Rudy Giuliani

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Rudy Giuliani
107th Mayor of New York City
In office
January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001
Preceded byDavid Dinkins
Succeeded byMichael Bloomberg
Personal details
BornMay 28, 1944 (age 62)
Brooklyn, New York
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Regina Peruggi(1968-1983)(annulled)
Donna Hanover(1984-2002)(divorced)
Judith Nathan(2003-Present)

Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York.

He became a popular figure as a United States Attorney prosecuting high-profile cases, including cases against organized crime and the tax evader Marc Rich. He served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001), during which time he was credited by many with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a massive reduction in crime that would by 2005 make New York City the country's safest major city."[1] Others, however, criticized him as divisive and authoritarian.[2] He then gained national attention for his leadership role during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center[3] that led him to be named Time's 2001 Person of the Year[4] and receive an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.[5] His high media profile in the days following the attacks earned him the nickname "America's Mayor."[6]

Since leaving office as mayor, Giuliani has found considerable success in the private sector. He founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business, acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm, and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm. In February 2007 Giuliani filed a statement of candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential campaign.[7] Most polls in early 2007 showed him as the leading candidate for the nomination.[8][9]

Early life and education

Giuliani was born in Brooklyn, New York, to working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants. It was a Roman Catholic family whose extended members included criminals, police officers, and firefighters.[10] Indeed, Harold Giuliani himself had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing.[11] Harold allegedly would go on to a career collecting debts for his brother-in-law, mafia associate Leo D'Avanzo. [9]

In 1951, when Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's.[12] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961. He went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, The Bronx, graduating in 1965. He then attended New York University School of Law in Manhattan, graduating cum laude in 1968.[13]

Lawyer and federal prosecutor

Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.

Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War era; he received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified as "1-A", available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[14][15]

In 1970, Giuliani joined the Office of the US Attorney.

In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and rose to serve as executive US Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C., where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to the Deputy Attorney General. His first high-profile prosecution was of Congressman Bertram Podell, who was convicted of corruption.

From 1977 to 1981, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm.

In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan Administration, placing him in the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised all of the US Attorney Offices' Federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service.

In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum-seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were economic migrants. In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, no longer existed.[16]

In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, combat organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, and prosecute white-collar criminals. He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions with only 25 reversals. Critics disparaged Giuliani, claiming he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence rather than going to trial.[citation needed]

Marc Rich, Pincus Green case

It was in 1983 that Giuliani indicted financiers Marc Rich and Pincus Green on charges of tax evasion and making illegal oil deals with Iran during the hostage crisis, in one of the first cases in which the RICO Act was employed in a non-organized crime case.[17] Rich and Green fled the United States to avoid prosecution; both were eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001.[18]

Mafia Commission trial

File:Tsalerno.jpg
Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, head of the Genovese crime family, was convicted and sentenced to 100 years in prison after Giuliani indicted him.

In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985–November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."[19]

The inital defendants included:

and six subordinates. Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.

Boesky, Milken trials

Michael Milken, who was indicted by Giuliani on 98 counts of racketeering and securities fraud.

Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken:

"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses and then turned state's evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence and $100 million fine after admitting to the charges and reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence and fine as being too light. But Giuliani and company was [sic] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."[20]

In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, and after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations.

He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry.

Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997

Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He then joined the law firm White & Case in New York City, as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.

Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat, voting for George McGovern for president in 1972,[21] before registering as an Independent. Afterward, he finally decided on being a Republican.[citation needed]

1989 campaign and defeat

Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor as the candidate of both the Republican and Liberal parties, attempting to succeed Ed Koch in 1989. Giuliani lost to Democrat David Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.[22]

1993 campaign and election

In 1993, Giuliani again ran for Mayor. The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also campaigned on what he perceived to be the unchecked expansion of the city's budget and the lack of managerial competence of incumbent David Dinkins. While Dinkins had frequently and eloquently voiced his affection for New York City diversity while in office, his tenure bore witness to anti-Semitic rioting in Crown Heights and an Al Sharpton-led black boycott of Korean businesses in Brooklyn.

Giuliani focused on what he described as a breakdown of social and political order that Dinkins had been either unwilling or unable to address effectively. In addition, the City was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7% in 1989 to 11.1% in 1992.[23] There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had been decreasing during the Dinkins administration, however the murder rate and number or rapes peaked during Dinkins' term.[24] These were contrasted with Dinkins's appeal to the "gorgeous mosaic" of New York ethnic diversity.

Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the City's quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."[25]

Giuliani won the election by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25% of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42% share. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay won election in 1965.

1997 campaign and re-election

Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic New York City Councilwoman Ruth Messinger. Giulani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usual Democratic constituencies.[26] In the end, Giuliani won 59% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, and became the first Republican to win a second term as Mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941.[27]

Mayoralty

Crime control

In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's Broken Windows research. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the principle that this would send a message that order would be maintained, and that the city would be "cleaned up".

Giuliani also directed the New York City Police Department to aggressively pursue enterprises linked to organized crime, such as the Fulton Fish Market and the Javits Center on the West Side (Gambino crime family). In the breaking up of mob control of solid waste removal, the city was able to save city businesses over $600 million.

One of the first initiatives of Giuliani and Bratton was the institution of CompStat in 1994, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. CompStat was operationalized by the empowerment of precinct commanders, based on the assumption that local authorities could best institute crime reduction techniques specific to their experiential knowledge of their own localities. This system also enhanced the accountability of both the commanders and the officers themselves.[citation needed] Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[28].

Bratton, not Giuliani, was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1996.[29] Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos where Giuliani was unable to accept Bratton's celebrity.[30]

National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990-2002).

Giuliani continued to highlight crime reduction and law enforcement as central missions of his mayoralty throughout both terms, efforts which largely met with success and he was able to continue the crime reduction trend in New York City started in 1990[31], two years before he took office. Concurrent with his achievements, a number of tragic cases of abuse of authority took place, and numerous allegations of civil rights abuses were leveled. Giuliani's own Deputy Mayor, Rudy Washington, alleged that he had been harassed by police on several occasions. More controversial still were several police shootings of unarmed suspects,[32] and the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima and the killing of Amadou Diallo. In a case less nationally-publicized than those of Louima and Diallo, unarmed bar patron Patrick Dorismond was killed shortly after declining the overtures of what turned out to be an undercover officer soliciting illegal drugs. Even while hundreds of outraged New Yorkers protested, Giuliani staunchly supported the New York City Police Department, going so far as to take the unprecedented step of releasing Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public.[33] While many New Yorkers accused Giuliani of racism during his terms, Former Mayor Ed Koch defended him, stating "Blacks and Hispanics ... would say to me, 'He's a racist!' I said, 'Absolutely not, he's nasty to everybody'." [10]

The amount of credit Giuliani's policies deserve for the drop in the crime rate is disputed. A small but significant nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s was federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Many experts believe changing demographics were the factor most responsible for crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[34] Different studies show that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s and '00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: "most focused form of policing in history. Zimring (Frank Zimring - The Great American Crime Decline) estimates that up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing." However, any "credit for keeping Gotham on the path of ongoing crime reduction belongs to Ray Kelly, serving his second tour of duty as the NYPD’s commissioner.(...) Giuliani loyalists, perennially predicting le déluge, greeted Kelly’s appointment with dismay."[35]

Many New Yorkers believe Mayor Giuliani's policies pertaining to the policing of NYC have been effective. This view was obviously not limited to New York City residents, as several programs similar to CompStat were subsequently instituted by a variety of urban police departments nationwide.[36][37]

In 2005 the former Swedish consul-general in New York City Olle Wästberg nominated Giuliani for the Nobel Peace Prize, citing his efforts to reduce crime rates in the city. "I believe that he has, through his political efforts, saved more human lives than most people alive today", Wästberg said.[38]

Urban reconstruction

Giuliani pursued similarly aggressive real estate policies. The Times Square redevelopment project saw Times Square transformed from a seedy, run-down center for businesses ranging from tourist attractions to peep shows, to a gleaming, high-priced district filled with family-oriented stores and theaters, including the MTV studios and a massive Virgin Megastore and theater. Giuliani faced some opposition to these changes, which critics alleged displaced low income residents of the area in favor of large corporations. His critics also alleged that the Giuliani administration's real estate policies tended to reduce the amount of usable public space in the city while increasing the amount of private or corporate space (e.g., the sale of city-owned community gardens to private developers). Throughout his term, Giuliani also pursued the construction of a new sports stadium in Manhattan, a goal in which he did not succeed, though new minor league baseball stadiums opened in Brooklyn, for the Brooklyn Cyclones, and in Staten Island, for the Staten Island Yankees. Conversely, Giuliani refused to attend the opening ceremonies for a Dinkins success, Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing Meadows, Queens, stating his anger with a contract that fines the city if planes from LaGuardia Airport fly over the stadium during U.S. Open matches. Giuliani boycotted the U.S. Open throughout his mayoralty.

