Union de Transports Aériens

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UTA
Union de Transports Aériens
UTA logo
Boeing 747-200 of the UTA
IATA code : UT
ICAO code : UTA
Call sign : UTA (You Tee)
Founding: 1963
Operation stopped: 1992
Merged with: Air France
Seat: Paris , FranceFranceFrance 
Turnstile :

Paris-Charles de Gaulle

Home airport : Paris-Charles de Gaulle
Company form: Corporation
Number of employees: approx. 6500 (1990)
Fleet size: 14 (1990)
Aims: international
UTA
Union de Transports Aériens merged with Air France in 1992 . The information in italics relates to the last status before the takeover.

Union de Transports Aériens (operatingunder the name UTA ) was a French airline based in Paris and based at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport . The company wastaken overby Air France in 1990 and merged with Air France in December 1992.

Origin of the UTA

A De Havilland Comet 1A of the Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT)

The Union de Transports Aériens (UTA) emerged in 1963 from the merger of the two private French airlines Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI) and Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT). Some of the origins of these companies go back to 1933.

Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT)

In 1933, the French shipping company Chargeurs Réunis founded the airline Aéromaritime to transport air mail from the West African coast to the interior of the continent. The first mail flights took place on July 7, 1935 between Cotonou and Niamey . Following the company also set new factory flying boats of the type Sikorsky S-43 along the coast between Dakar and Pointe-Noire one. Since these regions were hardly developed, Aéromaritime had to build numerous bases and supply facilities itself. The postal airline merged on October 13, 1949 with the Société aérienne de transports internationaux (SATI) founded in 1948 to form the newly founded Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT), in which Air France was also involved. The Union Aéromaritime de Transport (ICAO code: UT), which was based at Le Bourget Airport , offered, in addition to many cargo flights, long-haul connections from Paris to destinations in Central and West Africa and to Saigon ( Indochina ). From the late 1940s, the company primarily used Douglas DC-4 aircraft .

In February 1953, UAT received the first of its three De Havilland DH.106 Series 1A Comets , making it one of the first airlines to put jet aircraft into service. They were used on the route from Paris via Casablanca and Dakar to Abidjan . Due to the design-related deficiencies, the two Comets that remained after a landing accident were only operated until April 1954 and were replaced by Douglas DC-6 machines . In 1953 and 1954, UAT took over nine De Havilland DH.114 Herons , which were mostly used in Africa and Asia for connecting and feeder flights. From 1954 on, seven brand new Nord Noratlas of the 2502 series were acquired (identification F-BGZA to -BGZG ), which were also equipped with two small jet engines.

In May 1955, UAT took over the airline Aigle Azur , founded in 1946 , which served numerous routes to North Africa, the Middle East and Indochina . A large fleet of Douglas DC-3s was included . Three Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft expanded the fleet from 1960. In 1961, UAT and Air France took part in the founding of the multinational Air Afrique , in which the two French companies initially also owned shares of 17 percent each.

The original company name was revived when UTA founded the subsidiary Aéromaritime in 1966 . This charter company was best known for the misshapen cargo aircraft of the type Super Guppy operated for Airbus .

Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI)

An SE.2010 Armagnac from TAI in 1953

The airline Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI) was founded on June 1, 1946 and started operations from its base at Paris-Orly Airport, initially to Casablanca ( Morocco ). Initially, Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (ICAO code: TI) used at least eight Amiot AAC.1s , a version of the Junkers Ju 52 / 3m produced in France until 1948. In May 1947, TAI received two brand new Bristol 170 Freighter Srs. 1A ( aircraft registration F-BCJM, -JN ). After taking over the first Douglas DC-4 (C-54A) bought second-hand by KLM , it opened a line connection from Paris-Orly to Saigon in French Indochina on October 23, 1947 . The route was initially flown with stopovers in Damascus , Bahrain , Karachi , Delhi and Calcutta . In 1948 TAI took regular flights from Paris via Duala to Libreville and via Bamako to Abidjan . The number of DC-4s purchased by KLM increased to nine aircraft by autumn 1948, with which a connection to Tananarive ( Madagascar ) via Brazzaville and Livingstone was established around the same time . In 1950 TAI also flew briefly to the Caribbean overseas departments of Martinique and Guadeloupe , with a stopover in Bermuda . The Indochina route was extended from Saigon to Hanoi in 1952 and also served Bangkok .

