Global Zero

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Global Zero is a term from political literature that stands for the goal of a world without nuclear weapons . In addition, it is an international non-profit organization founded in December 2008 , which aims to achieve this goal. The Global Zero Initiative has presented an action plan that envisages complete nuclear disarmament by 2030. The initiative is now supported by around 300 political, military and other leaders as well as around half a million citizens worldwide, initiated an international student movement and produced the documentary Countdown to Zero .

history

background

As early as 1961, US President John F. Kennedy called for complete nuclear disarmament. In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 1961 , he remarked: “Every man, woman and child lives under a nuclear sword of Damocles, hanging by the slenderest of threads, capable of being cut at any moment by accident or miscalculation or by madness. The weapons of war must be abolished before they abolish us. " ( Eng . " Every man, every woman and every child lives under a nuclear sword of Damocles , hung on the thinnest thread, which can be cut at any moment by accident, misjudgment or madness Weapons of war must be abolished before they abolish us. " )

Serious discussions between America and Russia about the complete elimination of nuclear weapons did not, however, begin until the mid-1980s. In January 1986, Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev proposed a three-stage plan for complete global nuclear disarmament by the year 2000. The American side also proposed the complete abolition of nuclear ballistic missiles. At the summit in Reykjavík on October 11 and 12, 1986, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev initially expressed their optimism about complete nuclear disarmament. However, since the US insisted on its SDI program (for defense against ICBMs), which Russia viewed as a threat, the summit failed in this regard. However, the negotiations laid the foundation for the later INF and START treaties on nuclear disarmament.

In January 2007, the Wall Street Journal published a seminal article by Henry Kissinger , William Perry , George Shultz and Sam Nunn , also referred to as "the four horsemen of the apocalyptic" or "gang of four". These politicians, who had campaigned for deterrence through nuclear weapons during the Cold War , now expressed in the article that nuclear weapons would now represent an intolerable risk (e.g. through accidents, theft, illicit manufacture). Only through concerted efforts to rid the world of nuclear weapons could this danger be averted.

In response, Mikhail Gorbachev expressed their support for the appeal in January 2007 and then British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett in June 2007 . The authors have also received additional statements of support from various former officials in the United States, including Madeleine Albright , Richard V. Allen , James Baker , Samuel R. Berger , Zbigniew Brzeziński , Frank Carlucci , Warren Christopher , William Cohen , Lawrence Eagleburger , Melvin Laird , Anthony Lake , Robert McFarlane , Robert McNamara, and Colin Powell .

Inspired by this support, Shultz, Perry, Kissinger and Nunn invited former members of the last six US administrations as well as a number of other nuclear weapons experts to a conference at the Hoover Institute at Stanford University in October 2007 . The vision of a world free of nuclear weapons was widely recognized as a model, and concrete steps towards its realization were named. The need for international cooperation was emphasized. A statement was drafted and supported by the following conference participants: General John Abizaid , Graham Allison , Brooke Anderson , Martin Anderson , Steve Andreasen , Mike Armacost , Bruce Blair , Matt Bunn , Ashton Carter , Sidney Drell , General Vladimir Dvorkin , Bob Einhorn , Mark Fitzpatrick , James Goodby , Rose Gottemoeller , Tom Graham , David Hamburg , Siegfried Hecker , Tom Henriksen , David Holloway , Raymond Jeanloz , Ray Juzaitis , Max Kampelman , Jack Matlock , Michael McFaul , John E. McLaughlin , Don Oberdorfer , Pavel Podvig , William C. Potter , Richard Rhodes , Joan Rohlfing , Harry Rowen , Scott Sagan , Roald Sagdeev , Abe Sofaer , Richard Solomon and Philip Zelikow .

On July 24, 2008, Barack Obama expressed his goal of a world without nuclear weapons in a speech in Berlin . In November 2008 he was elected US President .

Beginnings of the Global Zero Initiative

logo
Matt Brown

At the end of 2006, Bruce G. Blair (expert on nuclear weapons) and Matt Brown ( State Secretary in Rhode Island ) decided to design a global movement that was different from previous nuclear disarmament initiatives. As a fellow of the Brookings Institution, Blair had already published a book in 1995 with the title "Global Zero Alert for Nuclear Forces".

