Karl Hampe (historian)

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Karl Hampe in Heidelberg in 1913

Karl Ludwig Hampe (born February 3, 1869 in Bremen , † February 14, 1936 in Heidelberg ) was a German historian who researched the history of the early and high Middle Ages .

From 1903 to 1934 he taught as a full professor for middle and modern history at the University of Heidelberg . He was a monarchist until the First World War . During the war years he was active as a journalist for the benefit of the empire through his studies in Belgium. After the fall of the empire, he transformed himself into a "republican of reason". In 1933 he distanced himself from National Socialism . He went into internal emigration by taking early retirement and withdrawing into private life.

Hampe is one of the most important medievalists of the first third of the 20th century. With his overview depictions of German imperial history in the time of the Salier and Staufer (1909), rulers of the German Middle Ages (1927) or The High Middle Ages (1932), he shaped the Middle Ages of the Germans before 1945. After his death, some of his texts in the Nazi era misused for propaganda purposes. His war diary , carefully kept from 1914 to 1920, is considered an important source for the cultural and mental history of scholarship at the end of the German Empire. The war diary was made available to researchers as an edition in 2004. Hampe's students Friedrich Baethgen , Percy Ernst Schramm and Gerd Tellenbach exerted a considerable influence on German and international medieval studies in the second half of the 20th century.

Life

Origin and youth

Karl Hampe grew up in the Wilhelmine Empire in a northern German Protestant environment. His family belonged to the Calvinist part of the population and had settled in Bremen at the beginning of the 19th century. Karl's grandfather Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hampe (1779–1818) practiced as a doctor in Bremen, where he acquired citizenship and was particularly popular during the French period . He left a son with Heinrich Eduard Hampe (1817–1903). Karl's father did not go to university but opened one of the city's first bookshops in Bremen. As a bookseller he was able to gain a certain reputation by opening his shops as places of gathering for musicians and writers in addition to selling books and promoting authors. At the age of 36 Heinrich Eduard married Betty Hütterott (1834–1898), a woman from Bremen's merchant circles. Three children from this marriage died at an early age. Karl Hampe was born in Bremen in 1869 as the third son. His other siblings were Marie (* 1856), Georg (* 1861) and Theodor (* 1866). Georg also became a bookseller, Theodor joined the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg in 1893 and became its second director in 1909. With him Karl cultivated a lifelong friendship; The relationship with the bookseller Georg, however, remained distant.

The Bremer Prima-Verein 1887. Karl Hampe is on the far right. (Private property)

In Karl and Theodor Hampe, the father awakened an interest in history. Above all, the mother encouraged the artistic and musical inclinations of her children. From Easter 1880, Karl attended the municipal grammar school , which he left in 1888 as the best of his year. In his younger years he devoted more of his free time to reading literary works than to sporting activities. From September 1886 to April 1888 he was a member of the Prima Association, at whose meetings discussions initially on literary and later on historical, art-historical and ideological topics of the 19th century such as anti-Semitism or Darwinism were on the agenda. He saw his socialization in the Hanseatic milieu as formative for his later professional success. In the 1933 New Year's edition of the Weser newspaper , Hampe spoke about the importance of his hometown Bremen for the development of his future life. He described Bremen with its "air of free and noble humanity" as the "German city par excellence".

Years of study in Bonn and Berlin

Paul Scheffer-Boichorst

In the summer semester of 1888, Hampe began studying history, German literature and economics at the University of Bonn . Perhaps the choice fell on Bonn because his brother Theodor had been studying there since 1886; they shared an apartment. During his studies he was particularly impressed by Alfred Dove and Karl Lamprecht . After two semesters, Hampe went to Berlin in the winter semester of 1889/90. There he often went to the theater; he particularly valued William Shakespeare and Franz Grillparzer . His first treatise in 1889 was not about medieval history, but dealt with Grillparzer's estate. During his studies, Hampe wrote theater reviews and thereby improved his financial situation.

In Berlin (especially in Charlottenburg ), Potsdam and Rheinsberg , the Hohenzollern monarchy and its history left an immediate impression on him. Between May 1889 and December 1891 he attended six "anti-Semite events"; Influences of nationalistic and anti-Jewish ideas were later reflected in his diaries. Politically, the "Party of the Founding of the Reich", the National Liberal Party , corresponded best to his convictions. Hampe was an ardent supporter of Otto von Bismarck ; he saw the Chancellor as the sole founder of the German Empire. He also sympathized with the Hohenzollern family .

At the Berlin University his interest in the subject of German studies waned; from the winter semester of 1890/91 onwards, Hampe no longer attended literary events. In the subject of history, he heard lectures by Wilhelm Wattenbach , Erich Marcks , Heinrich von Treitschke , Max Lenz , Harry Bresslau and Paul Scheffer-Boichorst , who then became his doctoral supervisor and most important academic teacher. Scheffer-Boichorst had a reputation for providing particularly thorough training in the methods of source criticism . With him he received his doctorate in 1893 with a thesis on the Staufer Konradin . Hampe was stimulated to occupy himself with Konradin by reading books for young people and by visiting Konradin's Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Naples. Hampe worked on the doctoral thesis for 22 months. With 394 pages it was unusually extensive for the time; the ancient historian Otto Hirschfeld initially wanted to reject the work as dean given its scope.

Work for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica

Karl Hampe (1896)

Hampe's wish to do military service remained unfulfilled; in the fall of 1893 he was finally rejected for military service because of his too small chest size. Instead, he received a job offer from Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), the most important institute devoted to research into Franconian and German medieval history and the edition of its sources. His academic teacher Scheffer-Boichorst was elected to the central management of the MGH one year after his appointment to Berlin. This enabled him to place his students, including Karl Hampe, in different departments.

On August 1, 1893, Hampe became an employee of MGH, where he was involved in various edition projects in the “Epistolae” department, which is dedicated to the transmission of letters from the Middle Ages. In 1894, Hampe worked on the third volume of Carl Rodenberg's edition of the Papal Letters of the 13th Century by creating the indices for its edition. In 1899 he became co-editor of a volume of the Epistolae Karolini aevi .

Between 1895 and 1897 he made library trips to England (from July 1895 to February 1896) as well as north-east France and Belgium (March to early June 1897). In the process, he came across the so-called “Capuan letter collection” from the 13th century on the history of Frederick II in the Paris National Library . A comprehensive edition, however, was not produced under Hampe. In two thorough travel reports in the New Archive , he gave information about the source finds. The sources found included the long sought-after oldest Metz annals in the cathedral library at Durham and the tracts of the so-called Anonymus of York from the Oxford Corpus Christi College .

