Growth critical movement

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Demonstration at the end of the fourth degrowth conference , Leipzig, 2014

The Growth Critical Movement is a social movement of academics and activists who study growth criticism and criticize the prevailing development model of economic growth . In the German-speaking area it is also known as the post-growth movement , other catchwords are growth retreat , dewaxing or growth turnaround . In other languages, English degrowth movement , French décroissance , Italian decrescita , Spanish decrecimiento or Catalan decreixement are used . The growth-critical movement contains diverse and partly contradicting currents and positions and also differs regionally in its theoretical embedding.

Historical outline

The photo Earthrise from 1968 illustrated the " Spaceship Earth "

From the 1960s onwards, economic systems designed for economic growth were criticized because they were not ecologically sustainable and socially unjust . Kenneth Boulding coined the term “ spaceship earth ” and Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen argued that economics must take into account the limits of thermodynamics and therefore cannot grow indefinitely. Herman Daly coined the term uneconomic growth ( "uneconomic growth"): The consequential loss of growth were higher than the economic benefits, a way was a stationary economy ( "steady state economy"). The consumption of material and energy should be limited and the world population stabilized. In 1972 the Club of Rome published the report The Limits to Growth , which predicted the catastrophic consequences of unlimited economic growth for ecology and society due to limited resources and the overexploitation of existing natural resources . These criticisms of the economic model were initially taken up by the environmental movement , which gained strength in the 1970s. The first social movement of the décroissance emerged in France at this time .

After the end of the oil crisis , the growth-critical debates lost their importance in public, but continued in areas such as bioeconomy , ecological economics , political ecology and the criticism of development theory . To this day, many growth critics argue with ecological limits, while parts of the environmental movement do not follow a fundamental growth critique. In return, social aspects also play a major role in the growth-critical movement, such as culturalism , democracy , justice , the meaning of life or the well-being of people and the environment. It is questioned that the countries of the Global South should follow the development model of the North. Instead, the industrialized countries should reduce economic production and consumption until economic activity takes place within the planetary boundaries of the earth . This should lead to an increased well-being of people and the environment on a local and global level as well as across generations .

In France, the movement regained its popularity at the beginning of the 21st century and expanded to Italy in 2004 and Spain in 2006. In 2008 the biennial International Degrowth Conference was founded and has established itself as an important event for the movement. The emergence of a movement has been discussed in Germany since 2014. Activist groups also exist in Belgium , Switzerland , Finland , Poland , Greece , Portugal , Norway , Denmark , the Czech Republic , Mexico , Brazil , Puerto Rico and Canada . The growth-critical debate, especially in France, was largely shaped by activists of the new social movement who wanted to bring together critical ideas and political actions and to repoliticize the socio-ecological debates. In addition to activist resistance, the movement pursues the development of alternatives by practitioners and the scientific elaboration of political proposals for which majorities in society are to be found. The concrete approaches and concepts for solving social and ecological problems are very diverse. They range from conservative cultural criticism to criticism of capitalism and include social reform and ecological left-wing liberalism , demands for individual frugality ( sufficiency ) and the feminist perspective of subsistence .

Décroissance in the French-speaking area

Graffiti: "Décroissance for our well-being"

The growth-critical movement in France uses the term décroissance , sometimes with the adjective soutenable (sustainable): The prefix dé gives the word croissance (growth) a negative meaning, so décroissance is the opposite of growth, i.e. negative growth. The representatives of the décroissance understand it as a designed reduction, which they deliberately differentiate from an unplanned recession of today's growth-dependent economy that is perceived as negative . For this, a state of a-croissance must be realized in which growth constraints are overcome and shrinkage no longer destabilizes the economy. Proponents of the décroissance oppose the one-sided pursuit of economic growth and technical progress and stand for a simple life, in which individuals reduce the perceived excess of material consumption through self-sufficiency . People in the décroissance enjoy more free time instead of more and more work. Economy and society organize themselves locally instead of globally and strive for slowness and durability instead of speed.

The development of the décroissance took place in two phases. The first cycle emerged in the 1970s in response to the massive environmental damage caused by economic growth and emphasized the criticism of growth and the global development model. In this first phase, however, the movement's demands and ideas were barely spread. The growth-critical movement was not revived until the beginning of the 21st century . The movement in France nowadays consists mainly of collective and local initiatives and tries to assert itself in politics in order to bring its proposals to the public.