Against the background of the initiatives by Shultz, Perry, Kissinger and Nunn, Blair and Brown managed to win over 100 political, social and military personalities for their Global Zero initiative .

The founding meeting took place in Paris in December 2008 . A master plan for complete nuclear disarmament was developed and published, which should begin with a major reduction in the nuclear armament of the US and Russia .

Further developments

2009

In response to the article by Shultz, Perry, Kissinger and Nunn, Helmut Schmidt , Richard von Weizsäcker , Egon Bahr and Hans-Dietrich Genscher published an article in the FAZ on January 9, 2009 in which they called the four Americans “without reservation “Supported.

On April 1, 2009, US President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev met in London . On the occasion of the expiry of the START treaty at the end of 2009, they agreed to further advance bilateral efforts towards nuclear disarmament. Prior to this meeting, Global Zero sent a letter to Obama and Medvedev underlining the urgency of nuclear disarmament. On the same day, the London Times published an article by six leading Global Zero members.

Shortly thereafter, in a speech in Prague on April 5, 2009, Barack Obama went into detail about the long-term goal of a world without nuclear weapons. The US wants to start reducing its arsenal of nuclear weapons and get other countries to do the same.

Before the renewed summit in Moscow at the beginning of July 2009, Global Zero developed a comprehensive plan for complete nuclear disarmament within 20 years ( Global Zero Action Plan ).

At the meeting, Obama and Medvedev announced a framework for a further reduction in American and Russian arsenals .

On September 24, 2009, at the suggestion of Barack Obama , the UN Security Council discussed a resolution on global nuclear disarmament, which was passed unanimously.

Obama's efforts for a world free of nuclear weapons were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009 .

2010

At the beginning of February 2010, the aforementioned "gang of four" (Kissinger, Perry, Shultz and Nunn) met with Helmut Schmidt, Richard von Weizsäcker and Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Egon Bahr was unable to attend due to illness) for a discussion at the American Academy in Berlin . One of the aims of this debate was to draw the attention of politicians and the general public to Global Zero .

On March 26, 2010, the German Bundestag decided, following a joint motion by the CDU / CSU , SPD , FDP and Bündnis90 / Die Grünen parliamentary groups , “to continue proactively in the discussion of the various, including civil society, approaches for complete nuclear disarmament participate, such as in the Global Zero initiative or the discussion on the proposal for a nuclear weapons convention to outlaw nuclear weapons ”.

On June 15, 2010, the 26th Global Issues Forum took place at the Federal Foreign Office with the topic "Global Zero - On the way to a world free of nuclear weapons". In his opening speech, Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle advocated support for the Global Zero Vision.

In the 2010 documentary Countdown to Zero , in which Bruce Blair and Matt Brown were involved as producers , Mikhail Gorbachev , Jimmy Carter , Pervez Musharraf , Tony Blair and Valerie Plame spoke out in favor of the Global Zero goal (abolition of all Nuclear weapons).

2011

On February 5, 2011, the new START treaty (“New Start”) came into force, in which the USA and Russia undertook to increase the number of their strategic nuclear warheads from then 2200 to 1550 and the number of delivery systems to 700 each to reduce. The agreement was reached in March 2010, signed by Obama and Medvedev in Prague in April 2010 and ratified by the US Senate in December 2010 after lengthy controversy. A month later, Russia's parliament also ratified the agreement. The new START treaty was the first agreement in about two decades in which extensive arms control was agreed.

On July 21 and 22, 2011, at the conference “Global Zero” - A World Free of Nuclear Weapons , initiated by Stephan Bierling and Reinhard Meier-Walser , the Hanns Seidel Foundation and the University of Regensburg discussed the topic of global zero controversially.

On September 28, 2011, Global Zero member Uta Zapf ( SPD ) submitted a major inquiry to the German Bundestag , which, among other things, addressed the question of the federal government's “proactive” participation in the Global Zero initiative. The question was discussed at the 176th session of the German Bundestag on April 26, 2012.

