School shooting: Difference between revisions
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* ''[[EndTheHate]]'', tv series focusing on bullying in the school systems (2007 - ) |
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* ''[[Degrassi:The Next Generation]]'', Canadian TV show that had a major school shooting in Season 4 |
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====As the main theme==== |
====As the main theme==== |
Revision as of 22:57, 6 September 2007
It has been suggested that 2006 School shooting outbreak be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2007. |
School shooting is a term popularized in American and Canadian media to describe gun violence at educational institutions, especially the mass murder or spree killing of people connected with an institution. A school shooting can be perpetrated by one or more students, expelled students, alumni, or outsiders. Unlike acts of revenge against specific people, school shootings usually involve multiple intended or actual victims, often randomly targeted.
School shootings receive extensive media coverage but are infrequent.[1] They often result in nationwide changes of schools' policies concerning discipline and security. Some experts have described fears about school shootings as a type of moral panic.[2]
Defining school shooting
School shootings are typically differentiated from other kinds of school violence. Mass killings at schools, like the Beslan school hostage crisis, are usually described as acts of terrorism. In the 1970 shootings at Kent State and Jackson State universities, student unrest precipitated retaliatory or defensive shootings by National Guardsmen and police, respectively.
In the United States, one-on-one public school violence, such as beatings and stabbings, or violence related to gang activity, is more common in some densely populated, impoverished sections of cities. City or urban schools were much more likely than other schools to report serious violent crime with 17 percent of city principals reporting at least one serious crime as compared to 11 percent of urban fringe schools, 10 percent of rural schools, and 5 percent of suburban/town schools reporting at least one serious crime.[3] Student-perpetrated school shootings in North America most often occur in overwhelmingly white, middle class non-urban areas (i.e. small towns and suburbs).[citation needed] In some cases, the victims of the shootings are involved in bullying or other exclusionary acts towards the perpetrators, and that the perpetrators seemed to think this justified the act of murder.
To date, over 9,000 people have been killed in direct relation to a school shooting event, whether it be a multiple killings event or a single homicide.
"Profiling" school shooters
School shooting is a topic of intense interest in the United States.[4] Though companies like MOSAIC Threat Assessment Systems sell products and services designed to identify potential threats, a thorough study of all U.S. school shootings by the U.S. Secret Service[5] warned against the belief that a certain "type" of student would be a perpetrator. Any "profile" would fit too many students to be useful and may not fit the potential perpetrators. Some lived with both parents in 'an ideal, All-American family.' Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes. A few were loners, but most had close friends.
While it may be simplistic to assume a straightforward "profile", the study did find certain similarities among the perpetrators. "The researchers found that killers do not 'snap'. They plan. They acquire weapons. They tell others what they are planning. These children take a long, considered, public path toward violence."[6] Princeton's Katherine Newman points out that, far from being "loners", the perpetrators are "joiners" whose attempts at social integration fail, that they let their thinking and even their plans be known, sometimes frequently over long periods of times. The shootings seem as though an attempt to adjust their social standing and image, from "loser" to "master of violence."
Many of the shooters told Secret Service investigators that alienation or persecution drove them to violence. According to the United States Secret Service, instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior: "What has this child said? Do they have grievances? What do their friends know? Do they have access to weapons? Are they depressed or despondent?"[7]
List of school shootings
Well known shootings
United States
- Bath School disaster - Bath, Michigan, United States; May 18, 1927
- University of Texas at Austin massacre - Austin, Texas, United States; August 1, 1966
- Orangeburg Massacre - Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States; February 8, 1968
- Kent State shootings - Kent, Ohio, United States; May 4, 1970
- Jackson State killings - Jackson, Mississippi, United States; May 14-15, 1970
- California State University, Fullerton Library Massacre - Fullerton, California, United States; July 12, 1976
- Brenda Ann Spencer, Cleveland Elementary School - January 29 1979
- Parkway South Junior High School shooting - Saint Louis, Missouri, United States; January 20, 1983
- Stockton massacre - Stockton, California, United States; January 17, 1989
- University of Iowa shooting - Iowa City, Iowa, United States; November 1, 1991
- Simon's Rock College of Bard shooting - Great Barrington, Massachusetts, United States; December 14, 1992
- East Carter High School shooting - Grayson, Kentucky, United States; January 18, 1993
- O. Henry Middle School shooting - Austin, Texas, United States; February 5, 1995.
- Richland High School shooting - Lynnville, Tennessee, United States; November 15, 1995.
