Odilo Globocnik

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Odilo Globocnik as SS-Standartenführer (1938)

Odilo Lothar Ludwig Globocnik , also Globotschnig (g) , nickname Globus (born April 21, 1904 in Trieste , Austria-Hungary ; †  May 31, 1945 in Paternion , Carinthia ), was an Austrian war criminal , National Socialist , SS group leader and lieutenant general of the Police. After the " Anschluss of Austria " to the German Reich , he became Gauleiter in Vienna for a few months , where he was largely responsible for the persecution of the Jews . After the German occupation of Poland , he became SS and police leader in the Lublin district of the Generalgouvernement . As head of the Reinhardt campaign for the extermination of the Jews in the Generalgouvernement, he was responsible for the Belzec , Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps . In his capacity as managing director of Ostindustrie GmbH , he helped to organize the exploitation of Jewish workers. In 1943 he was appointed Higher SS and Police Leader in the Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone , where he organized the fight against partisans and the deportation of Jews to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp . After the war he was in 1945 by members of the end of May, British Army arrested and committed suicide shortly afterwards suicide .

Life

Family background and school days

Odilo Globocnik was the second child of the post office clerk Franz Globocnik. The family came from Neumarktl ( Slovene. Tržič) in the Upper Carniola on the paternal side . His mother Anna, née Pechinka / Pecsinka, came from Werschetz (Serbian Vršac) in the Banat . The father was initially a career officer and then stepped as Rittmeister a. D. into the postal service. Globocnik's family moved from Trieste to Lanschütz in 1914 .

After attending primary school in his hometown, Globocnik entered the military lower secondary school in Sankt Pölten in 1915 . He is described as “very talented” and “very hardworking”, is said to have “very decent and pleasant manners” and always behaved “exemplary”. He mastered the Italian language. After the end of the First World War , he accepted Austrian citizenship on November 18, 1918 . He moved with his family to Klagenfurt and attended by the fall of 1919 to July 1923, the Higher State Trade School , which he with the Matura finished. He also worked as a porter at the Klagenfurt train station .

From 1922 he was engaged to Margarete Michner (* 1908), whom he never married.

job

Globocnik got his first job as a construction technician in 1923 at Kärntner-Wasserkraft-AG (KAWAG) in Frantschach im Lavanttal and was employed on several power plant construction sites until 1930. He then found employment with the Klagenfurt construction company Rapatz, where he was employed as a site manager (possibly only foreman ) until January 1934 . He was arrested several times because of National Socialist activities after the NSDAP ban in Austria , but was able to take the examination to become a site manager while in custody in 1933. After that he was no longer allowed to practice his profession and became a full-time NSDAP functionary.

Political activity

Globocnik took part in the so-called Carinthian defensive battle from 1918 to 1920 and was active as an "'illegal' propagandist" during the preparations for the referendum . When a “ Heimatschutz ” was subsequently formed, from which a National Socialist storm department emerged, he joined this group. In 1922 Globocnik joined the DNSAP , from which he later left. On March 1, 1931, he became a member of the NSDAP ( membership number 442,939). Until the NSDAP ban in Austria on June 19, 1933 Globocnik was the propaganda leader of the National Socialist factory cell organization .

Globocnik has been arrested several times for political offenses and sentenced to four prison terms. In addition to a six- and four-week prison sentence in August and November 1933, he received a six-month prison sentence in December 1934 and August 1935. Overall, however, he was imprisoned for less than a year from 1933 to 1936. His role in the murder of the Jewish jeweler Norbert Futterweit in June 1933 in Vienna is unclear.

Globocnik became deputy of the Gauleiter of Carinthia Hubert Klausner in 1933 . It is very likely that he did not take an active part in the 1934 July coup . On September 1, 1932 or September 1, 1934, Globocnik joined the SS (SS No. 292,776). He set up an illegal intelligence service in Carinthia for this organization. He smuggled eight million schillings in "secret aid funds from the German Reich" into Austria via Switzerland and Italy . When almost all the top functionaries of the Austrian NSDAP were in custody, Globocnik temporarily headed the party from Budapest in the summer of 1935 . Globocnik took over provisional provincial management of the NSDAP in Carinthia in 1936 and then became head of the Austrian provincial management.