On 11 and 12 October 2011 was held on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Summit of Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev (which would almost come to an agreement on the total nuclear disarmament), a Global Zero meeting in the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library held , attended by over 100 leaders including George Shultz , James Baker , James Cartwright , Richard Branson, and Jeff Skoll .

2012

Munich Security Conference 2012
v. l. To right : Richard Burt , Malcolm Rifkind , Viktor Esin at the Munich Security Conference 2012

At the Munich Security Conference in February 2012, Global Zero published a report calling on the US and Russia to remove all nuclear weapons stationed in Europe. This proposal was supported by over 50 notable members (former prime ministers, foreign ministers, defense ministers, national security experts and military leaders).

In May 2012, Global Zero released a report chaired by the former head of the United States Strategic Command , James Cartwright . Co-author was among others the then Senator and since 2013 US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel . A plan was proposed to reduce the number of US and Russian nuclear weapons by 80% to 900 weapons each over the next 10 years.

2013

On September 10, 2012, MEPs Jarosław Wałęsa , Reinhard Bütikofer , Tarja Cronberg , Sergio Silvestris and Janusz Zemke submitted a written declaration to the European Parliament in which they suggested that the European Parliament support the Global Zero Action Plan. The majority of MPs (389 MPs) signed this proposal on January 17, 2013, and the result was announced at the February 4, 2013 session. The European Parliament thus supports the Global Zero Action Plan.

On January 7, 2013, Barack Obama nominated Chuck Hagel as Secretary of Defense . Hagel co-authored the Global Zero Action Plan and the Global Zero Report from May 2012, in which concrete steps towards bilateral disarmament were presented. In view of Hail's nomination, the wording of the report was controversial, stating that the USA could also disarm unilaterally if necessary.

In a speech on February 12, 2013, Barack Obama stated that America wanted to continue to work for the disarmament of American and Russian nuclear weapons and to push ahead with securing nuclear material so that it does not fall into the wrong hands.

On February 26, 2013, Chuck Hagel was elected Secretary of Defense after weeks of debate. He is the first US Secretary of Defense to speak out publicly against nuclear weapons.

On the occasion of the fourth anniversary of President Obama's speech in Prague, April 5, 2013 was declared “Demand Zero Day” by Global Zero , and an extensive grassroots movement was initiated. This was supported, among others, by the actor Michael Douglas , who participated with a video. Global Zero called for the signature of a petition to President Obama. The aim of the campaign was to remind President Obama of his intention, declared in Prague in 2009, to work for a world free of nuclear weapons. This goal was also pursued by a video campaign in the run-up to the G8 summit on 17/18 June 2013 various well-known actors ( Alec Baldwin , John Cusack , Matt Damon , Robert De Niro , Danny DeVito , Michael Douglas, Morgan Freeman , Whoopi Goldberg , Martin Sheen , Christoph Waltz and Naomi Watts ) took part.

In his speech in Berlin on June 19, 2013, Barack Obama announced his intention to reduce the number of US nuclear weapons by up to two thirds and to enter into negotiations with Russia in order to overcome Cold War politics. However, Russian President Vladimir Putin appeared cautious and pointed out that initially the problem of the planned missile defense system of NATO had to be resolved.

Goals of the Global Zero Initiative

Global Zero works towards an internationally consensual and sustained movement of leaders and citizens' groups who jointly strive for the goal of complete nuclear disarmament. The first thing to do is to initiate a bilateral agreement between the USA and Russia , which should include the reduction to 1,000 warheads each . In addition, the other larger nuclear powers are to be contractually bound in order to gradually reduce the arsenals in all countries. This is to be accompanied by a worldwide media campaign , which will be accompanied by a student campaign and cooperation with new citizens' initiatives and leaders. At the same time, the dialogue with the governments of the key states is to be expanded and strategies for solving critical obstacles are to be developed.