- Frontier Junior High shooting - Moses Lake, Washington, United States; February 2, 1996
- Pearl High School shooting, Pearl, Mississippi, United States; October 1, 1997
- Heath High School shooting, West Paducah, Kentucky, United States; December 1 1997
- Jonesboro massacre - Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States; March 24, 1998
- Thurston High School shooting - Springfield, Oregon, United States; May 21, 1998
- Columbine High School massacre - Littleton, Colorado, United States; April 20, 1999
- Heritage High School shooting - Conyers, Georgia, United States; May 20, 1999
- Santana High School - Santee, California, United States; March 5, 2001
- Appalachian School of Law shooting - Grundy, Virginia, United States; January 16, 2002
- Rocori High School shootings - Cold Spring, Minnesota, United States; September 24, 2003
- Red Lake High School massacre - Red Lake, Minnesota, United States; March 21, 2005
- Campbell County High School - Jacksboro, Tennessee: November 8, 2005
- Platte Canyon High School shooting - Bailey, Colorado, United States; September 27, 2006
- Amish school shooting - Nickel Mines, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States; October 2, 2006
- Weston High School shooting, Cazenovia, Wisconsin September 29, 2006
- Henry Foss High School - Tacoma, Washington, United States January 3, 2007
- Virginia Tech massacre - Blacksburg, Virginia, United States; April 16, 2007
Canada
- Brampton Centennial Secondary School, Ontario, Canada - May, 1975
- École Polytechnique Massacre - Montreal, Quebec, Canada; December 6, 1989
- Concordia University massacre - Montreal, Quebec, Canada; August 24, 1992
- W. R. Myers High School shooting - Taber, Alberta, Canada; April 28, 1999
- Dawson College shooting - Montreal, Quebec, Canada; September 13, 2006
- C.W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute shooting - Toronto, Ontario, Canada; May 23, 2007
Israel
- Ma'alot massacre - Ma'alot, Israel; May 15, 1974
- Avivim school bus attacks - Avivim, Israel; May 8, 1970
Other countries
- Dunblane massacre - Dunblane, Scotland, United Kingdom; March 13, 1996
- Sanaa massacre - Sanaa, Yemen; March 30, 1997
- Erfurt massacre - Erfurt, Germany; April 26, 2002
- Monash University shooting - Melbourne, Australia; October 21, 2002
- Beirut Arab University shooting - Beirut, Lebanon; January 25, 2007
Well known shooters
- Michael Carneal - Perpetrator of the Heath High School Shooting, killed 3
- Seung-Hui Cho - Perpetrator of the Virginia Tech massacre, killed 32
- Laurie Dann - Perpetrator of Hubbard Woods Elementary School shooting
- Valery Fabrikant - Perpetrator of the Concordia University massacre
- Kimveer Gill - Perpetrator of the Dawson shooting, killed 1
- Andrew Golden and Mitchell Johnson - Perpetrators of Jonesboro massacre, killed 5
- Thomas Hamilton - Perpetrator of the Dunblane massacre, killed 17
- Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold - Perpetrators of Columbine massacre, killed 13
- Kip Kinkel - Killed parents and 2 students at Thurston High School
- Marc Lépine (Gamil Rodrigue Gharbi) - Perpetrator of Ecole Polytechnique massacre, killed 14
- Charles Carl Roberts IV - Perpetrator of the Amish school shooting
- Brenda Ann Spencer - Perpetrator of the Cleveland Elementary School shooting, killed 2
- Robert Steinhäuser - Perpetrator of the Erfurt massacre
- Jeff Weise - Perpetrator of the Red Lake massacre
- Charles Whitman - Perpetrator of the University of Texas at Austin Tower Massacre
Examples of school shootings in pop culture
TV Shows
- EndTheHate, tv series focusing on bullying in the school systems (2007 - )
- Degrassi:The Next Generation, Canadian TV show that had a major school shooting in Season 4
Films
As the main theme
- The Deadly Tower, directed by Jerry Jameson (1975)
- Light It Up (film), directed by Craig Bolotin (1999)
- Duck! The Carbine High Massacre, directed by and starring William Hellfire and Joey Smack (2000)
- Home Room, directed by Paul F. Ryan (2001)
- Elephant, directed by Gus Van Sant (2003)
- Zero Day, directed by Ben Coccio (2003)
- Heart of America, directed by Uwe Boll (2004)
- Dark Matter, directed by Shi Zheng Chen (2007)
- Detention: The Siege at Jhonson High, directed by Micheal W. Watkins (1997)
As a subplot or plot vehicle
- If..., directed by Lindsay Anderson (1968)
- Massacre at Central High, directed by Rene Daalder (1976)
- Heathers, directed by Michael Lehmann (1989)
- Toy Soldiers, directed by Daniel Petrie Jr. (1991)
- The Basketball Diaries, directed by Scott Kalvert (1995)
- Pep Squad, directed by Steve Balderson (1998)
- Pay It Forward, directed by Mimi Leder (2000)
- Lost and Delirious, directed by Léa Pool (2001)
