 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, March 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g UN Human Rights Council: Egypt Rights Abuses in Spotlight - Member States Call on Cairo to End Violations, Ensure Justice ( Memento from March 17, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, March 7, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Opening Statement by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Human Rights Council 25th Session ( Memento of 17 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner or Human Rights, March 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Silence is not an option - Call by Civil Society for the United Nations Human Rights Council to address the Grave Human Rights situation in Egypt, and Ensure Respect for Democratic Development ( Memento of 17 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, March 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Secret Prison Uncharged - Hundreds of death sentences call into question the pro-government judiciary. A network of secret prisons also worries the human rights activists ( memento from May 5, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kurier.at, May 5, 2014, by Karoline Krause, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt - Politicized Trials against Muslim Brothers ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, December 6, 2013, by Markus Symank, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - How independent are Egypt's judges? - Hundreds of Islamists have again been sentenced to death in Egypt. A similar mass judgment had already caused horror around the world in March. Observers explain the judgments with the structure of the judiciary ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 28, 2014, by Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Mass trial against Islamists - Egypt condemns 102 Mursi supporters ( Memento from May 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, May 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m UPDATE 4: Egypt's Minya criminal court sentences 529 Brotherhood supporters to death - In the largest set of death sentences handed to defendants in the modern history of Egypt, court orders capital punishment for 529 supporters of ousted president Morsi over murder of police officer ( Memento of 24 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, March 24, 2014, by El-sayed Gamal Eldeen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt - court passes 529 death sentences after a short trial - This has never happened in Egypt: more than 500 death sentences in one fell swoop. The convicted Islamists are said to have been responsible for the death of a high-ranking police officer ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , stern.de, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Mass trial against Islamists in Egypt - death sentences in the fast-track process ( memento from March 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, March 24, 2014, by Anna Osius (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento from March 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mass trial in Egypt - 529 death sentences imposed - Hundreds of people are sentenced to death after only two days of trial. They are allegedly the Muslim Brotherhood and are responsible for the death of a police officer ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, March 24, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Over 500 death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt - “That wasn't a trial at all” ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 24, 2014, by Astrid Frefel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - mass trial against Egyptian Islamists ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 22, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - Hundreds of Islamists sentenced to death in Egypt ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f slamists in Egypt - Quick trial: 529 death sentences against supporters of Mohammed Mursi ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, March 25, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Egypt - 500 Mursi followers sentenced to death ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Muslim Brotherhood - 529 Morsi followers in Egypt sentenced to death - Mass trial in Egypt: a court sentenced more than 500 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood to death. You are charged with murder. Most of the convicts, however, are on the run ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt: Court sentenced more than 500 Muslim Brotherhood to death ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's General prosecution refers 1211 'Brotherhood' members to criminal court - The Muslim Brotherhood members are charged with storming two police stations on 14 August in Minya governorate, which left one police officer dead and four others injured ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Ahram Online, January 13, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt sentenced more than 500 Muslim Brotherhood to death ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Over 500 Muslim Brotherhood Sentenced to Death ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) (1:36 min.), Deutsche Welle, March 24, 2014, by Uta Bollow, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g 529 death sentences in Egypt - outlawed and judged ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Der Tagesspiegel, March 24, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Mass trial in Minia - More than 500 Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to death in Egypt - In Egypt, more than 500 Mursi supporters were sentenced to death. They are charged with murder, among other things. Only 150 to 200 accused are currently actually in custody ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, March 24, 2014, archived by focus.de on March 24, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Egypt - 15 minutes for 529 death sentences ( memento from March 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 24, 2014, by Martin Gehlen, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b “For the Islamic Empire with Caliphs” - The journalist and author Petra Ramsauer on the strategy and network of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kurier.at, March 29, 2014, archived by Josef Ertl from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt - According to the UN, death sentences violate international law - A process full of errors, no clear charges: The United Nations condemns the death sentences of 529 Islamists. A second trial was postponed ( memento of March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Egypt - deadline for 683 Egyptian Muslim Brotherhoods - only one day after the death sentences of 529 Muslim Brotherhoods, the trial of 683 other defendants is opened. The verdicts should fall at the end of April - there will probably be maximum sentences again ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt - Show trials in fast-track proceedings - Before the presidential election, the show trials against opponents of the regime cast a gloomy light on the human rights situation in Egypt. After the death sentences of 529 Muslim Brotherhoods, the judiciary begins another mass trial ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, March 25, 2014, by Markus Bickel, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d No mercy for Islamists - The Mubarak method returns ( memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, March 28, 2014, by Nora Schareika, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Egypt - outrage over judgment ( memento from March 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 26, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Anger in Egypt as 529 Morsi supporters sentenced to death - Muslim Brotherhood calls protests as judge accused of acting out of spite after two-day trial over policeman's death in Minya ( Memento from March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, March 27, 2014 by Patrick Kingsley and Manu Abdo, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e 529 Reasons to Doubt Egyptian Justice ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, March 27, 2014, by Louisa Loveluck, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Hunting down the Islamists - Egypt's military settles accounts with the supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi - with consequences - The Egyptian government acts with great brutality against the opposition. The death sentences of 529 accused Muslim Brotherhoods are not a slip-up ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 30, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Mass trial - protests against scandal judgment in Egypt ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Death sentences against Islamists in Egypt - riots after mass convictions ( memento from March 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, March 24, 2014, by Anna Osius (ARD radio studio Cairo), archived from the original ( Memento of March 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Mass trial - Egypt: court sentenced over 500 Mursi followers to death ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , heute.de, March 24, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c d After death sentences in Egypt - New mass trial against Islamists ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 25, 2014, by Anna Osius (ARD radio studio Cairo).