Global Zero Action Plan

The Global Zero Action Plan of 2010 describes full nuclear disarmament in four phases . Complete nuclear disarmament is to be contractually agreed in the first 14 years (2010-2023, phases 1 to 3) and fully implemented in the next seven years (2024-2030, phase 4):

  • Phase 1 (2010 - 2013) follow-up agreement to START , negotiation of a bilateral limit of 1,000 nuclear weapons each for the USA and Russia
  • Phase 2 (2014 - 2018) Extension to a multilateral treaty , decision by the USA and Russia to reduce the number of warheads to 500 by 2021, for all other states no expansion of the nuclear arsenals until 2018, then a reduction proportional to the major powers until 2021 Comprehensive control and executive system , increasing the security of civilian nuclear facilities in order to prevent the theft of bomb-capable nuclear materials.
  • Phase 3 (2019-2023) Negotiation of a treaty for complete nuclear disarmament, which is signed by all relevant states. The remaining dismantling should take place in phases and proportionally and be verifiable at any time.
  • Phase 4 (2024 - 2030) Achievement of full nuclear disarmament, further operation and development of the control and executive system in order to prevent the emergence of new nuclear weapons.

The authors note that the US and Russia have destroyed more than twice as many warheads (over 40,000) in the past 20 years than the plan requires for the next 20 years (20,000 or more). P. 9

The Global Zero Commission, which created the Global Zero Action Plan, included Jacques Attali , K. Shankar Bajpai , Alexander Bessmertnych , Richard Burt , Yasuo Fukuda , Chuck Hagel , Wolfgang Ischinger , Igor Jürgens , Jehangir Karamat , Shaharyar Khan , Anthony Lake , Michail Margelow , Evgeni Maslin , Brajesh Mishra , Peng Guangqian , Thomas R. Pickering , Malcolm Rifkind , Yukio Satoh , Jack Sheehan , SP Tyagi , Evgeni Welichow , Wu Jianmin and Yang Jiemian . Most of them are political or military leaders.

Well-known members of the Global Zero Initiative

Former heads of state and government

The following former heads of state or government supported the Global Zero Initiative:

Surname country position
Carl Bildt Sweden prime minister
Gro Harlem Brundtland Norway Prime minister
Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil president
Jimmy Carter United States president
Massimo D'Alema Italy prime minister
Frederik Willem de Klerk South Africa president
José María Figueres Costa Rica president
Malcolm Fraser Australia prime minister
Yasuo Fukuda Japan prime minister
Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union president
Ruud Lubbers Netherlands prime minister
Fidel Ramos Philippines president
Mary Robinson Ireland President
Michel Rocard France prime minister
Helmut Schmidt Germany Chancellor
Ernesto Zedillo Mexico president

Others

criticism

The political scientist Christian Hacke criticizes the fact that the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons "weakens the free West, strengthens authoritarian regimes, negates the stabilizing role of nuclear weapons, overlooks the plurality of world politics and ultimately distracts from the really pressing world political questions and problems".

