History of the Jews in Bayreuth

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Memorial at the Jewish cemetery

The history of the Jews in Bayreuth begins in the 13th century.

middle Ages

In order to direct trade from Nuremberg to Bohemia through Bayreuth , Burgrave Friedrich III. from Nuremberg admitted a number of Jews to Bayreuth, which came into his possession in 1248, and granted them privileges . Already 50 years later, Jews were murdered in Bayreuth in the course of the Rintfleisch pogrom in 1298 .

Until the middle of the 14th century, all Jews in the Holy Roman Empire were under the immediate protection of the emperor . Charles IV ( Roman-German Emperor from 1355) transferred the power of protection of Jews to the sovereign princes. The levied taxes on the Jews for letters of protection and privileges with regard to the practice of religion. The Jews were denied access to the craft guilds and other honorable professions . As a result, they were forced to earn a living from activities such as peddling , trading in small goods or lending money on pawns . The latter inevitably led to disagreements with the rest of the population and the authorities .

The Bayreuth city ​​book of 1464 regulated trade between Jews and Christians . It contained, among other things, the prohibition of usury and trade in stolen goods or sacred objects as well as a regulation of the oath formula of the Jews.

The rulers of the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Culmbach-Bayreuth were by no means religious zealots. They pragmatically viewed the Jewish communities as additional sources of income and repeatedly defended them against attacks by the clergy . In 1451 Margrave Albrecht Achilles resisted the demand of the Bamberg diocesan synod that Jews should wear a yellow ring to mark them.

The negative attitude of parts of the population was mainly based on the fear of those of different faiths and their strange customs as well as the distrust of Jewish interest deals . There was no evidence of racist anti-Semitism in Bayreuth at that time; its occasional flare-up in the late Middle Ages and the absolutist period was caused by religion . There were apparently no bloody pogroms in the city like those in Hof (1515) or Regensburg (1519).

In 1515 and 1561 the representatives of the cities in the state parliament enforced emigration orders for all Jews in the principality. The estates also defied Margrave Christian in 1611, despite his concerns, from an expulsion mandate. Those who wanted to keep the Jews in the country primarily for fiscal reasons could not withdraw their mandate and therefore resorted to a trick: he gave the Jews to his wife Marie as a personal gift, who then took her under her protection.

There were times when borrowers hoped to get rid of their debts by evicting their Jewish creditors . Others committed theft and robbery in Jewish properties . In 1699 the Franconian Reichskreis stated: "All kinds of loose and dissolute servants" gathered to commit "real robbery and looting" in Jewish houses under the pretext of a hatred against the Jews. The perpetrators were threatened with the death penalty .

The fact that some Jews traded in used objects aroused suspicion and mistrust among the population and on the part of the authorities. Margrave Georg Wilhelm wrote a new form of oath to the Jews to their disadvantage in 1713 . In 1714, for hygienic reasons , he forbade Jews to trade in old clothes, coarse furs, bedding, feather and leather items and all other "poison-sucking" goods. The following year he ordered that the homeless “beggar Jews” should not be allowed into the city, but should receive alms in front of the city ​​gates .

Age of Enlightenment

Gate and Tahara House at the Jewish Cemetery

Well into the 18th century, the Jews could not bury their dead in Bayreuth, but had to transfer them to Baiersdorf near Erlangen . The Bayreuth Jews met in private apartments for meetings and devotions. With the accession of Frederick III. in 1735, a representative of enlightened absolutism , the situation of the Jewish subjects improved . From then on they were allowed to change their place of residence at will within the principality, to encourage their children to attend the Jewish school and the synagogue , to invite Jewish guests from outside the principality to family celebrations and holidays, and to employ Christian servants . In 1759 Friedrich sold the old Redoutenhaus in Münzgasse to the banker Moses Seckel, who set up a synagogue in the building . Opposite the synagogue, a ritual bath for Jewish women was built on the Mühlkanal in the middle of the 18th century . In 1767 a statute was passed regulating the internal affairs of the Jewish community. In 1786, a plot of land was acquired on Nürnberger Strasse on which a cemetery was laid out.

