City of Fiume with territory

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City of Fiume and its territory
(Fiume város és területe)
(1910)
Coat of arms of the city of Fiume
Administrative headquarters : Fiume (now Rijeka )
Area : 21 km²
Population : 49,806
Ethnic groups :
(according to the controversial
census of 1910) 		49% Italians
26% Croats
13% Magyars
5% Slovenes
5% Germans
2% others ( Serbs , English , Czechs , Slovaks , Poles )
Map of the city of Fiume and the surrounding area around 1890

The city ​​of Fiume with area (Hungarian Fiume város és területe, more rarely also Fiume város és kerülete ["City of Fiume with district"], Croatian degree Rijeka i okolica ), also known as the Free City of Fiume or Rijeka , is a historical administrative unit in the southwest of the Kingdom of Hungary . It existed from 1779 until the end of the Habsburg Monarchy after the First World War and included the port city of Fiume ( Rijeka ) on the Adriatic coast and smaller communities in the hinterland.

The administrative unit, which existed as a corpus separatum , was administered centrally by the Hungarian government, the area had an area of ​​21 km². The population was 29,494 according to the 1890 census, 38,955 in 1900 and 49,806 in 1910. The largest ethnic group were the Italians . The administrative unit, which also had its own governor and administration, included the actual city and its port as well as an area that included three villages:

  • Cosala (Italian) or Kozala (Croatian)
  • Drenova (Italian and Croatian)
  • Plasse (Italian) or Plase (Croatian) (today part of the Podmurvice district)

The city of Rijeka is now part of the Republic of Croatia and is the administrative seat of the Primorje-Gorski kotar County .

history

The port city of Fiume / Rijeka has belonged to the Habsburg monarchy since the 15th century . The origins of the creation of the independent area can be found in a decree by Maria Theresa in 1779, in which she defined what was then Fiume as a corpus separatum , an independent, autonomous body. Thus the city was directly subordinated to the Habsburg crown . After the interruption by the Napoleonic Wars and the annexation to the Kingdom of Italy , the city was initially administered from Vienna, but in 1823 came with its hinterland as an integral part of the Hungarian crown. The Italian administrative language was retained.

As a result of the revolution of 1848 , Croatia-Slavonia with Fiume received greater autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary through the October Constitution of 1849. Until the middle of the 19th century, Rijeka / Fiume was predominantly inhabited by Croats, but the Hungarian government encouraged a large influx of Italians.

Special status in the dual monarchy

Croatian version of the compensation with Article 66 pasted over (riječka krpica)

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867, Fiume came back under direct Hungarian administration as a free city (on a par with a crown land and similar to Trieste ). However, the status was not clarified with regard to the Hungarian-Croatian Compromise in 1868. While the Croatian version of the document said that further negotiations were to be carried out about the affiliation of Rijeka, the city, the port and the surrounding area of ​​Fiume were separated from the territory of Croatia in the Hungarian version and directly subordinated to the Hungarian crown (analogous to the previously existing corpus separatum from Maria Theresa). After the Hungarian Reichstag and the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) had each approved the version in their language, the document was submitted to Emperor Franz Joseph I for signature. Shortly before, however, the Hungarian government had the article in question in the Croatian version pasted over with a piece of parchment, the so-called “Rijeka scrap” (riječka krpica) , which contained a translation of the Hungarian version.

The Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy finally made Fiume subordinate to a governor of his government in 1870, which the Hungarian Diet approved. The administration was then regulated on April 17, 1872 by the Hungarian Minister of the Interior with a statute "temporarily". This statute could only be changed by the Rapprasentanza, consisting of 56 members and elected for 6 years . This representation elected the mayor ( Podestà ) , while the governor representing the Hungarian government was directly appointed by the king on the proposal of the prime minister. This autonomy was equivalent to the self-administration of a municipality . This autonomy was weakened in 1907 and finally suspended in 1913; however, the provisional status remained until the end of the monarchy.

First World War and consequences

During the First World War , the powers of the Triple Entente promised Italy in the London Treaty of 1915 the Austrian coastline (including Istria ) and parts of Dalmatia - but not Fiume in return for entering the war . After the war and the break-up of Austria-Hungary, the last Hungarian governor, Zoltán Jekelfalussy, left the city on October 29, 1918. An Italian national council then took over the government. In the armistice of Villa Giusti on November 3, 1918, the Austrian Army High Command left Fiume to the Italians. After November 17, 1918, an Allied Occupation Corps took control.