Shortly before the turn of the century, his previous publications and activities for MGH gave Hampe considerable academic reputation. In Münster he took second place behind Heinrich Finke as an applicant for the successor to the professorship from Georg von Below . His prospects in Bonn were also promising, but the proceedings dragged on for three years. Decades later, Hampe saw his work at MGH as “the best school for the prospective lecturer in medieval history”. On January 1, 1898, Hampe left the MGH. However, he remained connected to the institute, was elected to the central management of the MGH in 1917 and published the critical text edition of the peace treaty of San Germano (July 1230) between Emperor Friedrich II and Pope Gregory IX, which is still valid today . in front.

Teaching activity in Bonn

Hampe used the waiting time and completed his habilitation cumulatively in Bonn in 1899 (without habilitation thesis, but by submitting individual publications and after giving a lecture to the faculty). There he gave his first lectures on medieval topics, especially about the Staufer period and Friedrich II , as well as occasionally in the field of modern times. His Bonn lectures were well attended. Preparing the lecture manuscripts took a lot of time, so that Hampe published relatively little in his teaching years in Bonn. In February 1901 he was appointed associate professor for middle and modern history, especially historical auxiliary sciences , in Bonn. There Erich Caspar became his first important student.

Marriage

In Bonn, Hampe also met his future wife Charlotte Rauff, a daughter of the Heidelberg geologist and paleontologist Hermann Rauff . On March 2, 1903, at the age of 34, he married 19-year-old Rauff. Considerable age differences between the spouses were not uncommon for scientists because of the long and uncertain existence up to the professorship. The marriage resulted in four sons and three daughters. Among them were the architect and later co-founder of the CDU and city council in Heidelberg Hermann Hampe , the archaeologist Roland Hampe and the flautist Konrad Hampe . Hampe took care of the upbringing of his children more than usual at the time. Great emphasis was placed on literature, music and art. Otherwise, his marriage adhered to the traditional gender distribution. Hampe's wife had to take care of the household, while the man's work focused on "the wide world out there, science, the legal system, the state" ( Heinrich von Sybel in 1870). Hampe also considered women unsuitable for science.

Teaching activity in Heidelberg

Karl Hampe (1901)

After the Leipzig historian Gerhard Seeliger had refused the call to Heidelberg, Hampe was appointed to the chair for middle and modern history there at the end of 1902 as the successor to the politicizing historian Dietrich Schäfer . Shortly before, Hampe had turned down a call to Koenigsberg . Heidelberg was considered one of the most liberal universities in the German Empire. As a result of the professorship, his income, which was later increased regularly, initially rose to 6,000 marks; there was also listening fees. He taught in Heidelberg for 31 years. Hampe did not take part in historians' days, nor in professional circles such as the “Eranos”, “Janus” or Max Weber's “Jour fixe” roundtables . In his first years in Heidelberg, Hampe concentrated on research and teaching. His lectures covered all of medieval history from the Great Migration to the 15th century. The focus was on the history of the Roman-German emperors. Hampe supervised 66 dissertations and 5 habilitation theses. Numerous papers dealt with the previously neglected Norman-Staufer or Staufer-Italian history. Hampe's most important students included Friedrich Baethgen , Walther Holtzmann , Volkert Pfaff , Paul Schmitthenner , Percy Ernst Schramm and Gerd Tellenbach . Most of his students belonged to the conservative camp, but the anti-Semite Karl Schambach and the Jew Eugen Rosenstock (-Huessy) were also among them. Apparently, Hampe did not make the selection dependent on ideological views. Hampe was also the examiner of the later Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels in history as a minor. In 1921 he wanted to fail his oral doctoral examination. Goebbels had written a dissertation on the poet Wilhelm von Schütz , but did not know that Franz Schubert had set two of his poems to music. Goebbels only existed through the commitment of his doctoral supervisor Max von Waldberg .

Hampe's role in the First World War

Outbreak of war and writing of the war diary

Excerpt from Karl Hampe's war diary for the years 1914 to 1919. The page shows the entry from August 2, 1914.

At the outbreak of the First World War, Hampe had a privileged position in society. As early as 1903, the Historical Commission for the Grand Duchy of Baden accepted him as a member. In 1907 and 1908 he was dean of the Heidelberg Faculty of Philosophy. In 1909 he became co-editor of the Archives for Cultural History ; He kept this task until his death. From 1909 Hampe was a corresponding member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences . In 1910 he was awarded the Knight's Cross First Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion . In 1914 he turned down an appointment to the newly founded University of Frankfurt . Hampe was therefore appointed Privy Councilor and his annual income increased to 7,500 marks. In addition, he received a teaching position for the historical auxiliary sciences. Hampe's large family required improvements in his housing situation; In 1907 she moved to Blumenthalstrasse 13 in Heidelberg-Neuenheim and in the summer of 1914 to an even larger house at Werderplatz 12, also in Neuenheim.

The outbreak of war came as a complete surprise for Hampe and his family, as can be seen from a letter dated July 20, 1914, almost two weeks before the outbreak of war, to the neo-romantic playwright Ernst Hardt . He didn't say a word about the political situation. Rather, he expected to find "rest and relaxation" after the move. One day after the German declaration of war on Russia, he started a war diary on August 2, 1914. In addition to military, political and university events, he also described everyday war life in the family. The diary was probably not intended for publication, but was only intended to document one's own and family memories in writing. When the war broke out, Hampe proved to be a patriot who was certain of victory: “If everyone does his duty, the nation cannot succumb! The general attitude is excellent here and probably everywhere. ”Unlike Ernst Troeltsch or Friedrich Meinecke, he was unable to access internal information. He obtained his information in particular from the left-wing liberal Frankfurter Zeitung . After a while he felt the newspaper was not “national” enough and in autumn 1917 subscribed to the Kölnische Volkszeitung, which is closely related to the Center Party . For Hampe, there was no question that Germany had been "attacked" and was waging a just defensive war. In the diary, the opponents' losses are consistently rated higher than their own. The friend of Italy perceived Italy's entry into the war on the side of the Entente as tragic : "One loses [...] the hope of a resounding success." Despite sound training in the principles of source criticism, Hampe believed for a long time in the truthfulness of state information policy during the war. “In such times”, he noted on March 21, 1916, “keeping quiet and having trust is the only right thing to do”. It was not until August 1918 that he began to doubt the German war propaganda . The diary ended on December 25, 1919 and an addendum was added on March 14, 1920.