First cycle

The catalyst for the growth-critical movement was the report The Limits to Growth 1972, which was commented on in a special edition of the newspaper Le Nouvel Observateur . The edition, entitled La dernière chance de la Terre (Earth's last chance) was edited by growth critic Alain Hervé and published in 20,000 copies. The term décroissance was first used in 1973 by the philosopher and Jewish resistance fighter André Amar in his essay La croissance et leproblemème moral (growth and its moral problem). It appeared in the collection of articles Les objecteurs de la Croissance (The growth deniers ) of the socio-political journal Nouvelle équipe française (Nef, the new French team) founded by Lucie Faure and Robert Aron . In the same year, the journalist Alain Hervé founded the monthly newspaper Le Sauvage (the Wild) to disseminate the concepts of political ecology developed by André Gorz , which questions the existing economic and social models and tries to establish the connection between man and nature on a political level restore. In 1975 Gorz summarized his ideas in his book Ecologie et politique (Ecology and Politics): He criticized capitalism because it did not satisfy basic needs, but instead created needs that did not exist before, in order to stimulate consumers' purchase wishes again and again. His proposal consisted, among other things, of centralizing the production of basic needs and satisfying other needs in self-production.

The growth criticism received little response from society in these years. In the 1974 presidential election , the agronomist and consumer critic René Dumont (1904–2001) tried to bring décroissance into politics, but only received 1.32 percent of the vote. In the previous year, Dumont had drafted a manifesto with concrete measures as the basis for his policy to distribute the global resources fairly and to eliminate inequalities.

In 1979 the French philosopher Jacques Grinevald and the Belgian law professor Ivo Rens published the French translation of the works of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen , which further founded and made known the ecological growth critique of the décroissance.

In the 1980s there was also criticism of the development model of the Global South . François Partant , who criticized the westernization of the world and the homogenization of cultures, was influential . He called for a global reduction in consumption and the abolition of the exploitation of developing countries by industrialized countries .

In 1982 the growth-critical magazine Le Sauvage was discontinued (re-established as an online newspaper in 2009). The ecological and globalization-critical magazine Silence (Stille), newly founded in 1982, presents an alternative and non-violent lifestyle and tries to rebuild the connection between humans and nature - in the 1990s it made growth criticism one of its core topics. Overall, the décroissance movement did not achieve great political and social significance in the 1980s and 1990s.

Second cycle: The Renaissance

Banderole of the growth-critical party "Parti pour la Décroissance"

The beginning of the second cycle comes from the crisis context of the early years of the 21st century . The international community had meanwhile recognized the ecological crisis: global warming , exhaustion of natural resources, environmental disasters and the discussions about sustainable development brought the criticism of growth back into the discussion in France. Important inspirers of the décroissance in France and Europe are Bruno Clémentin, Vincent Cheynet, Serge Latouche and Paul Ariès.

The activists Bruno Clémentin and Vincent Cheynet founded the association "Casseurs de Pub" (advertising destroyers) in 1999, which opposes the spread of advertising and its influence on individuals. In addition to actions of adbusting , they tried to establish the term décroissance soutenable in public and opposed their concept to the interpretation of sustainable development at the time, which wanted to decouple economic growth and environmental damage. Cheynet and Clémentin argue, similar to François Partant or André Gorz , that the continuation of the consumer society in the north at the expense of the global south leads to serious global environmental damage and therefore cannot be the right solution. You beat u. a. In a special edition of the magazine Silence , as an alternative to sustainable development, a society freed from the goal of growth, in which the market economy is controlled by politics and consumers, while the power of multinational corporations or the financial markets is limited. They registered the term décroissance soutenable with the French trademark office ( Institut national de la propriété industrial ) and in 2002 they founded the research institute for a sustainable post-growth society ( Institut d'études économiques de la décroissance soutenable ) in Lyon and in 2004 the monthly magazine La Décroissance , published in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and Germany with a circulation of over 30,000 pieces is available.

In the winter of 2001/2002, Serge Latouche coordinated a special edition on development criticism in the magazine L'Ecologiste (Der Umweltschützer) on behalf of a group of friends of François Partant . The edition summarized the theoretical influences of the décroissance and presented authors who could be considered as inspirers for a new beginning of the movement: Marcel Mauss (critique of utilitarianism), Pierre Clastres (comparison of society to the state), the non-violence of Gandhi , the Criticism of colonialism by Aimé Césaire , economic expansion by Bernard Charbonneau and the West by François Partant. The authors of the special edition, such as Serge Latouche, Ivan Illich and Edward Goldsmith, organized the first international colloquium on development criticism in Paris as a result of the publication. This conference, in partnership with the Freundeskreis Partants, le Monde Diplomatique and the UNESCO MOST (Management of Social Transformation Program) program, brought together around 800 people in February and March 2002.

