Papenteich
The Papenteich is a plateau in the southern district of Gifhorn and partly in the areas of the district of Helmstedt and the urban areas of Braunschweig and Wolfsburg . The plateau is roughly bounded by the Aller Urstromtal, the Okertal and the Schunter . Today the name "Papenteich" is often used synonymously for the integrated municipality of Papenteich . However, this only makes up a small part of the Papenteich landscape.
geography
Geographical location
The Papenteich lies between the Harz Mountains and the Lüneburg Heath and connects to the city of Braunschweig to the north. With a height of around 70-80 m, the Papenteich is regarded as the northernmost branch of the Harz foreland. An approximately triangular sandy-loamy plateau north of the future city of Braunschweig, which encompassed a much larger area than that of today's integrated community, was previously referred to as the Papenteich. This area was limited mainly by natural borders such as the Aller-Urstromtal in the north, the Barnbruch in the northeast, the Schuntertal in the south and southwest and the Okertal in the west. A subsidence zone between Ehmen and Mörse is seen as the eastern boundary.
Today the term "Papenteich" is mostly used for the combined municipality of Papenteich, which today only makes up part of the Papenteich plateau. In addition, large parts of the Meinersen Samtgemeinde , the Isenbüttel Samtgemeinde and some places in the city of Braunschweig ( Waggum ) and the city of Wolfsburg ( Fallersleben ) belong to the Papenteich.
geology
The Papenteich is predominantly located on a loamy-sandy Pleistocene plateau of a ground moraine plate . This landscape was created during the Elster and Saale Ice Ages through the deposition of rubble and debris from the thawing glaciers . The plateau can be divided into three areas on the surface. In the south-eastern area there are mostly boulder clay areas , in the north-western area a dune belt of drifting sands dominates . Various contiguous areas of meltwater deposits are distributed over the entire plateau . There are also several geological features. In the south-western area near Groß Schwülper , clay stones from the Lower Cretaceous come to the surface. In the southwestern area, between the Mittelland Canal and Teaching , there is an area with clay and sandstones from the middle to lower Jura . In the center of the Papenteich is the "Rethener-Meiner Oberkreidemulde " with layers of marl limestone and fossils close to the surface .
Lime sponges (Calcarea), place of discovery: Dornplecke near Rethen (Vordorf)
Heart-shaped stone core of a sea urchin (Echinoida), found in Rethen (Vordorf)
Part of a belemnite (Rostren), found in Rethen (Vordorf)
,_Rethen_(Vordorf)_Germany.JPG)
,_Rethen_(Vordorf),_Germany.jpg)
_Bruchst%C3%BCck,_Rethen_(Vordorf),_Germany_(03).jpg)
The bottom of the Papenteich belongs to the two different soil regions Geest and Bergvorland . A fertile loess layer developed from this over time . Overall, the area has only very small differences in altitude and is characterized by flat hills and meadow valleys.
Hydrology
The hydrological situation is characterized by penetrating Mesozoic rock layers and Quaternary loose sediments, which create both non-aquatic and highly conductive layers. In many places, the change in rocks creates several layers of groundwater . The direction of flow of the groundwater in the southern part of the Papenteich is probably in the direction of the Mittelland Canal and the Schunter .
In addition to the extensive drainage system of the 1960s, the many streams that arise in the Papenteich and that flow through the meadows at low speeds are typical of today's hydrological situation in the landscape. Due to its high altitude and the looping of several rivers, the streams drain into different river systems. Most of the streams flow into the Aller / Allerkanal (Hehlenriede, Mühlenriede, Rötgesbütteler Riede , Viehmoorgraben , Vollbütteler Riede ) and only a very small part into the Oker / Schunter ( Beberbach , Bickgraben ). The watershed between the two river systems runs roughly from Flechtorf via Meinholz , Vordorf and Rethen towards Hillerse . Most of these streams have been expanded, straightened, artificially deepened and often used for sewage drainage as part of the establishment of the drainage systems. As a result of these measures, the flow speed of the water bodies has increased significantly and the flora and fauna of the streams have changed significantly. Today, renaturation measures are being used to counteract further changes.