- ↑ Islamists - More than 500 Morsi supporters in Egypt sentenced to death - The Egyptian judiciary is cracking down on supporters of the former President Morsi: According to state television, a court sentenced more than 500 of them to death ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Death sentences in Egypt: “Massacre of the rule of law” - The death sentence against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is short-sighted and wrong. Five reasons why the brotherhood must be integrated ( memento of March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , International Politics and Society, March 27, 2014, by Henrik Meyer, archived from the original ( memento of March 27, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b Egypt's Bloody Purge Is Just Beginning - As dog reds of young men are sentenced to death for the killing of one policeman, the state is gearing up to crush its Islamist enemies ( Memento of 27 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). Foreign Policy, by Bel Trew, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Hundreds of Egyptians Sentenced to Death in Killing of a Police Officer ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, March 24, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video - Egyptian military pronounces the death sentence for 529 Mursian supporters ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, March 24, 2014 (5:33 p.m.), by Thomas Aders.
- ↑ Egyptian television celebrates mass death sentence ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egyptian television celebrates mass death sentence ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, March 25, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: احمد موسي فرحان جدا بحكم اعدام 529 من الاخوان: ده قاضى ماجابتوش ولادة (Arabic), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel EgyTalkShow on March 24, 2014.
- ↑ a b Egypt urges 'perspective' in death sentence - CNN's Christiane Amanpour speaks with Egypt's State Information Service Chairman Salah Abdel Sadek ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (Video: 9:03 min .; English). edition.cnn.com/video, from CNN account Amanpour , March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egyptian television celebrates mass death sentence ( Memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Mada Masr, March 25, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: شاهد فرحة المذيعة رانيا بدوى بعد الحكم على 529 اخوانى بالاعدام (Arabic), YouTube, published by the YouTube channel egy tub on March 24, 2014.
- ↑ No mercy for Islamists - The Mubarak method returns ( memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, March 28, 2014, by Nora Schareika, archived from the original . With reference to: after the verdict #Egypt Black comedy !!! pic.twitter.com/9XpiZIgOOW , Twitter, March 26, 2014 (03:45), Twitter account Gamal Eid .
- ↑ After mass death sentence in Egypt: relatives doubt justice ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt: Escalations during protests by Mursi supporters ( Memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, April 1, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - Justice plans new mass trials against Islamists ( memento of March 27, 2014 on WebCite ) , RP Online, March 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Riots in front of Al-Azhar University ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, March 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Court ruling in Egypt - Over 500 Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to death ( Memento of March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , N24, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - Court opens second mass trial against Islamists - The legal persecution of Morsi supporters in Egypt continues: 600 of them are indicted, including the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie ( Memento from March 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , Zeit Online, March 25, 2014.
- ↑ a b Egypt: Failure to Meet US Aid Conditions - No Progress on Democratic Transition, Basic Freedoms ( Memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, April 4, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Letter to Secretary Kerry on US Military Aid to Egypt ( Memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, April 4, 2014, by Kenneth Roth, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Human rights activist: No US military aid for undemocratic Egypt ( Memento from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), stol.it, April 4, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Steinmeier reprimands death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood - More than 500 Muslim Brotherhood have been sentenced to death in Egypt, another mass trial is ongoing. Foreign Minister Steinmeier fears a split in the country and calls for the judgment to be reversed ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video - Egypt: More than 600 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood are on trial in Minja ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ), 0:32 min.), Tagesschau.de, March 25, 2014.