Serge Latouche

In his books, Serge Latouche criticizes the development of the global south, utilitarianism or the growth goal of the economy and society. In titles such as Décoloniser l'imaginaire (to decolonize the world of ideas), Le Pari de la Décroissance (The bet of the post-growth movement) or Le petit Traité de la décroissance sereine (German title: It's enough! Settling with the growth mania ), he recommends restructuring the economy , society and politics with a concept in 8 points: re-evaluate, re-conceptualize, re-structure, re-distribute, relocate, reduce, reuse and recycle . In 2006, Latouche co-founded Entropia magazine , where many supporters of the movement give their opinion.

Paul Ariès, political scientist and editor-in-chief of the left-wing and growth-critical magazine Sarkophage (sarcophagus), which is published today under the name Les Z'indigné (e) , sees the concept of décroissance as an advertising slogan that aims to eliminate dominant economic thinking and advocates of an alternative Society united. In his books Décroissance ou Barbarie (post-growth or barbarism) and La Décroissance: un nouveau projet politique (post-growth: a new political project), he suggests that the décroissance movement should become politicized and make political demands.

The farmer and philosopher Pierre Rabhi adopted the concept of décroissance soutenable in his political program for the 2002 presidential election . Supported by Vincent Cheynet, Rabhi tried to establish décroissance for the second time in the political landscape after 1974, but only collected 80 instead of the 500 signatures required to approve the candidacy. The ideas of décroissance are also represented in politics by Yves Cochet , co-founder of the Green Party in France and member of the Europe Ecologie - Les Verts (Europe Ecology - The Greens) party. In 2004, Cochet tried to incorporate the ideas of décroissance into his party program and took a position on décroissance during the National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ). In 2006, the Parti pour la Décroissance political party was founded in France to spread the movement's ideas in politics. The party participated in the 2009 and 2014 European elections without success .

The first international décroissance colloquium took place in Lyon in 2003. In 2008, with the first international degrowth conference with 140 people in Paris, a conference series was established that is held internationally every two years.

The French décroissance also influenced movements in other French-speaking countries. For example, a décroissance movement emerged in Quebec in 2007/2008. In French-speaking Switzerland, a network of décroissance has been developing since 2008, the Réseau Objection de Croissance (network of those who refuse to grow). Activists of the network founded the magazine Moins! In 2012 . (Fewer!). Since 2009 there have also been supporters in Belgium and in 2018 the International Degrowth Conference took place at the European Parliament in Brussels .

In 2011 Agnès Sinaï, environmental journalist and associate at Paris Sciences Po University , founded the Momentum Institute. The ideas laboratory brings together a multitude of advocates of décroissance who research the post-growth society and society's turning away from fossil energies and who work out concepts for a "Politics of the Anthropocene ".

The actions carried out by activists of the movement include campaigns against urbanization , highways, airports or bullet trains. Resistance is expressed through demonstrations, boycotts, civil disobedience , direct actions, and songs of protest . Instead, for example, ecological agriculture , renewable energies , regional currencies or better conditions for cyclists and pedestrians are required.

Growth criticism in the German-speaking area

Since the beginning of the 1970s and the publication of the Limits to Growth , environmental protection has been increasingly discussed in the German-speaking area. Growth criticism thus became part of the environmental movement and in the Federal Republic the political consequences of environmental problems were debated from the point of view of quality of life. The trade union IG Metall organized a large congress in Oberhausen in 1972 under the title: "The Future: Quality of Life". 1200 international delegates discussed an environmental, resource and growth crisis as well as an alternative to the focus on economic growth. The magazine “Technology and Politics. The magazine for growth crisis ”, published by the publicist Freimut Duve , published works by Hannah Arendt , André Gorz , Ivan Illich and Maria Mies , which are of central importance for today's debates about growth, employment, capitalism and feminism. Another inspiration came from Leopold Kohr , who in 1957 coined the motto “small is beautiful”, which was made popular by Ernst Friedrich Schumacher in the 1970s .