literature

  • Hakan Akbulut: The Obama Years: “A Season for Nuclear Disarmament”? Policy Paper 8/2012, Austrian Institute for International Politics , September 2012 ( PDF , accessed April 22, 2013).
  • Hans Blix : Why Nuclear Disarmament Matters. Boston Review Books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-262-02644-4 .
  • Richard Burt , Wolfgang Ischinger , Victor Esin, Malcolm Rifkind et al .: Global Zero NATO-Russia Commission Report. Removing US and Russian Tactical Nuclear Weapons from European Combat Bases. Global Zero, 2012 ( PDF , accessed April 7, 2013).
  • Shen Dingli: Toward a Nuclear Weapons Free World: A Chinese Perspective. Lowy Institute for International Policy, November 2009 ( PDF , accessed April 22, 2013).
  • James E. Doyle: Why Eliminate Nuclear Weapons? In: Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 55 (1), 2013, pp. 7–34, doi: 10.1080 / 00396338.2013.767402 .
  • James Cartwright , Richard Burt , Chuck Hagel , Thomas Pickering , Jack Sheehan, Bruce Blair: Global Zero US Nuclear Policy Commission Report. Modernizing US Nuclear Strategy, Force Structure and Posture. Global Zero, May 2012 ( PDF , accessed April 7, 2013).
  • Marco Fey, Giorgio Franceschini, Harald Müller , Hans-Joachim Schmidt: On the way to Global Zero? The new American nuclear policy between aspiration and reality. Hessian Foundation for Peace and Conflict Research (PRIF), Report No. 4/2010, ISBN 978-3-942532-00-6 .
  • Joachim Krause , Benjamin Schreer : Salvaging Global Zero. Diplomacy in the Second Nuclear Age. In: The Rusi Journal 155 (3), June / July 2010, pp. 42–46, ( PDF , accessed April 22, 2013).
  • Ulrich Kühn: Perhaps not in my lifetime. In: Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft , 4/2011, pp. 98–119 ( PDF , accessed on April 22, 2013).
  • Herbert Maier: "Global Zero" - Is the journey the goal? Forum Regensburg Political Scientists, Working Paper 6/2011 ( PDF , accessed April 7, 2013).
  • Reinhard Meier-Walser : A world without nuclear weapons ?: “Global Zero” - Chances of Realizing a Vision. Hanns Seidel Foundation, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-88795-376-8 .
  • Tanya Ogilvie-White, David Santoro (Eds.): Slaying the Nuclear Dragon: Disarmament Dynamics in the Twenty-First Century. Studies in Security and International Affairs. The University of Georgia Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8203-4246-7 .
  • TV Paul: Disarmament Revisited: Is Nuclear Abolition Possible? In: The Journal of Strategic Studies 35 (1), pp. 149–169, 2012, doi: 10.1080 / 01402390.2012.645369 .
  • George Perkovich, James Acton: Abolishing Nuclear Weapons. Routledge, 2008, ISBN 978-0-415-46583-0 .
  • George Perkovich, James Acton (Eds.): Abolishing Nuclear Weapons. A debate. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Adelphi Paper 396, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2009 ( PDF , accessed May 25, 2013).
  • Michael Quinlan: Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects. Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-956394-4 .
  • Michael Rühle: The world free of nuclear weapons - between pragmatism and idealism. In: Journal for Foreign and Security Policy 4 (3), 2011, pp. 363–272, doi: 10.1007 / s12399-011-0192-9 .
  • Hans Martin Sieg: A world free of nuclear weapons? President Obama's nuclear disarmament initiative. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), Auslandsinformationen 7/2010 ( PDF , accessed on April 13, 2013).
  • Raimo Väyrynen, David Cortright: Towards Nuclear Zero. Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-135-87407-0 .
  • Lawrence S. Wittner: The Struggle Against the Bomb. Stanford University Press, 1993/1997/2003:
  • Lawrence S. Wittner: Confronting the Bomb. Stanford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8047-5632-7 .