Neither Hampe nor his children took an active part in the war; for the 46-year-old, this was no longer an option for job and age reasons, and his children were still too young. From September 1914, Hampe replaced younger colleagues who were doing military service as a teacher at a Heidelberg grammar school. He worked as a stretcher for the Red Cross.

Hampe and the "Belgian question"

During the First World War, a wide variety of war journalism developed. Like many of his specialist colleagues, Hampe understood Medieval Studies as a “political science” and saw the Medievalist as a historian who was able to take a position on the present by researching history, albeit from a higher point of view. During the World War, historians were therefore able to legitimize claims, explain current constellations and justify military decisions. About half of all mediaeval professors in Germany were engaged in war journalism. Due to the course of the war, Hampe dealt intensively with the “Belgian question”. The German troops had marched into the Kingdom of Belgium and thereby violated its neutrality contrary to international law. The invasion of Belgium led to Great Britain entering the war. Soon afterwards, the discussion about the future of the occupied country began in Germany. Hampe also began several publications on this “Belgian question”, on which a large number of scholars commented in journalism. He benefited from his connections to the influential political scientist Hermann Schumacher , whom he had met at the Bremen Prima-Verein. Finally, he published his contribution on Belgium in the anthology “Germany and the World War” edited by Schumacher, Hermann Oncken , Friedrich Meinecke and Otto Hintze . With the help of science, the goals of German propaganda should be implemented. The enemy propaganda should be counterbalanced by a “counterweight from the German side” about the prehistory and the background of the war.

Karl Hampe, standing at his desk in Heidelberg, around 1913

When it came out, the book was already outdated by current events; by November 1915, 8,000 copies could still be sold. According to Hampe, Belgium had violated its neutrality by drawing closer to the Entente Powers itself. In doing so, he legitimized the German approach. He believed he could best support German war aims with a scientifically based judgment, without allowing himself to be captured. He was soon regarded as a proven expert on the subject and was invited to numerous lectures. He also wrote for newspapers. An annexation of Belgium, as represented by the Pan-Germans , rejected Hampe. According to the standard of the national power state, however, he considered the coexistence of Flemings and Walloons in a single state to be unnatural. In his publications he advocated a partial annexation of Belgium, for example by ceding the province of Liège to Prussia, and a Belgian “protective state” with a “Flemish-Germanic” majority. At the same time, Walloon areas were to be given over to France. Hampe repeatedly found reassuring words for the brutal approach of the German troops during the illegal invasion of 1914 and the harsh occupation regiment. In the months that followed, he slowly moved away from this position. This rethinking was not yet completed by the end of the war. In June 1915 he refused to sign the intellectual submission (“ Seeberg address ”) calling for the political and military submission of Belgium. He refused to sign, however, not because of the war aims, but because he considered the final sentence to be hostile to the monarchy. A little later he was involved in a series of memoranda for the Brussels governor Moritz von Bissing . He worked on the topic “Belgium and Holland. Your Relationships Over the Last Decades ”. In the autumn of 1915 he therefore worked in Brussels for two months to examine the files there. Hampe kept his distance from the Pan-German Association and Dietrich Schäfer's attempts to recruit .

His biographer Folker Reichert regards Hampe's journalistic commitment as a “textbook example of the seductiveness of intellectuals through the lure of power”. Hampe later regretted his contributions to war journalism. In a “self-portrait” written in his rectorate year 1925, he described his “Belgian writings” as “war literature that should not be valued highly”.

Life situation of Hampes during the war

During the war years, Hampe's living conditions worsened. On March 10, 1917 he wrote: “All objects of life have gradually reached a very high price level, which for many accounts for 200, 300, 400% of the peacetime price. So you are forced to buy only the bare minimum. ”The professors' salaries had not increased since the outbreak of war. At the same time, however, prices rose sharply during the war. From the summer of 1916 the supply situation threatened to become increasingly dramatic for wealthy families. Finally, Hampe also took part in illegal hamster trips. His children had to run barefoot in summer to protect their shoes for winter. In 1918 the family carried the coal down to the cellar themselves because the coal carriers could no longer be paid for. At the university, the war brought a decline in the number of participants in his lectures. As the number of listeners decreased, Hampe's earnings also declined. His course on “State and Cultural History in the 13th Century” was attended by 30 participants. The legal historian Richard Schröder, on the other hand, even had to read “in front of a student and a mutt” on February 9, 1916. At the same time, however, the number of female listeners rose. The First World War brought a surge in modernization for German universities. Hampe was slow to get used to women in his lectures. By 1923 he supervised five doctoral degrees for women. So that the men could get to the war front faster, Hampe carried out notexamina. During the war in 1916 he became a full member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. A year later, at the suggestion of Harry Bresslau, he was appointed to the central management of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Through the meetings in the central management, Hampe was able to get an idea of ​​the situation of the institute and its members. The institute seemed “completely lost” to him. Everyday problems such as B. the billing of train journeys were more on the agenda than scientific topics. With the exception of the 1926 edition of the Peace of San Germano of 1230, Hampe hardly took part in the institute's further editorial work after the end of the war. Rather, he focused on presentations that were intended to appeal to a wider readership.

Weimar Republic

Until 1918, Hampe was an admirer of Bismarck and a "monarchist of the heart". In 1918 he continued to use the privy council title as a symbol from the imperial era. The November Revolution in the Reich ("mob rule") was a shock for him. “The most miserable [sic!] Day of my life! What happened to the emperor and the empire? ”He described November 10th. He thus reflected the feelings of many members of the bourgeoisie. Hampe still believed in the continued existence of the empire. In the hope of better times, on the evening of the German defeat, he read a section from Bismarck's “Thoughts and Memories” about the year 1848 “to strengthen” his family. At that time the revolution failed because of Prussia and the Hohenzollerns. In contrast to many of his contemporaries, Hampe did not share the view that the German army was "undefeated in the field". On December 18, 1918, he complained about the supposed shortage of politicians: “A Bismarck was missing”. After the hated November Revolution, he slowly began to make friends with the republic and, in contrast to his academic colleagues Georg von Below , Dietrich Schäfer , Max Lenz and Johannes Haller, developed into a “ Republican of reason”. The phase of reorientation dragged on from October 1918 to the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch in March 1920. As early as November 15, 1918 he wrote: “The period of the monarchy really seems to be over.” During the reorientation phase, the League of Nations made a lasting impression on him . He saw the Kapp Putsch as an “unholy counter-revolution”. According to Hampe, the monarchists are responsible for the coup, "but they don't seem to have learned anything". He also disliked the German-national talk of the Frankfurt Professor of Middle and Modern History Georg Küntzel , whose remarks against the new government "got on his nerves". The political reorientation of Hampes after 1918 also brought about a change in relation to Judaism. Anti-Jewish reservations and ideas disappeared completely with Hampe in the Weimar Republic.