Between 1948 and 1950, TAI acquired four Handley Page Halifax as cargo planes. These machines of the HP.70 Halifax C.VIII series were former bombers converted into military transports . All four aircraft were then registered with the companies Société Auxiliaire de Navigation Aérienne (SANA, registration F-BCJR and -JT ) or Société Aero Cargo ( F-BCJS and -JX ) and also used by them. TAI owned another Halifax C.VIII (F-BCJZ) , which was only used by the Société Co-operative de Transports Aérien (SOCATRA) and had an accident on December 17, 1947 near Lyon-Bron . All machines were former Royal Air Force transporters acquired through Anglo-French Distributors .

Until the delivery of its first Douglas DC-6 aircraft , TAI received four copies of the then unusually large four-engine long-haul airliner Sud-Est SE.2010 Armagnac from the state for free use between May and November 1952 . With this type, which could carry up to 160 passengers, routes were mainly flown to Tananarive, Dakar , Abidjan and Casablanca. After receiving the first Douglas DC-6, TAI decommissioned the four Armagnac from spring 1953. With the new aircraft, the company opened a second route to Madagascar on April 18, 1953, via Cairo , Djibouti and Nairobi .

In January 1956, TAI set up a line connection from Saigon via Darwin (Australia) to Nouméa , the capital of the overseas territory of New Caledonia . The company then stationed Douglas DC-3 machines in Nouméa, with which connecting flights to Port Vila and Espiritu Santo ( New Hebrides ) as well as to Nadi ( Fiji ) and the Wallis Islands took place. From the spring of 1957, TAI also flew to Brisbane (Australia) and Auckland (New Zealand) in the Pacific region . With a view to a planned extension of the Pacific route to French Polynesia , the company carried out an unscheduled flight between Nouméa and Bora Bora for the first time in May 1957 . From October 2, 1958, TAI used its Douglas DC-6 as planned on this route. At the same time, it acquired the Papeete- based state-owned Régie Aérienne Interinsulaire (RAI), which remained as a subsidiary and was commissioned with connecting flights from Bora Bora to Tahiti .

In the winter of 1957/58 TAI received three brand new Douglas DC-7Cs , which, in addition to the Lockheed Starliner, represented the technical and performance peak of the era of long-haul aircraft with piston engines before the transition to the jet aircraft age . At TAI, too, the fleet was expanded to include Douglas DC-8-33 jet aircraft in 1960 and 1961 . After Papeete Airport opened , the company also started scheduled flights from Tahiti via Honolulu ( Hawaii ) to Los Angeles in 1960 .

Union de Transports Aériens (UTA)

The two companies UAT and TAI, which flew many routes in parallel, merged on October 1, 1963 under the name Union de Transports Aériens (UTA). The main shareholder in the new company was still the Chargeurs Réunis , which had founded Aéromaritime in 1933 .

Period 1963 to 1975

A DC-8-53 at Le Bourget Airport in 1973

The UTA's initial fleet consisted of five Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft and 13 piston-powered Douglas DC-6 aircraft , some of which were stationed in the Pacific region. Due to a regulation issued by the French Ministry of Transport, in contrast to the state-owned Air France , UTA operated long-haul flights from Paris to Africa, Asia, Australia and the French overseas territories in the Pacific almost without exception . In addition, the company offered a regular service from Tahiti to Hawaii and Los Angeles . Within Europe , in addition to five national destinations, only the cities of Athens and Rome were regularly served. In the 1960s, further Douglas DC-8s gradually replaced the existing propeller-driven aircraft. In addition, the company stationed two Sud Aviation Caravelle aircraft in New Caledonia from 1966 . The Caravelle were used on scheduled flights from Nouméa to Auckland and Sydney . From the early 1970s, UTA also flew to Tokyo once a week from its hub in Nouméa .