19th century

During the time of Prussian rule (1791 to 1807) the government was forced to protect the Jewish population of the principality against suspicion of ritual murder . The use of physical and psychological violence against Jews was prohibited under threat of punishment. On August 12, 1819, riots broke out again in Bayreuth, during which Jews were reviled and pelted with stones and apples (→ Hep-Hep riots ). Increasingly, the hostility was less religious and more racist. More and more they were perceived as members of a people that represented a foreign body within Germany. The acquittal of members of the Sankt Georgen choral society , who were on trial for an anti-Semitic song, was cheered by part of the audience in 1883.

While in 1763 there were still 24 Jewish families in the city, by 1840 there were already 101 Jewish households. 47 people ran a shop, almost exclusively in the textile and fashion sector. 33 Jews traded in cattle or hops or peddled. 16 members of the congregation lived on credit or their property. After the compulsory guild was lifted , 46 Jewish citizens were already active as apprentices, journeymen or masters in manual professions. At the turn of the century that followed, the local Jewish community numbered more than 350 people.

In 1810 the city was sold to Bavaria , which had become a kingdom , so the Bavarian Jewish edict of 1813 was valid in Bayreuth. The Jewish children also had to go to school and attend public schools. The first Jewish high school student was Sigismund Kohn in the school year 1814/15.

In 1863 the Bayreuth Jews were given a mikvah in the Rosenau bathing establishment. Between the old bath and the "Münzmühle" a slaughterhouse was built in 1867 , in which the cattle were slaughtered according to Jewish regulations. It disappeared in the course of the construction of the Royal Branch Bank (today's Iwalewahaus ).

Early 20th century

Synagogue in Münzgasse, around 1910

Anti-Semitism in Northern Bavaria at the beginning of the 20th century had an economic breeding ground. In Bayreuth, the Jewish merchant Joseph Friedmann had built a department store on the lower Opernstrasse in 1898 . Luitpold Kurzmann's department store (Opernstrasse 22) had existed in the “Wölfelbauten” on the other side of the street since 1888. Both shops offered a wide range of goods beyond the textile area “usual” for Jews. This exposed them to the charge of harming the local middle class.

Public benevolence accompanied the forty young Jewish men, including a number of volunteers who were sent off to serve in the war in August 1914. But by 1919 the atmosphere of living together had become chilly. The Jewish fellow citizens were used as scapegoats for the lost war and a dreary, joyless everyday life. This time it wasn't a short-term anti-Semitic wave. In Bayreuth, as in other Franconian cities, the German Volkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund , a forerunner of the NSDAP , created a veritable pogrom mood long before the onset of the “Third Reich” . The political well poisoning also reached the schools, especially high school students were open to anti-Semitic slogans. In a newspaper advertisement of the local branch of the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith on September 10, 1919, it says: “Can the members of the Jewish community, which has recently been severely attacked by excessive, publicly dangerous and anonymous agitation, be offended if? Are you looking for the originators of this agitation? ”On October 8, 1919, the Jewish lawyer Berthold Klein rejected the allegations against Judaism at a stormy event organized by the German Volkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund, at which, according to the Bayreuther Tagblatt, “ only hand grenades were missing ” and made a declaration of loyalty to Germanness.

On January 7, 1920, the swastika appeared for the first time in a newspaper advertisement in the Bayreuther Tagblatts . Four times in the first quarter of that year, the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund rounded up its followers in its local farm (Maximilianstrasse 38). Members were recruited with aggressive advertisements. The anti-Semitic inflammatory slogans evidently attracted a large number of people, and at the end of 1922 it had around 300 members. The Lord Mayor Albert Preu warned in the city ​​council in January 1920: "The attacks against Judaism ... are gradually taking on forms that pose a threat not only to those involved, but also to the public peace." The Jewish community dealt with a complaint from the Jewish community City council on December 13, 1922. It concerned the ongoing agitation of the "German Völkisch" in meetings and on posters, but the city fathers did nothing about it.