Hampe was unitarian and ready to accept the republic for it. During the war he had repeatedly lamented the “bad luck of small states”. Hampe devoted himself to reading Franz Mehring's “History of Social Democracy” and dealt with the Communist Manifesto . In 1920 he joined the left-wing liberal DDP and in 1930 its successor, the "German State Party", of which he was a member until 1932. But at no time did he seek political office. In the public debates about the Versailles Treaty he took only a small part. He also rejected the offer to write a presentation of the latest developments in Belgium and the Netherlands for a “contemporary world history”. His foray into political journalism in World War I on the “Belgian question” is described by his biographer Folker Reichert as “naive and remote from the world”.

During the Weimar Republic , Hampe again focused on medieval history. But with the defeat of the German Empire in World War I, the history of the national power state had lost its importance for Hampe. Instead, he began to be increasingly interested in cultural history . From then on, in his work he took more into account the questions of intellectual life and the development of science, literature and art. He no longer devoted himself to other topics because they no longer promised any general benefit. However, this did not apply to the history of the medieval eastern settlement, in which Hampe had taken an interest before the end of the war. The revision of the boundaries of the Versailles Treaty was a dominant topic of the Weimar Republic. Hampes illustration “The train to the east. The great colonial feat of the German people in the Middle Ages ”, which appeared in the“ Collection of Scientific and Commonly Understandable Representations ”of the Teubner Verlag in 1921 , served to legitimize the claims to the lost territories in the East. With social Darwinist ideas and current political slogans, Hampe described the settlement history of the Middle Ages as a “struggle of nations” of German and Slavic “nationality”, in which the superior culture of the German settlers ultimately prevailed. Although Hampe's book had four editions between 1934 and 1939, it differed from the later folkish historiography in that Hampe sought to promote the idea of ​​community and committed himself to peace.

During the Weimar Republic, reforms at the universities were only implemented to a limited extent. Hampe regretted the work in the reform committee, as it was at the expense of research and “scientific leisure”. In 1921 he turned down an offer to Berlin to succeed Dietrich Schäfer. Until his retirement, Hampe was one of the best-paid professors at Heidelberg University. He enjoyed a high reputation and had influence in filling the chairs. Numerous universities in the country asked him for statements and reports. In 1921/22 Hampe was dean of the Philosophical Faculty. In 1924/25 he was rector of Heidelberg University. In 1925 the Prussian Academy of Sciences appointed him a corresponding member. For years, Hampe had been expected to provide a biography of the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II. One of these was written by Ernst Kantorowicz in Heidelberg in 1927 and was considered an authoritative work up to Wolfgang Stürner's extensive two-volume biography in 1992/2000. Hampe rated the Friedrichbuch von Kantorowicz positively in a detailed review in the historical journal . A year after the work was published, Hampe offered him a position as an assistant at the Department of History at Heidelberg University.

time of the nationalsocialism

The "seizure of power"

On his 60th birthday, Karl Jaspers praised Hampe in 1929 as "one of the pillars of Heidelberg existence, on whose truthfulness and justice one can rely". During the crisis of the Weimar Republic, Hampe supported a call for the re-election of Paul von Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election in order to prevent a Reich president Adolf Hitler . Hampe's family was "deeply concerned" by Germany's slide into an injustice state in the autumn of 1932.

On January 1, 1933, he started a diary again. But it is nowhere near as detailed as the diary kept during the First World War. In the same year Hampe became a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . In the autumn and winter of 1933, Hampe began to deal intensively with the ideological foundations of National Socialism . Hampe devoted himself to reading folk literature, historiography and racial studies. During this time he also made concessions to National Socialism. In the revision of his "rulers", Hampe had foreign words such as "sovereignty" or "execution" replaced by German terms. He also distanced himself from his Jewish colleague Kantorowicz and left his Friedrichbuch unmentioned in the foreword. With a seminar on medieval colonization, Hampe contributed to a new national profile of the historical seminar in Heidelberg. After careful reading, however, he was unable to find any access to the Nazi view of history.

Hampe felt the "seizure of power" by the Nazi regime in the immediate vicinity and also in his family. The physician Albert Fraenkel , who lived in the northern part of the Hampe house, was forced out of his profession. The young lawyer Hans Bettmann took his own life. Hampe was friends with the Jewish family. Andreas Gildemeister, Hampe's friend from earlier times in Bremen, was taken into “ protective custody ”. Hampe's son had to write an essay on “Germany's Awakening. Hitler our faith and our hope ”write. Reichert sees these events as crucial for Hampe's decision to voluntarily resign from the service. In the application for emeritus status of December 21, 1933 to the Ministry in Karlsruhe, it is stated that he “felt that he was not able to cope with the new requirements that today's state can expect from its academic teachers [...] in terms of health”. Hampe declined to participate in filling his position. His successor in the summer semester of 1935 was the avowed National Socialist Günther Franz , who was a member of the NSDAP and the SA . Hampe distanced himself from Franz after a short time.

Last years of life

In old age "he gave the image of an ascetic scholar who lived only for his science". He withdrew into private life, read a lot and devoted himself to his family. He was only in contact with Heidelberg University through Willy Andreas . His contacts were limited to the Heidelberg Academy and the discussion group around Marianne Weber , Max Weber's widow . Because of the election of several National Socialists, Hampe increasingly stayed away from the academy. In the Weber house, Hampe met with Eugen Täubler , Ernst Hoffmann , Otto Regenbogen , Karl Jaspers , Gustav Radbruch , Hans von Eckardt and Alfred Weber , i.e. people who did not want to join National Socialism or were existentially threatened by the regime. Even in this discussion group, from 1933 onwards, the participants avoided political topics and instead devoted themselves to art or religious-historical topics. In his final years, Hampe undertook a scientific rescue of honor from Charlemagne, who had been stylized as a “Saxon butcher” by the leading Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg . The initiative for this came from Carl Erdmann . In Charlemagne, Hampe saw a “Germanic who was still completely untouched by any Romanization”. Martin Lintzel among others supported Hampe in his view . In an anthology, Hampe, Erdmann and Lintzel, together with Hermann Aubin , Friedrich Baethgen, Wolfgang Windelband and Hans Naumann, tried to evaluate the importance of Charlemagne for German history against the background of the negative view of the Nazis. This work contributed to the fact that the National Socialist undertaking to revise the image of Charlemagne ultimately failed.