Initially, the Union de Transports Aériens was based at the Parisian airport Le Bourget , where it built extensive shipyards (from 1971 UTA Industries ), in which, among other things, two special transporters of the Super Guppy type were manufactured in the early 1980s . In 1966, the company founded the subsidiary Aéromaritime , which initially took over the UTA charter flights and from December 1971 also transported components for the aircraft manufacturer Airbus . Two other UTA subsidiaries were Air Hébride, based in Port Vila, and Réseau Aérien Interinsulaire (RAI), based in Tahiti . Both companies operated feeder flights for the parent company. In addition, UTA owned a minority stake in the French airline Air Inter and, in the 1960s, also shares in the African companies Air Ivoire , Air Volta and Transgabon .

Together with the airlines KLM , SAS and Swissair , UTA formed the KSSU group in 1969 . The four companies used joint flight simulators and shared the maintenance work on their aircraft among themselves in order to save costs. The KSSU Group made on 7 June 1969 joint order for 23 wide-body aircraft of the type McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , five of which were destined for the UTA.

In 1970 UTA flew to 45 destinations worldwide and carried 313,926 passengers. At that time the airline employed around 3,100 people. A further 1,500 employees worked for the subsidiary UTA Industries , which maintained its own aircraft as well as aircraft from Air Afrique , Air Congo , Finnair and other airlines. In 1974 the company relocated its flight operations to the new Paris-Charles de Gaulle airport , but continued to use the shipyard facilities in Le Bourget. The first DC-10 was delivered in early 1973 and was first used on March 10, 1973 on a flight to Johannesburg . By March 1975, UTA put four more machines of this type into service and at the same time decommissioned the oldest Douglas DC-8.

Period 1976 to 1992

On March 1, 1983, UTA was the first airline to receive a Boeing 747-300

In early 1978, the company's fleet consisted of six McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft and eleven Douglas DC-8 aircraft, including two cargo planes. UTA also owned fan guns, but these were used exclusively by the two Pacific subsidiaries. Due to the increasing importance of the airfreight business , the company founded the non-independent UTA Cargo division in 1979 , which started operations with two Boeing 747-200F freighters . The aircraft were mainly used in cargo charter traffic on African routes. In the spring of 1981, UTA took delivery of two brand new Boeing 747-200s in passenger design and on March 1, 1983, became the world's first airline to take delivery of a Boeing 747-300 from the manufacturer. In the mid-1980s, the two Boeing 747-200s also received an extended upper deck through a conversion carried out by UTA Industries .

In the early 1980s, the company had to contend with falling passenger numbers. In order to avoid overcapacity, all Douglas DC-8s were decommissioned by the beginning of 1985 and the delivery of two Boeing 747-300s was delayed to 1986. The company flew to 43 destinations worldwide in 1984, 26 of which were in Africa. The African routes contributed two thirds of the total traffic volume. In 1984 the company carried 851,945 passengers, a decrease of 8.9% compared to the previous year. However, because the fleet reduction reduced operating costs and the utilization of the machines improved, UTA generated a profit of 219.4 million French francs and thus improved its operating result considerably compared to previous years.

Due to slumps in freight traffic with the West African states, a Boeing 747 operated by UTA Cargo was rented to Saudi Arabian Airlines from 1984 and then to Lufthansa and finally sold to Air France in 1986 .

In June 1986, the French charter airline Minerve began operations from Paris to Tahiti, which caused UTA to lose its monopoly on this route. In the same year, the French Ministry of Transport relaxed the strict separation that had previously applied to the Air France and UTA route networks . The company also flew to Tahiti from the west from the end of 1986 and competed with Air France on the new route between Paris and San Francisco . At the same time, Air France extended its existing Los Angeles route and offered flights to Papeete for the first time. In 1987 UTA applied for route rights to New York and some European routes, but this was rejected by the French Ministry of Transport. As a replacement for the DC-10, the company ordered six Airbus A340 aircraft in the summer of 1987 , with delivery scheduled for October 1992. In September 1989 the company received its first Boeing 747-400 , a second followed in April 1991.