- ↑ Foreign Minister Steinmeier on the death sentences in Egypt ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Federal Foreign Office, press release, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: UN denounces death sentences against 529 Muslim Brotherhoods ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Sharp criticism of mass death sentences in Egypt - human rights activists and opposition politicians criticize "testimony to unbelievable arbitrariness" / Liebich: relapse into old Mubarak patterns / Greens: Federal government must stop military cooperation ( Memento from 25. March 2014 on WebCite ) , new germany, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Fair Trials for Muslim Brothers ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , www.linksfraktion.de, press release, March 24, 2014, by Stefan Liebich, archived from the original ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c d e f Egypt - Atmosphere of Fear ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 25, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: The rule of law is in a bad way ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , www.gruene-bundestag.de, press release, March 24, 2014, by Franziska Brantner, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt: Over 500 people sentenced to death in grotesque trials ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , www.amnesty.de, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Volker Kauder in Egypt - Europe must become more involved in Egypt again - conclusion of the group chairman's trip to Egypt ( memento of March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), www.cducsu.de, February 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Kauder: “I will take care of the situation of Christians in Nigeria” - The CDU / CSU parliamentary group leader Volker Kauder would like a new dynamic with regard to German and European engagement in Egypt. He himself also wants to take a closer look at persecuted Christians in Nigeria - and announced to pro a large working conference on the situation of persecuted Christians worldwide ( memento from March 8, 2014 on WebCite ), media magazine pro , March 5, 2014, conversation by Stefanie Ramsperger and Jonathan Steinert with Volker Kauder, archived from the original .
- ↑ Kauder calls for more support for Egypt ( memento from March 7, 2014 on WebCite ), Deutsche Welle, February 28, 2014, by Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt condemns 500 Muslim Brotherhood - "All off to the gallows" ( Memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, compiled by Anna Veit, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Direction abyss ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Märkische Oderzeitung, March 24, 2014, by Günther Marx, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt (Information current as of: April 1, 2011) ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Death Penalty Worldwide, [no date], archived from the original .
- ↑ The number of executions is increasing - thousands die at the hands of the state ( memento from March 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, March 27, 2014, by Nora Schareika, archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt - More than 500 Mursi followers sentenced to death ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandfundk, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Video - Thomas Aders, ARD Kairo, on the mass process in Egypt ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ), 3:04 min.), Tagesschau.de, March 25 2014.
- ↑ 529 death sentences - The Egyptian justice system is a farce ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 24, 2014, by Dietrich Alexander, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k analysis - Vengeance justice deepens Egypt's split ( memento from March 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , RP Online, March 26, 2014, by Matthias Beermann, archived from the original .
- ↑ "This is exaggerated and unacceptable" ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Interview on the mass trial in Egypt - "An example was made" - With the condemnation of 529 Morsi supporters to death, the government in Egypt pursues only one goal for ARD correspondent Thomas Aders: to make an example against the Muslim Brotherhood. You have to reckon with riots, he says in an interview with tagesschau.de ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 24, 2014, interview by Judith Pape with Thomas Aders.
- ^ Egypt - death sentences bring "new martyrs" - Hamed Abdel-Samad in conversation with Dirk-Oliver Heckmann ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandfunk, March 25, 2014, interview by Dirk-Oliver Heckmann with Hamed Abdel-Samad , archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d After mass death sentence in Egypt: "Fear of Syria scenario" ( Memento from March 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , radio Voice of Russia, March 26, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Fred Dews: Shadi Hamid: “A Kind of Bloodlust” in Egypt. In: brookings.edu. March 26, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2019 (American English).
- ^ 'Unprecedented' oppression in Egypt. cnn.com, March 25, 2014, accessed June 29, 2019 . (Video: 7:00 min .; English).
- ↑ "Egypt is on the verge of collapse" - Middle East expert Petra Ramsauer sees the country on the Nile as close to civil war. Violence would only drive the Muslim Brotherhood into militancy ( memento from March 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , March 30, 2014, Interview by Stefan Winkler with Petra Ramsauer , archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Sisi's fight against the Muslim Brotherhood - The situation in Egypt is absurd, as the recently passed mass death sentence against 529 Islamists shows. Since the fall of Mohammed Morsi in July 2013, the situation has become even more confusing, and Coptic Christians continue to be oppressed. An analysis by Johannes Gerloff ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , pro, March 27, 2014, by Johannes Gerloff, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e 683 Islamists sentenced to death in Egypt - 683 Islamists were sentenced to death in the largest mass trial in Egyptian history. A court in the Upper Egyptian city of Minia found the defendants guilty of participating in violent protests and of murder ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , stern.de, April 28, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Morsi supporters - 683 Egyptians sentenced to death - The verdict is directed against participants in violent demonstrations from August 2013. Among the convicts is a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , 20 minutes, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Death Penalty for Hundreds in Egypt - Disturbing Judgment ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , domradio.de, April 28, 2014, by Pol O Gradaigh and Mey Dudin (DPA), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Minja - Again death sentences against hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood - The Egyptian judiciary continues to crack down on the Islamists. The military and police, however, remain unmolested for their actions ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , RP Online, April 29, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Trial against Mursi supporters in Cairo - 15 minutes for 683 death sentences ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 28, 2014, by Sabine Rossi (ARD radio studio Cairo) .