On February 14, 1936, Hampe died in Heidelberg as a result of a bicycle accident. He was buried in the mountain cemetery three days later . Obituaries were written by his students Gerd Tellenbach, Percy Ernst Schramm and Friedrich Baethgen. However, he had not received a commemorative publication during his lifetime.

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Coining of the Middle Ages image of the Germans

In the German Empire, historians looked for the reasons for the belated founding of the empire. After the fall of the monarchy in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles, which was perceived as humiliating , many people longed for a time when Germany had been strong and powerful in Europe. The Middle Ages were seen as a “counter-image of the despised present”. The medieval kings and emperors were seen as early representatives of a strong monarchical power hoped for in the present; Rulers like Otto the Great or Friedrich “Barbarossa” were supposed to strengthen national consciousness “especially in un-imperial times” (Ernst Kantorowicz). The history of the medieval empire was written in terms of power. The decisive factor was whether the kings and emperors of that time led the empire to an increase in power or were responsible for a decline in central monarchical power. Among the Ottonians , Salians and Staufers , the empire was seen as a priority in Europe, but this was lost by princes and popes in the course of the Middle Ages. Two "turns" were blamed for the decline. The first turning point was Heinrich's move to Canossa when the Pope had to free himself from the church ban. Hampe regarded Canossa as "the symbol of the surrender of state power to church claims to rule". The double election of 1198, which led to the German controversy for the throne , was seen as the second “turning point” . The late Middle Ages were only perceived in terms of decay; the empire was torn internally and powerless externally.

This image of the Middle Ages remained relevant even decades after 1945. Hampes publications contributed significantly to its dissemination. His repeatedly reprinted “Rulers of the German Middle Ages” (1927) and “The High Middle Ages” became known to a wider audience. History of the West from 900 to 1250 ”(1932). Hampe's “High Middle Ages” expressed the shift in his interests from power politics to cultural aspects and was translated into several languages. However, the presentation could not overcome traditional ways of thinking of the 19th century: Hampe equated cultural history with the history of high culture and assigned it to general intellectual history . His concept of the "Occident" was limited to the Latin part of Europe. He continued to describe the history of the High Middle Ages as a struggle between church and empire. The chapter headings already express the previous view of history: “1. Germany's rise to hegemony ”; "5. Level of power of the German Empire among the first Salians ”; "13. New development of imperial power ”; "15. Final armament of the papal church and empire ”; "16. Final battle of the two universal powers ”. Hampe's historical narrative placed the first German Empire at the center of a political history of the “Occident” explained by its cultural traditions. Hampe's ability to express himself also contributed to the popularity of his works, as his description of Salier Konrad II shows. For Hampe, Konrad was able to lead his kingship on the basis inherited from his predecessor to a significant amount of power as "a full-fledged layman with a fist who knows how to handle swords, sober clairvoyance and a healthy feeling of power.

Staufer research

Hampe is considered an outstanding connoisseur of the Staufer era. His dissertation brought a considerable gain in knowledge for medieval studies . The previous work had only dealt with the last Staufer Konradin in passing or, like Wolfgang Jäger's biography from 1787, was completely outdated. Hampe consulted all available sources and also gave digressions on the history of people and territories. Hampe's work on Konradin has retained its value to this day. Few of Hampe's works until the outbreak of World War I were devoted to anything other than the Hohenstaufen era.

Hampe dealt with the Staufer Friedrich II throughout his life . In his work, Hampe used previously unknown source material to clarify individual aspects. He relied particularly on collections of letters from the 13th century. The reports of an unknown courtier from Chancellor Walter von Pagliara's environment about the personality of the young Frederick were edited and evaluated by him for the first time. Further work was a letter from the cardinal, which proves Pope Innocent IV's participation in the conspiracy of 1246, or an unprinted report on the conclave of 1241 in the Roman Septizodium . In 1899 he was commissioned by the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences to continue the yearbooks of German history under the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II , which were only completed until 1227 . For years, Hampe was able to report little or no progress on this order. He disliked a presentation that was based purely on facts and chronology. In 1919 he returned the order. As a result, the “yearbooks” plunged into a crisis from which they could no longer recover. Hampe feared that he would become a “mindless compiler” over the years through specialized individual research. After the war and the revolutionary upheavals, people expected an ideological orientation. In a letter dated June 2, 1919, Hampe stated that he could not leave this task “to hasty writers or pedantic schoolmasters”. Therefore, he wanted to provide overview works that addressed a wide audience. With the exception of his monograph German Imperial History in the Time of the Salier and Staufers , published in 1909 , he had made no efforts in this direction before the war, but his publications after the end of the war are, according to Paul Fridolin Kehr, characterized by the “urge for a summary and a larger representation” . He had great success with his approach of bringing historical facts into a language that was also pleasing to larger audiences; The "German Imperial History in the Time of the Salier and Staufer" was particularly successful; it was published in six editions up to 1929 during his lifetime. Before that he had only written for science; of his dissertation on Konradin, only 181 copies were sold in three years. Hampe described the history of the Salians and Staufers as a conflict between the Empire and the Papacy. For him, the decline of the empire began with the death of Frederick II in 1250, so he ended his portrayal with this event and not with the execution of Conradin in Naples in 1268.

effect

In the professional world, Hampes imperial history was criticized, it does not take into account the nobility and ministeriality , peasants and the cities, instead presents German history only through the work of kings and emperors.

Constitutional historical approaches were implemented a few years after Hampe's death by Otto Brunner (1939) and Otto Hintze (1941). Despite professional criticism, Hampe's works remained popular. "Imperial History" and "Rulers of the German Middle Ages" received additional editions. Hampe became one of the most popular authors in German medieval studies. Its popularity extended well into the time after World War II . During National Socialism his works were ideologically appropriated. His emperors were particularly important in times of war. Hampes High Middle Ages came out as a "front book trade edition" that was supposed to satisfy the need for heroic role models in war. His portrayal of the German settlement in the east also received political topicality during National Socialism and was sold many times. The Nazi policy of war and conquest was to be justified by the memory of the Hohenstaufen empire of Frederick II. Hampe's work was adapted to the National Socialist view of history through cuts and falsifications. For example, his remarks about the Sicilian surveillance state or Frederick's lack of interest in the East were omitted. After 1945, Hampes works were reprinted by the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft and had an influence on the image of the Middle Ages among German history students until the 1990s.