Conquest of power in Austria

Five days after the " July Agreement " was signed in 1936, Adolf Hitler summoned Globocnik together with Friedrich Rainer to the Berghof to give them instructions on how the NSDAP should proceed in Austria: He demanded a disciplined NSDAP in Austria and after consultation with Rainer and Globocnik cooperate with the Patriotic Front . Along with Klausener and Rainer, Globocnik belonged to the so-called “Carinthian Group”, which stood in opposition to the revolutionary course of the SA leader and national leader of the NSDAP in Austria, Josef Leopold . He became the most important liaison of this internal party opposition to the NSDAP in the German Reich. Through the illegal intelligence service ( special service of the Gauleitung ) that he established throughout Austria , this group was able to gain considerable influence. During the internal party conflict, Leopold relieved Globocnik and Rainer of their party functions in autumn 1936 and in November 1937 announced Globocnik's exclusion from the NSDAP because of "party-damaging behavior" in the Austrian Observer . This conflict, which split the party, led in February 1938 to Leopold's removal as head of the country. On February 21, 1938, Hitler appointed Klausner country director in Austria, Rainer political director and Globocnik organizational director.

After the "Anschluss" of Austria, Globocnik was appointed State Secretary in the Austrian provincial government led by Arthur Seyß-Inquart on March 12, 1938 and which existed for only a few weeks. After the Reichstag elections on April 10, 1938 , he entered the National Socialist Reichstag as a member of the State of Austria . In May 1938 he was promoted retrospectively to March 12, 1938 to SS-Standartenführer .

Gauleiter of Vienna

Gauleiter Odilo Globocnik sitting at his desk. Photo from 1938.
Odilo Globocnik inspects the KdF wagons set up in Vienna on the Am Hof square in front of the Gauleitung , November 1938.

On May 24, 1938, Globocnik was appointed Gauleiter in Gau Vienna by Hitler . This decision was criticized by many Viennese party comrades and Austrian SA leaders because he was a Carinthian and SS leader and Leopold still had considerable party support in Vienna. At the beginning of his office he announced the reorganization of the Vienna party and the takeover of SA leaders in leadership positions of the Vienna NSDAP. Globocnik smugly saw himself in an important role in the “Anschluss” of Austria and even wrote a memorandum in this regard , in which he emphasized his activities for the party and during the Anschluss of Austria. In personal union he became local district administrator of the DAF in Vienna.

As a Gauleiter, he failed completely. First he came into conflict with the Reich Commissioner for the reunification of Austria with the German Empire , Josef Bürckel . After the devastation of the Archbishop's Palace by members of the Hitler Youth on October 8, 1938, the still Catholic Seyss-Inquart also distanced himself. In the Viennese population he was often resented for not seeing Vienna as an equal in comparison with Berlin.

In Vienna Globocnik was largely responsible for the expulsion, abuse and expropriation of the local Jewish population. During the Aryanizations , arbitrary expropriations and corruption occurred in Vienna . Due to a lack of administrative structures, there were also financial irregularities in the party assets: Globocnik had acquired the Adolf-Luser-Verlag too dearly and sold the house of the Fatherland Front far below its value. He gave loans to friends, including 13,000 RM to the Salzburg Gauleiter Rainer. Furthermore, party donations were not correctly booked and misused in the Gau Wien . Finally Globocnik came into conflict with the Imperial Treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz , because he did not want to submit to the "financial sovereignty of the Munich NS authorities". After an audit of the Vienna Gauss in September 1938, Globocnik's financial management was heavily criticized and his financial sovereignty was withdrawn. Globocnik left a financial and organizational chaos in the Vienna district when he was removed from office on January 30, 1939 for dubious foreign exchange transactions, secret accounts for extorted Jewish money and for embezzling party funds.

After his replacement, Globocnik was transferred to the SS disposable troops after three to four weeks of vacation , where he was supposed to do his several months of military service. With the beginning of the Second World War , he took part in the attack on Poland with the rank of SS-Unterscharführer (equivalent to sergeant) of the SS available troops.

Second World War

SS and police leader of the Lublin district

Globocnik (on the right in the picture) says goodbye to a resettlement procession as part of the resettlement of Volhynian Germans . Photo from 1940.