- ↑ a b c d e f Audio: 683 death sentences against Mursi supporters ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ); 2'31 min.), Tagesschau.de, 28 April 2014, by Sabine Rossi (ARD radio studio Cairo).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Egypt's death sentences without a plausible basis - The quantitative and qualitatively record-breaking death sentences damage Egypt's reputation ( Memento from May 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, April 29, 2014, by Gudrun Harrer, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Mass trial of the Muslim Brotherhood - hundreds of death sentences in Egypt ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 28, 2014, by Jürg Bischoff, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt court sentences 683 Morsi supporters to death - Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide Mohamed Badie among 683 people sentenced to death by a court in Upper Egypt; court commutes death sentences passed 492 of 529 in at Earlier trial ( Memento of 29 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Ahram Online, by El-Sayed Gamal El-Deen, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g The same court, the same judgments - once again in Egypt the death penalty is imposed hundreds of times in a political process ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neues Deutschland, April 29, 2014, archived by Oliver Eberhardt from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: 683 death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, April 28, 2014, by Thomas Pany, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt - "The butcher" wants death for 683 Muslim Brotherhoods - The controversial judge Said Jussef Sabri pronounces all of the accused guilty in the mass process, including the 70-year-old chief ideologist of the Muslim Brotherhood. The swear bitter vengeance from the underground ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 28, 2014, by Dietrich Alexander, archived from the original .
- ↑ Bloody revenge on the friends of the overthrown Islamist President Mohammed Morsi: Only in March the controversial judge Said Jussef Sabri sentenced 529 Morsi supporters to death in a mass trial and thus triggered a wave of international outrage ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Bild.de, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Death sentences against 683 Islamists in Egypt ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Free Press, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: 683 people sentenced to death - He did it again. Judge Said Joussef triggered another wave of indignation: he sentenced 683 suspected supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood to death ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 28, 2014, by Khalid El-Kaoutit, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - death sentences that disregard all the rules - result of a 2-day mass process: the Egyptian judiciary has sentenced 683 Muslim Brotherhood to death. A protest movement is now forming against this arbitrariness ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 28, 2014, by Andrea Backhaus, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Egyptian judge to rule on death penalty for 1,200 men - Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Badie among defendants in mass trial amid crackdown in which 16,000 arrested ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, April 28, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Minja - Hundreds of death sentences in Egypt - One month before the presidential election, Egypt's leadership is demonstrating its power. Hundreds of Islamists were sentenced to death ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Heidenheimer Zeitung (Südwest Presse), April 29, 2014, by Mey Dudin, DPA, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Death penalty for hundreds of Muslim Brothers ( April 29, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , April 28, 2014, by Pol O Gradaigh and Mey Dudin (DPA), archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Mass trial in Egypt - 683 Mursi supporters sentenced to death ( Memento from April 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, April 28, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from April 29, 2014 in the Internet Archives ).
- ↑ a b Audio - Second day of the trial against supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ), 2'34 min.), Tagesschau.de, April 28 2014, by Sabine Rossi (WDR - ARD radio studio Cairo).
- ↑ a b c d Death sentences against Islamists - Community criticizes Egypt - An Egyptian court sentenced hundreds of Islamists to death. It is the second mass judgment of its kind. Internationally, the judge's verdict is severely condemned ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, April 29, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Audio: Again Death Penalty Against Islamists Audio Again Death Penalty Against Islamists ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP3 ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ), 1'04 min.), Tagesschau. de, April 28, 2014, by Peter Steffe (SWR, Cairo).