A local group of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) was founded on November 22, 1922, four months later more than 300 members were counted. On March 18, 1923, Julius Streicher raged against Jews and Marxists in the Sonnensaal ( Richard-Wagner-Strasse 4 ). The result was a bitter street battle, which the NSDAP later glorified as a “baptism of fire”. Adolf Hitler came to the city for the first time in 1923 and made his first public appearance at the German Day on September 23 . After the failed November putsch , Frank's SA leader Walter Buch ordered that Jewish blood must flow for “Hitler's blood”, which - unlike in Lower Franconia - was not followed in Bayreuth. With the participation of the House of Wahnfried , after the temporary ban of the NSDAP, the Völkische Bund was set up as a camouflage and reception organization under the chairmanship of elementary school teacher Hans Schemm (who wanted to see "a Jew dangling from every lamppost").

When the Richard Wagner Festival resumed in 1924, there were anti-Jewish demonstrations. In 1925, during his first and only visit to the festival before 1933, Hitler was annoyed about the appearance of a Jewish artist and spoke of “racial disgrace”. In the second half of the 1920s, the pressure on the Jews temporarily eased noticeably. The economic consolidation strengthened the politically moderate forces and slowed the rise of the Nazis. Friedrich Puchta wrote on October 14, 1927 in the local SPD newspaper: "The swastika has essentially become a thing for the retrospective historian."

Two years later the wind had turned again. In March 1929, the Bayreuther Tagblatt formulated: "The mood of the masses in the anti-Semitic sense is noticeable ... in Bayreuth the popular idea is marching." In the city council elections on December 8th of that year, the NSDAP immediately received nine of the thirty seats. Schemm, now “Gauleiter”, MP and member of the city council, from then on ensured permanent confrontation. He tried to stir up the local business world against the "attack by the department store Jew on Bayreuth", in December 1930 railed against the invitation of two Jews as guests to a primary party by the Catholic Church and in September 1931 declared the "war of defense of the Bayreuth middle class against the opening of a [ Jewish] uniform price business ”.

The last time the Bayreuth Jews defended themselves publicly in an advertisement in the Oberfränkische Zeitung : "Do not believe the slander and abuse ... We German Jews are people like you and neither better nor worse than you".

Jews in the city's working life

Kurzmann textile shop in Opernstrasse 22 shortly after it opened, July 1894

In the late Margrave period, two different social groups formed, which presumably had little contact with one another: a few wealthy people, called court agents or court factors , and the larger group of those who lived more badly on trade and small businesses. The former included the “court and coin supplier” Moses Seckel, who got rich with credit transactions, and David Seckel, who had a tobacco plantation built near Sankt Georgen in 1777 .

The merchants traded in used goods, haberdashery and textiles. In 1783, David Herz was one of the first to make the transition from trader to established merchant with a permanent store. In 1820 four local shops were owned by Jews. Regardless of the abolition of the guilds , the long-established craft businesses continued to try to prevent newcomers from setting up workshops . Seligmann Meyer and Sigmund Samelson were among the few Jews who took up skilled trades in the middle of the 19th century and even passed the master craftsman's examination.

For the first time in 1854 appeared with Fischel Arnhem a Jew as a lawyer in the address books, 1876 with Pinkas Skutsch a first notary . In 1861 Simon Würzburger established a private mental hospital for "mentally ill Israelites" at Erlanger Strasse 19 . The Jewish doctors from Bayreuth at the turn of the century also included his son Albert and Leo Steinberger, while Karl Würzburger, Berthold Klein and Richard Herzstein worked as lawyers.

Only a small number of Jewish traders produced goods. In 1895 Lion Löwensohn acquired the Sorge & Specht sugar confectionery factory on Dammwäldchen and named it Erste Bayreuther Dampf-Chocolade-Lebkuchen- u. Sugar factory . His second company Apparatebau , initially rented in a wing of the Old Castle (Maximilianstrasse 8), later on the first floor of Erlanger Strasse 12, mainly manufactured confectionery vending machines. Simon Fleischmann ran a small paper goods and bag factory, Max Hamburger a vinegar factory. Three of the 14 local men's tailors had Jewish owners, but none of the 115 women's tailors.

The activities of the others concentrated on two main areas: on the one hand cattle trade, on the other hand textile, linen and haberdashery shops. In 1907, 11 of the 23 local cattle shops were owned by Jews. Some cattle dealers also traded in other agricultural products, Adolf and Michael Oppenheim in fabrics and Wolf Strauss in real estate. From 1920 Samuel Oppenheim's business with leather and skins developed into a shoe manufacturer.