On November 9, 1939 Globocnik was appointed SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of the Lublin district in the Generalgouvernement by Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler after his “probation” . At the same time he was appointed SS-Brigadführer and Major General of the Police. He had previously told his bride's father that he had been offered “a high office” about which he had to remain silent, and that he therefore wanted to postpone his marriage again. In November 1939 Globocnik broke off the engagement to Margarete Michner after 17 years.

In addition to his function as SSPF, he was also the main government representative of the German Reich for the resettlement of Wolhynia Germans . He also received skills from Himmler that went beyond the functional area of ​​an SSPF and strengthened his position vis-à-vis the civil administration of the Lublin district. The local NSDAP was subordinate to him and not to the district governor. This was Globocnik's superior, to whom he reported directly. Nevertheless, Globocnik - sponsored by Himmler - acted largely autonomously in the Lublin district. In the SS hierarchy he was de facto subordinate to the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF Ost) Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger .

Globocnik's administration was characterized by particular brutality towards the civilian population. The numerically small German police units in the Lublin district were reinforced by the local Volksdeutsche self-protection established by Globocnik and massacres of Polish civilians. In the course of the " AB-Aktion " even the Governor General Hans Frank described his troops as a "gang of murderers".

Globocnik enjoyed his power in Lublin and lived an elaborate lifestyle in a villa on 4/6 Boczna Lubomelskiej Street. During his time in Lublin he was in a relationship with Irmgard Rickheim, to whom he became engaged in the summer of 1941. In April 1942, an SS leader Himmler about Rick Home complained in a for improper conduct Zakopane restaurant. After consulting Himmler in August 1942, Globocnik also broke off this engagement.

Persecution of Jews and leader of Aktion Reinhardt

Overall compilation of the "total financial gain" of Aktion Reinhardt (December 15, 1943)

Globocnik began persecuting Jews in his sphere of influence immediately after taking office: He was one of the first SS and police leaders to set up forced labor camps for Jews, as early as 1939 in Lublin-Lipowa and in 1940 at the moat. As a result, a forced labor complex was built in the Lublin district. He had “wild” raids carried out on factories which then lacked the Jewish workforce for the proper workflow. The forced labor camps in the Lublin district were transferred to the newly founded SS company Ostindustrie GmbH (OSTI) in March 1943 , the managing directors of which were Globocnik and Max Horn from the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office.

Globocnik received the order from Himmler around October 13, 1941 to murder the Jews in the Generalgouvernement and in the spring of 1942 became head of " Aktion Reinhardt ". He had already supervised the construction of the Majdanek concentration camp , and now he is organizing the commissioning of the Belzec , Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps . In 1940 he had a labor camp built in Belzec, where he wanted to exterminate two million Jews through labor: Globocnik had planned to have them dig anti- tank trenches with their bare hands . Instead, however, only 30,000 forced laborers were assigned to him, whose labor it was initially necessary to maintain. Therefore, in October 1940, he abandoned his plans to exterminate Belzec, but these became relevant again a year later.

Among his employees in the staff of Aktion Reinhardt were u. a. his adjutant and staff leader Ernst Lerch and the head of the "Reinhardt department" Hermann Höfle , the sender of the Höfle telegram . Christian Wirth , who already had experience in killing with gas during the extermination of disabled people ( Operation T4 ), was called in by him as "Inspector of the SS special commandos Aktion Reinhardt" to optimize the factory killing of people. Within a year and a half, up to 2,000,000 people were robbed and factory-murdered in the course of Aktion Reinhardt. Globocnik stated that the total financial gain from this campaign was more than 178 million Reichsmarks . This does not yet include the value of the real estate and the money and jewelry that were stolen by the people involved in the campaign.

“If he didn't need them for work, he wanted to destroy the Jews immediately on the spot, move their property to large collection camps and evaluate them for the SS. He told it in a cozy, conversational tone in his Viennese dialect at night by the fireplace, as if it were the most harmless stories […] While I was always fighting with Eichmann to slow down the transport of Jews to Auschwitz, Globocnik couldn't get enough, because he absolutely wanted to be at the forefront with his annihilations and his recorded values. "

- Rudolf Höß , commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp , in a Polish custody after the end of the war in a short report about Globocnik. In addition to his autobiography, Höss also wrote short reports on other SS leaders.

