St. Jakob (Langquaid)
The Roman Catholic parish church St. Jakob in Langquaid in the Kelheim district in Lower Bavaria is a late Romanesque church building from the 13th century, which has undergone some changes over the centuries. The church on the historic market square of Langquaid is dedicated to St. James the Elder (memorial day: July 25th).
history
Parish history
Langquaid as a branch of the parish Sandsbach
The parish of Langquaid is still comparatively young, as it was only established in the middle of the 19th century. Before that, the market in the valley of the Große Laber belonged to the parish Sandsbach , an original parish that had existed since the 9th century . This affiliation was first mentioned in a deed of donation from the year 1037. At that time, Count Eberhard II von Ebersberg bequeathed the parish Sandsbach including the branch “Langwaida” (today's Langquaid) to the newly founded Benedictine monastery Geisenfeld . Up until the secularization in 1803, both the Sandsbach parish and the Langquaid branch were incorporated into the Geisenfeld monastery . Most of the residents in the High Middle Ages were free farmers who were subordinate to the Abbach Regional Court and later to the Kelheim Regional Court .
After Langquaid was made a market in 1280 , the population increased significantly, but there were still no regular services there. Pastor Heinrich Stadler described this situation in his chronicle of Langquaid and the surrounding area in 1908 as follows: “From the pastor, worship was held by the cooperator on every third Sunday , but this sometimes took place later because of activities in the parish church or at the Adlhausen and Laaber branches 6 or 7 weeks took place. ”Although Langquaid had more than a third part of the souls of the whole parish, it was always“ neglected by the pastors in Sandsbach in holding church services and providing salvation ”.
The Huber Benefice (1412)
This changed only with the foundation of a benefice by Konrad Hueber, provost judge to Sandbach, in 1412. From that time was with the benefice a first chaplain in Langquaid resident for the corner Kelheimer and lyre Straße a Benefiziatenhaus was built. It is noteworthy that the donor wanted complete independence for his benefit and therefore no interference by the Sandsbach priest was intended. The beneficiary was now allowed to celebrate early mass on Sundays on which the parish did not hold a service in Langquaid. However, the Langquaid branch church could not hold all the faithful at just one service, since according to a diocesan register in Langquaid in 1666 there were already 1050 Catholics who were entitled to receive Holy Communion . Many believers therefore had to attend the divine service in Sandsbach despite the lack of early mass to fulfill the Sunday commandment. This led to dissatisfaction among the population and to differences of opinion between beneficiary and pastor.
Treaty of 1673
This unsatisfactory situation continued until on May 31, 1673, the relationship between the beneficiary of Langquaid and the pastor of Sandsbach was regulated more precisely in a contract . In 24 points, the holding of masses over the course of a year in the branch church Langquaid, the donation of the sacraments and the payment of the Langquaid beneficiary, the Sandsbach pastor, the sacristan and the school teacher were regulated. However, the contract still only provided for an early mass in Langquaid on Sundays and public holidays. The holding of baptisms and weddings was reserved exclusively for the parish clergy of Sandsbach. In addition, from now on the parishioners had to pay higher fees for the remuneration of the clergy. The dissatisfaction and the dispute between the Langquaid branch and the parish Sandsbach could not be put to an end in this way.
The Wimmer Benefice (1719)
In 1719 Rosina Wimmer, widow of the brewery owner Carl Sigmund Wimmer, donated a second benefit. For the second beneficiary, a house was purchased on the site of today's rectory . The foundation included additional masses on weekdays and a second service on Sundays and public holidays, as well as accompanying the annual pilgrimages to Bettbrunn and Mallersdorf . In addition, complete independence of the beneficiary from the parish of Sandsbach was again provided. Nevertheless the parish rights should remain untouched. Thus pastoral care such as baptisms, weddings or accidents (provision) could only continue to be carried out by the parish clergy from Sandsbach. The Wimmer'sche Benefice has not been occupied since 1965; the commission is transferred to the respective pastor of Langquaid.
