List of Portuguese locomotive and railcar series
This list contains an overview of the locomotives and multiple units of the Portuguese railways , i.e. the train material of former private railways, the state Comboios de Portugal (CP) and their predecessors, the municipal Metropolitano Ligeiro de Mirandela and the two private transport companies Fertagus and Takargo Rail .
Broad gauge steam locomotives
Companhia Central e Peninsular (CCeP)
originally track width 1440 mm; 1860 gauge change to 1668 mm
Numbers | First name | CP no. | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PORTUGAL | 1A1 | Buddicom ? | ? | ||
2-3 | SANTAREM | 1A1 | Hawthorn | 1854 | ||
4th | ELVAS | 1A1 | Fairbairn | 1855 | ||
5-7 | LISBOA | 1A1 | Société l'Expansion | 1845-1846 | taken over by Paris – Orleans-Bahn | |
8-9 | CAMOES | B. | Dodds | ? | ||
10 | COIMBRA | 1B | Egestorff | 1855 | Sold to CP in 1856 | |
11-14 | ALAMQUER | 5-7 | 1A1 t | Fairbairn | 1856-1857 | ESTREMOZ sold to MD in 1874 |
15-16 | SETUBAL | 101-102 | C. | Sharp, Stewart & Co. | 1861 |
Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro do Sul e Sueste (SeS)
Track width 1440 mm
Tracked to 1668 mm in 1869
Numbers | First name | Numbers from 1873 | CP no. | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-7 | BARREIRO | 05-07 | 1B t | Wilson, Manning Wardle | 1856-1859 | |||
8th | D. LUIZ | 01 | 1001 | 1A1 | Beyer-Peacock | 1862 | Santarem Museum | |
9 | OURIQUE | 34 | 1134 | C. | Beyer-Peacock | 1861 | ||
10-15 | ALENTEJO | 08-13 | B1 | Beyer-Peacock | 1863 |
Track width 1668 mm
Numbers | First name | CP no. | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
02-04 | CRATO | 01002-01004 | C t | James Cross & Co | 1865 | ||
14-31, 34-53 | 1114-1131, 1134-1153 | 41-79 | C. | Hanomag , Neilson & Company , Beyer-Peacock , Graff, Sharp, Stewart & Co. | 1861-1902 | ||
61-66 | 1261-1266 | 281-286 | 2'C | Henschel | 1910 | ||
71-72 | BeDymf 1001-1002 | B'2 'h2, also B'2' n2 | Borsig | 1906 | Steam railcar | ||
81-99 | 1281-1289, 1292-1299 | 221-237 | 2'C n4v | Borsig , Esslingen | 1903-1923 | 90: Contumil | |
101-119 | 1701-1719 | 701-719 | 1'D h2 | Schwartzkopff , North British Locomotive Company | 1912-1921 | ||
151-158 | 1161-1168 | 141-148 | C. | Henschel | 1928 | ||
201-206 | 1201-1206 | 291-296 | 2'C | Henschel | 1913 | 204: Vila Nova de Gaia | |
301-310 | 1501-1510 | 551-560 | 2'C1 ' | Henschel | 1924 | 303: Santarem | |
401-410 | 01201-01210 | 0181-0190 | 1'D2 't | Henschel | 1924 | 404, 410: Vila Nova de Gaia, 406: Regua, 407: Entroncamento |
Caminhos de Ferro Estado Minho e Douro (MD)
Track width 1668 mm
origin | Numbers | First name | more numbers | CP no. | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-6, 8-10 | POSTAGE | 2001-2006, 2008-2010 | 3-10 | 1B | Beyer-Peacock | 1875-1878 | 9: Nine | |||
MZA 21, 23, 25, 30 | 11-12 | 47-48 | 2047-2048 | 1B | Sharp, Stewart & Co. | 1855 | ||||
CCeP 14 | 13 | 49 | 02049 | 1A1 t | Fairbairn | 1854 | Nine | |||
12 "-14", 15-16 | FAMALICÃO | 02012-02016 | 1B t | Beyer-Peacock | 1878-1904 | |||||