Of Hampes's students, Percy Ernst Schramm , Gerd Tellenbach and Friedrich Baethgen in particular had a considerable influence on national and international medieval studies after 1945. Schramm is considered one of the leading experts of the 20th century in the field of medieval royalty. His work on Otto III , published in 1929 . originated as a habilitation at Hampe in Heidelberg. The representation was authoritative for decades and has only been increasingly criticized since the 1990s. Baethgen became the first president of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica after the Second World War. He was also President of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . Tellenbach served as President of the West German Rectors' Conference and became director of the German Historical Institute in Rome . After the Second World War, he and his academic students set considerable impulses for medieval research up to the present day through his personal name research in Freiburg (“Tellenbach School”), i.e. the evaluation of entries in the fraternity and memorial books of the early Middle Ages. His students also continued Hampe's work. Baethgen took on the reworking of the "German Imperial History in the Time of the Salier and Staufer". From 1937 to 1968 a 7th to 12th edition was published by Baethgen. Tellenbach reissued "The High Middle Ages". Hellmut Kämpf was responsible for the rulers of the German Middle Ages and the history of Konradin .

Since the 1980s, medieval studies gained numerous new insights into high medieval kingship. The princes are no longer described as the “gravedigger” of the imperial power, as was described by Hampe, but rather the cooperation of king and prince is an essential characteristic of medieval rule. The collection of 232 letters discovered by Hampe in the spring of 1897 under the name "Capuaner Briefsammlung" has only recently been completed as an edition under the name "Campanian Letter Collection".

Hampe left behind an extremely rich tradition (years of diary entries, correspondence and account books). After his death, his widow and later his children and grandchildren looked after his memory. The estate could thus be kept together. With the exception of a few pieces that are still kept in the family archive, it is in the Heidelberg University Library . In 2004, Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast published Hampes' war diary 1914-1919 . It is considered an important source for the history of culture and mentality during the First World War. In 2009 Reichert published a biography about Hampe. Reichert characterizes his life and work as “exemplary” for the experiences of a German professor from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 1930s.

But not only science dealt with the person of Hampe: In 2000, Hampe found its way into Martin Schemms novel Heidenloch . In the summer of 1907, mysterious beings caused fear and horror in Heidelberg. In order to counter the panic this triggered in the population, a commission of inquiry is convened and supported by a scientific advisory board chaired by Karl Hampe.

Fonts (selection)

  • History of Konradin von Hohenstaufen. Innsbruck 1894; 3rd edition with an appendix by Hellmut Kämpf. Leipzig 1942.
  • German imperial history in the time of the Salians and Staufers. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1909; 4th, unchanged reprographic reprint of the 12th edition edited by Friedrich Baethgen . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-02754-X , ( archive.org ).
  • The train to the east. The colonial feat of the German people in the Middle Ages (= From Nature and Spiritual World . Vol. 731, ZDB -ID 516263-4 ). Teubner, Leipzig et al. 1921 (5th edition, ibid. 1939), ( archive.org ).
  • Rulers of the German Middle Ages. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1927.
  • The high Middle Ages. History of the West from 900 to 1250. With a foreword by Gerd Tellenbach . German publisher, Berlin 1932.
  • Emperor Friedrich II., The Hohenstaufe (= Coleman's small biographies. Vol. 61, ZDB -ID 31371-3 ). Coleman, Lübeck 1935.
  • The personality of Karl. In: Hans Naumann u. a .: Charlemagne or Charlemagne? 8 answers by German historians (= problems of the present ). Mittler, Berlin 1935, pp. 9-29.
  • Wilhelm I., Kaiserfrage and Cologne Cathedral. A biographical contribution to the history of the German Empire. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1936.

swell

  • Karl Hampe: Karl Hampe 1869–1936. Self-portrait (= meeting reports of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class. 1969, 3, ISSN  0933-6613 ). Edited by Hermann Diener with an afterword. Presented on May 10, 1969 by Roland Hampe. Winter, Heidelberg 1969 (pp. 39–55 list of publications).
  • Karl Hampe: War diary 1914-1919 (= German historical sources of the 19th and 20th centuries. Vol. 63). Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast . Oldenbourg, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-486-56756-X (2nd edition, ibid 2007).
    • Reviews of the war diary in: Journal for Bavarian State History. 67, 2004, pp. 522–523 digital copy ( Heinz Hürten ); Heidelberg, yearbook on the history of the city. 9. 2004/2005, pp. 246-249 (Dietrich Hildebrandt); H-Soz-u-Kult , October 1, 2004, online ( Michael Epkenhans ); Rhenish-Westphalian magazine for folklore. 49, 2004, pp. 351-352 (Annika Sommersberg); Journal of History. 53, 2005, pp. 753-754 (Gerd Fesser); Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany. 51, 2005, pp. 285-289 ( Hans-Christof Kraus ); Historical magazine 280 (2005), pp. 776-777 (Franz-Josef Kos); The historical-political book. 53, 2005, pp. 522-523 ( Michael Salewski ); Swiss monthly bulletins. 84/85. 2004/2005, 9/10, p. 60 ( Peter Stadler ); Heidelberg desk hero. The First World War and the revolutionary events of 1918/19 in the diaries of the historian Karl Hampe. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , August 5, 2004, No. 180, p. 8 ( Bernd Sösemann ); Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 154, 2006, pp. 578-580 ( Hansmartin Schwarzmaier )

literature

Necrologist

  • Friedrich Baethgen : Karl Hampe. In: Archives for cultural history. Vol. 27, 1937, pp. 1-32 (here pp. 22-32 list of publications).
  • Percy Ernst Schramm : Karl Hampe. In: Historical magazine. Vol. 154, 1936, p. 438 f.
  • Gerd Tellenbach : Karl Hampe. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. Vol. 89, 1937, p. 225.