- ↑ a b Mass trial - 683 Morsi supporters in Egypt sentenced to death - In a new mass trial in Egypt, almost 700 Islamists have been sentenced to death. A court in Minja found the defendants guilty of participating in violent protests and of murder ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Justice circles - Egyptian court imposes 683 death sentences ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Almost 700 Mursi supporters sentenced to death - In another mass trial in Egypt, 683 defendants were sentenced to death. Among them is a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood of former President Mohammed Morsi ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Almost 700 new death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, April 28, 2014, by Yasmine Saleh, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Death sentences in Egypt - maximum sentence for hundreds of Morsi followers - An Egyptian court sentenced 683 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood to death, including the head of the Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie. Angry relatives protested and spoke of an accelerated procedure ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , BR.de (B5 aktuell), April 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d Video - Khalid El Kaoutit at the court in Minia - More than 600 death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) (Video: 1:39 min.), Deutsche Welle, April 28, 2014, from Khalid El Kaoutit, archived from the original ( April 28, 2014 memento on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c Terrorist sentences in Egypt - 683 death sentences again - The same judge who sentenced the Muslim Brotherhood to the first 529 death sentences has struck again. Again he only needed two days ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, April 28, 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original
- ↑ a b c d e f New mass trial in Egypt - judges sentenced 683 Muslim Brotherhood to death ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt - 683 Mursi followers sentenced to death ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Süddeutsche.de, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egyptian judge to rule on death penalty for 1,200 men - Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Badie among defendants in mass trial amid crackdown in which 16,000 arrested ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, April 28, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original . With reference to: Egypt: Stop the Mass Execution ( Memento of April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English), Avaaz.org, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Cairo - Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood to be hanged: 683 death sentences without evidence ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , MainPost, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Judges Join In - The Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood Enters a New Phase ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Foreign Affairs, April 1, 2014, by Nathan J. Brown and Michele Dunne, archived from the original .
- ↑ Power struggle in Egypt: the military arrests the head of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from August 22, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, August 20, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Uproar in Egypt After Judge Sentences More Than 680 to Death ( Memento from May 1, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 28, 2014, by David D. Kirkpatrick, archived from the original .
- ↑ Mass Trial: Egyptian Court Sentences Hundreds of Muslim Brotherhoods to Death ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Trial in Cairo - next judgments against the Muslim Brotherhood - 529 times the death penalty - the mass judgments against alleged supporters of the banned Muslim Brotherhood caused great outrage in March. Today there could be 700 more such judgments - also against the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. What will then happen in Egypt is difficult to estimate ( memento from April 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, April 28, 2014, by Sabine Rossi (ARD radio studio Cairo).
- ↑ a b c Ashton sentenced to death in Egypt - Kerry on the phone with Fehmi ( Memento from May 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , TRT German, April 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Video - 683 supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to death ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) ( MP4 ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ); 1'26 min.), Tagesschau.de (8:17 p.m.) ), April 28, 2014, by Volker Schwenck.
- ↑ Patrick Kingsley: Egyptian judge to rule on death penalty for 1,200 men . In: The Guardian . April 28, 2014 ( theguardian.com ). With reference to: weekly.ahram.org.eg, April 15, 2014, by Lubna Abdel Aziz, Law or lawlessness! ( Memento of May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c Gabriela Keller: After death sentences: Muslim Brothers call for "revolution". In: The press. April 29, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Turkish Press - Turkey 04/30/2014 - Gauck, Gül, Turkish German University, Egypt, Syria - The topics of the day are: Legal massacre - Reactions against the punishments of the junta court in Egypt; Battles in Syria; Turkish-German university open; THY received the 75th Boeing 737; Second ANKA generation on the way ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Migazin, April 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - Death sentences against hundreds of Morsi supporters in Egypt - It is the largest mass trial in Egyptian history - now new judgments have been pronounced. The verdict is a hard blow to the supporters of the ousted President Mohammed Morsi ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Death sentences against the Muslim Brotherhood: Gül and Gauck criticize Egypt's judiciary - a total of 683 other Muslim Brotherhood were sentenced to death in Egypt. But Federal President Gauck spoke out against the death penalty during his current state visit to Turkey. Not feelings of revenge, but the rule of law is the measure of all things ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , German Turkish News, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Egypt: Foreign Minister Steinmeier calls for the death sentence to be lifted ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , Federal Foreign Office - press release, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ France - Fabius calls "battle judgments" in Egypt "completely unacceptable" ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 30, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Turkish, German presidents criticize Egypt death penalties ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). World Bulletin, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ FDP calls for the lifting of the death sentences in Egypt ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ) , all-in.de, April 30, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from April 30, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Guido Steinberg on the death sentences in Egypt - In Egypt, 683 followers of the banned Muslim Brotherhood were sentenced to death. A court also banned the opposition youth movement on April 6th. Background information Guido Steinberg from the Foundation for Science and Politics in Berlin ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (audio: 02:28 min.), Deutsche Welle, April 28, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from April 29, 2014 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b Egypt expert Abdel-Samad - “The death sentence is a judicial massacre” ( page 1 ( memento of April 28, 2014 on WebCite ), page 2 ( memento of April 28, 2014 on WebCite )), Focus Online, 28. April 2014, by Julian Rohrer, archived from the original ( page 1 , page 2 ) on April 28, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d Egypt is currently not a constitutional state - An interview with Stephan Roll (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik) ( memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) (audio: 5:34 min.), Domradio.de, April 28, 2014 , archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt: A judiciary executes itself - the judges pass 683 death sentences against opponents of the regime and are now also banning the secular April 6th movement: They are increasingly taking sides with those in power ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, April 28, 2014 (print edition: "Die Presse", April 29, 2014), by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Comment Justice in Egypt - Everyday Death Penalty - The Egyptian justice not only passes merciless judgments, it also fails mercilessly - and compromises itself as an angel of vengeance against the Muslim Brotherhood ( Memento from April 29, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, April 28 2014, by Karim El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Al-Jazeera trial Egypt - Egypt risks its reputation ( memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 24, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original on March 24 201
- ↑ a b c d e f Trial of Al Jazeera staff adjourned in Egypt - The trial of three Al Jazeera staff, jailed on charges of spreading false news, has been adjourned until March 31 ( Memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) (English ). Al Jazeera, March 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Egypt has no evidence against us, says detained al-Jazeera journalist - Bail denied again for three journalists on trial for allegedly smearing Egypt's reputation and aiding terrorists ( Memento of 30 March 2014 Webcite ) (English). The Guardian, March 24, 2014, by Patrick Kingsley, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Al-Jazeera trial in Egypt - not all journalists are the same - in the Al Jazeera trial the accused are by no means treated equally. There has been panic in Egypt since the 529 death sentences ( memento from April 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , Berliner Zeitung, March 31, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Trial in Egypt: Al-Jazeera reporters remain in custody - The farce continues: In the trial against employees of the TV station al-Jazeera, the judge refused to release the accused. On the fourth day of the trial, the public prosecutor did not present any evidence to support the allegation that the journalists were supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 31, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Journalists implore judges: "We are liberal" ( memento from April 1, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, March 31, 2014, by Karem El-Gawhary, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: 104 Islamists sentenced ( Memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , rtl.de, May 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Convictions in a mass trial in Egypt - In Egypt, supporters of the ousted Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi were once again sentenced to years of imprisonment in a mass trial. A trial against Al-Jazeera journalists was postponed ( Memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ CNN'S AMANPOUR Egypt: 529 Islamists Sentenced to Die; Libya's Power Struggle; Imagine a World ( Memento from March 31, 2014 on WebCite ) (transcript; English). CNN, [undated], archived from the original .
- ^ Egypt: Christians become scapegoats after the pro-Mursi sit-in strikes are broken up ( memento October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) , Amnesty International, October 9, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ 'How Long Are We Going To Live In This Injustice?' Egypt's Christians Caught Between Sectarian Attacks And State Inaction ( Memento from October 10, 2013 on WebCite ) (English; PDF). Amnesty International, Index: MDE 12/058/2013, October 2013, archived from the original (PDF; 3.1 MB) on October 10, 2013.
- ↑ a b Mass unrest in Egypt ( April 1, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , Radio Voice of Russia, April 1, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b stol.it ( Memento from April 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b c Egypt - Almost 140 Mursi supporters in Egypt sentenced to several years in prison ( memento from April 17, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 16, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Egypt - 120 Muslim Brotherhood sentenced to prison terms ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 16, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f prison sentences for 119 Morsi followers in Egypt ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , derStandard.at, April 16, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Three and a half years imprisonment for a rally - Egyptian court convicts 119 Muslim Brotherhood ( memento from April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , n-tv, April 16, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Court Imposes Imprisonment Against 120 Muslim Brothers ( Memento April 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 16, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Rights groups demand Egypt probe killings of Mursi supporters ( Memento from December 26, 2013 on WebCite ). Reuters Edition US, December 10, 2013, by Tom Perry, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt - 30 Mursi followers sentenced to three and a half years in prison ( memento from April 21, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 20, 2014, archived from the original on April 21, 2014.
- ↑ a b Long-term prison sentences for 13 Mursi followers ( memento from April 26, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , April 26, 2014, archived from the original . (APA)
- ↑ Dozens of Mursi followers condemned again ( memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Kleine Zeitung , April 27, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Trials - 104 Islamists in Egypt sentenced to long prison terms. Süddeutsche Zeitung , May 3, 2014, accessed on August 3, 2020 . .