In terms of party politics, the criticism of industrialism, growth and technology were core issues in the founding phase of the party The Greens around 1980. In 1983 the party published under the title “Work meaningfully - live in solidarity. Against unemployment and social cuts ”their economic program, in which large-scale technologies, gender-specific division of labor and the devaluation of unpaid work were criticized. The Greens, but also the SPD, unsuccessfully demanded a reformation of the Stability and Growth Act in the early 1990s . The demand to concentrate on branches of the economy that are directly related to human needs and the resolute criticism of the idea of ​​global growth can often be found in today's post-growth debate. However, these visions of the future were largely rejected by the Greens in the 1990s and the party positions have shifted in the direction of the ideas of sustainable development and ecological modernization .

A social movement in the true sense of the word could not initially develop in the German-speaking area and the German-language growth criticism was "productive as a scientific and interdisciplinary discourse" before 2014, according to the social researcher Matthias Schmelzer. Since the beginning of the 21st century, these topics have been discussed more frequently in publications, events and conferences from science, politics and society. In 2003, associations from environmental protection, globalization criticism and development aid called the McPlanet conferences into being, which are an important cornerstone for the emerging were growth critical movement. In 2008, Niko Paech and Werner Onken founded the “Lecture Series on the Post-Growth Economy” in Oldenburg , in which lecturers from science and society discuss the conditions and possibilities of a post-growth economy. In 2010, the Association for Ecological Economics committed itself to the critique of growth, from which the growth turnaround network emerged in the same year as an interdisciplinary, growth-critical network. At about the same time, the concept work New Economy was created, which has degrowth as a focus. In May 2011, the “Beyond Growth ?!” congress took place in Berlin, at which around 2500 participants discussed the topics of ecological justice, social rights and the good life.

From 2011 to 2013 the study commission “Growth, Prosperity, Quality of Life - Paths to Sustainable Business and Social Progress in the Social Market Economy” was supposed to show the legislature possible regulation and development possibilities and to discuss growth and alternative indicators of prosperity. The two-year debate attracted media attention for ideas critical to growth, which, however, remained very controversial within the commission. The growth-critical representatives Hermann Ott and Matthias Zimmer criticized the remaining focus on technical progress and growth and the lack of recommendations for action in the final report.

Emergence of a social movement around the degrowth conference 2014

Audience in the Augusteum at the International Degrowth Conference in Leipzig, 2014

The International Degrowth Conference 2014 in Leipzig had around 3000 participants and brought together growth critics from science and society. The aim was to give more weight to the national and international debate on degrowth. The conference led to a major debate as to whether it was the beginning of a growth-critical social movement in Germany. Ulrich Brand called the conference “ the movement policy congress of 2014 par excellence” and referred to the McPlanet congresses and the “Beyond Growth” congress of 2011 as a precondition. According to Annette Jensen and Ute Scheub from the taz , the emerging movement “does not work on overpowering structures, but acts in small parts and in individual groups. It is driven by the desire for a good life. ”Eva Mahnke suggested on klimaretter.info to work more closely with other social and ecological movements in order to emphasize the demands for degrowth, but according to Ulrich Brand these“ alliances were not yet foreseeable . "

Opening of the degrowth summer school at the climate camp in Lausitz 2018

Following the conference, the degrowth summer school and the cooperation with the climate camps or “Endegebiet” in 2015 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018, intensified cooperation with the movement on climate justice . The growth-critical movement in Germany includes quite diverse and sometimes contradicting currents and positions and, as a social movement, is “emerging” with a “multitude of alternative discussions and projects”. The "traditional divisions of left movements" can be found in the degrowth movement, from radical ecological positions to social reform , pacifist idealists, structure- oriented criticism of capitalism to anarchist-inspired criticism of capitalism. The movement is relatively broad and has overlaps with the movements on the commons , solidarity economy , transition town , the common good economy according to Christian Felber , share economy , plural economy , community gardens and free shops .

In 2015, Matthias Schmelzer divided the various types of growth-critical movement into five categories, which are presented below.

Conservative growth criticism

The conservative perspective shaped by Meinhard Miegel , Kurt Biedenkopf and the Denkwerk Zukunft is based on the ecological effects of growth, the criticism of the overwhelming power of the state, public debt and the economization of all areas of politics. The social systems are to be relieved and reduced through the foundation of community spirit and the development of civil society.