The main shareholder of Union de Transports Aériens was the Chargeurs group of companies , which owned 82.9% of the company's shares. In January 1990 Chargeurs sold 54% of its shares to Air France , which thus took over the majority stake in UTA and its subsidiary Aéromaritime . The European Commission saw the takeover as a violation of antitrust law , so UTA initially had to remain an independent subsidiary. After the EU Commission had approved a merger of the two companies, the Union de Transports Aériens was fully integrated into the airline Air France in December 1992 .

fleet

A Douglas DC-6 from UTA in 1964

Incidents

This McDonnell Douglas DC-10 was destroyed in an attack on September 19, 1989

At UTA and its founding companies TAI and UAT there were 20 total losses of aircraft with 335 fatalities. Union de Transports Aériens itself lost a total of two of its aircraft in bomb attacks, one of which was on the ground. In the event of another crash, the cause could not be clarified. All in all, over 250 people died in all accidents at UTA and its predecessor companies.

Predecessor companies

  • On January 6, 1947, an Amiot AAC.1 of the TAI (F-BBYK) got off course due to strongly changed wind conditions and flew at an altitude of 1,800 meters into a snow-covered flank of Mont Ventoux . The three-man crew of the cargo flight from Marseille to Lyon survived.
  • On October 16, 1947, the flight crew of a Bristol 170 Freighter Mk. I of the TAI (F-BCJN) reported on the flight from Marseille to Oran that they had had to shut down an engine. The plane crashed in the Mediterranean abeam of Cartagena , Spain . Of the 43 inmates, only the navigator and one passenger could be saved, the other 41 were killed.
  • On May 20, 1948, came to the crash landing of a Handley Page Halifax C.VIII the TAI (F-BCJT) at the Le Bourget airport . The three-man crew survived without injuries. However, the aircraft registered with the Société Auxiliaire de Navigation Aérienne (SANA) was irreparably damaged.
  • On December 1, 1948, a Handley Page Halifax C.VIII of the TAI (F-BCJS) crashed while taking off in thick fog from Lyon-Bron Airport about 1200 meters behind the end of the runway at Beauregard in the Décines district. The machine was on a commercial flight to Casablanca-Anfa Airport . Of the eight occupants, three passengers were killed, the other two and the three-man crew injured. The aircraft registered with Société Aero Cargo was destroyed.
  • On December 8, 1950, a Douglas DC-4 / C-54A of the TAI (F-BELB) was flown four minutes after take-off from Bangui Airport , Central African Republic, 16 kilometers south of it into higher terrain. The machine was supposed to bring 50 Senegalese soldiers to Dar es Salaam ( Tanganyika ). Of the 56 inmates, 46 were killed. The causes of the accident were inadequate map information, ignoring the topographical conditions, too low a rate of climb and the resulting controlled flight into terrain .
  • On July 18, 1951, a Douglas DC-4 / C-54A of the TAI (F-BDRI) had an accident shortly after taking off from Antananarivo-Arivonimamo airport (Madagascar). All crew members on the cargo flight survived.
  • On November 11, 1952, a Douglas DC-4 / C-54B of the Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT) (F-BFVO) had an accident near Lake Chad , about 120 kilometers north-north-west of the starting point Fort-Lamy (today N'Djamena (Chad )) at the beginning of the flight to Beirut . Four of the five crew members and the only passenger were killed.
  • On February 7, 1953, a Douglas DC-4 / C-54A of the UAT (F-BFGR) crashed on the approach to Bordeaux Airport 5.5 kilometers northeast of the field. The machine was on the flight from Abidjan via Casablanca to Paris. When visibility was very poor, the plane sank too early and collided with a grove. Overtiredness of the crew due to excessive previous flight duty is named as a decisive factor in the accident report. Nine of the 21 people on board were killed.
  • On June 25, 1953, a De Havilland Comet 1A of the UAT (F-BGSC) coming from Paris rolled over the end of the runway when landing at Dakar-Yoff Airport . She crossed a drainage ditch, which led to the loss of her landing gear, and remained lying on the fuselage around 40 meters behind the end of the runway. All ten passengers and seven crew members survived. The machine was only eight weeks old and was irreparably damaged.
  • On April 18, 1955, a De Havilland Heron 1B of the UAT (F-BGOI) coming from Yaoundé-Ville Airport flew into Mount Kupe (Cameroon). All 12 inmates were killed; a first Nigerian newspaper report that there were fourteen inmates and two survivors has not been confirmed.
  • On June 3, 1955, a Douglas DC-4 / C-54A of the UAT (F-BFVT) overturned while landing at Fort-Lamy Airport (now N'Djamena). She is said to have been struck by lightning while touching down during a thunderstorm. The three-person crew of the cargo flight coming from Douala was killed.
  • On December 26, 1958, a Douglas DC-6 B of the UAT (F-BGTZ) got caught in a gust roller while taking off from Salisbury Airport (today Harare) at a height of 15 meters during an approaching thunderstorm and lost its speed further and further. Despite full throttle, she sank to the ground again and caught fire. Coming from Johannesburg , after this stopover at the scene of the accident, the plane was supposed to fly on to Brazzaville and then via Nice to Paris. Three of the seventy inmates were killed.
  • On September 24, 1959, a Douglas DC-7 C of TAI (F-BIAP) collided with treetops near Bordeaux Airport on the flight to Bamako about 500 meters behind the end of the runway and crashed. The start took place at the power limit of the DC-7. There were 54 fatalities among the 65 inmates.