- O, directed by Tim Blake Nelson (2001)
- Bang Bang You're Dead, directed by Guy Ferland (2002)
- American Gun, directed by Aric Avelino (2005)
- Empire Falls, directed by Fred Schepisi (2005)
- Pretty Persuasion, directed by Marcos Siega (2005)
- Higher Learning, directed by John Singleton (1995)
- American History X, directed by Tony Kaye (1998)
Documentaries
- Bowling for Columbine (2002)
- Zero Hour: Massacre at Columbine High (2004)
- The Killer at Thurston High
- I Don´t Like Mondays (2006) by John Dower, UK
Plays
- Columbinus
- Bang Bang You're dead
- Give a Boy a Gun
- In Spite of Everything
- Defining Code Red
- First Person Shooter
TV series featuring school shootings
- 7th Heaven -
- Season 3, Episode 7: "Johnny Get Your Gun"
- Season 6, Episode 2: "Teased"
- Boston Public - Season 1, Episode 9: "Chapter Nine"
- Buffy The Vampire Slayer - Season 3, Episode 18: "Earshot"
- Degrassi: The Next Generation - Season 4, Episode 8: "Time Stands Still, Part Two"
- Chicago Hope - Season 4, Episode 24: "Physician, Heal Thyself"
- COPS - "Shots Fired"
- CSI - Season 2, Episode 4: "Bully For You"
- CSI: Miami - Season 1, Episode 20: "Grave Young Men"
- ER - Season 6 Episode 24: "May Day"
- Family Matters - Season 6, Episode 15: "The Gun"
- The George Lopez Show - Season 5, Episode 6: "George Finds Therapy Benny-ficial" [1]
- Homicide: Life on the Street - Season 6, Episode 18: "Full Court Press"
- Joan of Arcadia - Season 1, Episode 11: "The Uncertainty Principle"
- Law & Order - Season 11, Episode 22: "School Daze"
- Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Season 7, Episode 6: "Raw"
- My So-Called Life - Season 1, Episode 3: "Guns and Gossip"
- Numb3rs - Season 2, Episode 19: "Dark Matter"
- One Tree Hill - Season 3, Episode 16: "With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"
- The Outer Limits - Season 2, Episode 16: "Final Exam"
- Promised Land - Season 2, Episode 21: "When Darkness Falls"
- The Shield - Season 5, Episode 1: "Extraction"
- South of Nowhere - Season 2, Episode 13: "Trouble in Paradise"
- Static Shock - Season 2, Episode 12: "Jimmy"
- Third Watch - Season 2, Episode 22: "...And Zeus Wept"
- Touched By An Angel - Season 8, Episode 18: "Minute By Minute"
- The Unit - Season 2, Episode 20: "In Loco Parentis"
- Veronica Mars - Season 2, Episode 21: "Happy Go Lucky"
Songs about school shootings
- "Ohio" by Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, about the Kent State shootings (1970)
- "Sniper" by Harry Chapin (featured on the 1972 album Sniper and Other Love Songs)
- "The Ballad of Charles Whitman" by Kinky Friedman (featured on the 1973 album Sold American)
- "I Don't Like Mondays" by The Boomtown Rats (1979)
- "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun" by Julie Brown (1984)
- "Livin' In A World (They Didn't Make)" by Janet Jackson (featured on the 1989 album Rhythm Nation 1814, the song includes audio of a news anchor reporting the Stockton massacre)
- "Jeremy" (1991) and "Rival" (2000) by Pearl Jam
- "Weisses Fleisch" by Rammstein (featured on the 1995 album Herzeleid)
- "Ronnie" by Metallica (1996)
- "Monday" by The Living End (featured on their 1998 self-titled album)
- "She's Anti" by Home Grown (featured on the 1998 album Act Your Age)
- "April 20th" by Yellowcard (featured on the 1999 album Where We Stand)
- "New Hope" by Five Iron Frenzy (featured on the 1999 album Proof That the Youth Are Revolting)
- "So Long" by Everlast (1999)
- "This Is Your Time" by Michael W. Smith (1999) (also covered by Five Iron Frenzy)
- "To the Teeth" by Ani DiFranco (1999)
- "Disposable Teens" (2000) and "The Nobodies" (2001) by Marilyn Manson, direct responses to the Columbine High School shootings
- "High School Dance" by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (featured on the 2000 album Pay Attention)
- "The Kinslayer" by Nightwish (2000)
- "Rock the 40 Oz." by Leftöver Crack (2000)
- "The Way I Am" by Eminem, briefly addresses the subject as the media tries to inculcate him for inciting school shootings (2000)
- "Arkansas" by MC Solaar (featured on the 2001 album Cinquième As)
- "Stole" by Kelly Rowland (2002)
- "Youth of the Nation" by P.O.D. (2002)
- "Lullaby For Wayne" by Weezer (2004)
- "Columbine High Blues" by Countess (2006)
- "Teenagers" by My Chemical Romance (2007)
- "An American Elegy" composed by Frank Ticheli (often played by high school symphonic bands)
- "Educated Hate" by Rorschach Test
- "The Anatomy Of a School Shooting" by Ill Bill
- "Ticking" by Elton John
- "Cassie" by Flyleaf
- "Black Shadow Symphony" by Westworld
- "The Good Die Young" by Tupac Shakur and the Outlawz, dedicated to the kids who "died innocent, died young at Columbine high".