With a total Jewish population of only one percent, the following proportions of Jewish business owners resulted in 1907: home textiles 100% (Luitpold Kurzmann, Simon Pfefferkorn), ready-made clothing 55%, linen 30%, fabrics and haberdashery 28%. From the best quality (Harburger, Maximilianstrasse 9 and Reinauer, Luitpoldplatz 2) to cheap goods, everything was represented. In the fields of foods, delicatessen and groceries , there was no Jewish trader.

Thanks to their stores, a number of families, such as Isner, Kurzmann and Pfefferkorn, achieved good middle-class prosperity, reputation and more modern home ownership. The trade in animals for slaughter, however, probably brought neither wealth nor civil prestige.

The persecution of the Jews during the National Socialist dictatorship

After the National Socialists came to power , according to the National Socialist daily Fränkisches Volk , over 15,000 people gathered on the streets and squares of the city. Even if this number is presumably set too high, it can be said that the majority of the Bayreuth population had a positive relationship with the Nazis at the time. Hans Schemm from Bayreuth , appointed Gauleiter and appointed Bavarian Minister of Education after the synchronization , was extremely popular, his views were formative for many Upper Franconia. It followed on from the pseudo-scientific racial theory of Houston Stewart Chamberlains , who lived in Bayreuth and married a daughter of Richard Wagner . The Aryans called Schemm as "God-man", the Jews as most inferior among all races. The Germans had been given "the global task of clearing the whole globe of the dirt and crap of minority races".

It is noticeable that measures against Jews were taken in Bayreuth even before law-like, nationwide orders. Kurt de Jonge was taken “ protective custody ” in St. Georgenin prison in March 1933 , transferred to the Dachau concentration camp and severely abused there. In October 1933, Karl Schlumprecht , mayor of the city since April 26, 1933, tried to prevent the Jewish citizen Justin Steinhäuser from getting married to a Christian. In June 1934, the Jew Leopold Reinauer, who had invited a German waitress to his place, was beaten up by Nazi supporters and subsequently convicted of “racially abusive behavior”. The following month, the Jew Max Friedmann was put into “protective custody” for “indecent misconduct against his maid” and was therefore imprisoned without charge. Also in July 1934, the Jewish sales representative Reinhaus was mistreated and kidnapped by SA people, he never turned up again.

In 1933 there were around 30 Jewish companies in the city, many of which were centrally located. Even before the boycott of Jewish shops organized throughout the Reich, which began on April 1, 1933, the SA set up posts on March 11 in front of the Isaak Zwirns shoe store (Maximilianstrasse 71) and the Erwege department store (Opernstrasse 11, owner Max Friedmann) Deter customers. Despite the expansion of this measure from April, the Jewish businessmen initially retained customers, but the Heinrich Schiefer department store ( Richard-Wagner-Strasse 4 ) went bankrupt that same year . In the period from 1935 to 1937, many Jewish businesses had to give up or were "Aryanized" . At the time of the pogroms of November 9, 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), there were only four Jewish shops in Bayreuth. The business closures forced by the boycott, which also affected doctors and lawyers , deprived most of the Jews of their employment base. Jewish cattle dealers were deprived of their trade license, and from July 1938 Jews were no longer allowed to work as property managers .

By November 1938, around 250 anti-Jewish ordinances and decrees had been imposed in the Reich, many of which were also reflected in Bayreuth. Jews had to surrender their driver's licenses , but were no longer allowed to use public transport . Their children were not allowed to attend German schools: in November 1936, the Jewish pupils had to leave the Lyceum (today: Richard-Wagner-Gymnasium). The Jewish Herz-von-Hertenried Foundation and another one were dissolved in May 1938 and their assets were confiscated. Jews were not allowed radios longer possess, in September 1939, they were taken by the SA 25 radio. In the following winter they had to hand over all valuables made of gold, silver and platinum in their possession without compensation, and at the end of 1941 they had to hand over their warm winter clothing. From September 1941 they were forced to wear the yellow Star of David in public under threat of punishment ; In Bayreuth, too, cases are known in which Jews were denounced by “Germans” in this regard and then condemned. Finally, the latter were forbidden from any personal contact with Jews, Jews were no longer even allowed to be greeted.