Elevation to the parish in the 19th century
With the secularization of 1803 the connection of the parish Sandsbach and its branch Langquaid to the now dissolved Geisenfeld monastery ended. When the pastor of Sandsbach, Dechant Michael Haimerl, died in 1808, the citizens of Langquaid and the residents of Adlhausen tried to establish their own parish. On May 15, 1808, this endeavor was rejected on the grounds that "for the Langquaid market with a population of 508 souls and its location against Sandsbach, the establishment of its own parish is not an urgent need".
Haimerl's successor for the next 31 years was Pastor Lorenz Sick, who, however, was never very good at Langquaid. When he died in 1849, the residents of Langquaid took on new hopes for the establishment of an independent parish. In the advertisement for the vacated pastor's position it was already noted that the applicant had to expect that Langquaid would soon be removed from the parish. In the years 1850 to 1852 the Langquaiders negotiated under the leadership of their mayor Jakob Mallia with the royal government in Munich and the episcopal ordinariate in Regensburg about the elevation to the parish. In 1852 the plans seemed as good as abandoned when the Langquaiders were able to win over the parish curate Georg Michael Schmid von Paring , who was a beneficiary in Langquaid from 1839 to 1844, and the district judge Max Schütz von Rottenburg . With this new advocacy, Regensburg Bishop Valentin Riedel finally showed himself open-minded and personally took on the matter.
He obtained a decree from King Maximilian II of Bavaria on July 16, 1854, in which the establishment of a parish in Langquaid was ordered. On August 17, 1854, Langquaid was officially cleared. The Huber'sche Benefice went with all possessions into the new parish. The two beneficiary houses were swapped, so that the rectory is now directly next to the church. The inauguration of the first pastor of Langquaid took place on October 21, 1855, after all the necessary buildings were completed. The first pastor was Joseph Fritz, who had been a beneficiary at the Huber benefice since 1844 and had been very committed to the elevation of Langquaid to a parish. A plaque in his honor is to the right of the sacristy door .
History of the parish of Langquaid (since 1854)
Pastor Joseph Fritz reported in his parish description in 1860 that the Langquaiders really appreciated the advantages of having their own parish: “On Sundays and public holidays, the word of God is proclaimed when there is a large number of participants. The attendance at the early mass is extremely large because many come from neighboring parishes, while the main Sunday service is very popular; The afternoon services ( litany ) are also extremely well attended. ”At that time the newly founded parish had 700 souls.
Initially, this was very narrowly limited to the area of the Langquaid market. However, due to the population growth and the associated expansion of the place, changes had to be made to the parish. In 1936 and 1994 the parish border was shifted a little to the northeast. The neighboring parish Paring ceded a small part of its parish to Langquaid. However, the whole Langquaid market still does not belong to the parish today. The settlement south of Abensberger Straße is still assigned to the parish of Sandsbach. A new adjustment of the parish district may take place here in the near future.
Building history
Construction of a Romanesque church in the 13th century
At the site of the St. Jakob church there was probably a small wooden chapel , but nothing more is known about it. Around the time of Langquaid's market rise in the 13th century, a late Romanesque stone building may have been built, parts of which are still preserved in the choir and in the tower . Some representations from this time that can be found on the church are still puzzling today. It is unclear what the donkey relief on the southern outer wall of the choir and the human figure in a niche above the sacristy mean. Both works can be assigned to the early Gothic style and are likely to come from the construction of the first church building. The meaning of the walled-in grimacing head on the tower has not yet been clarified.
Changes in the 15th century
In the 15th century, in the late Gothic period, major changes were made to the church. The Romanesque nave was raised, vaulted in the style typical of the time and redesigned as a choir. A new, significantly larger nave is attached to it to the west .