Immigration and Illegal Immigration

Giuliani was criticized for embracing illegal immigrants.[39] Giuliani continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens must be able to take actions such as to send their children to school, or report crime and violations without fear of deportation. He ordered city attorneys to defend this policy in federal court. The court ruled that New York City's sanctuary laws were illegal. After the City of New York lost an appeal to the United States Supreme Court, Giuliani vowed to ignore the law.[40] Giuliani also expressed doubt that the federal government can completely stop illegal immigration.[41] In 1996, Giuliani said, "I believe the anti-immigration movement in America is one of our most serious public problems". In 2000, Giuliani said of New York City, "Immigration is a very positive force for the City of New York. Immigration is the key to the city's success. Both historically and to this very day." In this speech, he did not mention illegal immigration.[42]

Media management

Giuliani, after being elected, started a weekly call-in program on WABC radio. He avoided one-on-one interviews with the press, preferring to only speak to them at press conferences or on the steps of City Hall. Giuliani made frequent visits to The Late Show with David Letterman television show, sometimes appearing as a guest and sometimes participating in comedy segments. In one highly publicized appearance that took place shortly after his election, Giuliani filled a pothole in the street outside the Ed Sullivan Theater.

Giuliani was not shy about his public persona; besides Letterman he appeared on many other talk shows during his time in office, hosted Saturday Night Live in 1997 and introduced it again when the show resumed broadcasting after September 11.

Most famously, Mayor Giuliani appeared in public dressed in women's clothing three times:

  • On March 1, 1997, at the New York Inner Circle press dinner, an annual event in which New York politicians and the press corps stage skits, roast each other and make fun of themselves, with proceeds going to charity.[43] In his appearance he first imitated Marilyn Monroe. Then, he appeared in a spoofing stage skit "Rudy/Rudia" together with Julie Andrews, starring at the time on Broadway in the cross-dressing classic Victor/Victoria (about a woman pretending to be a man pretending to be a woman). Under his drag name "Rudia" and wearing a spangled pink gown, Giuliani said he was "a Republican pretending to be a Democrat pretending to be a Republican."[44][45]
  • On November 22, 1997, during his Saturday Night Live hosting role, he played an Italian American grandmother in a bright floral dress during a long sketch that satirized Italian American family rites at Thanksgiving time.[46]
  • On March 11, 2000, at another Inner Circle dinner. He was on stage in male disco garb spoofing John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever, but also appeared in drag in taped video clips which reworked the "Rudy/Rudia" theme again.[47] These included a bit in which he flirts with (normally dressed) real estate mogul Donald Trump, then slaps Trump for trying to get too "familiar" with him,[48][49] and then afterward in an exchange with Joan Rivers that sought to make fun of his then-Senate race rival and fellow dinner attendee Hillary Rodham Clinton.[50]

Actions related to foreign policy

In 1995, Giuliani made national headlines by ordering PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat ejected from a Lincoln Center concert held in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations after Arafat showed up to the event uninvited. "Maybe we should wake people up to the way this terrorist is being romanticized", Giuliani said, and noted that Arafat had been implicated in the murder of American civilians and diplomatic personnel.[51]

Brooklyn Museum art battle

In 1999, Giuliani threatened to cut off city funding for the Brooklyn Museum if the museum did not remove a number of works in an exhibit entitled "Sensation: Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection." One work in particular, The Holy Virgin Mary by Turner Prize-winning artist and Catholic Chris Ofili, featured an image of the Virgin Mary covered in elephant dung and female genitalia pictures. It was targeted as being offensive to some in the Christian community in New York, leading the artist to comment that "This is all about control." Giuliani's position was that the museum's actions amounted to a government-supported attack on a religion.