Forced relocation and the Zamość campaign

Globocnik had proven so useful to Himmler that after the attack on the Soviet Union on July 17, 1941, he appointed him “Commissioner for the establishment of the SS and police bases in the new eastern area”. In fact, he was entrusted with the implementation of the General Plan East , the National Socialists' never conclusively finalized overall concept for the colonization and Germanization of East Central and Eastern Europe. In this context, Globocnik was supposed to help Himmler to implement a first partial concept, the " Heinrich program ". To this end, he brought some of his companions from Carinthia, who were now his site commanders: Georg Michalsen for Riga , Kurt Claasen for Białystok and Minsk , Hermann Höfle for Mogilew , Richard Thomalla for Starakonstantinow , Zwiahel and Kiev and Hermann Dolp for Minsk and Mogilew . On July 20, 1941, Himmler instructed Globocnik to create an SS and police quarter in Lublin and to let Germans settle in the Lublin district on a large scale. These plans were expanded in the following months. The population exchange envisaged in the General Plan East for the areas of the Soviet Union, which could not be realized because the advance of the Wehrmacht had been stopped in the Battle of Moscow , should now be tried out on a smaller scale in the Lublin district: Globocnik's area of ​​dominion thus became a " central testing ground for the racial eutopias of the Nazis ”. Globocnik had seven villages in the Zamość district forcibly depopulated in November 1941 in order to resettle ethnic German families there. In the following year, on orders from Globocnik, the SS Landwacht Zamosc , consisting of ethnic German settlers, was set up, to which Globocnik had assigned an important role in the expulsion of the Polish population of the Zamosc district. From November 1942 to March 1943, 110,000 Poles were “forcibly resettled” during Operation Zamość . This measure gave the local Polish resistance movement considerable popularity. Until Globocnik was replaced as SSPF Lublin in August 1943, this action was continued under different names against the massive resistance of the civil administration.

“Fully natural with all its great light and dark sides. Giving little attention to the external, fanatically obsessed with the task, working hard for it to the last detail, regardless of health or external thanks. One of the best and strongest pioneers in the GG Responsible, self-confident, courageous, person of fact. His bravado often lets him break the given boundaries and forget the boundaries drawn for him within the order, but not out of personal ambition, but rather out of obsession for the sake of the cause. The success speaks for him. "

- Maximilian von Herff , Head of the SS Personnel Main Office, regarding an assessment of Globocnik after a business trip to the Generalgouvernement in May 1943

Replacement as SSPF Lublin

In Lublin, too, Globocnik got entangled again in disputes over competence with Nazi institutions, as they regularly occurred in the Nazi polycracy . In particular, he had to deal with the civil administration regarding his implementation of anti-Jewish and anti-Polish measures. From the summer of 1941 he tried to establish a settlement bridge between the Baltic States and the Ukraine, the so-called Globocnik Bridge, by settling ethnic German families in the Lublin district . Globocnik's opponent was mainly Governor General Hans Frank, but civil governor Ernst Zörner , who was exposed to severe hostility from Globocnik , suffered from the conflicts . After Globocnik came into conflict with Zörner's successor in the governorate, Richard Wendler, because of his failed resettlement measures , Himmler decided to transfer him. Initially, Globocnik was to serve as a representative of the HSSPF Central Russia ; he probably never took up this post. On August 16, 1943, Jakob Sporrenberg Globocnik succeeded him in the office of SSPF Lublin.

Higher SS and Police Leader in the "Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone"

After Italy's armistice with the Allies on September 9, 1943 and the subsequent occupation of the country by the Wehrmacht, Globocnik was appointed Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) in the " Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone " based in Trieste on September 13, 1943 . Here his old companion Friedrich Rainer had become the head of the civil administration as chief inspector . With this personal constellation, Himmler wanted to prevent a possible conflict between the civil administration and the SS / police. He had also found a ruthless HSSPF in the fanatical National Socialist Globocnik, whose hometown was Trieste and who had been socialized there and in Carinthia. Globocnik also brought his followers with him from Lublin, including Christian Wirth and Franz Stangl and his chief of staff, Ernst Lerch . Globocnik's followers included specialists in fighting partisans, the deportation and murder of Jews, and resettlement , ethnicity and minority issues. In addition, he also carried booty. Nevertheless, he didn't really like his new field of work because he had to show more political consideration than in Poland and because he was no longer able to develop the way he imagined. But here, too, Globocnik tried to act as independently as possible from other SS and Wehrmacht offices.