Union de Transports Aériens

  • On March 10, 1984, a small explosive device exploded in the hold of a Douglas DC-8-63PF (F-BOLL) while it was at N'Djamena Airport ( Chad ). The aircraft was then evacuated. Twenty minutes after the first explosion, a second, higher-powered, explosive device detonated, destroying the aircraft. People were not injured.
  • On March 16, 1986, a fire broke out in Paris during cleaning work in the cabin of a Boeing 747-300 (F-GDUA) . The aircraft was written off as a total loss. People were not injured.
  • On September 19, 1989, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (N54629) crashed on flight UT772 from N'Djamena (Chad) to Paris in the Ténéré desert in northern Niger . The crash was triggered by a bomb explosion at cruising altitude, 46 minutes after take-off. All 170 people on board (156 passengers and 14 crew members) lost their lives. It was suspected that a Lebanese Shiite group caused the explosion (see also main article: UTA flight 772 ).

See also

Web links

Commons : Union de Transports Aériens  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ UTA was the official ICAO call sign, but this was never used in real flight operations. Instead, pilots and air traffic controllers (based on the original ICAO code "UT") used the call sign "YOU TEE (+ flight number)" in air traffic.
  2. ^ UTA flight plan, Comet Service, October 26, 1953 , accessed on August 23, 2017
  3. ^ Tony Eastwood and John Roach: Piston Engine Airliner Production List . West Drayton: The Aviation Hobby Shop, 1996, ISBN 0 907 178 61 8 .
  4. ↑ Jennifer M. Gradidge: The Douglas DC-1 / DC-2 / DC-3: The First Seventy Years, Volumes One and Two . Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006, ISBN 0-85130-332-3 , p. 183.
  5. ↑ Flight International, May 25, 1961 (in English), accessed May 21, 2017
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Aviation Magazine N ° 15 du 1er septembre 1950 Communiqué par Christian Ravel, Musée d'Angers, Espace Air Passion Paraitra dans l'Echo 114 d'octobre (in French), accessed on August 20 2017
  7. ^ Eastwood / Roach 1996.
  8. ^ TAI flight plan, July 20, 1952 , accessed on August 21, 2017
  9. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), December 2016, pp. 159–160.
  10. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), September 2017, pp. 108-109.
  11. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), December 2016, p. 159.
  12. ↑ Gerard, Gourlan, Le musee UTA, Armagnac (in French), accessed on August 20, 2017
  13. ^ TAI flight plan for the opening of the Madagascar route, April 18, 1953 (in French), accessed on August 21, 2017
  14. ^ TAI flight plan, October 1, 1957 , accessed on August 21, 2017
  15. ↑ TAI route network map, October 1, 1957 , accessed on August 21, 2017
  16. ↑ rzjets, TAI Transports Aeriens Intercontinentaux (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  17. ^ TAI flight plan, December 12, 1960 , accessed on August 22, 2017
  18. ↑ a b c d Aero, issue 103, year 1985
  19. ^ Aero, issue 236, year 1988
  20. ↑ UTA, flight plan January 1964
  21. ^ Flight International, December 2, 1971 [1]
  22. ^ Aero, issue 46, year 1988
  23. ^ Flight International, May 6, 1971 [2]
  24. ^ A b McDonnell Douglas DC-10, Günter Endres, Osceola 1998
  25. ↑ Flight International, June 24, 1971 [3]
  26. ↑ jp fleets 74
  27. ↑ jp airline-fleets international, Edition 78
  28. ↑ Flugrevue, Boeing 747-300, April 18, 2013 [4]
  29. ↑ jp airline-fleets international, Edition 86/87
  30. ↑ jp airline-fleets international, Edition 85
  31. ↑ jp airlines-fleets international, Editio 87/88
  32. ↑ Flight International, June 7, 1986 [5]
  33. ^ Flight International, March 8, 1986 [6]
  34. ↑ Flight International, January 30, 1988 [7]