In August 1919 the Prime Ministers of France and Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau and Lloyd George , agreed with the Italian Foreign Minister Tommaso Tittoni to place Fiume as a Free City under the supervision of the League of Nations . They were just waiting for US President Woodrow Wilson's approval . Italian irregulars under the leadership of Gabriele D'Annunzio , however, anticipated this plan and occupied the city in September 1919. They proclaimed the " Italian Regency on the Quarnero " and demanded annexation to Italy. Both the Treaty of Trianon between the victorious powers and Hungary in June 1920 and the Italo-Yugoslav border treaty of Rapallo in November 1920, however, stuck to the plan of a Free State of Fiume , which after the disempowerment of D'Annunzio's militants (who have since opposed the government of Italian motherland) was implemented after the "Bloody Christmas" in 1920.

statistics

In 1910 in Fiume and the region:

  • 2511 residential buildings
  • 49,806 inhabitants (48,492 excluding stationed soldiers)
  • 36,359 residents who can read and write
  • 3.2 kilometers of flowing water

Population groups according to Austro-Hungarian censuses:

1880 1890 1900 1910
Italian 09,076 (43.26%) 13,012 (44.12%) 17,352 (44.54%) 24,212 (48.61%)
Croatians 07,669 (36.55%) 10,770 (36.52%) 07,497 (19.25%) 12,926 (25.95%)
Slovenes 02,188 (10.43%) 02,780 ( 09.43%) 02,251 ( 06.78%) 02,336 ( 04.69%)
Hungary 00367 ( 01.75%) 01,062 ( 03.60%) 02,842 ( 07.30%) 06,493 (13.04%)
German 00859 ( 04.09%) 01,495 ( 05.07%) 01,945 ( 04.99%) 02,315 ( 04.65%)
total 20,981 29,494 38,955 49,806

Religious
relationships in 1900 Roman Catholic: 36,104 (92.68%)
Orthodox: 703 (1.80%)
Protestant: 684 (1.76%)
Israelite: 1,172 (3.01%)

See also

literature

  • Ignaz de Luca: The Commercial District, or Lake District. In: Geographisches Handbuch von dem Oestreichischen Staats. 4th volume Ungern, Illyria, and Transylvania. Verlag JV Degen, Vienna 1791, pp. 480-484 ( Google eBook ).

Web links

Commons : Rijeka  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d A magyar szent korona országainak 1910. évi Népszámlálása. A Magyar Kir. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, Budapest 1912
  2. ↑ Rijeka.hr. Mjesni odbori (Croatian)
  3. ^ Ludwig Steindorff: History of Croatia. From the Middle Ages to the present. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2020.
  4. ^ Daniel Lalić: The high nobility of Croatia-Slavonia. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin / Boston 2017, pp. 55–56.
  5. ^ Adam Wandruszka, Peter Urbanitsch (ed.): The Habsburg Monarchy 1848-1918. Volume 2: Administration and Legal. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1975, ISBN 3-7001-0081-7 .
  6. ↑ Ljubinka Toševa Karpowicz: The "State of Rijeka" of the Italian National Council (23 November 1918 to 12 September 1919). In: Angela Ilić et al.: Looking into the Unknown: Visions and Utopias in the Danube-Carpathian Region 1917 and after. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2019, pp. 19–32, here pp. 20–21.
  7. ↑ Marina Cattaruzza, Sascha Zala : Against the right to self-determination? Wilson's Fourteen Points and Italy in the European order at the end of the First World War. In: Jörg Fisch: The distribution of the world. Self-determination and the right of peoples to self-determination. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2011, pp. 141–156, here p. 152.
  8. ↑ Birte Förster : 1919. A continent is reinventing itself. 2nd edition, Reclam, Ditzingen 2018. Section The Beginnings of Italian Fascism and the Occupation of Fiume.
  9. ↑ Amiről a matekpéldák mesélnek (Hungarian)
  10. ↑ https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/collection/kozponti_statisztikai_hivatal_nepszamlalasi_digitalis_adattar/
  11. ↑ https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1891_01/?pg=141&layout=s
  12. ↑ https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1900_01/?pg=44&layout=s
  13. ↑ https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_05/?pg=119&layout=s
  14. ↑ https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_05/?pg=119&layout=s