Globocnik's main area of ​​responsibility in the Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone was the fight against the increasingly growing resistance , against which he let the units under his control take ruthless action. As HSSPF also it was under there special department use R . From October 1943, under Globocnik, the persecution of the Jews began in the Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone. The Risiera di San Sabba police detention center was set up in Trieste . It was also used as a transit camp for captured Jews who stayed there until their deportation and the like. a. were detained in the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp and robbed. However, the camp served mainly as a prison and place of execution for partisans in Istria . The stolen valuables were also stored here. As part of the so-called " fight against gangs ", among other things, the Lipa massacre on April 30, 1944 was carried out under his orders , in which 269 people including women and children were killed.

After Hitler had commissioned Rainer on July 26, 1944 with the management of the "expansion of a rear position system in northern Italy", he in turn appointed Globocnik as his "general representative for the entire organization of the position construction". Rainer later suggested Globocnik for the German Cross in Silver, because he is said to have forced up to "120,000 workers" to work for this project every day. After being awarded the German Cross in Silver, shortly afterwards, at Rainer's instigation, he also received the German Cross in Gold for his success in “fighting gangs”.

In October 1944, with Himmler's consent, he finally married Laurentia (Lore) Peterschinegg, a Carinthian BDM leader .

End of war, escape and suicide

In the last months of the war Globocnik's office was no longer in Trieste, but in Cividale del Friuli, which was safe for the German occupiers . From there he went to Austria via the Plöckenpass . On May 4, 1945, in Kötschach-Mauthen, he issued slogans for the final victory , in which he reflected on the mountain war that began in 1915 : "There is no cause for concern", since "enough troops are on the march" to help "To stop the British, as they succeeded in 1915 against the Italians".

Then he left the Gailtal in the direction of Klagenfurt. From there he fled to the Möslacher Alm in the Weissensee area , where he met Friedrich Rainer , Ernst Lerch , Georg Michalsen and Hermann Höfle . The plan was to be smuggled to Italy by local experts, but that never happened. On the morning of May 31, 1945, the Rainer / Globocnik group was arrested by a British commando and taken to Paternion . After his first interrogation is Globocnik poisoned there around 11:30 am with cyanide . His body was anonymously buried on the afternoon of the day of his death on the "Sautrattn", a community field near the village of Kamering, on the Drau .

Literary reception

In Robert Harris ' crime novel Vaterland , published in 1992 , which takes place in an alternative world in which Hitler's Germany won the war, Globocnik's character is used as the main adversary of the protagonist who uncovered the murder of European Jews in the 1960s.

In the literary work of the Carinthian-born writer Werner Kofler , Odilo Globocnik, his adjutant Ernst Lerch and numerous others who were significantly involved in the Reinhardt campaign are mentioned several times (see Tanzcafé Treblinka and Am Tisch ).

In Thomas Harlan's novel Heldenfriedhof , published in 2006, the extermination experts from Aktion Reinhardt - with Globocnik as the main culprit - play an essential role in the context of a fictional story about coming to terms with the past in the Federal Republic of Germany.

In Jonathan Littell's 2008 novel Die Wohlgesinnnten , Globocnik is portrayed as an affable, yet threatening character.

The author Josef Winkler , who comes from Kamering at Paternion, makes several references to the burial of Globocnik in his hometown in his piece Let the Burgtheater commissioned the Burgtheater in 2017 .

Awards

Globocnik's SS and police ranks
date rank
November 1937 SS-Untersturmführer
March 1938 SS standard leader
September 1938 SS-Oberführer
November 1939 SS Brigade Leader
September 1941 Major General of the Police
November 1942 SS group leader and lieutenant general of the police

literature

  • Josef Wulf : The Third Reich and its executors . Arani, Berlin 1961. (Reprint: Saur et al., Munich et al. 1978, ISBN 3-598-04603-0 ).
  • Siegfried J. Pucher: "... leading the movement". Odilo Globočnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . (= Disertacije in razprave. Slovenian Institute for Alps-Adriatic Research 41). Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, ISBN 3-85435-278-6 .
  • Joseph Poprzeczny: Odilo Globocnik. Hitler's man in the East . McFarland, London et al. 2004, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4 .
  • Berndt Rieger: Creator of Nazi Death Camps. The Life of Odilo Globocnik. Vallentine Mitchell, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-85303-523-7 .
  • Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Hermagoras / Mohorjeva, Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-85013-476-8 .
  • Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Hermagoras-Verlag, Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7086-0578-4 .
  • Johannes Sachslehner : Two million ham'ma done: Odilo Globocnik - Hitler's manager of death. Styria Premium, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-222-13449-4 .
  • Johannes Sachslehner: Odilo Globocnik. Hitler's manager of death. Molden Verlag Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-222-15020-3 .
  • René Moehrle: Persecution of Jews in Trieste during Fascism and National Socialism 1922–1945. Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86331-195-7 , pp. 331-460.