There are also several artificially created bodies of water on the Papenteich and in the immediate vicinity. These include, in particular, the Mittelland Canal and Elbe Lateral Canal , which meet at Calberlah . The Tankumsee as a well-known local recreation area is only three kilometers north of Isenbüttel , but already in the Aller-Urstromtal and therefore no longer on the Papenteich.
climate
The Papenteich is located in the Weser-Aller lowlands. In terms of the large climate, this belongs to a transition area between Atlantic and continental air masses. Typical for this region are winds from the west and the resulting frequent changes in air mass and frontal penetrations. The west and south-westerly winds occur particularly in the months of November to January and June to August and ensure a more maritime climate. In contrast, east and south-easterly winds occur especially in late winter.
Toponomics
After research into toponomics (research on place names), the name Papenteich can be traced back to medieval documents. The oldest forms of the name are poppendic or poppendyk . The first documentary mention of the Papenteich comes from the Braunschweiger rhyme chronicle from the year 1267: "dhen Poppendich zu teyle gaph drew Albrechte daz gevelle". In another document from 1318, the Counts of Wohldenberg are awarded the county in "poppendik".
The basic word -diek can stand for “thicket”, but also mean “pond” or “dike” in Middle Low German , as well as “border” or “reparation, atone” in Middle High German . As for the expiation and the judiciary, the Papenteich actually had in ancient times its own Thingstätte (presumably in the open air), namely the Thing benches between Rötgesbüttel and My . This made the Papenteich a separate judicial district. Contrary to a popular legend, the first part of the name Papenteich does not come from the "Papen" ( priests ), but from the personal name Poppo. Rinkel suspects Count Poppo I von Blankenburg, who probably died in 1164, to be the namesake.
The term Papenteich is found in the spelling used today for the first time in the Topographical Atlas of the Kingdom of Hanover by August Papen (1840). Some localities to the north and east of today's integrated community are assigned to the area designated there.
history
Early history and antiquity
Archaeological excavations in the Gifhorn area have produced a number of finds from the Mesolithic and Neolithic . A concentration of the finds in the Papenteich could be determined. Most of the settlements of this time were found here in the dune landscape along the banks of the Oker. The living pits found at Didderse are an example of this. In contrast, there are almost no sites in the southeast. In the middle Papenteich, Neolithic finds were mainly made near the villages of Isenbüttel, Rethen, Vollbüttel and Wasbüttel. To the south of the Papenteich in Braunschweig-Wenden , numerous flint tools were found, which suggest that the area was settled in the Mesolithic.
.jpg)
The Mesolithic settlements increased along the Oker and Allertal valleys and were probably mainly inhabited by fishermen and small animal hunters. In the course of the Neolithic Age, the Nordic megalithic culture also became more and more popular in the Papenteich. A possible example of this is a megalithic grave found near Rethen in 1995 , which dates back to around 3000 BC. Was dated. It is a disturbed system that was oriented in an east-west direction. It should be noted that apart from the boulders, no other finds typical of megalithic graves could be recovered. A settlement belonging to the grave is believed to be within a radius of three kilometers.
In contrast to the Stone Age finds, very few finds from the Bronze Age were made. However, this is probably not to be equated with a decline in settlement, but with the lower resistance of the bronze objects. Numerous finds come from the Iron Age. Mention should be made here of urn and grave finds, which accumulate again at the places where Stone Age finds were also made. Urn cemeteries were found near Rethen, Vollbüttel and Wasbüttel and in the western dune area. During the period in which the current settlement structure of the Papenteich area emerged, there are various, in some cases contradicting, settlement-geographic research results. Older sources date the founding of many villages in the Papenteich to the time of the Great Migration .
More recent research shows, however, that there are hardly any archaeological finds in the villages from the time before the 5th century, but those from before the 9th century. Therefore, an intensive settlement phase at the beginning of the early Middle Ages can be concluded.
Early middle ages
One of the earliest descriptions of the area is provided by a decree by Otto III. from the year 997, in which a coherent extensive forest area, the royal wild forest north forest , is described for the area of the Papenteich . It is assumed that this forest area increasingly disintegrated into scattered residual forest by the turn of the first millennium at the latest due to settlement activities. At this time the Papenteich formed the southern part of the Germanic Derlingau . It is also known that there was a Thingplatz on the Rötgesbütteler Riede , which means that there was already a separate judicial system in the Papenteich at that time. The beginning of the intensive settlement activities is assumed by recent research in the 5th or 6th century, before the Saxon Wars of Charlemagne in 775 reached the Oker region. An attempt was made to determine the time of the conquest of the Papenteich in more detail based on language and place name research and the distribution of place name endings. Accordingly, only a few place names, perhaps such as Rethen (Rethene) or Meine (Meynum), belong to the oldest settlement period of the Papenteich.