Baroque around 1740
Around 1740 the complex was redesigned in baroque style and much of it was given its current appearance. Above all, the interior was adapted to the taste of the time at the transition from the late baroque to the rococo style . In addition, the choir arches , the windows and the south portal were changed in Baroque style, the present sacristy was added and the tower was raised to 33 meters. The pillar porch on the south portal , on the other hand, probably dates back to the 17th century.
Changes in the 20th and 21st centuries
In the years 1901, 1929, 1950 and 1965 renovation and renovation work was carried out. In addition, the nave was extended to the west in 1917. In 1974 the tower even threatened to collapse, but its stability was restored within six months. Between 1976 and 1978, the masonry was drained, which was urgently needed. During this time, the interior also underwent a radical change with the removal of the upper gallery . In addition, the painted windows were replaced by ordinary stained glass windows . In 1991/92, during a further renovation, mainly the external plaster and the roof truss were repaired. This also involved the demanding renovation of the beams that support the vaults of the nave and choir.
In 2003 the nave was again extended to the rear. Almost the entire rear wall of the church was broken off and replaced by a modern , glazed extension. This means that 30 additional seats and standing room can be made available to the worshipers. This construction measure has already been carried out with a view to realizing larger pastoral care units and the associated cancellation of church services. In addition, the gallery was extended to the rear to accommodate the new organ , which was built in 2003/04 by the Thomas Jann Orgelbau company . The “old part” of the gallery is now entirely available to the choir singers . In addition, as part of this latest renovation measure, the color of the room shell was adapted to the state immediately after the Baroque era around 1740 and a new lighting concept was implemented.
architecture
Exterior construction
The east-facing church building, a hall church with a retracted choir, appears simple on the outside, as the facade is largely unstructured. A special feature is the choir apex tower, which still comes from the Romanesque church building. Their presbytery was housed in it; it was a so-called choir tower church . Behind today's high altar , the former choir arch of this Romanesque church can still be seen, which is now largely blocked and a pointed arched door as access to the tower. The substructure of the tower dates back to the Romanesque period, as can be seen on the pedestal made of house blocks , which is closed by a cornice and an arched frieze . In addition, the loop-like , arched window opening is a typical Romanesque style feature. The remaining, yellow-washed tower substructure is structured by white pilaster strips. The earlier sound openings are now blocked. The octagonal baroque essay rises above a cornice, which is enlivened by arched panels and arched sound openings. Since the Baroque period, the top has been formed by a double-curved onion dome with a weathercock .
The two-storey sacristy is built on the south side of the choir and opens onto an oratory in the presbytery on the upper floor . The two church portals are on the north and south sides in the fifth yoke from the east. The south portal is framed by a porch from the 17th century. The modern extension from 2003 on the west side of the nave is completely glazed on the north and south sides and thus provides significantly better lighting in the rear area of the nave. The new rear wall of the church is designed as a slightly curved arch. At the south-west corner of the church there is a group of olives in a small extension with a flat saddle roof , which is dated to the year 1649 by an inscription.
inner space
The interior, consisting of the six-bay nave and the three-bay choir, closed on three sides, has had a flat barrel vault with stitch caps since the Baroque era and is structured by flat pilasters with heavily profiled beams. In the choir there are two frescoes of the Coronation of Mary in Heaven (above the high altar) and the Transfiguration of the Lord on Mount Tabor (further west) from around 1740. In addition, there is elaborate stucco in the form of flower garlands, lattice and tendrils - and foliage to see. The stucco in the nave is significantly reduced, but the rococo shell work above the windows, which relates to the church patron James ( pilgrim shell ) , is striking . The large ceiling fresco in the nave dates from around 1900 and shows the Holy Family on a cloud above the Langquaid market. The clock on the semicircular choir arch , which has dials in both directions, is remarkable . Above the choir arch there is a cartouche with the inscription "This is the house of God / it is the gate of heaven".