Ecological and social reform of the market economy

At the lecture series on the post-growth economy in Oldenburg, Andreas Siemoneit (Managing Director of the Growth Turnaround Association) presents free-market ways out of a forced growth

The second perspective arises from an ecologically oriented, social reformist and liberal critique of growth. The market economy is not fundamentally called into question here, but should be further developed into an eco-social market economy by changing the economic order. On the one hand, the political fixation on economic growth must be overcome by changing the Stability and Growth Act and new indicators of prosperity . On the other hand, there is currently a pressure to grow , because social institutions such as the monetary system, social security or the labor market would only function with growth. What is the compulsion to grow and which reforms can circumvent this compulsion is controversial.

Reform proposals include an ecological tax reform with increased resource taxes, more stringent emissions trading or the introduction of land value taxes . The common goods should be protected, for example through changes in competition law . For companies, legal forms according to the cooperative or foundation law are proposed or the basic size and power limit. For example, sovereign money or regional currencies are suggested for the monetary system . Measures against planned obsolescence and for improved reparability are also discussed.

Important representatives of this perspective are, for example, some environmental associations , the authors of the anthology "Postwachstumsgesellschaft" edited by Angelika Zahrnt and Irmi Seidl , Uwe Schneidewind and Hans Christoph Binswanger .

Frugality and regional supply

A third approach is based on a debate that is critical of consumption . One of the masterminds is Marianne Gronemeyer , who criticizes the artificial creation of needs in capitalism and encourages people to withdraw from the consumer society and to oppose the non-sustainable growth model. The consumer criticism was also shared by Wolfgang Sachs as a pioneer of the debate about sufficiency , who points to the need to reduce consumption because “mere efficiency gains” are not sufficient. Sachs propagates the "four E's": slowing down, unbundling, decommercialization and clearing out. Other representatives of energy sufficiency are Gerhard Scherhorn and Manfred Linz.

Niko Paech at an event on the post-growth economy (2011)

The perspective of sufficiency and regional supply is represented in particular by Niko Paech . In 2005 he published the basic ideas of a “ post-growth economy ” and made them known to a wider public in 2012 with the pamphlet “Liberation from Abundance”. He criticizes the consumer and the external supply in global value chains. As a way out, he recommends an individual strategy of frugality with the partial dismantling of industrial, in particular global labor-sharing value creation processes in favor of strengthening local and regional self-sufficiency. It also contains some approaches to monetary and land reform .

Some authors have tried to conceptually translate individual growth neutrality and withdrawal to the corporate level and to develop business models , strategies, management styles and options for action for a post-growth society.

Solidarity change in society and the economic system

The fourth perspective sees the central problem in capitalism and its property and power relations . The authors of the Degrowth Handbook explicitly write: “Degrowth is therefore synonymous with a change that leaves capitalism behind.” The trend represented in German-speaking countries by activists from the globalization-critical network Attac , Social Innovation or the Eco-Socialism Initiative emphasizes the “comprehensive social Changes that involve a socio-ecological transformation. ” Capital accumulation , privatization , the expansion of markets and commodification are identified as central problems that can be resolved by pushing back market mechanisms, socializing central economic areas and reducing power relations. In addition, the fact that states have given up their national sovereignty in many areas such as the provision of money to markets or independent bodies (e.g. central banks) and the orientation towards short-term profit maximization is criticized. The goal is a solidarity economy with Commons and cooperatives , job sharing and reduced working hours , as well as basic and maximum income in which the Care or care work play an important role. Social movements and alternative projects are identified as central actors . On the other hand, resource taxes or caps , changes in the social system, the introduction of advertising bans, the expansion of sharing economy offers in areas such as mobility and housing as well as alternative currency systems and regional economies are called for.

Feminist perspective

A fifth, feminist perspective emphasizes the role of subsistence (housework). These thoughts come from the eco-feminism of the 1980s. In particular Claudia von Werlhof , Maria Mies and Veronika Brennholdt-Thomson, who belong to the so-called Bielefelder Schule , developed the basic features of the subsistence perspective . The authors particularly criticize the exploitation of (female) reproductive work ( care work such as pregnancy, upbringing or care) and, through the debate, coined the term housewifeization . This female contribution to society would be played down in relation to wage labor and not included in gross domestic product and economic policy. To this day, the feminist perspective is present as a current in the growth-critical discourse, for example with the publications of the Network for Providing Economic Management. The demand is to focus on care work , which serves as the basis for society and life in general. Central principles are precaution , cooperation and orientation to what is necessary for a good life.