In its defense, the museum filed a lawsuit, charging Giuliani with violating the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Religious groups such as the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights supported the mayor's actions, while it was condemned by groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, accusing the mayor of censorship and interference with the first amendment rights of the museum.[52][53] The museum's lawsuit was successful; the mayor was ordered to resume funding, and the judge, Federal District Judge Nina Gershon, declared "[t]here is no federal constitutional issue more grave than the effort by government officials to censor works of expression and to threaten the vitality of a major cultural institution as punishment for failing to abide by governmental demands for orthodoxy."[54]

Gun control lawsuit

On June 20, 2000, Giuliani announced that the City of New York had filed a lawsuit against two dozen major gun manufacturers and distributors.[55] The lawsuit was made moot when President Bush signed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act in October 2005 which gave gun companies protection from liability.[56]

Other

In August 1999, Giuliani served as jury foreman for a civil suit; he is believed to be the first sitting mayor of New York to serve on a jury.[57] The case concerned a Harlem couple who alleged that their building's supervisor improperly maintained the facilities, resulting in the man's genitals being burned by the shower, which hurt their sexual life and ultimately caused their marriage to break down.

Run for United States Senate, 2000

Main article: New York United States Senate election, 2000

Due to term limits Giuliani could not run for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan retired. Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running for the seat, and due to his high profile and visibility he was supported by the state Republican Party, even though Giuliani had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994.[58] Giuliani's entrance led to Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others recruiting then-U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to combat his star power.

In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the run. However, on May 19, 2000, before the Republican primary, which he was expected to win, he withdrew his candidacy because of prostate cancer, the Farmersville Garbage Scandal which significantly reduced his support in his core upstate counties,[citation needed] and the fallout from his affair and messy divorce from his wife Donna Hanover. During the ill-fated campaign, Giuliani was forced to confess to his marital infidelity and, in the process, lost a further significant base of electoral support.[citation needed] New York Congressman Rick Lazio replaced Giuliani as the Republican nominee. He ran significantly ahead of U.S. Presidential candidate George W. Bush's performance in New York, but lost to Clinton by a wider-than-expected 12-point margin.

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.

At the scene

Giuliani was highly visible in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. After the attacks, Giuliani coordinated the response of various city departments while organizing the support of state and federal authorities for the World Trade Center site, for city-wide anti-terrorist measures, and for restoration of destroyed infrastructure. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards -- for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack.

When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted,

There is no moral equivalent for this [terrorist] act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem.[59]

Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.

"America's Mayor"

In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79% approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36% rating he had received a year earlier - 7 years into his administration.[60][11]

In his public statements, Giuliani mirrored the emotions of New Yorkers after the September 11 attacks: shock, sadness, anger, resolution to rebuild, and the desire for justice to be done to those responsible. "Tomorrow New York is going to be here", he said. "And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us." Giuliani was widely praised for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts.

As an avid and public fan of the New York Yankees, who won four World Series Championships during his time as mayor, Giuliani was frequently sighted at Yankee games, often accompanied by his son. On September 21, 2001, the first game was played in New York City after the attacks, with the New York Mets at home facing the Atlanta Braves. Despite his being a Yankee fan, the crowd cheered for him and for his leadership over the preceding days.

The term "America's Mayor", now in common usage among Giuliani supporters, seems to have been coined by Oprah Winfrey at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001.[61]

2001 Mayoral election controversy

The 9/11 attack occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term, from its scheduled expiration on January 1 to April 1, due to the circumstances of the emergency besetting the city. He threatened to challenge the law imposing term limits on elected New York City officials and run for another full four-year term, if the primary candidates did not consent to permit the extension of his mayoralty.[62]

Advocates for the extension contended that Giuliani was needed to manage the initial requests for funds from Albany and Washington, speed up recovery, and slow down the exodus of jobs from lower Manhattan to outside New York City. Opponents viewed the extension as an unprecedented power grab and as a means for Giuliani to profit politically from the sudden, international prominence of the role of New York City Mayor. Voices were also countering the refrain that it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. "You didn't bring us together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We would have come together if Bozo was the mayor", said civil-rights activist Al Sharpton, in a statement largely supported by Fernando Ferrer, one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. "He was a power-hungry person", Sharpton also said.[63]

Although a provision for emergency extensions is written into the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25),[64] in the end leaders in the State Assembly and Senate indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as scheduled, and the winning candiate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican Michael Bloomberg, took office on January 1, 2002 per normal custom.