Web links

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Global Zero: Who we are and what we do. ( Memento of the original from April 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 20, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  2. ↑ a b Countdown to Zero (PDF; 452 kB) - press release on the occasion of the nomination for the Cannes Film Festival . Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  3. ↑ JFK Address at UN General Assembly, September 25, 1961. at jfklibrary.org. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  4. ↑ Christoph Bertram : And now: Happy ending in Iceland? In: Die Zeit , October 10, 1986. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  5. ^ The Reykjavik File. Previously Secret Documents from US and Soviet Archives on the 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit. The National Security Archive, George Washington University , Washington DC, October 13, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  6. ↑ Cold War: Reykjavik (Reagan-Gorbachev) Summit (Shultz memoirs) , October 12, 1986 (from: George Shultz : Turmoil and Triumph ). Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  7. ↑ Nikolai Sokov: Reykjavik Summit: The Legacy and a Lesson for the Future. Nuclear Threat Initiative , December 1, 2007. Accessed April 21, 2013.
  8. ↑ Christoph Bertram: Now finally: Check the rockets: Gorbachev gives in, the zero solution in Europe is getting closer. In: Die Zeit , March 6, 1987. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  9. ↑ George Shultz, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, Sam Nunn: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons. In: Wall Street Journal , January 4, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  10. ↑ a b c d Nuclear Endgame: The growing appeal of Zero. In: The Economist . June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  11. ^ A b George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, Sam Nunn: Toward a Nuclear-Free World. (No longer available online.) In: Wall Street Journal . January 15, 2008, formerly in the original ; accessed on July 31, 2016 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wsj.com  
  12. ^ Obama's Speech in Berlin. In: The New York Times . July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  13. ↑ a b c Lara Wolf: A world without nuclear weapons? In: Der Tagesspiegel . April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  14. ↑ Bruce G. Blair: Global Zero Alert for Nuclear Forces. Brookings Occasional Papers. The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, 1995, ISBN 0-8157-0941-2 .
  15. ^ Gordon Corera: Group seeks nuclear weapons ban. In: BBC News. December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  16. ^ Helmut Schmidt, Richard von Weizsäcker, Egon Bahr, Hans-Dietrich Genscher: For a world free of nuclear weapons.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: FAZ , January 9, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2013.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.seiten.faz-archiv.de  
  17. ^ Joint Statement by Dmitriy A. Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, and Barack Obama, President of the United States of America, Regarding Negotiations on Further Reductions in Strategic Offensive Arms. ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The White House, April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.whitehouse.gov
  18. ^ G-20 talks: Obama and Medvedev plan massive disarmament In: Spiegel Online , April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  19. ↑ Global Zero authors: Scrapping nuclear arms is now realpolitik. In: The Times , April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  20. ^ Remarks by President Barack Obama. Hradcany Square Prague, Czech Republic ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, April 5, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.whitehouse.gov
  21. ↑ Matthias Naß: Atomwaffen: A ravishing vision. In: Zeit Online , September 21, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  22. ^ Summit in Moscow: Obama and Medvedev disarm . In: Spiegel Online , July 6, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  23. ↑ UN Security Council: Resolution 1887 (2009) (PDF; 53 kB) adopted at the 6191th session of the Security Council on September 24, 2009. Accessed April 7, 2013.
  24. ^ Resolution for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons In: Deutsche Welle , September 24, 2009. Accessed April 7, 2013.
  25. ↑ Nobel Peace Prize 2009 goes to Barack Obama In: Zeit Online , October 9, 2009. Accessed April 7, 2013.
  26. ↑ Steven Erlanger, Sheryl Gay Stolberg: Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts In: The New York Times , October 9, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  27. ↑ Matthias Nass: Global Zero: The new peace movement of the old realists. In: Zeit Online , February 4, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  28. ↑ German Bundestag: Official minutes of the 35th session of the German Bundestag on Friday, March 26th, 2010. ( Memento of the original from January 21st, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 13, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundestag.de
  29. ↑ German Bundestag: Germany must set clear signals for a world free of nuclear weapons. (PDF; 75 kB) Request by the CDU / CSU, SPD, FDP and Bündnis90 / Die Grünen parliamentary groups. Printed paper 17/1159 of March 24, 2010. Accessed April 13, 2013.