- ↑ a b Egypt - 100 Mursi followers sentenced to ten years imprisonment ( Memento from May 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , RP Online, May 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f 6 April Youth Movement banned - Critics argue, dass die case did not belong in Cairo Court for Urgent Matters, question how ban will be Implemented ( Memento of 29 April 2014 Webcite ) (English). Daily News Egypt, April 28, 2014, by Aya Nader, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Judgment in Cairo: Egypt Bans Democracy Movement April 6th - The group organized the protest against dictator Husni Mubarak and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Now a court in Cairo has banned the youth movement on April 6th. Another blow against opponents of the military in Egypt ( Memento from April 28, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 28, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Egypt - ridicule for the judge - the prohibition of the youth movement of the “6. April “turns the Egyptians against their government. The "6. April “played an important role in the 2011 revolution ( Memento from May 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Frankfurter Rundschau, April 29, 2014, by Julia Gerlach, archived from the original ( Memento from May 4, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Candidates for the 2011 award - Women, Facebook, Nobel Peace Prize ( memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 6, 2011, by Lydia Bentsche, archived from the original .
- ↑ A Conversation with Esraa Abdelfattah and Bassel Adel ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). Journal of Middle Eastern Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Oct 21, 2013, by Avery Schmidt, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's 'democrats' abandon democracy ( Memento October 27, 2013 on WebCite ). The Washington Post, July 21, 2013, by Jackson Diehl, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Crisis - The Coup, A Death Blow For Democracy ( Memento October 27, 2013 on WebCite ), Die Welt, August 21, 2013, by Ian Buruma, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt's Military Holiday Marred By Deaths ( Memento from October 27, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Daily Beast, Oct 7, 2013, from Alastair Beach, archived from the original .
- ↑ Investigations against Obama and German “responsible persons” in Egypt ( Memento from May 5, 2014 on WebCite ) , Greenpeace Magazin (dpa report), May 5, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from May 5, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Egypt: Investigations against Obama and Germans - The Egyptian attorney general has initiated an investigation against US President Barack Obama and "several European leaders". As became known from judicial circles in Cairo, it is about alleged "espionage activities" ( Memento from May 5, 2014 on WebCite ) , RTL.de, May 5, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Dealing with the Muslim Brotherhood - Arab Struggle for Egypt ( Memento from March 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , FAZ.net, March 24, 2014, by Rainer Hermann, archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . March 2014.
- ↑ a b Trouble with Saudi Arabia: Trial by Fire for Qatar's Young Emir ( Memento from March 16, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 16, 2014, by Raniah Salloum, archived from the original .
- ↑ Summit of the Arab League - Egypt asks for help against terror ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ No concord in the Arab League ( memento from March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ Assad and Muslim Brotherhood polarize Arab League summit ( memento March 25, 2014 on WebCite ) , euronews, March 25, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Bomb Blasts Near Cairo University ( Memento from April 3, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Three bombs explode in front of Cairo University - An attack on Egyptian riot police was carried out with presumably self-made explosive devices. A general was killed ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, April 2, 2014, archived from the original . With reference to: بالفيديو .. لحظة انفجار قنبلتين أمام كلية الهندسة بجامعة القاهرة ( Memento of April 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (Arabic). YouTube, published by the YouTube channel VideoYoum7 | قناة اليوم السابع on April 2, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f Violence in Egypt: Police general killed in attack in front of a university in Cairo ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Egypt - Dead in bomb explosions in Cairo - Three bombs exploded near the University of Cairo. According to the Interior Ministry, several people were killed, including a police general ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Bomb series in front of the university in Cairo - police general dead ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Unknown Islamist group confesses to double attack in Cairo ( memento from April 4, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 3, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f Three bombs explode in front of Cairo University - An attack on Egyptian riot police was carried out with presumably self-made explosive devices. A general was killed ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Tages-Anzeiger, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ^ A b Another attack in Egypt - three explosions near the Cairo University ( Memento from April 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , tagesschau.de, April 2, 2014, archived from the original ( Memento from April 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ TV - Egyptian Police Brigadier General killed in Cairo ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Deaths in bomb attacks in front of the University of Cairo ( memento from April 2, 2014 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Interactive timeline: Egypt in turmoil - Follow the ongoing political and social upheaval in the Arab world's most populous country ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). Aljazeera, January 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Timeline of Turmoil in Egypt After Mubarak and Morsi ( Memento from January 26, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, by Shreeya Sinha and Erin Banco, July 2, 2013, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e The children of the revolution let their anger run free - student protests have been raging at universities in Egypt for weeks. The aversion to the military unites Morsi supporters and liberals. The campus has become a "political substitute arena" ( memento from April 3, 2014 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 3, 2014, by Birgit Svensson, archived from the original .