Time Person of the Year

File:1101011231 400.jpg
Rudy Giuliani, 2001 Time Person of the Year.

On December 24, 2001,[65] Time magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001.[66] Time observed that, prior to 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with cancer, his public image had been reformed to that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Thus historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006, "With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off — safer, more prosperous, more confident — than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny."[67]

Criticism for lack of preparedness before the 9/11 attacks

In September 2006, Village Voice writer Wayne Barrett and senior producer for CBSNews.com, Dan Collins, published The Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11,[68] one of the strongest reassessments of Giuliani's role in the events of 9/11. The book highlights his decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters (long-identified as a target for a terrorist attack) on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade Center building, a decision that had been criticized at the time in light of the previous terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993.[69] Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center, and this fuel was later deemed responsible for the intense fire that caused that building to collapse hours after the Twin Towers.[70]

Also criticized was Giuliani's focus on personal projects and turf wars rather than vital precautions for the city, and his role in communications failures (which may have been the result of patronage deals inside City Hall). Kirkus Reviews stated, "Giuliani may not have been directly responsible for all those woes, but they happened on his watch".[71]

Some family members of 9/11 victims have openly criticized Giuliani for the significant communication failures that occurred on that day. In December 2006, Sally Regenhard, mother of a late firefighter and co-founder of the Skyscraper Safety Campaign, vowed to expose the truths of Giuliani's actions on 9/11 before 2008, stating, "I can't see why any 9/11 family member who knows the truth about the failures of the Giuliani administration . . . would not be outraged."[72]

Criticism for handling of Ground Zero air quality issue

Giuliani has been subject to increased criticism for downplaying the health effects of the air in the Financial District and lower Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the Ground Zero.[73] He moved quickly to reopen Wall Street, and it was reopened on September 17. He said, in the first month after the attacks, "The air quality is safe and acceptable."[74] However, in the weeks after the attacks, the United States Geological Survey identified hundreds of asbestos hot spots of debris dust that remained on buildings. By the end of the month the USGS reported that the toxicity of the debris was akin to that of drain cleaner.[75]It would eventually be determined that a wide swath of lower Manhattan and Brooklyn had been heavily contaminated by highly caustic and toxic materials.[75] [12] The city's health agencies, such as the Department of Environmental Protection, did not supervise or issue guidelines for the testing and cleanup of private buildings. Instead, the city left this responsibility to building owners.[75]

Firefighters, police and their unions, have criticized Giuliani over the issue of protective equipment and illnesses after the attacks.[73]An October study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.[76] The Executive Director of the National Fraternal Order of Police reportedly said of Giuliani: "Everybody likes a Churchillian kind of leader who jumps up when the ashes are still falling and takes over. But two or three good days don't expunge an eight-year record."[13]

Post-mayoralty

Business

After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani became a millionaire. He founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC,[77] in 2002, a firm which has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition.[78][79]

In 2002, Giuliani and Giuliani Partners struck a deal to promote the wireless communication company Nextel.[80]

On December 1, 2004 his consulting firm announced it purchased accounting firm Ernst & Young's investment banking unit. The new investment bank would be known as Giuliani Capital Advisors LLC and would advise companies on acquisitions, restructurings and other strategic issues. On March 5, 2007, as a consequence of his presidential campaign, Giuliani Capital Advisors was sold to Macquarie Group, an Australian financial group, for an amount that analysts said might approach $100 million.[81]

On March 31, 2005, it was announced that Giuliani would join the firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and symbolic head of the expanding firm's new New York office. Despite a busy schedule the former mayor is known to be highly active in the day-to-day business of the Texas-based law firm. While there was early speculation that the firm would merge with Giuliani Partners, this is a legal impossibility (as a matter of ethics, lawyers cannot share legal fees with non-lawyers). However, while the firm is completely independent of the consulting business, the two entities maintain a close strategic partnership.

Politics

Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. He was one of the keynote speakers at the 2004 Republican National Convention, where he endorsed George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, "Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is our president.'"[82] Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republicans candidates across the nation.