Web links

Commons : Odilo Globocnik  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Full name after Michael Wedekind: National Socialist Occupation and Annexation Policy in Northern Italy 1943 to 1945. Munich 2003, p. 446.
  2. ↑ Heinrich Himmler's service calendar: 1941/42. Edited, commented on and introduced by Peter Witte, Michael Wildt , Martina Voigt, Dieter Pohl, Peter Klein, Christian Gerlach , Christoph Dieckmann and Andrej Angrick on behalf of the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg . With a foreword by Uwe Lohalm and Wolfgang Scheffler (=  Hamburg contributions to social and contemporary history , edited by the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg, Sources, Vol. 3), Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-7672-1329-X , p. 306
  3. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 181.
  4. ↑ Siegfried J. Pucher: "... active in the movement as a leader". Odilo Globocnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 16f.
  5. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 182.
  6. ^ A b Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 183.
  7. ^ A b c Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, p. 262.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Joachim Lilla , Martin Döring, Andreas Schulz: extras in uniform. The members of the Reichstag 1933–1945. A biographical manual. Including the ethnic and National Socialist members of the Reichstag from May 1924. Droste, Düsseldorf 2004, ISBN 3-7700-5254-4 , pp. 177–178.
  9. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 185.
  10. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 113f.
  11. ↑ Siegfried J. Pucher: "... active in the movement as a leader". Odilo Globocnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 19.
  12. ↑ Siegfried J. Pucher: "... active in the movement as a leader". Odilo Globocnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 19 f.
  13. ^ Odilo Globočnik in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g Hermann Weiß (Ed.): Biographical Lexicon for the Third Reich . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-10-091052-4 . , P. 148f.
  15. ^ A b Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 114.
  16. ↑ Joseph poprzeczny: Odilo Globocnik. Hitler's man in the East . McFarland, London et al. 2004, p. 29.
  17. ^ Gerhard Botz : National Socialism in Vienna. Seizure of power and securing rule 1938/39. Mandelbaum, 2008, p. 262.
  18. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt, Ljubljana, Vienna 1997, p. 188.
  19. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt, Ljubljana, Vienna 1997, pp. 188f.
  20. ↑ Full name after Michael Wedekind: National Socialist Occupation and Annexation Policy in Northern Italy 1943 to 1945. Munich 2003, pp. 84f.
  21. ^ Winfried R. Garscha: Nationalists in Austria 1933–1938. In: Emmerich Tálos , Wolfgang Neugebauer (ed.): Austrofascism: Politics, Economy, Culture, 1933–1938. LIT-Verlag, Münster / Vienna / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7712-4 , p. 113f.
  22. ↑ Angela Hermann: The way to war 1938/39: Source-critical studies on the diaries of Joseph Goebbels. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-486-70513-3 , p. 90.
  23. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 194.
  24. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 115.
  25. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 194.
  26. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 116.
  27. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 116f.
  28. ↑ cf. Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 117f.
  29. ↑ Siegfried J. Pucher: "... active in the movement as a leader". Odilo Globocnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 68.
  30. ^ A b Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 196.
  31. ^ Peter Longerich : Heinrich Himmler. Biography, Siedler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5 , p. 361.
  32. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 265.
  33. ↑ a b c Bogdan Musial : German civil administration and the persecution of Jews in the Generalgouvernement . Wiesbaden 1999, p. 37.
  34. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 266.
  35. ↑ Architectural monuments in Lublin ( Memento of the original dated November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the official site of the city @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lublin.eu
  36. ↑ Tuviah Friedman : Himmler's Devil General: SS and Police Leader Globoćnik in Lublin and A Report on the Extermination of Jews in the General Government in Poland 1941–1944. Institute of Documentation in Israel, 1994, p. 9 f.