17-20 | FOX | 02017-02020 | 011-014 | C1 t | Hanomag , Beyer-Peacock | 1889, 1902 | ||||
5-7, 24-32 | DOURO | 21-23 | 2121-2132 | 21-32 | C. | Beyer-Peacock | 1875-1887 | 7: Valença | ||
SeS | 11 "-13", 14th | GERES | 33-36 | 2133-2136 | C. | Sharp, Stewart & Co. | 1875 | |||
37-41 | CHAVES | 2187-2191 | 175-179 | C1 | Beyer-Peacock , Hanomag | 1897, 1902 | ||||
partly SeS | 51-65 | 2251-2265 | 238-252 | 2'C n4v | Borsig , Cockerill , Esslingen | 1904-1923 | 51: Entroncamento, 61: Contumil | |||
81-82 | 02081-02082 | 041-042 | 1C1 t | Cockerill | 1907 | 82: Entroncamento | ||||
101-116 | 2701-2716 | 751-766 | 1'D h2 | North British Locomotive Company , Schwartzkopff | 1912-1924 | 104: Entroncamento |
Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro de Beira Alta (BA)
Track width 1668 mm
Numbers | Numbers after reconstruction 1925–1930 | CP no. from 1948 | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-8 | 11-16 | 108-109 | 61-62, 141-144 | C n2 | Creusot | 1879 | |
21-28 | 24-27 | 1B n2 | Wr. Neustadt | 1881 | |||
51-55 | 281-285 | 201-205 | 2C | Henschel | 1909 | ||
61-65 | 291-295 | 211-215 | 2C | Henschel | 1924 | 61: Pampilhosa | |
101-103 | 801-803 | 2D | Henschel | 1930 | 101: Vilar Formosa | ||
201-202 | 859-860 | 1D1 | Alco | 1945 |
Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugueses (CP)
Track width 1668 mm
origin | First name | CP no. before 1927 | CP no. from 1927 | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMALIA RODRIGUES | 1-4 | 001-004 | 001-004 | B n2t | Hartmann , Cockerill | 1882, 1890 | 1: Estremoz, 2: Nine, 3-4: Entroncamento | ||
MARIA ALICE | 5 | 005 | 005 | B t | Cockerill | 1901 | Estremoz | ||
01-08 | 01-08 | 01-08 | C n2t | Esslingen | 1887 | ||||
MD 17-20 | FOX | 02017-02020 | 011-014 | C1 t | Beyer-Peacock , Hanomag | 1889, 1902 | 012: Entroncamento, 013: Lagos, 014: Nine | ||
09-026 | 09-026 | 021-029 | C1 t | Beyer-Peacock | 1890-1891 | 020: Entroncamento, remaining conversion to 031-039 | |||
UB from 011-025 | 031-039 | 031-039 | 031-039 | 1C1 t | Beyer-Peacock | 1890-1891 | 033: Lagos | ||
MD 81-82 | 02081-02082 | 041-042 | 1C1 t | Cockerill | 1907 | 042: Entroncamento | |||
071-085 | 070-097 | 070-097 | 1C2 t | SLM , Henschel , CP Lisboa workshop | 1916-1944 | 070: Estremoz, 072: Porto, 094: Entroncamento | |||
051-058 | 0151-0158 | 0151-0158 | 1'D1 'h2t | Schwartzkopff | 1913, 1920 | ||||
SeS 401-410 | 01201-01210 | 0181-0190 | 1D2 t | Henschel | 1924 | 0184, 0190: Vila Nova de Gaia, 0186: Regua, 0187: Entroncamento | |||
0101-0124 | 0201-0224 | 0201-0224 | 1D2 t | Henschel | 1924 | 0201: Entroncamento | |||
CCeP 11-13 | ALAMQUER | 5-7 | 1A1 | Fairbairn | 1857 | ||||
MD 1-10 | POSTAGE | 2001-2010 | 3-10 | 1B | Beyer-Peacock | 1875, 1878 | 9: Nine | ||
17-37 | 17-37 | 1B n2 | Evra , Creusot | 1861, 1864 | 23–31: unknown manufacturer | ||||
MD 21-32 | DOURO | 2121-2132 | 21-32 | C. | Beyer-Peacock | 1875-1887 | 23: Valença | ||
41-52 | 41-52 | 2'B n2 | Hartmann , SACM , Cockerill | 1879-1890 | |||||
SeS 14–31 | 1114-1131 | 41-54 | C. | Hanomag , Neilson | 1885-1895 | ||||