Degrowth in the English-speaking area

In the English-speaking world, the growth -critical discussion that arose in the 1970s with the limits to growth faded after the end of the oil crisis . The debate did not regain popularity until the late 2000s. In Canada and the United States, however, only the first signs of a social movement on issues of growth criticism can be seen.

Tim Jackson , 2017

In the UK, the issue of "prosperity without growth" was discussed by the Sustainable Development Commission headed by Tim Jackson . The study, which was also published as a German book, states that for the highly developed economies of the western world, prosperity without growth is no longer a utopian dream, but a necessity because primary energy consumption cannot be decoupled from economic output. The Commission recommends a new definition of prosperity and a redistribution of work. Jackson proposes a macroeconomic alternative to economic growth in which the economy's dependence on growth pressures is overcome.

The International Degrowth Conference , which has been taking place since 2008, was held in Montreal, Canada, in 2012 with around 340 participants. An important thought leader in Canada is Peter Victor (* 1947), who uses scenarios for the Canadian economy to analyze how unemployment and poverty as well as greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced without economic growth.

A thought leader in the US is Juliet Schor with the concept of true prosperity (original title: Plenitude ). By reducing working hours and consumption as well as concepts of the sharing economy , strengthening self-sufficiency and the resilience and social capital of communities, a society beyond growth should become possible.

In Australia developed Samuel Alexander the concept of Voluntary Simplicity ( Simple Living ). This is a frugal lifestyle in which people reduce their consumption and thus resource consumption and waste. It frees up more time for activities that require little or no money, such as time for family and friends, art or political participation. The implications of a post-growth economy are exploring u. a. Ted Trainer (born 1941).

Decrescita in the Italian-speaking area

Maurizio Pallante, 2012

In Italy from around 2004 a growth-critical movement under the term Decrescita has been recorded. The "Movement for a Happy Shrinkage" (Movimento per decrescita felice, MDF) advocates an improvement in the quality of life through frugality and self-sufficiency initiatives. A key figure in the movement is Maurizio Pallante. The fight against social inequality and injustice does not play a major role there. There was a “cautious approach to the populist five-star party of Beppe Grillo ”, but “no agreement”. The other Italian network called “Rete per la Decrescita”, on the other hand, has a stronger focus on solidarity-based economy , criticism of globalization , social conflicts and issues of distribution.

Pope Francis also referred to the concept of the Decrescita in his encyclical Laudato si ' . He argues that "the hour has come to accept a certain decline in growth in some parts of the world and to offer help so that a healthy upswing can take place in other parts". The version available as PDF , however, uses the (negatively connotated) word recession .

Decrecimiento in the Spanish and Decreixement in the Catalan-speaking area

Around 2006/07 a social movement emerged in Spain and Catalonia under the terms Decrecimiento and Decreixement. The Catalan movement, in which left-liberal and anti-capitalist groups as well as representatives of the solidarity economy or organic farming work together, is particularly visible . The “integral cooperative”, founded in 2010, has over 5000 members as a network in Catalonia alone. At the University of Barcelona , the interdisciplinary research group Research & Degrowth researches options for overcoming the growth society. Allies are on the one hand the Podemos party , but also the worldwide movements of indigenous peoples and small farmers.