Various old roads that crossed it or ran along its edge were also important for the development of the Papenteich. The most important of these was the connection between Gifhorn and Braunschweig, whose course in the Papenteich is now followed by federal road 4 . It connected the Elbe area with the low mountain range. However, the former course is controversial in the south when entering the Papenteich and in the north when crossing the Aller. A route via Wenden and Thune is only likely after the political and economic rise of Braunschweig. Before that time, a stretch to the east of Waggums may have been used. This street was already used by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars to quickly move troops.
Other old streets ran along the edges of the Papenteich plateau. An army road ran on the western bank of the Oker from the Okerfurt in Braunschweig via Celle to the Bremen and Hamburg area. Another road ran in the south of the Papenteich on the Schunter over the Allerüberzüge near Vorsfelde to the Altmark. In 997, a road is also mentioned that led through Fallersleben and Weyhausen in the eastern Papenteich.
First settlement phase
The first permanent settlements probably arose between the 5th and 8th centuries on the edges of the Papenteich. The settlements were located on the river valleys while the rest of the Papenteich was completely forested and hardly populated until the late Merovingian period. Places of this first settlement phase are in particular apprenticeship, Mörse, Fallersleben or Schwülper. The largest number of villages, also on the outskirts, are likely to have emerged under Franconian influence by around 800.
Only the settlement group around Meine with the villages of Rethen , Stapel (wüst) and Vordorf was, at least according to the theses of the geographer Wolfgang Meibeyer , probably under Franconian influence, built on a cleared island in the center of the Papenteich. The settlement group was built exactly on three island-like marl limestone soils, which create a unique soil quality within the Papenteich. This means that the places, at least Meine and Rethen, are dated before the Saxon Wars when they were built . The most important reason for the establishment of the town in the middle of the northern forest, however, was probably the old road from Braunschweig to Gifhorn (in the Papenteich, the B 4 takes roughly its course today , the exact course of the road was straightened in Napoleonic times). The road connected the Elbe area with the low mountain range and was also used by Charlemagne as an army road during the Saxon Wars.
Second settlement phase
The next wave of colonization began in the 9th century. Most of these were the so-called -rode and -loh localities. This wave of settlement started from the Schunter and began with the intensive settlement of the northern forest. An example of this is grass . Another group, today all of the fallen settlements (Bätjenrode, Aukenroth, Asenrode and Sinnesrode) arose along the eastern border between the Diocese of Halberstadt and the Diocese of Hildesheim. Presumably these were created according to plan by the Hildesheim bishop to secure the border.
It is noteworthy that a large part of the places in Germany that end in " -büttel " are in the historical area of the Papenteich (mainly in the present-day Papenteich municipality). These Büttel locations are a specialty in Papenteich. Locals and travelers alike sometimes simply refer to the area as "The Büttelei".
It is believed that a group of settlers migrated south from the coastal areas. These settlers would have left behind some small groups on the way, which would have founded the scattered places in the heather along the way. The majority, however, would have settled in the Papenteich, divided up the land there and founded more than 30 büttels . The Papenteicher would have been a tribe of their own, so to speak .
Third settlement phase
The youngest settlement group are the villages with the place name ending “-horst”. "Horst" probably referred to a small forest area, similar to the current definition, so that the Horst locations probably go back to the clearing of residual forests between the already existing localities. Since some of these places are mentioned in documents as early as 1007, a foundation in the late 10th century can be assumed.
Settlements with a probable date of origin
Most of the settlements in the Papenteich were first mentioned in a document between the 10th and 14th centuries. These mentions, however, do not provide much information about the actual age of the settlements. Well-known documents are often transfers of ownership, inventory lists or boundary descriptions. If there was no reason for such a document for a very long space, individual settlements were sometimes not mentioned for centuries. Documents can also be destroyed or lost. Archaeological research and name research therefore offer a better approach to determining the time of settlement. Place names like -büttel or -horst can be assigned to certain periods. In the Papenteich, the development period can be roughly divided into the three phases before 800 , 800-900 and after 900 . The settlements listed here are only those that still exist today. The desert areas in the Papenteich are therefore not taken into account.