Representations

Web links

Commons : Karl Hampe  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ On the origin of the Hampe family, cf. Folker Reichert: learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 19-23.
  2. ↑ The quote from Hermann Jakobs: Hampe, Karl Ludwig, Historiker. In: Badische Biographien , NF Volume 3, Stuttgart 1990, pp. 115–118, here: p. 115. On Hampe's parents and his time in school and in the Prima club: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 35-38.
  3. ^ Karl Hampe: New publications from Grillparzer's estate. In: The present. Weekly for literature, art and public life 36,33 (1889), pp. 101-105.
  4. ↑ On studying in Bonn and Berlin Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 35–45.
  5. ↑ On Berlin life and its political attitude: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 39–45.
  6. ^ Karl Hampe: History of Konradin von Hohenstaufen. Innsbruck 1894.
  7. ^ Hermann Jakobs: Medieval Studies up to the end of the Weimar Republic. In: Jürgen Miethke (Ed.): History in Heidelberg. 100 years of the historical seminar, 50 years of the institute for Franconian-Palatinate history and regional studies. Berlin u. a. 1992, pp. 39-68, here: p. 54.
  8. ↑ On studying in Berlin and Hampes doctoral thesis: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 45-55.
  9. ^ Karl Rodenberg (Ed.): Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum Romanorum selectae . Volume 3, Weidmann, Berlin 1894.
  10. ↑ Ernst Dümmler , Karl Hampe u. a. (Ed.): Epistolae Karolini aevi. Volume 3 (MGH Epistolae, Volume 5), Weidmann, Berlin 1899; Appreciation of Hampes in Dümmler's foreword ibid. SV
  11. ^ Karl Hampe: Journey to England from July 1895 to February 1896. In: New Archives of the Society for Older German History 22 (1897), pp. 223–286; 335-415; 607-699. Ders .: Trip to France and Belgium in the spring of 1897. In: New archive of the Society for Older German History 23 (1898), pp. 375–417; 601-665.
  12. ↑ Rudolf Schieffer: World status and national seduction. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39–61, here: p. 54 ( online ).
  13. ^ Hermann Diener (Ed.): Karl Hampe 1869–1936. Self-presentation. Heidelberg 1969, p. 18. Folker Reichert: Paul Kehr and Karl Hampe on the future of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica after the First World War. An exchange of letters. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages. 60, 2004, pp. 549-569, here: p. 550 ( online ).
  14. ^ Karl Hampe (Ed.): Acta Acta pacis ad S. Germanum anno MCCXXX initae. The files on the peace of S. Germano 1230. (MGH Epistolae selectae, Volume 4). Weidmann, Berlin 1926, reprint 2004. On Hampe's work for the MGH and his travels: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 55-65.
  15. ↑ On Hampes teaching activity in Bonn: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 67-72, 250.
  16. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 291.
  17. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 98.
  18. ↑ On the image of women Hampes: Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 72 f. About marriage: Folker Reichert: Scholarly life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 72-75.
  19. ^ Hermann Jakobs: Medieval Studies up to the end of the Weimar Republic. In: Jürgen Miethke (Ed.): History in Heidelberg. 100 years of the historical seminar, 50 years of the institute for Franconian-Palatinate history and regional studies. Berlin u. a. 1992, pp. 39-68, here: p. 55.
  20. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 166.
  21. ^ Hermann Jakobs: Medieval Studies up to the end of the Weimar Republic. In: Jürgen Miethke (Ed.): History in Heidelberg. 100 years of the historical seminar, 50 years of the institute for Franconian-Palatinate history and regional studies. Berlin u. a. 1992, pp. 39–68, here: p. 55. Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 233. On teaching in Heidelberg before the outbreak of war: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 75-95.
  22. ↑ On his offices and honors before the outbreak of war and his living conditions: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 96-101.
  23. ↑ Hampe to Ernst Hardt, July 20, 1914. See Folker Reichert: The historian of the Middle Ages and his presence. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 401.
  24. ↑ Hampe to Ernst Hardt, July 20, 1914. Cf. Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 101.
  25. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 106. Karl Hampe: War diary 1914–1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 12.
  26. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 97 f. For a selection of Hampe's quotes, cf. the reviews of the war diary mentioned in the bibliography and Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009.
  27. ↑ Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 50.
  28. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 101.
  29. ↑ See the review of the war diary by Hansmartin Schwarzmaier in Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. 154, 2006, pp. 578-580, here: p. 578.
  30. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 233.
  31. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 370.
  32. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 111-119.
  33. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 326.
  34. ↑ Rudolf Schieffer: World status and national seduction. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39–61, here: p. 58 ( online ).
  35. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 26.
  36. ↑ Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 27.
  37. ↑ Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, p. 393-436, here: p. 403. Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 129.
  38. ↑ Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, pp. 26, 30.
  39. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 126. Karl Hampe: Belgium and Holland before the world wars. A description of their political, military and economic relationships and rapprochement efforts over the past decades. Gotha 1918.
  40. ↑ On Hampe and the “Belgian question”: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 119–130; Folker Reichert: The historian of the Middle Ages and his present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: pp. 401-408.
  41. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 322.
  42. ^ Hermann Diener (Ed.): Karl Hampe 1869–1936. Self-presentation. Heidelberg 1969, p. 33.
  43. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 545.
  44. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 68.
  45. ↑ Folker Reichert: Paul Kehr and Karl Hampe on the future of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica after the First World War. An exchange of letters. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages. 60, 2004, pp. 549-569, here: p. 551 ( online ). Folker Reichert: learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 198.
  46. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 201.
  47. ↑ On the life situation of Hampes: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 130-138.
  48. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 157.
  49. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 324.
  50. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 775.
  51. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 775.
  52. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 143. Karl Hampe: War diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 776.
  53. ↑ Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 83.
  54. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 803.
  55. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 781.
  56. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 155.
  57. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 920.
  58. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 919. See also Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 155.
  59. ↑ On the political reorientation: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 141–157, 250.
  60. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, pp. 396, 409, 458. See also Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 420.
  61. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 207.
  62. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 130 (the quotation); 141–157 (on political reorientation).
  63. ↑ Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 419.
  64. ^ Friedrich Baethgen: Karl Hampe. In: Archives for cultural history. 27, 1937, pp. 1–32, here: p. 17.