Many Bayreuth Jews managed to emigrate in time . The preferred travel destination was the USA , which reached 55 of them. In addition, Palestine , and occasionally England, Sweden and Australia were also given as destinations.

November pogrom

In 1935, Fritz Wächtler succeeded Schemm, who had died in an accident, and became Gauleiter of the Bavarian East Markets . On the evening of November 9, 1938, he reported - by telephone from Munich - the death of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath , who had been assassinated in Paris by the Polish Jew Herschel Grynszpan . Wächtler gave instructions on how the “spontaneous outbreak of people's anger” in Bayreuth was to take place: at midnight, SA men were taken out of their beds by police officers and had to report to the corner of Opernstrasse and Wölfelstrasse in civilian clothes. They devastated the interior of the synagogue , but did not set it on fire due to the close proximity to the Margravial Opera House . There are no indications of an active role of the population in the “Reichskristallnacht”. However, from the early hours of the morning, those in need began to remove wood, including the benches, from the synagogue.

On the morning of November 10, 1938, the remaining Jewish shops were also looted and devastated: the small toy shop Friedmann (Am Schloßberglein), the “Nürnberger Bazaar” (Richard-Wagner-Straße 20, owner Rudolf Weigert) and the Dessauer textile shops (Luitpoldplatz ) and Roßkamm (Carl-Schüller-Straße 20½, owner Jakob and Adele Strauss). The manhunt, in which the SA and the police apparently worked hand in hand, weighed more heavily than the destruction of property on that night. Most of the 120 Jewish fellow citizens were first driven to the Old Town Hall (Maximilianstrasse 33) and then to the cattle stables in the Rotmainhalle, where they were locked up and, as it were, publicly exhibited. "Especially at lunchtime, the cattle sheds were ... densely besieged, and everyone tried to catch a glimpse of the interior through the not too high windows." On the way there, the Jew Friedmann was beaten for "her cheeky mouth", and the doctor Leo Steinberger, who "wanted to be cheeky" against the police, had "been given a thorough lesson," wrote the Bayreuth daily newspaper . And further: "The Jew Zwirn, who wanted to refuse entry into his apartment and resisted by force, had to be impressively instructed that he had nothing more to report". On that day the newspaper also spoke of the Rotmainhalle as a concentration camp and in an infamous way made fun of the victims' fear of death. Among those persecuted that night were not a few participants in the First World War who had always felt like patriots, including Justin Steinhäuser, a bearer of the Iron Cross . The Bayreuth Jewish Front Fighters Association is still listed in the 1937 residents' register .

Opposition to the actions of the police and SA was not on record, only the protest of a village pastor from Mistelgau was cited in an official report. He was charged with an offense against the treachery law against the state and the party. Lord Mayor Friedrich Kempfler cautiously disapproved of violence against property, he did not mention violence against people. The next day 23 Jewish men were taken to the Sankt Georgen judicial prison, nine of them were still in custody at the beginning of December. On November 11, 1938, with the participation of local citizens, the Jewish cemetery was desecrated, its enclosure torn down and the morgue damaged. The Nazi newspaper Bayerische Ostmark reported on December 6, 1938 that there were no longer any Jews in Bayreuth's business life.

Deportations

In January 1941 the cattle dealer Gustav Flörsheim was arrested because he had "frivolously disregarded the laws of the German people at every opportunity" and was murdered in prison. Of the 260 Jews who stayed in the city in 1933, 78 people were still living in Bayreuth in autumn 1941.

At 5 a.m. on November 27, 1941, 60 Jews were taken from their beds by the Gestapo . With Jews from Fürth , Bamberg and Würzburg , they were first taken to a collection camp in Nuremberg-Langwasser . They stayed there for two days and were then transported to the Jungfernhof reception camp near Riga on a three-day train journey . Some of them were shot with machine guns on March 26, 1942 in the Biķernieki forest and thrown into a mass grave . Others came to the Auschwitz extermination camp via the Riga ghetto at the end of November 1943 and were gassed there . Ms. Rainauer, who survived with her daughter in the Kaiserwald concentration camp and was nursed to health in a Russian military hospital for six months, was lucky .