| Locality | before 800 | 800 to 900 | after 900 | First mention | document | Name group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abesbuttel ( Abbesbüttel ) | x | 1397 | SUD (VII, No. 34) | büttel | ||
| Adenebutle, ( Adenbüttel ) | x | 1226 | SUD (I, No. 10) | büttel | ||
| Almersbuttele ( Allenbüttel ) | | x | 1274 | SUD (I, No. 79) | büttel | ||
| Asedesbuttele ( Ausbüttel ) | x | 1383-85 | SUD (VI, No. 61) | büttel | ||
| Berchtisbutle ( Bechtsbüttel ) | x | ~ 1200 | Or. Guelf | büttel | ||
| Beuenrode ( Bevenrode ) | x | ~ 1318 | SUD (I, No. 303) | rode | ||
| Brunnesbuttele ( Brunsbüttel ) | x | 1350 | UBB | büttel | ||
| Kaluerlege ( Calberlah ) | x | ~ 1318 | SUD (I, No. 303) | |||
| Dalthorp (Dalldorf) | x | 1204 | Or. Guelf | |||
| Druchtterbiki ( Druffelbeck ) | x | 781 | beck | |||
| Edersbutle ( Edesbüttel ) | x | 1398 | SUD (VIII, No. 155) | büttel | ||
| Gimin ( Ehmen ) | x | 942 | MGH | |||
| Hechhorst (Eickhorst) | x | 1007 | St. Ann | |||
| Edzirode ( Essenrode ) | x | ~ 1226 | SUD (I, No. 10) | |||
| Grass countershaft ( Grassel ) | x | ~ 1400 | ||||
| Gravenhorst ( Gravenhorst ) | x | 1291 | UBHa | |||
| Brunesroth ( Groß Brunsrode ) | ~ 1200 | Or.Guelf | ||||
| Suilbore ( Groß Schwülper ) | x | ~ 1000 | ||||
| Heriksbutle ( Harxbüttel ) | x | 1007 | St. Ann | |||
| Hilteratissem ( Hillerse ) | x | 1054-79 | ||||
| Ysenebutle ( Isenbüttel ) | x | ~ 1200 | Or. Guelf | büttel | ||
| Jelbeke ( Jelpke ) | ~ 1400 | |||||
| Minori Brunesrode ( Klein Brunsrode ) | ~ 1318 | SUD (I, No. 303) | ||||
| Lewardesbutle ( Lagesbüttel ) | 1191 | UBH | büttel | |||
| Lefforde ( Leiferde ) | 1190 | ford | ||||
| Meynum ( mine ) | x | 1007 | St. Ann | home | ||
| Castrum Bruckhe ( Neubrück ) | 1321 | |||||
| Onhorst ( Ohnhorst ) | x | 1007 | St. Ann | horst | ||
| Rethene ( Rethen ) | x | 1301 | ||||
| Ricbaldesgebutle ( Ribbesbüttel ) | x | 1007 | St. Ann | büttel | ||
| Rotlekesbutle ( Rötgesbüttel ) | x | ~ 1226 | SUD (I, No. 10) | büttel | ||
| Roluesbutle ( Rolfsbüttel ) | x | ~ 1274 | SUD (I, No. 79) | büttel | ||
| Soleuelde ( Sülfeld ) | ~ 1318 | SUD (I, No. 303) | field | |||
| Volmersbutle ( Vollbüttel ) | x | 1284 | büttel | |||
| Wrthorp ( Vordorf ) | x | 1022 | Village | |||
| Wagken ( Waggum ) | 1007 | St. Ann | ||||
| Wilradesbutile ( Wasbüttel ) | x | 1022 | büttel | |||
| Wedelheym ( Wedelheine ) | 1489 | |||||
| Witildbutile ( Wedesbüttel ) | x | 1022 | büttel | |||
| Wetmereshagen ( Wettmershagen ) | ~ 1200 | Or. Guelf | hagen | |||
| Legend: Or. Guelf = Origines Guelficae |
||||||
High Middle Ages
The situation in the High Middle Ages was characterized by various claims to property by secular and spiritual masters. Since around the 11th century, the Diocese of Halberstadt and the Diocese of Hildesheim have been arguing about the exact borderline between their dioceses within the Papenteich. Attempts by the bishops of Halberstadt to move the border beyond Rethen to the Oker were unsuccessful. For a long time, the Vollbütteler Riede was therefore considered the border. To secure this border several settlements were established along the stream. Most of these places are now deserted . Only Algesbüttel was later repopulated as a single farm. The border disputes only ended with the Reformation in the 16th century .