  65. ^ Karl Hampe: The train to the east. The colonial feat of the German people in the Middle Ages. Berlin 1921. See also the contribution Gerd Althoff: The assessment of medieval Ostpolitik as a paradigm for a time-bound assessment of history. In the S. (Ed.): The Germans and their Middle Ages. Topics and functions of modern historical images from the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 1992, pp. 147-164, here: pp. 150ff. On the history of the medieval eastern settlement: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 202-212, cited above. P. 211.
  66. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 162.
  67. ↑ Folker Reichert, Eike Wolgast: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Munich 2004, p. 17.
  68. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 163 and 361 i. V. m. Note 136.
  69. ^ Karl Hampe: The latest life picture of Emperor Friedrich II. In: Historische Zeitschrift 146, 1932, pp. 441-475.
  70. ↑ On the relationship between Hampe and Kantorowicz: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 181–188.
  71. ^ Karl Hampe: War Diary 1914-1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 93.
  72. ↑ Quoted from: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 236.
  73. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 261-265.
  74. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 258.
  75. ↑ Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393–436, here: p. 430. On National Socialism and internal emigration Hampes Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 237-260.
  76. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 319.
  77. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, p. 393–436, here: p. 428. Karl Hampe: Karl der Große und Widukind. In: past and present. 24, 1934, pp. 313-325.
  78. ↑ See Walter Zöllner: Karl or Widukind? Martin Lintzel and the Nazi "interpretation of history" in the early years of the fascist dictatorship. Halle (Saale) 1975.
  79. ↑ Charlemagne or Charlemagne. Eight answers from German historians. Berlin 1935. On the revision of the image of Charlemagne and the inner emigration of Hampes: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 265-278, 285-295. On the revision of the Karl picture cf. also: Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, pp. 55-60.
  80. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 298 f .; 318.
  81. ↑ Hans Cymorek: Georg von Below and the German History in 1900. Stuttgart 1998, p 307th
  82. ↑ Quoted from: Folker Reichert: "Science is a great fire". Karl Hampes Middle Ages in Monarchy, Republic and Dictatorship. In: Yearbook of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 2011, pp. 177–182, here: p. 180.
  83. ^ Karl Hampe: German imperial history in the time of the Salier and Staufer. Leipzig 1909, p. 54.
  84. ↑ On the historical image of the Germans with their fixation on a strong imperial power: Rudolf Schieffer: Weltgeltung und nationale Verführung. The German-speaking Medieval Studies from the late 19th century to 1918. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (Hrsg.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 39-61 ( online ). Gerd Althoff: The Middle Ages picture of the Germans before and after 1945. A sketch. In: Paul-Joachim Heinig (Ed.): Empire, regions and Europe in the Middle Ages and modern times. Festschrift for Peter Moraw. Berlin 2000, pp. 731-749. Gerd Althoff: The Germans and their medieval empire. In: Bernd Schneidmüller, Stefan Weinfurter (Eds.): Holy - Roman - German. Dresden 2006, pp. 119-132. On the late Middle Ages as an era of disintegration: Bernd Schneidmüller: Consensus - Territorialization - Self-interest. How to deal with late medieval history. In: Early Medieval Studies. 39, 2005, pp. 225-246.
  85. ↑ See in detail Stephanie Kluge: Continuity or Change? For the evaluation of high medieval royal rule by the early West German medieval studies. In: Early Medieval Studies. 48, 2014, pp. 39-120. This older historical image of Canossa and the double election of 1198 as "Wends" of the Middle Ages are still represented by the contributions in Hellmut Kämpf (ed.): Canossa as Wende. Selected essays on recent research. Darmstadt 1969 and Herbert Grundmann: Electoral Kingdom, Territorial Policy and Eastern Movement in the 13th and 14th Centuries (1198–1378). In: Gebhardt, Handbook of German History, Vol. 1, Stuttgart 1970, pp. 427-607, § 128 “The turn of the Middle Ages”.
  86. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 228 f.
  87. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 221 f.
  88. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 227 f.
  89. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 229.
  90. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 94 f. and 212 f. The quote from Karl Hampe: The high Middle Ages. History of the West from 900 to 1250. Berlin 1932. Reprint with an afterword by Gerd Tellenbach, Cologne 1953, p. 76.
  91. ↑ Wolfgang Jäger: History of Conrad II. King of Sicily and Duke in Swabia. Nuremberg 1787.
  92. ^ Karl Hampe: From the childhood of Emperor Frederick II. In: Mittheilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung. 22, 1901, pp. 575-599.
  93. ^ Karl Hampe: Pope Innocent IV. And the Sicilian conspiracy of 1246. Heidelberg 1923. Ders .: An unprinted report on the conclave of 1241 in the Roman Septizonium. Heidelberg 1913.
  94. ↑ Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 416.
  95. ^ Review of Karl Hampe in: Historische Zeitschrift 102, 1909, pp. 106–114. See also Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 411.
  96. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 195. The letter is published by: Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393–436, here: pp. 412 ff. Cf. also: Karl Hampe: Kriegstagebuch 1914–1919. Edited by Folker Reichert and Eike Wolgast. Munich 2004, p. 679 f.
  97. ↑ Folker Reichert: Paul Kehr and Karl Hampe on the future of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica after the First World War. An exchange of letters. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages. 60, 2004, pp. 549-569, here: p. 555 ( online ).
  98. ↑ Quoted from Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 197.
  99. ↑ On the representation of Konradin and the Hohenstaufen: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 52; 94. On Hampe's contribution to Friedrich research: Wolfgang Stürner: Friedrich II. In modern history. In: Theo Kölzer, Franz-Albrecht Bornschlegel, Christian Friedl and Georg Vogeler (eds.): De litteris, manuscriptis, inscriptionibus… Festschrift for the 65th birthday of Walter Koch. Vienna et al. 2007, pp. 655–671, here: pp. 658 f.
  100. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 301.
  101. ^ Otto Brunner: Land and rule. Basic questions of the territorial constitutional history of Southeast Germany in the Middle Ages. Baden near Vienna 1939. Otto Hintze: State and constitution. Collected treatises on general constitutional history. Leipzig 1941.
  102. ↑ Folker Reichert: The Historian of the Middle Ages and His Present. Current affairs in letters from Karl Hampes. In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 152, 2004, pp. 393-436, here: p. 417.
  103. ^ On the reception of Hampes' works during the Nazi era and in the Federal Republic: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 299-303; 312-314.
  104. ^ Knut Görich: Otto III., Romanus Saxonicus et Italicus. Imperial Rome politics and Saxon historiography. Sigmaringen 1993.
  105. ↑ On Hampes students: Folker Reichert: Gelehrtes Leben. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, pp. 278–281; 306
  106. ↑ Gerd Althoff: The high medieval monarchy. Accents of an unfinished reassessment. In: Early Medieval Studies. 45, 2011, pp. 77-98.
  107. ↑ Bernd Schneidmüller: Consensual rule. An essay on forms and concepts of political order in the Middle Ages. In: Paul-Joachim Heinig (Ed.): Empire, regions and Europe in the Middle Ages and modern times. Festschrift for Peter Moraw. Berlin 2000, pp. 53-87.
  108. ↑ The Campanian Letter Collection (Paris lat. 11867) , ed. by Susanne Tuczek (†). (= MGH. Letters of the Later Middle Ages , 2), Hahn, Hannover 2010.
  109. ↑ See among others: Volker Ullrich : Everyday life on the home front. The diary of the historian Karl Hampe: A unique testimony to the history of the mentality of the First World War. Die Zeit , August 5, 2004, digitized version , viewed September 16, 2013.
  110. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 317.
  111. ↑ Folker Reichert: Learned life. Karl Hampe, the Middle Ages and the history of the Germans. Göttingen 2009, p. 313 f.
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personal data
SURNAME Hampe, Karl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hampe, Karl Ludwig (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian and medievalist
DATE OF BIRTH February 3, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH Bremen
DATE OF DEATH February 14, 1936
Place of death Heidelberg