literature

  • Giacomo D'Alisa, Federico Demaria, Giorgos Kallis (eds.): Degrowth. Handbook for a New Era . Oekom, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-86581-767-9 .
  • Iris Borowy, Matthias Schmelzer: History of the future of economic growth: historical roots of current debates on sustainable degrowth . Routledge, London 2017, ISBN 978-1-134-86669-4 (English).
  • Dennis Eversberg, Matthias Schmelzer: On the self-problematization of the criticism of capitalism: Four theses on the emerging degrowth movement , Research Journal Social Movements , Issue 1/2016, Verlag De Gruyter, Berlin.
  • Dennis Eversberg, Matthias Schmelzer: The Degrowth Spectrum: Convergence and Divergence Within a Diverse and Conflictual Alliance . In: Environmental Values, 2018, Issue 27, 245–267. doi: 10.3197 / 096327118X15217309300822
  • Marc Hieronimus: The step to the side , catware.net Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-941921-63-4 .
  • Concept work Neue Ökonomie eV, DFG-Kolleg post-growth societies (ed.): Degrowth in movement (s) - 32 alternative ways to socio-ecological transformation . 2017. oekom Verlag, Munich, ISBN 978-3-86581-852-2 .
  • Norbert Nicoll : Adieu, growth! The end of a success story . Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-8288-3736-2 .
  • Matthias Schmelzer: Types of growth criticism. Degrowth, climate justice, subsistence - an introduction to the terms and approaches of the post-growth movement . In: Le Monde diplomatique, College of Post-Growth Societies. Atlas of globalization . Less becomes more. Berlin: Le Monde diplomatique / taz Verlags- und Vertriebs GmbH, 2015, pp. 116–121.
  • Matthias Schmelzer, Andrea Vetter: Degrowth / post growth for the introduction . Junius Verlag, Hamburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-96060-307-8 .
  • Reinhard Steurer: The growth discourse in science and politics: From growth euphoria to 'limits to growth' to sustainability . Publishing house for science and research, Berlin 2002, ISBN 978-3-89700-338-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Demonstration for ecological sustainability in Leipzig - conclusion of the "DeGrowth" conference , Leipziger Volkszeitung , September 6, 2014.
  2. ^ A b Concept work Neue Ökonomie eV, DFG-Kolleg Postwachstumsgesellschaft (ed.): Degrowth in movement (en) - 32 alternative ways to socio-ecological transformation . 2017. oekom Verlag, Munich, ISBN 978-3-86581-852-2 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Federico Demaria, Francois Schneider, Filka Sekulova, Joan Martinez-Alier: What is Degrowth? From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement . In: Environmental Values . tape 22 , no. 2 , April 1, 2013, p. 191-215 , doi : 10.3197 / 096327113x13581561725194 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Iris Borowy, Matthias Schmelzer: History of the future of economic growth: historical roots of current debates on sustainable degrowth . Routledge, London, ISBN 978-1-134-86669-4 .
  5. ↑ Kenneth Ewart Boulding : The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth . In: Henry Jarrett (Ed.): Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy. Essays from the Sixth RFF Forum on Environmental Quality . Baltimore , The Johns Hopkins Press , 1966. pp. 3-14.
  6. ↑ Kenneth Ewart Boulding : The economics of the future spaceship earth . Translated by Lexi von Hoffmann. In: Beam us up, Boulding! 40 years of "Spaceship Earth" . Association for Ecological Economy - Articles and Reports 7/2006, ISBN 978-3-9811006-1-7 . Pages 9-21. See also the contributions by Blake Alcott ( Kenneth Bouldings Wegweiser 1966 , pp. 25-29) and Fred Luks ( Beam us up, Boulding! 40 years “Spaceship Earth” , pp. 30–42) in this issue.
  7. ^ Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 1971, ISBN 0-674-25780-4 .
  8. ^ Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: The Entropy Law and the Economic Process in Retrospect. In: Eastern Economic Journal , Volume 12, No. 1, January – March 1986, ISSN  0094-5056 , pp. 3–25 ( PDF; 2.21 MB ).
  9. ^ Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: Demain la décroissance. Favre, Paris et al. 1979. (New edition: La décroissance. Entropie - Écologie - Économie. Éditions Sang de la terre, Paris 1995, ISBN 2-86985-077-8 , PDF; 1.01 MB ).
  10. ↑ Andrea Maneschi, Stefano Zamagni (1997): Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, 1906–1994 . In: The Economic Journal 107 (442), pp. 695-707.
  11. ↑ Herman Daly: uneconomic Growth in Theory and in Fact. The First Annual Feasta Lecture . Trinity College, Dublin, April 26, 1999.
  12. ↑ " Uneconomic growth occurs when increases in production come at an expense in resources and well-being that is worth more than the items made. “ Herman E. Daly : Economics in a Full World. In: Scientific American . September 2005, pp. 100–107, steadystate.org (PDF; 1.15 MB)
  13. ^ Herman E. Daly: Steady-state economics versus growthmania: A critique of the orthodox conceptions of growth, wants, scarcity, and efficiency . In: Policy Sciences (5), 1974, pp. 149-167.
  14. ^ Herman E. Daly : Steady-State Economics: Second Edition With New Essays . Island Press, Washington, DC 1991.
  15. ^ Herman E. Daly : Beyond Growth - The Economics of Sustainable Development. 1997, ISBN 0-8070-4709-0 .
  16. ^ Christian Kerschner: Economic de-growth vs. steady-state economy . In: Journal of Cleaner Production . tape 18 , no. 6 , 2010, p. 544-551 .
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