After campaigning on behalf of George W. Bush in the 2004 election, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after the resignation of Tom Ridge. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. Kerik in his pre-announcement interviews with the White House failed to disclose facts in his past which were certain to disqualify him. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information known for years to local reporters, but unreported, became widely known (most prominently, that Kerik had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny, had been sued for sexual harrassment, and had ties to organized crime). The political fallout was damaging to the perception of competence in the White House vetting process and doubts as to the political judgment of Giuliani in recommending Kerik in the first place.

Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new Drug Enforcement Agency mobile museum in Dallas, Texas in Sept. 2003

Speculation that Giuliani might become a candidate for 2006 statewide office took place early in that election cycle, with the notion that Giuliani might run for either for the United States Senate challenging incumbent Democrat Hillary Rodham Clinton, or for Governor of New York, as incumbent Republican Governor George Pataki announced that he would not seek re-election in July 2005. The consensus of political observers then was that Giuliani would not run[83] even though polls show that he would be favored in a matchup against Democratic gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer [14]; in any case, a Giuliani spokesman said that he "has no intention" of running,[84] leaving no clear favorite among Republicans. With Giuliani staying out of both races, the Republican nominations fell to little-known candiates, and both Clinton and Spitzer won by very large margins.

On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG), a ten-person bipartisan panel charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations. Giuliani was appointed to the ISG. On May 24, 2006, however, he resigned, citing his "previous time commitments".[85] Giuliani was described by Newsweek magazine in January of 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq."[86]

Media

Giuliani published Leadership, his account of his mayoralty, in 2002.

In 2003, the USA Network aired a made-for-television movie: Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story with James Woods in the title role.[87]

Giuliani appeared in a cameo role in Adam Sandler's 2003 film Anger Management. In it, he uses Rob Schneider's catch phrase, "You can do it!"

On May 12, 2006, Cinema Libre Studio released Giuliani Time, a critical, feature-length documentary about Giuliani's personal and political history.[88]

Personal life

Giuliani has been married three times. His first marriage was to educator Regina Peruggi, whom he had known since they were both children, on October 26, 1968, soon after he graduated law school. In 1976, the couple decided on a trial separation[89]; Giuliani later said the marriage suffered "through my overwork."[90] The couple did not have any children.

Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami.[91] Giuliani filed for legal separation from Peruggi on August 12, 1982.[89] Giuliani and Hanover started living together later that year in Washington, D.C.[91]

A Roman Catholic Church annulment of the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983[89], according to Giuliani, because he discovered after fourteen years that he and his wife were second cousins[92] and they did not have the Church dispensation thus needed.[93]

Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in New York on April 15, 1984.[94][89] They had two children, son Andrew (born January 30, 1986) and daughter Caroline (born 1989). Andrew first became a familiar sight by misbehaving at Giuliani's first mayoral inaguration, then with his father at New York Yankees games, of whom Rudy Giuliani is an enthusiastic fan; Andrew also was an accomplished junior golfer.

Beginning in 1996, Giuliani and Hanover's public relationship became distant, with Hanover appearing at few public events.[95] In 1997, a Vanity Fair article report that Giuliani had a romantic relationship with Cristyne Lategano, the mayor's communications director.[96] The mayor and Lategano denied the allegations.

In May 2000, the New York Daily News broke news of Giuliani's extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company. Giuliani then called a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.[97][98][99] Hanover, however, had not been told about his plans before his press conference[100], an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized[101]. Previously, Giuliani had hinted at the relationship by referring to Nathan as his "very good friend." Giuliani now went on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about his marriage with Hanover, that "over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives." Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member," a reference to Lategano.

Giuliani then moved out of Gracie Mansion and into an apartment where two gay friends of his lived.[102] Giuliani filed for divorce against Hanover in October 2000,[103] and an unpleasant public battle broke out between their representatives.[104] In May 2001, in an effort to mitigate the bad publicity from the proceedings, Giuliani's attorney revealed (with the mayor's approval) that Giuliani was impotent due to his prostate cancer treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through treatment for cancer and radiation all by yourself," Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."[105] Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their acrimonious divorce case in July 2002, after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million settlement and granting her custody of their children.[106]

Giuliani subsequently married Judith Nathan on May 24, 2003, and thus gained a stepdaughter, Whitney.