Due to its location, the Papenteich was also closely linked to the history of the city of Braunschweig . The inhabitants of the Papenteich were able to offer their goods on the nearby marketplaces and in the ports of the Hanseatic city, which led to a certain prosperity. The land trade connections from Braunschweig to the north also ran partly through the Papenteich. The Brunswick trade on water was carried out via the Oker. The proximity to Braunschweig also had negative effects. In April / May 1350 there was an outbreak of the plague in Braunschweig , which also spread to the Papenteich and raged particularly badly there. At about the same time, the development of many desolations in the Papenteich falls . The exact reason for this desertification or a connection to the plague epidemic is not known.
Around 1380, the Count of Woldenberg created the Grafschaft Papenteich as a fiefdom of Otto the Mild . In 1337 the county was sold to the princes of Lüneburg, Wilhelm and Otto . They increased their presence in the Gifhorn area by purchasing the Grafschaft Papenteich and Wettmershagen as well as the village of Fallersleben. The Papenteich thus formed the border area between Lüneburg and Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel until the city of Braunschweig gained its independence in 1430.
Modern times
The end of the Grafschaft Papenteich was formed by a decree for the formation of independent administrative authorities by King George V. On the basis of this decree, on October 1, 1852, the previous office of Gifhorn was divided into the city of Gifhorn and the house bailiwick of Gifhorn. The Grafschaft Papenteich was divided and the Papenteich zu Gifhorn office was formed from the Untergogräfschaft Papenteich and parts of the Obergogräfschaft around Adenbüttel . The northern part (around Leiferde ) of the Obergogräfschaft became part of the house bailiwick of Gifhorn. The Papenteich office together with the Gifhorn office and the city of Gifhorn formed a district court district. Due to problems with the regional reform, the offices of Papenteich and Gifhorn were merged to form the new office of Gifhorn on July 1, 1859. The Gogräfschaften Papenteich, which existed until 1852, are considered to be the oldest administrative structure in the Papenteich . The historical settlement areas referred to as Papenteich were almost twice as large in area as the present-day commune. The administration of the former Obergogräfschaft Papenteich comprised the western areas of the County of Papenteich. According to the territorial status before 1852, these included:
- the places Adenbüttel, Dalldorf, Didderse , Eickhorst , Harxbüttel , Hillerse , Klein Schwülper , Leiferde, Rethen , Ribbesbüttel , Rolfsbüttel , Rothemühle , Vollbüttel , Volkse , Vordorf , Walle and Winkel
- the Warxbüttel estate
- the forest houses Druffelbeck and Hundesholz
- the mill Ellersbüttel
- the individual courtyards Deichhaus, Hülperode, Sandkrug and Warmbüttel.
The administration of the former Untergogräfschaft Papenteich comprised the eastern areas of the County of Papenteich. According to the territorial status before 1852, these included:
- the places Abbesbüttel , Allenbüttel , Allerbüttel , Ausbüttel , Bechtsbüttel Brunsbuettel Calberlah , Edesbüttel , Grassel , Gravenhorst , Jelpke , Isenbüttel , My besides Zellberg, Ohnhorst , Rötgesbüttel besides Schier beams, Wasbüttel , Wedel Home (now Wedelheine ) Wedesbüttel and turning bridge
- the patrimonial courts of Essenrode and Wettmershagen
- the Martinsbüttel estate
- the forester's house Bullerhaus
- the Meinersand inn
- the mills Rischmühle and Wendemühle
Today's administration on the Papenteich
Gifhorn district
The joint municipality of Papenteich is centrally located on the plateau of the Papenteich. In the north it borders on the municipalities of Meinersen and Isenbüttel, in the east on the city of Wolfsburg, in the southeast on the Helmstedt district, in the south on the city of Braunschweig and in the west on the Peine district. The integrated municipality of Papenteich has only existed in its current form since 1970. When finding a name, the old name "Papenteich" was used. The integrated community today consists of 6 communities with 19 localities and several individual settlements. Of the villages, only Walle and Rothemühle in the southeast are no longer on the plateau of the Papenteich.
In the north-eastern part of the Papenteich plateau is the municipality of Isenbüttel . The integrated community has only existed in its current form since 1970. When finding a name, the name of the main town "Isenbüttel" was used. The combined community today consists of 4 communities with 14 villages and settlements.