BA 3, 8 | 108-109 | 61-62 | C n2 | Creusot | 1879 | ||||
SeS 34-53 | 1134-1153 | 71-79 | C. | Beyer-Peacock , Grafenstaden , Sharp, Stewart & Co. , Hanomag | 1861-1902 | ||||
81-84 | 81-84 | 2 B | Beyer-Peacock | 1889 | |||||
91-98 | 91-98 | 2 B | Beyer-Peacock | 1891 | |||||
101-135 | 103-135 | 110, 113-118, 120, 124-125, 127-128, 131-135 | C. |
Sharp, Stewart & Co. , Evra , Kitson , Graffenstaden , Batignolles , Köchlin , Hartmann |
1861-1881 | 135: Entroncamento | |||
SeS 151-158 | 1161-1168 | 141-148 | C. | Henschel | 1928 | ||||
151-172 | 152-159, 161-162, 164-168, 171-172 | 152-159, 161-162, 164-168, 171-172 | C. | SACM , Cockerill | 1887-1890 | remaining UB 182-186; 167: Entroncamento | |||
MD 37-41 | CHAVES | 2187-2191 | 175-179 | C1 | Beyer-Peacock , Hanomag | 1897, 1902 | |||
CP 151, 160, 163, 169-170 | 181-186 | 181-186 | 181-186 | 1C | Workshop CP Lisboa | 1910 | UB | ||
origin | First name | CP no. from 1948 | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos | |
BA 51-55 | 281-285 | 201-205 | 2C | Henschel | 1909 | ||||
BA 61-65 | 291-295 | 211-215 | 2C | Henschel | 1924 | 211: Pampilhosa | |||
origin | First name | CP no. before 1927 | CP no. from 1927 | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
SeS 81-99, MD 51-65 | 1281-1299, 2251-2265 | 221-252 | 2'C n4v | Borsig , Esslingen , Cockerill | 1903-1923 | 238: Entroncamento, 248: Contumil |
|||
61-72 | 261-272 | 261-272 | 2C | Fives Lille | 1899-1904 | 262: Entroncamento | |||
SeS 61-66 | 1261-1266 | 281-286 | 2C | Henschel | 1910 | 282: Vila Nova de Gaia | |||
SeS 201-206 | 1201-1206 | 291-296 | 2C | Henschel | 1913 | 294: Vila Nova de Gaia | |||
301-305 | 366-370 | 301-305 | 2C | SACM | 1905 | ||||
351-360 | 351-360 | 351-360 | 2C | Henschel | 1911-1913 | 357: Entroncamento | |||
401-406 | 401-406 | 401-406 | 2C | Maffei | 1908 | ||||
601-608 | 501-508 | 501-508 | 2C1 | Henschel | 1925 | ||||
SeS 301-310 | 1501-1510 | 551-560 | 2C1 | Henschel | 1924 | 553: Santarem | |||
201-214 | 601-614 | 601-614 | D. | SACM | 1887-1890 | ||||
SeS 101-119 | 1701-1719 | 701-719 | 1'D h2t | Schwartzkopff , North British Locomotive Company | 1912-1921 | 701: Vila Nova de Gaia | |||
MD 101-116 | 2701-2716 | 751-766 | 1'D h2t | North British Locomotive Company , Schwartzkopff | 1912-1924 | 754: Entroncamento | |||
origin | First name | CP no. from 1948 | CP no. from 1950 | Wheel alignment | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos | |
BA 101-103 | 801-803 | 801-803 | 2D | Henschel | 1930 | 801: Vilar Formosa | |||
831-836 | 2D | MTM , Babcock & Wilcox , Devis | 1947 | ||||||
BA 201-202 | 851-860, 1851-1856, 2851-2856 | 851-872 | 1D1 | ALCO | 1945 | 855: Entroncamento | |||
501 | 951 | CC | Workshop CP Lisboa |
Narrow gauge steam locomotives
Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro do Norte de Portugal (NP)
Track width 1000 mm
origin | NP no. | CP no. | UIC no. | design type | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PPF 7-9 | E 31 – E 33 | C n2t | Fives Lille | 1876-1890 | original track width 900 mm | |||
CF Guimaraes 1-3 | 21-23 | E 11 – E 13 | Hudswell, Clarke & Co | 1882 | ||||