  35. ↑ jp airline-fleets international, Edition 91/92
  36. ↑ Associated Press, Air France Agrees to Buy Controlling Interest in UTA, January 12, 1990 [8]
  37. ↑ Flight International, January 30, 1990 [9]
  38. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), September 2016, pp. 109–111.
  39. ↑ Accident statistics Union Aéromaritime de Transport , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  40. ↑ Accident statistics Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux - TAI , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  41. ↑ Accident statistics Union de Transports Aériens - UTA , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  42. ↑ accident report AAC.1 / Ju 52 F-BBYL , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017th
  43. ↑ accident report AAC.1 / Ju 52 F-BBYK , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017th
  44. ↑ Air-Britain Archive: Casualty compendium part 46 (English), September 1992, p. 83.
  45. ^ Accident report Bristol 170 F-BCJN , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 27, 2017.
  46. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), December 2016, p. 159.
  47. ↑ accident report Halifax F-BCJX , Aviation Safety Network WikiBase (English), accessed on 19 August 2017th
  48. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), September 2016, p. 110.
  49. ↑ accident report Halifax F-BCJT , Aviation Safety Network WikiBase (English), accessed on 19 August 2017th
  50. ↑ Air-Britain Aviation World (English), September 2016, p. 109.
  51. ↑ accident report Halifax F-BCJS , Aviation Safety Network WikiBase (English), accessed on 19 August 2017th
  52. ^ Air-Britain Archive: Casualty compendium part 51 (English), December 1993, pp. 93/104.
  53. ^ Journal Officiel de la République Française, December 27, 1950, p.3314: ACCIDENT D'AVIATION DE BANGUI , (French), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  54. ^ Accident report DC-4 F-BELB , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  55. ^ Accident report DC-4 F-BDRI , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  56. ^ Accident report DC-4 F-BFVO , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  57. ^ Accident report DC-4 F-BFGR , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  58. ^ Accident report Comet 1A F-BGSC , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  59. ↑ Air-Britain Archive: Casualty compendium (English), September 1996, pp. 96/88.
  60. ↑ accident report Heron F-BGOI , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 18 August 2017th
  61. ↑ Ordre de la Liberation, Compagnons: Arnaud Langer , (French), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  62. ^ Accident report DC-4 F-BFVT , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  63. ^ Accident report DC-6 F-BGOD , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  64. ^ Accident report DC-6 F-BGTZ , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  65. ^ Air-Britain Archive: Casualty compendium (English), March 2000, pp. 2000/27.
  66. ↑ accident report Noratlas F-BGZB , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 18 August 2017th
  67. ^ Accident report DC-7C F-BIAP , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 18, 2017.
  68. ^ Accident report DC-6 F-BHMS , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  69. ^ Accident report DC-8-63 F-BOLL , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  70. ^ Accident report B-747-300 F-GDUA , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 17, 2017.
  71. ↑ accident report DC-10 N54629 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 18 August 2017th
  72. ↑ Flight International, September 30, 1989 [10]
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