By March 2007, The New York Times and the New York Daily News reported that Rudy Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew (now a Duke Blue Devils golf team member at Duke University aspiring to a professional career, and who was quoted as saying "there's obviously a little problem" between him and Judith) and his daughter Caroline (now a high school senior, due to enter Harvard University in the fall), missing major events in their lives and sometimes going long stretches without talking to them, and that neither of them was taking part in his presidential campaign. [107][108]The official Giuliani campaign website biography mentions Nathan but not his children or his former wives.[109]

2008 presidential campaign

Main article: Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008

A draft movement began in late 2005 to get Rudy Giuliani to run for President of the United States in 2008. Throughout 2006, rumors circulated regarding a possible Giuliani campaign, abetted by hints from the former Mayor himself. In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee. In February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the television program Larry King Live that he was indeed running.[110]

Early polls have shown him with one of the highest levels of name recognition and support and the front-runner in the race for the Republican nomination.[111]

Political views

Main article: Political views of Rudy Giuliani

An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports revealed the perception of Giuliani as an overall moderate. Specifically, of those Americans polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.[112]

Controversies

Annulment of first marriage

Some claim that Giuliani knew all along that his first wife Regina Peruggi was his second cousin (Peruggi was the daughter of Giuliani's father's cousin[citation needed]), and simply used that fact as an excuse to get the marriage annulled. According to these accounts, Monsignor Alan Placa, a Catholic priest and childhood friend of both Giuliani and Peruggi, had offered assurances to Giuliani's mother that the relation would not be a problem.[91] According to other accounts, Giuliani, Peruggi, and Placa were friends and vacationed together as children, and Giuliani referred to Regina as "little cousin".[citation needed]

Promotion of Bernard Kerik

Critics state that Giuliani showed consistently poor judgment in promoting the career of Bernard Kerik, who started out as a New York Police Department detective driving for his campaign, then became the city's Correction Commissioner and later Police Commissioner and a founder of Giuliani Partners. Giuliani then further promoted him to head the U.S. Homeland Security Department, at which point multiple scandals derailed the nomination and Kerik's career; subsequently Kerik pled guilty to corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.[113]

Promotion of Russell Harding

In 2000, Mayor Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal Party of New York boss and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, despite Harding not having a college degree or relevant experience for the position. Harding spent lavishly on himself in the job; in 2005, he pled guilty to defrauding the Housing Development Corporation and of other crimes and was sentenced to five years in prison.[113][114]

"Muzzle Award"

In 2000, Mayor Giuliani received a "Muzzle Award" from the Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression. The Muzzles are "awarded as a means to draw national attention to abridgments of free speech."[115] This was Giuliani's third such award, including an unprecedented "Lifetime Muzzle Award" which noted he had "stifled speech and press to so unprecedented a degree, and in so many and varied forms, that simply keeping up with the city's censorious activity has proved a challenge for defenders of free expression."[116]

Giuliani Partners business deals

Forbes reported in November 2006 that Giuliani Partners also accepted fees from penny stock firms, made alliances that have gone nowhere and formed pacts with businesses and individuals that have come under scrutiny by regulators and law enforcement officers.[117] For instance, Giuliani Capital Advisors accepted 1.6 million warrants from Lighting Science Group at 60 cents, a fee of $150,000 and a promise to raise cash. The company went bankrupt, losing $412,000 on sales of $137,000 in the first part of 2006. Another venture CamelBak, started out under Giuliani's consulting arrangement with $31 million in sales, but was run into the ground with various missteps, including having the disgraced Bernard Kerik sit on its board. Forbes said Giuliani's most controversial deal was throwing in with a 2004 project with Applied DNA Sciences. Its backer, Richard Langley Jr. had previously pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud and commercial bribery in another penny stock scam.[118][119]

Aftermath of Ground Zero recovery effort

In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 fireman who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill," it said, adding: "Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."[120]

Awards and honors

  • Also in 2002, Former First Lady Nancy Reagan awarded the Mayor the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. The award is only given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom," and who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference."[124]

Electoral history

  • 1989 Race for Mayor (New York City)
  • 1993 Race for Mayor (New York City)
  • 1997 Race for Mayor (New York City)

Further reading

  • Barrett, Wayne, (2000). Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani. Basic Books, ISBN 0-7567-6114-X (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
  • Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan (2006). Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-053660-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken (2002). Leadership. Miramax Books. ISBN 0-7868-6841-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gonzalez, Juan, (2002). Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse. New Press, ISBN 1565847547
  • Kirtzman, Andrew (2001). Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-009389-7.
  • Mandery, Evan, (1999). The Campaign: Rudy Giuliani, Ruth Messinger, Al Sharpton, and the Race to Be Mayor of New York City. Westview Press, ISBN -10: 0813366984.
  • Newfield, Jack, (2003). The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN 1-56025-482-3
  • Polner, Robert, (2005). America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
  • Polner, Robert, (2007). America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-933368-72-1
  • Siegel, Fred (2005). The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York, and the Genius of American Life. Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-084-7.