PPF 10-11 | E 61 – E 62 | C1 n2t | Krauss / Munich | 1897 | original track width 900 mm | |||
CF Guimaraes 4-5 | 24-25 | E 71-72 | 1C n2t | SLM | 1884 | |||
PPF 14-15 | 31-32 | E 151 – E 152 | B'B n4vt | Henschel | 1905 | E 151: Mus. Lousado original track width 900 mm |
||
PPF 16-17 | 41-42 | E 181-E 182 | 3 079 181-6 - 182-4 | (1'B) C2 | Henschel | 1923 | E 181: Mus. Lousado original track width 900 mm |
|
CF Guimaraes 6-8 | 51-53 | E 101 – E 103 | 3 059 101-8-103-4 | 1'C n2t | Esslingen | 1907 | E 101: Mus. Lousado | |
101-104 | E 141 – E 144 | 3 079 141-0 - 144-4 | 1'D1 'h2t | Henschel | 1931 | E 143: Santarem open, E 144: Mus. Lousado |
Companhia National de Caminhos de Ferro (CN)
Track width 1000 mm
origin | First name | CN no. | CP no. | UIC no. | design type | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linha do Dão | BEIRA ALTA | 1-6 | E 51 – E 56 | 3 059 051-5, 3 059 054-2 - 056-4 |
C n2t | Kessler | 1889 | E 52: Macinhata up., E 55: Mus. Bragança |
|
Linha do Tua | TRAS-OS-MONTES | 11-16 | E 81 – E 86 | 3 069 081-0 - 083-6 | 1'C n2t | Kessler | 1886 | E 81, E 82: Mus. Bragança, E 83: Lousado up., E 86: Macinhata up. |
|
VILALVA | 21-24 | E 111-E 114 | 3 089 111-1, 3 089 113-7 - 114-5 |
1C t | Kessler | 1904, 1908 | E 111: Macinhata up., E 113, E 114: Sernada up. |
Caminhos de Ferro do Estado Minho e Douro (MD)
Track width 1000 mm
MD no. | CP no. | UIC no. | design type | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
201 | E 1 | 3 049 001-3 | B n2t | Henschel | 1922 | Peso da Regua on | |
301 | E 41 | 3 039 041-1 | C t | Hohenzollern | 1904 | Mus. Chaves | |
401-410 | E 161-E 170 | 3 069 161-0 - 166-9, 168-5 - 170-1 | B'B n4vt | Henschel | 1905, 1908 | partly museum, tw. ab., tw. in operation | |
451-466 | E 201 – E 216 | 3 079 201-2, 203-8 - 216-0 | 1'BC n4vt | Henschel | 1911-1923 | partly museum, tw. ab., tw. in operation |
Companhia de Caminho de Ferro do Valle de Vouga (VV)
Track width 1000 mm
VV no. | CP no. | UIC no. | design type | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-7 | E 91 – E 97 | 3 059 092-9, 094-5, 096-0-097-8 |
1C t | O&K , Decauville | 1910 | E 91: Mus. Postage, E 92: Pocinho existing, E 96: Pocinho existing, E 97: Sernada existing |
|
12-13 | E 21 – E 22 | C n2t | Corpet Louvet | 1904, 1907 | E 21: Sernada prev., E 22: Macinhata inc. |
||
21-24 | E 121 – E 124 | 3 059 121-6 - 124-0 | 2'C n2t | Borsig | 1908 | E 121, E 123: Macinhata auf., E 122: Mus. Lousado, E 124: Torredeita up. |
|
31-33 | E 131 – E 133 | 3 089 131-9 - 132-7 | 1'D1 'h2t | Henschel | 1924 | E 131, E 132: Mus. Macinhata |
Porto - Povoa e Famalicão (PPF)
Track width 900 mm
PPF no. | NP no. | CP no. | UIC no. | design type | Manufacturer | Year of construction (s) | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-2 | Vulcan ? | 1875 | ||||||
3-6 | Black Hawthorn | 1874 | 6: Mus. Lousado | |||||
7-9 | E 31 – E 33 | C n2t | Fives Lille | 1876, 1890 | ||||
10-11 | E 61 – E 62 | C1 n2t | Krauss / Munich | 1897 | ||||
12-13 | 1B t | Tubize | 1888 | |||||