- ^ Riots in Egypt - Explosions in front of the University in Cairo: Police general killed ( April 2, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , RP Online, April 2, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ FOKUS1 riots in protest in Egypt against death sentences ( Memento of 27 March 2014 Webcite ) , Reuters Germany, March 25, 2014 filed by the original .
- ↑ Cairo at a Glance: The most important scenes of the past few days ( memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, [undated], archived from the original ; Image embedded in: Excessive violence in Egypt: Day of Hate ( Memento from December 25, 2013 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, August 16, 2013, by Ulrike Putz, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt Violence: Death Toll In Cairo Clashes Climbs Above 600, Health Ministry Says ( Memento from October 24, 2013 on WebCite ) (English). The Huffington Post, August 15, 2013, by Maggie Michael, archived from the original ( October 24, 2013 memento on WebCite ).
- ↑ a b c d Egypt - USA delivers attack helicopters to Egypt - A good six months after the freezing of large parts of military aid for Egypt, Washington is partially lifting the stop: The USA is supplying ten helicopters for the fight against terrorism ( Memento from April 23 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e Fight against terrorism - USA sends attack helicopters to Egypt - After the fall of the Islamist President Morsi, the USA restricted its military aid to Egypt. Washington is now arming the country with "Apache" helicopters - for the fight against terrorism ( memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Pentagon - USA again supplies arms to Egypt - The US government has announced that it will resume arms deliveries and financial aid to Egypt after many months. Washington gave the green light to export ten Apache attack helicopters ( April 23, 2014 memento on WebCite ) , Die Welt, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Military aid - USA supplies Egypt again with attack helicopters - USA equips Egypt's government. Washington stopped military aid only a few months ago, but Cairo is showing political progress ( memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Military aid: USA delivers Apache attack helicopters to Egypt ( memento from April 23, 2014 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ “Fight against Terrorism” - USA supplies Egypt with “Apache” helicopters ( memento from April 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 24, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt and the USA on a rapprochement - Egypt and the USA are getting closer again after a significant cooling of the relationship ( Memento from April 25th 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , stol.it.
- ↑ Egypt - USA relax military sanctions ( memento from April 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandfunk, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Resumption of support - USA delivers Apache attack helicopters to Egypt ( memento April 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Focus Online, April 23, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b Military aid - America no longer needs Egypt - The US is partially resuming military aid for Egypt, although the country is falling back into the autocracy. Russia has long since replaced America as a partner ( memento from April 24, 2014 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 23, 2014, by Carsten Luther, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Egypt: Mubarak party friends are not allowed to run - An Egyptian court has banned leading members of the party of the ousted President Husni Mubarak from running in the upcoming parliamentary elections. The ban is intended to prevent ex-NDP members from making a political comeback ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , donaukurier.de, May 6, 2014, archived from the original ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ).
- ↑ Court bans politicians for elections - verdict against supporters of Mubarak - In Egypt the political landscape is plowed up. The party of the former ruler Mubarak is also no longer allowed to run for election ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ a b c Election in Egypt - Mubarak's party excluded - Egypt's political landscape is changing: The party of the former ruler Mubarak should not be allowed to participate in the election ( Memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , taz.de, May 6, 2014 , archived from the original .
- ↑ Elections in Egypt - Mubarak's supporters are not allowed to run - Former top politicians of the dissolved party of the ousted President Hosni Mubarak are no longer allowed to run in elections. That was decided by a court. In his verdict, Judge Karim Hasem did not name or number of those affected ( memento from May 6, 2014 on WebCite ) , Deutschlandfunk, May 6, 2014, archived from the original .
- ↑ Egypt: Cabinet resigns after al-Sisi's inauguration - the new president should put together a government he trusts. Some ministers are allowed to keep their offices ( memento from June 12, 2014 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, June 9, 2014, archived from the original .
Remarks
- ↑ a b c Western media reports based on news agency reports from the end of December 2013 stated that 1400 people were killed when the protest camps were broken up on August 14, 2013 by the security forces. Sources: for example 1. Egypt: Police catch ex-head of government on the run ( memento from December 24, 2013 on WebCite ), Spiegel Online, December 24, 2013, archived from the original ; 2nd bomb attack - Egypt: many dead in attack on police headquarters ( memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ), heute.de, December 24, 2013, archived from the original ; 3. Egypt - Muslim Brotherhood declared a terrorist organization ( memento from December 28, 2013 on WebCite ), Süddeutsche.de, December 26, 2013, archived from the original .