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Rudy Giuliani.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudy Giuliani.

External links

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14910822/
  2. ^ Luconi, Stefano (2006). "Fred Siegel, The Prince of the City (review)". Cercles. Retrieved 2007-03-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. ^ The Economist.com, "Rudolph Giuliani - America's Mayor."". Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
  6. ^ See:[2] and this excerpt from Newsday: ""City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."". Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  7. ^ ""Giuliani joins race for president"". Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  8. ^ http://www.breitbart.com/news/2007/03/03/prnw.20070303.NYSA010.html
  9. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_%28United_States%29_presidential_primaries%2C_2008#Current_leaders
  10. ^ http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
  11. ^ http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm
  12. ^ http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
  13. ^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html
  14. ^ Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study, April 8, 1993, page D-23, published by thesmokinggun.com, February 12, 2007
  15. ^ ""The Sunshine Patriots."". Retrieved 2007-02-07. Village Voice, posted August 24, 2004 10:40 a.m.
  16. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7D61539F930A35757C0A964948260
  17. ^ Montgomery, Alicia. ""Isn't it rich?"". Retrieved 2006-11-15. Salon.com, February 9, 2001.
  18. ^ Reaves, Jessica. ""The Marc Rich Case: a Primer."". Retrieved 2006-11-15. Time.com
  19. ^ Stengel, Richard. ""The Passionate Prosecutor."". Retrieved 2006-11-15. Time Magazine onlnie, posted June 24, 2001.
  20. ^ Trumbore, Brian. ""Ivan Boesky"". Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  21. ^ http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/03/13/swiftboat_rudy/
  22. ^ ""A Biography of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani". Retrieved 2006-11-18. City of New York website.
  23. ^ New York State Department of Labor statistics, "Workforce industry data". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  24. ^ New York City Crime Rate
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  27. ^ http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/04/mayor/
  28. ^ Patrick A. Langan and Matthew R. Durose, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City", October 21, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  29. ^ Time Magazine, "Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why.", January 15, 1996. Retrieve March 6, 2007.
  30. ^ Richard Pérez-Peña, "Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist", The New York Times, March 9, 2007. Accessed March 14, 2007.
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  32. ^ Saxakali, "NYC POLICE SHOOTINGS 1999", July 09, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  33. ^ CNN, "Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man", March 19, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  34. ^ Greene Crime Delinquency .1999; 45: 171-187"Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City". Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  35. ^ Heather Mac Donald, The Manhattan Institute, "New York Cops: Still the Finest". Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  36. ^ Josh Feit, "Crime Pays: City Council Reviews Curious Federal Grant to Fight Crime", Mar 29, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
  37. ^ Detroit Police Department, "National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)", 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
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  58. ^ "1994 Ad". National Review. November 21, 1994.
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  64. ^ "Content Removed". Retrieved November 15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/24/ltm.03.html
  66. ^ "TIME 2001 Person of the Year: Rudy Giuliani Profile". Retrieved November 15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ Washington Post Wook World Sept 3, 2006[8]
  68. ^ "Rudy's Grand Illusion". Retrieved September 6. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center
  70. ^ http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/5/23/204909.shtml
  71. ^ "Preview of Upcoming Book That Roasts Rudy Giuliani -- Over 9/11". Retrieved September 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ ""Rudy's 9/11 Snag: Dissent WTC Kin: We'll Bare the Ugly Truth for '08"".
  73. ^ a b Ben Smith, "Rudy's Black Cloud", New York Daily News, September 18, 2006, p. 14
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  122. ^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
  123. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85930571.html
  124. ^ http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp
  125. ^ http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0405003.htm
  126. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/19/AR2005051901733.html
  127. ^ http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1777552/posts
Preceded by Mayor of New York
1994-2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Recipient of The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
2002 		Succeeded by
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