Furnishing
High altar
The high altar was originally an original early Rococo creation from around 1740. It was probably replaced by a neo-Romanesque high altar in 1859 . In the course of the renovation in 1901, however, the previous high altar was rebuilt taking into account information from older parishioners. The altar in the strict sense only includes the cafeteria and tabernacle . The entire structure is stuccoed in an illusionistic manner as a trompe-l'oeil on the wall behind. The two wall templates in the end of the choir are the supporting pillars on which a strong entablature with a volute top rests. The canopy over the central figure and the side draperies , which are gathered up by angels, are merely stuccoed.
In the center there is a figure of the church patron James the Elder with a cloak, pilgrim hat and pilgrim's staff in front of a halo, flanked by two angel figures . Below is the stately tabernacle, which has two winding pillars on volute brackets and is spanned by curved entablature. The exposure niche is located between the two pillars. This is framed by two figural niches crowned with volutes and containing wooden busts of the saints Wolfgang von Regensburg and Valentin von Raetien , the patrons of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau .
Gothic tabernacle
Another special feature is the Gothic tabernacle on the north choir wall, which is dated to the middle of the 15th century. It was found in 1906 as filling material in the substructure of the high altar. The approximately 76 by 56 centimeter large sandstone formation is carved from one piece and today shows clearly visible damage. Traces of a richly colored frame and an earlier gilding are still clearly visible. The rectangular sacraments niche is flanked by two angels with banners , which are arranged under canopies. A relief of Christ's head on Veronica's handkerchief is also well preserved. A "headless" figure of Mary, accompanied by an angel, is supposed to represent the annunciation scene. A Holy Spirit dove, the two pillars, the centrally located finial and four crockets are not free from damage.
Side altars
The two side altars to the left and right of the choir arch date from the Baroque era around 1740. They each have two winding columns and two pilasters that frame a shell niche with the main figure and support a heavily cranked entablature. A volute attachment with an oval extract rests on this . At the top of each is a sacred heart as a symbol of the burning love for God; behind each are clouds and a halo of rays.
The north (left) side altar ( Marienaltar ) shows a crowned figure of the Patrona Bavariae with baby Jesus , an excellent work from the second half of the 17th century with regard to the folds of the dress. Saint Sebastian is shown in the medallion in the extract . In the cafeteria there is a reliquary with the bones of the catacomb saint Laurentia. In the middle of the shrine is a 1500 year old glass vial with dried blood of the martyr from the 1st century AD. In 1906 the corpse was dressed again, the leather wallpaper on the inside wall of the shrine was preserved. On the shrine are two half-length figures of Saints Notburga (left) and Thekla (right).
The southern (right) side altar ( Herz-Jesu-Altar ) contains a Herz-Jesu figure in the Nazarene style from 1901 in the central niche . Before that, there was an altar sheet of Holy Mother Anna with Mary as "lily purity" in its place Father Joachim arranged. Today this hangs over the north side portal. In the upper picture there is a representation of Saint Barbara . On the cafeteria there is a richly decorated wooden tabernacle with two winding pillars and gilded doors, the top of which is flanked by two decorative wooden vases. In addition, two distinctive triangular reliquaries are set up with silver studded are. They are said to contain the remains of thirty saints.
pulpit
The pulpit , which is located in the third nave yoke on the north side, was also built in the mid-18th century in the early Rococo style. It has a polygonal pulpit, tapering towards the top, with seated figures of the four evangelists with their attributes : Matthew with the head of a person, Mark with the lion, Luke with the bull's head and John with the eagle. The back wall, decorated with foliage at the sides, bears a Christ monogram . On the sound cover , volutes soar to a pedestal that bears the figure of a pelican as a symbol of the sacrificial death of Christ.