14-15 | 31-32 | E 151 – E 152 | B'B n4vt | Henschel | 1905 | |||
16-17 | 41-42 | E 181-E 182 | 3 079 181-6 - 182-4 | (1'B) C2 | Henschel | 1923 | E 181: Mus. Macinhata |
Electric locomotives
model series | Surname | operation area | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|
2500 | Freight transport | built by Sorefame / Alstom 1956 | ||
2550 | Freight transport | built by Sorefame / Alstom 1963; similar to the 2500 series | ||
2600 | formerly long-distance traffic, now only freight traffic | built by Alstom / MTE 1974/1987 | ||
2620 | Long-distance and freight transport | same exterior design as BR 2600 ; built by Sorefame / Alstom 1987; similar to SNCF BB 15000 ; | ||
4700 | Freight transport | built by Siemens , based on the Siemens Eurosprinter | ||
5600 | Long-distance and freight transport | built by Siemens in 1993; similar to the RENFE series 252 |
Diesel locomotives
model series | Surname | operation area | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|
1100 | Freight transport | k. A. | ||
1150 | Long-distance and freight transport | built by Sorefame / Sentinel 1966/67 | ||
1200 | Freight transport | built by Sorefame / Sentinel 1961–64; similar to SNCF BB 63000 ; partly sold to Argentina | ||
1300 | built by Whitcomb Locomotive Company 1952 | |||
1320 | ALCo DL-535S | built by Alco , bought by RENFE in 1989 | ||
1400 | Freight transport | built in 1967 by English Electric / Soreframe | ||
1500 | ALCO RSC-2 | Freight transport | built by Alco in 1948 | |
1520 | ALCO RSC-3 | Freight transport | built by Vossloh | |
1550 | ALCO MX-620 | Freight transport | built by Montreal Locomotive Works 1973 | |
1800 | Freight transport | built by English Electric in 1968; Similar to British Rail Class 50 | ||
1900 | Freight transport | built by Sorefame / Alstom 1981, similar to the SNCF CC 72000 | ||
1930 | Long-distance transport | built by Sorefame / Alstom 1979; similar to the BR 1900 but without an electric motor brake ; partly sold to Argentina | ||
1960 | ALCO MX-627 | Freight traffic in northern and central Portugal | built by Bombardier in 1979 | |
6000 | Vossloh Euro 4000 | Cross-border freight transport Portugal / Spain ( Takargo Rail only ) | built by Vossloh in 2008/09 | |
9000 | Meter gauge routes | built by Alstom in 1958 | ||
9020 | Meter gauge lines of the Linha do Douro | built 1976 |
Electric multiple units
model series | Surname | operation area | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | Suburban traffic in the Lisbon area | built by Sorefame 1955/56; partly sold to Argentina | ||
2050 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame in 1962; further developed series 2000 | ||
2080 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame 1966–68; further developed series 2050 | ||
2100 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame in 1970 | ||
2150 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame 1977 | ||
2200 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame in 1984 | ||
2240 | Regional traffic | modernized series 2100 / 2200 | ||