During the second deportation on January 12, 1942, eleven of the 18 Jews who remained in Bayreuth were taken to the White Dove Jewish retirement home in Bamberg. In September they went from there, together with Jews from Bamberg and Nuremberg, first to the Theresienstadt concentration camp and then on to Lithuania and Auschwitz. Among them were the judiciary Berthold Klein, the Weinberger couple from Ludwigstrasse and the Steinhäuser couple from Friedrich-von-Schiller-Strasse. None of these deportees survived the Holocaust .

The remaining Bayreuth Jews lived from then on under inhumane conditions, including a family in the unheated morgue of the Jewish cemetery; two of them were driven to suicide . Justin Steinhäuser was taken to the Schedlitz labor camp in Thuringia in November 1944 and from there to the Flossenbürg concentration camp in April 1945 . He is one of the seven well-known Bayreuth Jews who survived the atrocity alive.

Richard Wagner Festival

In addition to the local Jews, the Jewish artists of the Bayreuth Festival are also among the persecuted and victims of the “ Third Reich ”. To them that reminds since 2012 Stelenfeld Silenced Voices in the Park of the Festspielhaus .

post war period

Synagogue before renovation, 2012
Synagogue in 2019

After the end of the Second World War , three women and four men who had belonged to the Bayreuth Jewish community returned from the concentration camps. From May 1945, more surviving Jews joined them, so that the community had 350 members in 1946. From January 1946, an American military rabbi was instrumental in promoting the influx of former Jewish concentration camp prisoners from overcrowded refugee camps. They restored the synagogue and led a regular community life, but almost without exception left Germany in the following years. By 1950 the number of members had already fallen considerably again, and the appointment of a functioning board was proving difficult.

On the occasion of a guest performance by the actress Kristina Söderbaum , anti-Semitic graffiti appeared again in the city for the first time in 1949. The Jewish committee had tried in vain to prevent the film director's wife Veit Harlan ( Jud Süß ) from appearing . Right-wing extremist parties such as the Socialist Reich Party (SRP) bluntly tied in with Bayreuth's symbolic value as the “powerhouse of National Socialism”. The strictly right-wing German bloc was at times more strongly represented in the city council than the CSU . In 1958 - against the concerns of the concentration camp survivor Justin Steinhäuser - a street was named after the racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain .

On December 4, 1951, the forcible search of the synagogue for suspected contraband caused a sensation. The founding meeting of the Israelite Community of Bayreuth in its current form took place on May 27, 1956. The birthplace of the brothers Jakob and Julius Herz (Kulmbacher Strasse 7) was demolished in the 1970s.

In the mid-1970s, only about 30 Jewish people lived in Bayreuth. With the arrival of families from the CIS countries since the 1990s, the number of congregation members has increased again to 220. In 2016 the community had 510 members. A Jewish culture and community center is to be set up in the building of the Alte Münze from 1778 in Münzgasse by 2020. The parish archive is also to be housed there. Documents from 1760 to 1933 are completely preserved. Bayreuth's Jewish cemetery, which has more than 950 tombstones and has tombstones dating from 1787 to the present day, was documented on behalf of the Bayreuth Jewish Community; the project was completed in 2012.

In contrast to many other cities, the Bayreuth city administration has so far been negative about the construction of Stolpersteinen . In November 2001, Bayreuth students created a collection of “memorial stones” in the form of large pebbles with inscriptions , which lie in a wire container and were shown as a traveling exhibition. The City of Bayreuth's memorial book for the victims of National Socialism can be viewed publicly and online .