- "Social Studies" by Bizzy Bone
- "Hey Sandy" by Harvey Andrews (Kent State Shootings)
Additional Notes;
- Several songs by Insane Clown Posse have been about attempting a school shooting.
- "With Hope", by Steven Curtis Chapman, is not about a shooting, but is dedicated in part to the three students killed in the 1997 Heath shooting. Chapman graduated from Heath in 1981.
- Swedish rap group Mobbade Barn Med Automatvapen got their name from school shootings in general. The name is in Swedish and means "bullied kids with automatic rifles".
Novels about school shootings
- The Scarf (1947) by Robert Bloch (not a school shooting novel per se; contains elements of mass murder fantasies, especially one passage which is one of the earliest known sniper stories)
- Rage (1977) by Stephen King
- Rape of a Normal Mind (1977) by Christopher Cobb and Bob Avery
- Empire Falls (2001) Pulitzer Prize winning novel by Richard Russo
- Give A Boy A Gun (2002) by Todd Strasser
- After (2003) by Francine Prose
- A Question of Blood (2003) by Ian Rankin
- Hey Nostradamus! (2003) by Douglas Coupland
- Vernon God Little (2003) by DBC Pierre
- We Need to Talk about Kevin (2003) by Lionel Shriver
- Project X (2004) by Jim Shepard
- School Days (2005) by Robert B. Parker
- Shooter (2005) by Walter Dean Myers
- Brockway High (2006) by Zoey Hardy
- Endgame (2006) by Nancy Garden
- Nineteen Minutes (2007) by Jodi Picoult
- She Said Yes by Misty Bernall
- Ravenhill by Timothy Hillmer
- The webcomic Jack featured a school shooting in its earlier strips, in which a student manages to kill the shooter, who then goes to the afterlife, where he has to meet the students he killed.
References
- ^ CNN (March 25, 1998). School shootings have high profile but occur infrequently.
- ^ Killingbeck, Donna. The Role of Television News in the Construction of School Violence as a 'Moral Panic." Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8(3) (2001) 186-202
- ^ National Center for Education Statistics' Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools, 1996-97.
- ^ "'Profiling' School Shooters". Frontline. 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
missing|last=
(help) - ^ "The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative" (PDF). 2002-05-01.
- ^ PBS article on murder profiles
- ^ Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why, description of Secret Service study. (October 15 2000) Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed April 8 2006
Bibliography
- The Copycat Effect (2004) by Loren Coleman ISBN 0-7434-8223-9
- Rampage: the Social Roots of School Shooting (2004) by Katherine Newman
- School Shootings (2004) by Frank J. Robertz
External links
- Why they kill
- School shootings and the copycat effect
- General information about the Bath School Disaster
- Sidebar to "Killing Our Future"
- Start 'Em Young
- The Depressive and the Psychopath: The FBI's analysis of the Columbine killers' motives
- Columbine High School shooting, then and now
- The Columbine Almanac - Links and analysis of most major media coverage
- Schoolboy killing stuns Canada
- Timeline of Kip Kinkel ordeal
- Crime Library article about school shootings
- Columbia Journalism Review contrasting Columbine coverage to Red Lake
- BBC timeline of US school shootings
- Indianapolis Star: School violence around the world (November 2004)
- The Scene of the Crime Was the Cause of the Crime - Excerpt from Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion -- From Reagan's Workplaces to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond by Mark Ames.
- Dreading Columbine - Sociological exploration of suburban school shootings.
- Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence
- Teaching Kids to Kill
- Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech Report of the Review Panel