  30. ↑ Federal Foreign Office: 26th Forum on Global Issues: Global Zero - Challenges on the Way to a World Free of Nuclear Weapons. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  31. ^ Federal Foreign Office: Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle at the opening of the 26th Global Issues Forum. Transcript of the speech of June 15, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  32. ↑ Sebastian Moll: Countdown to Zero: Uranium smuggling in cat litter. In: Frankfurter Rundschau , July 30, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  33. ↑ Hauke ​​Friedrichs: Start Agreement: Dispute over bomb makers and rocket umbrellas. In: Zeit Online , February 5, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  34. ^ Obama and Medvedev are disarming. In: Zeit Online , March 26, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  35. ↑ Obama worries about ratification of the Start Treaty. In: Zeit Online , November 4, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  36. ↑ Matthias Naß: Meet and sink: The Republicans are torpedoing the new initial disarmament agreement with Russia just to harm Obama. In: Zeit Online , November 26, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  37. ^ Start disarmament treaty: USA scraps a third of its nuclear warheads. In: Zeit Online , December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  38. ^ Christoph von Marschall: Obama's new start. In: Zeit Online , December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  39. ↑ Russia's parliament ratifies launch agreement. In: Zeit Online , January 25, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  40. ^ William Hartung: Cut Nukes Now. In: Huffington Post , April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  41. ↑ Conference Global Zero - On the way to a world free of nuclear weapons? Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  42. ^ Hendrik Lückhoff, Robert Lohmann: Conference report "Global Zero" - A World Free of Nuclear Weapons (PDF; 247 kB). Meeting of the Hanns Seidel Foundation on 21./22. July 2011 at the University of Regensburg. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  43. ↑ German Bundestag: Major Inquiry: Further Developing German Nuclear Disarmament Policy - Strengthening and Further Developing Germany's Role in Non-Proliferation. Basic information about the process. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  44. ↑ Global Zero: Fmr. Secretary Of State George Shultz Today At The Global Zero Summit At The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: “Let's Get Rid Of Nuclear Weapons So We Can Win One More For The Gipper”. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release, October 11, 2011. Accessed April 21, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  45. ^ The Global Zero Summit at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Lecture videos on vimeo .com . Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  46. ↑ Global Zero: NATO-Russia-Commission ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  47. ↑ Global Zero: US Nuclear Strategy. ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  48. ↑ Thom Shanker: Former Commander of US Nuclear Forces Calls for Large Cut in Warheads. In: New York Times , May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  49. ↑ Andrea Stone: James Cartwright Calls For Deep Cuts In Nuclear Arms ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Huffington Post , May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.huffingtonpost.com
  50. ↑ European Parliament: Written declaration to promote the action plan of the Global Zero initiative for a gradual and controlled complete nuclear disarmament worldwide. dated September 10, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  51. ↑ European Parliament: Minutes of the sitting of Monday, 4 February 2013. , pp. 17-19. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  52. ^ A b Robert Zarate: Is Obama Pushing Unilateral Nuclear Cuts? In: Time , February 12, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  53. ^ The White House: Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address. February 12, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  54. ↑ David E. Sanger: Obama to Renew Drive for Cuts in Nuclear Arms. In: The New York Times , February 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  55. ^ US Senate elects Chuck Hagel into office. In: Frankfurter Rundschau , February 26, 2013. Accessed April 21, 2013.
  56. ^ Robert Burns: Chuck Hagel, Nuclear Weapons Opponent, Would Be First Defense Secretary With Anti-Nuke Stance. ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Huffington Post , January 29, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.huffingtonpost.com
  57. ↑ Global Zero: Demand Zero. ( Memento of the original from March 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 7, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  58. ↑ Global Zero Video: Celebrities Speak In Favor Of A World Without Nuclear Weapons. In: Huffington Post , June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  59. ^ Danny de Gracia: As G8 begins, Hollywood actors call for disarming America. In: The Washington Times , June 17, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  60. ↑ Obama promotes nuclear disarmament. ( Memento from June 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) On: tagesschau.de , June 19, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2013.
  61. ^ The White House: Remarks of President Obama at the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany , June 19, 2013 (video and transcript of the speech). Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  62. ↑ Mike Sacks: Obama calls for reduction in nukes. Interview with Matt Brown from Global Zero. Video (8 min 19 s) on: Huffington Post , June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  63. ↑ Rico Grimm: Obama's world without nuclear weapons is just a dream. On: Zeit Online , June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  64. ↑ a b Global Zero: Global Zero Action Plan. ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 813 kB) February 2010. Accessed April 20, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  65. ↑ Global Zero: Movement Leaders ( Memento of the original from April 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved April 28, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.globalzero.org
  66. ↑ Christian Hacke: Disarming - but with understanding. Nine reasons against "Global Zero". Internationale Politik 5, September / October 2010, pp. 101-107.Retrieved on April 13, 2013.
  67. ^ Holger Nehring: L. Wittner: Toward Nuclear Abolition. Book review on: H-Soz-u-Kult , July 3, 2004. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  68. ^ Philipp Baur: LS Wittner: Confronting the Bomb . Book review on: H-Soz-u-Kult , June 4, 2010. Accessed May 25, 2013.