2300 | Suburban traffic in the Lisbon area | built by Sorefame / Siemens TS 1992 | ||
2400 | Suburban traffic in the Lisbon area | built by Sorefame / Siemens TS 1998; similar to the BR 2300 , but with air conditioning | ||
3100 | Suburban traffic on the Linha de Cascais | built by Cravens in 1950; Direct current | ||
3150 | Suburban traffic on the Linha de Cascais | 3100 series modernized by EMEF ; Direct current | ||
3200 | Suburban traffic on the Linha de Cascais | built by Sorefame in 1959; Direct current | ||
3250 | Suburban traffic on the Linha de Cascais | 3200 series modernized by EMEF ; Direct current | ||
3400 | Viriatus | Suburban traffic in the Porto area | built by Siemens TS / Bombardier in 2002 | |
3500 | X'TRAPOLIS Tagus | Suburban traffic in the Lisbon area ( CP / Fertagus ) | built by Alstom 1999/2000; similar to the RENFE 450 series | |
4000 | Alfa Pendular | High-speed long-distance transport on the Linha do Norte and Linha do Sul | similar to the Italian ETR 460 |
Diesel railcars
model series | Surname | operation area | Remarks | photos |
---|---|---|---|---|
0050 | Regional traffic on branch lines | built by Nydqvist och Holm in 1948 | ||
0100 | Regional traffic on branch lines | built by Nydqvist och Holm in 1948; partly sold to Argentina | ||
0300 | Allan | Regional traffic on branch lines | built by Allan Rotterdam 1954/55 | |
0301 | Allan | Regional traffic on branch lines | 0300 series modernized by EMEF | |
0350 | Allan | Regional traffic on branch lines | Series 0301 modernized by EMEF in 2003 | |
0400 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame 1965/66 | ||
0450 | Regional traffic | 0400 series modernized by EMEF | ||
0500 | "Foguete" | Express traffic | 3 pieces built by Fiat in 1953 | |
0592 | Regional traffic on the L. do Minho and do Douro | built 1981–1984; borrowed from Renfe Operadora | ||
0600 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame 1978/79; 1989/90 structurally expanded | ||
0650 | Regional traffic | built by Sorefame in 1988 | ||
0750 | Uerdinger rail bus | Regional traffic | built by Waggonfabrik Uerdingen / Construcciones Españolas in 1966 for RENFE , purchase by CP 1979/80 | |
9100 | Meter gauge regional traffic | built by Nydqvist och Holm in 1950 | ||
9300 | Meter gauge regional traffic | built by Allan Rotterdam 1954; similar to the 0300 series | ||
9400 | Meter gauge regional traffic | Rebuilt from 9700 in 1992/93 | ||
9500 | Meter gauge regional traffic on the Linha do Tua and parts of the Linha do Douro ( CP / Metro de Mirandela ) | Rebuilt from 9700 in 1996 | ||
9600 | Meter gauge regional traffic | built in 1976 by Alsthom ; 17 pieces sold to Argentina | ||
9630 | Meter gauge regional traffic on the Linha do Vouga | built 1991 | ||
9700 | Meter gauge regional traffic | Taken over by JŽ in 1980 ; 1992/93 and 1996 series 9400 and 9500 rebuilt |
literature
- John R. Walker: Broad Gauge Steam Locomotives of Portugal . Amadeus, Cleckheaton 2005, ISBN 0-9551748-0-5 .
Web links
Commons : Portuguese Locomotive and Railcar Series - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files