The municipality of Meinersen is located in the northwestern part of the Papenteich plateau . However, only the southern part of the Samtgemeinde lies on the Papenteich, while most of the Samtgemeinde is in the Allerurstromtal. The villages of Dalldorf , Hillerse and Leiferde are still located on the Papenteich .
District of Helmstedt
Within the district of Helmstedt , only the extreme northwestern part of the unified community of Lehr is located on the Papenteich. This affects the localities of Essenrode , Groß Brunsrode and Klein Brunsrode .
City of Braunschweig
Within the urban area, only the northernmost part is on the Papenteich. This affects the localities of Bevenrode, Harxbüttel and Waggum. The villages on the Papenteich plateau were incorporated into the city of Braunschweig in 1974 and previously belonged to the Braunschweig district.
City of Wolfsburg
Within the urban area, only the extreme western part is on the Papenteich. This affects the districts of Ehmen , Fallersleben, Mörse and Sülfeld .
literature
- C. Brandt: Schwülper. A piece of Lower Saxony's local history. Hildesheim 1912.
- Gerhard Oberbeck: The medieval cultural landscape of the area around Gifhorn. Bremen-Horn 1957.
- Lower Saxony State Administration Office (ed.): The district of Gifhorn. In: The districts in Gifhorn. Vol. 26. Bremen 1972. ISBN 3-87172-327-4 .
- History from the Papenteich. Edited by Heinz Klose. My 1983. ISBN 3-87040-029-3 . Numerous essays and short articles, especially on the history of Papenteich.
- Wolfgang Meibeyer : Settlement history about the Papenteich and the question of its -büttel-places - The settlement of the old northern forest between Gifhorn and Braunschweig during the early Middle Ages. In: Series of publications by the district of Gifhorn. No. 22, 2nd edition. District of Gifhorn and Museum and Heimatverein Gifhorn e. V., Gifhorn 2004, ISBN 3-929632-70-5 .
- Stephan Bitter, Hans-Heinrich Gurland (Ed.): Invisible Church. Rheinbach 1999. ISBN 3-87062-034-X . (therein pp. 100–309: Diaries of Meiner Evangelical Parish Pastor Rudolf Gurland 1930–1939. The pastor was persecuted by the National Socialists because of his Jewish descent).
- Papenteich in old views (illustrated book with 228 pages). Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 1995. ISBN 3-89570-057-6 .
Web links
- Historic Papenteich. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on November 9, 2018 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
swell
- ^ Gifhorn Museum and Local History Association: Geological map of the Gifhorn district
- ^ ZGB : Regional planning for the relocation of the B4 in the area between Braunschweig and Gifhorn (PDF; 1.9 MB)
- ^ Gerhard Oberbeck: The medieval cultural landscape of the area around Gifhorn. 1957, pp. 17/18.
- ^ F. Schaper: Mesolithic sites on the Oker in the Gifhorn district. In: Mannus. Volume 22, 1930, p. 344.
- ↑ mundlos.de (PDF).
- ^ Gerhard Oberbeck: The medieval cultural landscape of the area around Gifhorn. 1957, pp. 31-33.
- ↑ a b Digital Library Munich: The Decree Otto III. from the year 997. (Latin).
- ^ A b Wolfgang Meibeyer: Settlement facts about the Papenteich and the question of its -büttel-places.
- ↑ H.-J. Nietz: Settlement structures of the royal and aristocratic manor of the Carolingian era. In: W. Rösener: Structures of manorial rule in the early Middle Ages. 1989.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m document book on the history of the dukes of Braunschweig and Lüneburg and their lands. von Sudendorf (1859–83) 11 volumes = SUD
- ↑ a b c d e Origines Guelficae. 5 volumes (1750–80) = Or. Guelf.
- ^ Document book of the city of Braunschweig. (1873-1907) = UBB
- ↑ a b c d e f first mentioned 1007 Steterburger Annalen = StA
- ↑ Document book of the Halberstadt Monastery = UBHHa
- ↑ History from the Papenteich. Edited by Heinz Klose. Mine 1983, ISBN 3-87040-029-3 . Numerous essays and short articles, especially on the history of Papenteich.
- ↑ Wolfgang Meibeyer: Settlement facts about the Papenteich and the question of the Büttel places. 2004.
- ^ Bevenroder history ( Memento from August 2, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ History of the Gifhorn District Court