Other equipment
In addition to the high altar, there are figures of St. Augustine and Emmeram on consoles in two wall niches . On two opposite pillars in the choir room - also on consoles - figures of Mary are attached. On the south side (right side of the choir) a Gothic Madonna and Child can be seen, which is dated to around 1430. The figure was probably crowned in the baroque period. What is remarkable is the detailed drapery of the dress. Opposite on the north side (left side of the choir) there is a figure of Immaculata on the globe, which, according to the information in the Revelation of John, has a halo with twelve stars and is surrounded by a halo. It was a gift from the mother parish of Sandsbach to the first pastor of Langquaid, Joseph Fritz.
If you enter the church through the southern side portal, there is a figure from the 18th century immediately on the right hand side, which depicts Christ at rest with instruments of passion. A Pietà from around 1420 is set in a wall niche between the northern confessional and the Marien Altar as a wooden relief. Opposite the pulpit there is a large crucifix from the 17th century. It is a triumphal cross with angels' heads at the ends of the arms of the cross. There is also a figure of the Mater Dolorosa at the feet of the crucified . The cross-way signs are likely to date from around 1800.
organ
The organ of the parish church of St. Jakob dates from 2004 and was manufactured by the Thomas Jann Orgelbau company from Allkofen near Laberweinting . The instrument has a total of 21 stops on two manuals and pedal . The action actions are mechanical, the stop actions are electrical. The free-standing console also gives the organist the opportunity to lead the choir while playing . The organ was from the April 18, 2004 emeritus bishop of Regensburg , Manfred Müller ordained . The disposition is as follows:
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- Coupling : I / P, II / P, II / I
- Playing aids : 4 × 64 combinations
Surroundings
To the north of the nave, on the site of the former cemetery, there is the so-called soul chapel , which was built around 1735. It is a small, rectangular saddle roof building with two window axes and cross vaults in the interior. The chapel was used as an “ emergency church ” during the Baroque era around 1740 and then as a morgue until 1975 . In 1948 the high altar sheet from the chapel from around 1700 was installed above the south portal of the parish church. It shows a portrait of the Mother of God carried by angels above the market and the parish church of Langquaid, still with a Gothic tower. In addition, the then mayor (with a ruff), the clergy and some citizens are shown. Numerous grave monuments from the 17th to 19th centuries have been preserved on the outer walls of the chapel and on the former cemetery wall.
literature
- Kath. Pfarrei St. Jakob Langquaid (Hrsg.): 150 years parish St. Jakob - A Festschrift of the cath. Parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid.
Web links
- Homepage of the parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid
- Illustrated description of the parish church St. Jakobus in Langquaid on kirchturm.net
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Karl Burgmayer: The history of the parish Langquaid. In: 150 Years Parish St. Jakob - A Festschrift of the Catholic. Parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid, pp. 13–22.
- ↑ a b c d e Catholic parish St. Jakob Langquaid: History of the parish . Online at www.st-jakob-langquaid.de; accessed on January 26, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d Brigitte Becher: The parish church of St. Jakobus. In: 150 Years Parish St. Jakob - A Festschrift of the Catholic. Parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid, pp. 33–37.
- ↑ a b c d e parish of St. Jakob Langquaid: Interesting facts about church building . Online at www.st-jakob-langquaid.de. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- ↑ Churches and steeples of the homeland: Langquaid - St. Jakob . Online at kirchturm.net; accessed on January 26, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Brigitte Becher: Valuables worth seeing in the parish church of St. Jakobus. In: 150 Years Parish St. Jakob - A Festschrift of the Catholic. Parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid, pp. 38–44.
- ↑ Hannelore Koch: The Jann organ from 2003. In: 150 Years Parish St. Jakob - A Festschrift of the Catholic. Parish of St. Jakob in Langquaid, pp. 45–52.
- ^ Department of Church Music in the Diocese of Regensburg: New organs in the Diocese of Regensburg - Langquaid . Online at www.kirchenmusik-regensburg.de. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Coordinates: 48 ° 49 '21.2 " N , 12 ° 3' 3.4" E