Well-known Bayreuth people of Jewish faith

  • Fischel Arnheim (1812–1864), politician and lawyer. Arnhem was elected as the second Jewish member of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies in 1849 for the constituency of Hof-Münchberg.
  • Siegfried Bettmann (1869–1939), dermatologist and university professor.
  • Ernst Cahn (1875–1953), lawyer.
  • Richard Engelmann (1868–1966), sculptor.
  • Jakob Herz (1816–1871), doctor and first Jewish professor in Bavaria. Jakob-Herz-Strasse has existed in the city since 1988.
  • Julius Herz , from 1887 Julius Herz Ritter von Hertenried (1825–1910), railway engineer. In 1910 a street was named after him, and in 1933 the National Socialists renamed Herzstraße to Eduard-Bayerlein-Straße. The renaming was not reversed.
  • Hilde Marx (1911–1986), writer and journalist.
  • Emanuel Osmund (1766–1842), banker, merchant and scholar; Patron and friend of the poet Jean Paul .
  • Albert Würzburger (1856–1938), doctor and psychiatrist. In 1894 he founded a private sanatorium for mentally ill Jewish people on the lower Herzoghöhe , which was converted into a “German institution” in 1936 and demolished in 1959. In his honor there was a street named Dr.-Würzburger-Straße in 1947.
  • Pinhas Yoeli (1920–2011), born Günther Aptekmann in Bayreuth, professor of cartography at Tel Aviv University.

Trivia

Pfefferkorn textile shop on Sternplatz (center), early 20th century

Simon Pfefferkorn ran his textile shop at Maximilianstrasse 9 until 1892. In that year he rented the ground floor of Opernstrasse 1. This corner building at the Sternplatz traffic junction offered the advantage of having shop windows facing both Opernstrasse and Maximilianstrasse. The shop developed into the leading shop for carpets and fabrics. The French painter Auguste Renoir stayed in the house as a festival guest in 1896 . In 1917 Pfefferkorn bought the building and in August 1928 had to accept that Heinrich Himmler stayed with one of the tenants as a festival guest. In that year, under pressure from the NSDAP, he was forced to sell his house to the NS-Gauverlag Hans Schemms at a price that was well below the price. The architect Hans Reissinger converted it into the headquarters of the Gauleitung Bayerische Ostmark (“Brown House”), and at times an oversized portrait of Hitler was attached to its corner front. In April 1945 the building burned down and was not rebuilt.

Web links

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Adolf Eckstein : History of the Jews in the Margraviate Bayreuth. B. Seligsberg, Bamberg 1907, p. 1 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ffreimann%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F639665~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D in the Freimann collection )
  2. ^ A b Sylvia Habermann, Bernd Mayer, Christoph Rabenstein: "Reichskristallnacht". The fate of our Jewish fellow citizens. A memorial by the city of Bayreuth , 1988, p. 7.
  3. ↑ Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 8.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 9 ff.
  5. ↑ Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 13 ff.
  6. ↑ Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jewish Bayreuth . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2010, ISBN 978-3-925361-81-4 , pp. 97 ff .
  7. ↑ a b c d Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 20 ff.
  8. ↑ Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jüdisches Bayreuth , p. 188.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jüdisches Bayreuth , p. 167 ff.
  10. ↑ a b c d e Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 27 ff.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 44 ff.
  12. ↑ a b c Jewish Bayreuth , leaflet from Marketing & Tourismus GmbH Bayreuth
  13. ↑ a b c d Sylvia Habermann et al: "Reichskristallnacht" , p. 35 ff.
  14. ↑ Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jüdisches Bayreuth , p. 202.
  15. ↑ a b Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jüdisches Bayreuth , p. 204 ff.
  16. ↑ Bayreuth, Jewish history after 1945 / Synagoge , Alemannia Judaica. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  17. ↑ Project Denk-Steine ​​to commemorate the Jewish Bayreuthers, the victims of National Socialism, were retrieved from Geschichtswerkstatt Bayreuth eV on August 9, 2019.
  18. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ. Lexicon of Bayreuth street names . C. and C. Rabenstein, Bayreuth 2009, ISBN 978-3-928683-44-9 , pp. 67 .
  19. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ. Lexicon of Bayreuth Street Names , p. 60.
  20. ↑ On the trail of psychiatry in Bayreuth from Geschichtswerkstatt Bayreuth eV, accessed on August 9, 2019
  21. ↑ Rosa and Volker carbon home: Bayreuth from AZ. Lexicon of Bayreuth Street Names , p. 39.
  22. ↑ The history of the Jewish Bayreuthers 1759–1945 from Geschichtswerkstatt Bayreuth eV, accessed on August 9, 2019
  23. ↑ Bernd Mayer, Frank Piontek: Jüdisches Bayreuth , p. 174.