  37. ^ A b Peter Longerich: Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, p. 362.
  38. ↑ a b Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Piper Verlag, Munich 1998, Volume 1, p. 546.
  39. ^ Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, p. 264.
  40. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust . Piper Verlag, Munich 1998, Volume 2, p. 1081.
  41. ↑ Dieter Pohl : Znaczenie dystryktu lubelskiego w "ostatecznym rozwiązaniu kwestii żydowskiej". In: Dariusz Libionka (Ed.): Akcja Reinhardt. Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie , Warsaw 2004, p. 45, quoted from Timothy Snyder : Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . CH Beck, Munich 2011, p. 262.
  42. ↑ Barbara Schwindt: The Majdanek Concentration and Extermination Camp. Functional change in the context of the " final solution ". Königshausen & Neumann , Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-3123-7 , p. 90 ( online ).
  43. ↑ cf. Adalbert Rückerl (Ed.): National Socialist Extermination Camps in the Mirror of German Criminal Trials. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno . dtv 2904, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-423-02904-8 , p. 331.
  44. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 8: Riga, Warsaw, Vaivara, Kaunas, Płaszów, Kulmhof / Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibór, Treblinka. CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57237-1 , p. 408.
  45. ↑ Quoted from: Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, p. 270.
  46. ↑ Timothy Snyder: Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . CH Beck, Munich 2011, p. 262.
  47. ↑ Odilo Globocnik at www.deathcamps.org
  48. ↑ Timothy Snyder: Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin . CH Beck, Munich 2011, p. 262.
  49. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 197.
  50. ↑ Quoted from: Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, pp. 270f.
  51. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Piper Verlag, Munich 1998, Volume 1, pp. 546f.
  52. ↑ Isabel Heinemann: Race, settlement, German blood . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2003, p. 380 ff.
  53. ↑ Siegfried J. Pucher: "... active in the movement as a leader". Odilo Globocnik. Fighters for the "union". Executor of the Holocaust . Drava, Klagenfurt 1997, p. 102.
  54. ↑ Ruth Bettina Birn : The higher SS and police leaders. Himmler's representative in the Reich and in the occupied territories. Düsseldorf 1986, p. 346f.
  55. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 272.
  56. ^ Rolf Wörsdörfer: Adriatic crisis hot spot 1915–1955. Construction and articulation of the national in the Italian-Yugoslav border area. Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, ISBN 3-506-70144-4 , p. 446.
  57. ^ A b Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 273.
  58. ^ Michael Wedekind: National Socialist Occupation and Annexation Policy in Northern Italy 1943 to 1945. Munich 2003, p. 446.
  59. ↑ Lipa (Lipa), Elsane, Bistrica (Bisterza) April 30, 1944 (Fiume - territori situati ora all'estero). In: straginazifasciste.it. Retrieved November 5, 2019 (Italian).
  60. ^ Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 198.
  61. ^ A b August Walzl: Carinthia 1945. From the Nazi regime to the rule of occupation in the Alps-Adriatic region . Carinthia University Press, Klagenfurt 1985, ISBN 3-85378-235-3 , p. 93.
  62. ↑ Reinhard Pohanka: Duty Fulfillers. Picus, 1997, p. 73.
  63. ^ A b Alfred Elste, Siegfried Pucher: Carinthia's brown elite. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 1997, p. 199.
  64. ^ Wolfgang Graf: Austrian SS Generals. Himmler's reliable vassals. Klagenfurt / Ljubljana / Vienna 2012, p. 274f.
  65. ↑ Uwe Pralle: "Coping with the Past" in German. Thomas Harlan: "Heldenfriedhof" on www.dradio.de (book review from July 10, 2007)
  66. ↑ homely, father or write death in my heart , accessed on March 9, 2018.
  67. ↑ Odilo Lotario ("Globus") Globocnik on www.dws-xip.pl (Polish)
  68. ^ A b c Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, p. 274.
  69. ^ A b Josef Wulf: The Third Reich and its executors - The liquidation of 500,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto. Berlin 1961, p. 273.
personal data
SURNAME Globocnik, Odilo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Globocnik, Odilo Lothar Ludwig (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian National Socialist, Member of the Bundestag and perpetrator of the Holocaust
DATE OF BIRTH April 21, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH Trieste
DATE OF DEATH May 31, 1945
Place of death Paternion